Unit 9 Suspension and Steering System
汽车英语 steering system
多数汽车的转向系基本上是一样的。转向系的核心是转向器，一般位 多数汽车的转向系基本上是一样的。转向系的核心是转向器， 转向器 于发动机附近。一根轴从转向器后部伸出，连接着转向柱 方向盘在 转向柱。 于发动机附近。一根轴从转向器后部伸出，连接着转向柱。方向盘在 转向柱的顶端。另一根轴从转向器低端伸出，连接着转向臂 转向臂、 转向柱的顶端。另一根轴从转向器低端伸出，连接着转向臂、转向拉 杆和转向杆系，这些部件总称为转向传动机构 转向传动机构， 杆和转向杆系，这些部件总称为转向传动机构，连接转向器和车轮上 的部件。车轮和轮胎安装在转向节 转向节上 如图5-1所示 所示， 的部件。车轮和轮胎安装在转向节上。如图 所示，转向节的上下端 可自由转动，这样车轮可从一侧转到另一侧。 可自由转动，这样车轮可从一侧转到另一侧。
转向系看起来复杂，工作原理却很简单。汽车直行时， 转向系看起来复杂，工作原理却很简单。汽车直行时，转向器处于中 间位置，转向传动机构也处于中间位置，车轮直行。 间位置，转向传动机构也处于中间位置，车轮直行。驾驶员转动方向 转向轴旋转，转向器向同侧转动， 盘，转向轴旋转，转向器向同侧转动，同时转向器底部的输出轴也会 旋转。输出轴转动时，会向一侧拉动拉杆， 旋转。输出轴转动时，会向一侧拉动拉杆，使得转向节绕其支点旋转 这样，转向节、转向节轴端、车轮和轮胎都会向一侧旋转， 。这样，转向节、转向节轴端、车轮和轮胎都会向一侧旋转，汽车实 现转向。 现转向。
CHAPTER 5 Steering and suspension system
Review 1: What’s the function of Steering system?
To convert the steering-wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle. To guide the car where the driver wants it to go.
汽车维修保养养护专业英语词汇
汽车维修保养养护专业英语词汇Automotive Maintenance Professional English VocabularyAutomobile maintenance is an essential aspect of owning a vehicle. Regular upkeep and care can help ensure the longevity and performance of your car. In order to properly communicate with mechanics and technicians during maintenance and repairs, it is important to have a good understanding of professional English vocabulary related to automotive maintenance. In this article, we will explore some key terms and phrases that are commonly used in the field of automotive maintenance.1. Engine ComponentsOne of the most crucial aspects of automotive maintenance is the engine. Here are some important terms related to engine components:- Spark plug: A device that ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber- Piston: A cylindrical component that moves up and down in the cylinder- Crankshaft: Converts the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion- Camshaft: Controls the opening and closing of the engine valves- Fuel injector: Delivers fuel into the combustion chamber2. Electrical SystemThe electrical system in a vehicle is responsible for providing power to various components. Here are some key terms related to the electrical system:- Battery: Stores electrical energy for starting the engine and powering electrical components- Alternator: Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy to charge the battery- Starter motor: Turns the engine to start the combustion process- Fuse: Protects the electrical system from overloads by breaking the circuit3. Suspension and SteeringThe suspension and steering systems are vital for ensuring a smooth and stable ride. Here are some important terms related to suspension and steering:- Shock absorber: Dampens the impact of road irregularities to provide a smooth ride- Strut: Structural component that supports the suspension system- Tie rod: Connects the steering rack to the steering knuckle- Power steering: Assists the driver in turning the steering wheel4. Brake SystemThe brake system is essential for stopping the vehicle safely. Here are some key terms related to the brake system:- Brake pads: Friction materials that press against the brake rotors to stop the vehicle- Brake caliper: Holds the brake pads and applies pressure to them- Brake rotor: Rotating disc that the brake pads press against to stop the vehicle- ABS (Anti-lock Braking System): Prevents wheel lock-up during sudden braking5. Maintenance and ServicingRegular maintenance and servicing are necessary to keep a vehicle running smoothly. Here are some common terms related to maintenance and servicing:- Oil change: Replacing the engine oil and oil filter- Tune-up: Adjusting or replacing ignition components for optimal engine performance- Wheel alignment: Adjusting the angles of the wheels to ensure proper contact with the road- Fluid flush: Replacing old fluids in the transmission, brakes, and cooling systemBy familiarizing yourself with these professional English vocabulary terms related to automotive maintenance, you will be better equipped to communicate with mechanics and technicians, as well as understand the work being done on your vehicle. Proper communication and understandingof automotive maintenance terminology can help ensure that your vehicle receives the care and attention it needs to stay in good condition.。
新编剑桥商务英语unit_9
Once a client selects a scent, ScentAir puts the liquid aroma in a cartridge that fits inside a device with a fan which pushes the smell into the air. You control the strength with a dial. Monthly refills are &100 per device.
C. which typically includes more than six smells
D. whose recently-introduced cell phone keypad was lavender-scented
汽车英语悬架系统(suspension system)
The characteristics of nonindependent suspension
• Simple structure（结构简单） • Low cost（成本低） • Simple fabrication process（制作工艺简单）
The type of suspension
• Independent suspension（独立悬架） • non-independent suspension（非独立悬架）
The characteristics of independent on
• Comfortable（舒适性好） • Reasonable structure（结构紧凑） • Beneficial for shift/turning （有利于转向） • Light weight, wheels’ firm contact with
Graphic Suspension
(横向推力杆) Coil spring （线圈弹簧） Sock absorber（减震器H）orizontal thrust rod
(横向稳定器) Horizontal stabilizer
Cross member（横梁） Vertical thrust rod (纵向推力杆)
Suspension system components
• Shock absorber • Coil spring • Lower control arm • Cross member • Trailing arm • Stub axle • Steering knuckle
（减震器） （线圈弹簧） （下控制臂）
Unit 5
Suspension System
汽车车辆专业悬架外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文文献（二）外文原文Abstract：To improve the suspension performance and steering stability of light vehicles, we built a kinematic simulation model of a whole independent double-wishbone suspension system by using ADAMS software, created random excitations of the test platforms of respectively the left and the right wheels according to actual running conditions of a vehicle, and explored the changing patterns of the kinematic characteristic parameters in the process of suspension motion. The irrationality of the suspension guiding mechanism design was pointed out through simulation and analysis, and the existent problems of the guiding mechanism were optimized and calculated. The results show that all the front-wheel alignment parameters, including the camber, the toe, the caster and the inclination, only slightly change within corresponding allowable ranges in design before and after optimization. The optimization reduces the variation of the wheel-center distance from 47.01 mm to a change of 8.28 mm within the allowable range of -10 mm to 10 mm, promising an improvement of the vehicle steering stability. The optimization also confines the front-wheel sideways slippage to a much smaller change of 2.23 mm; this helps to greatly reduce the wear of tires and assure the straight running stability of the vehicle. Keywords：vehicle suspension; vehicle steering; riding qualities; independent double-wishbone suspension; kinematic characteristic parameter; wheel-center distance; front-wheel sideways slippage1 IntroductionThe function of a suspension system in a vehicle is to transmit all forces and moments exerted on the wheels to the girder frame of the vehicle, smooth the impact passing from the road surface to the vehicle body and damp the impact-caused vibration of the load carrying system. There are many different structures of vehicle suspension, of which the independent double-wishbone suspension is most extensively used. An independent double-wishbone suspension system is usually a group of space RSSR (revolute joint - spherical joint -spherical joint - revolute joint) four-bar linkage mechanisms. Its kinematic relations are complicated, its kinematic visualization is poor, and performance analysis is very difficult. Thus, rational settings of the position parameters of the guiding mechanism are crucial to assuring good performance of the independent double-wishbone suspension. The kinematic characteristics of suspension directly influence the service performance of the vehicle, especially steering stability, ride comfort, turning ease, and tire life.In this paper, we used ADAMS software to build a kinematic analysis model of an independent double-wishbone suspension, and used the model to calculate and optimize the kinematic characteristic parameters of the suspension mechanism. The optimization results are helpful for improving the kinematic performance of suspension.2 Modeling independent double-wishbone suspensionThe performance of a suspension system is reflected by the changes of wheel alignment parameters when the wheels jump. Those changes should be kept within rational ranges to assure the designed vehicle running performance. Considering the symmetry of the left and right wheels of a vehicle, it is appropriate to study only the left or the right half of the suspension system to understand the entire mechanism, excluding the variation of WCD (wheel center distance). We established a model of the left half of an independent double-wishbone suspension system as shown in Figure 1.3 Kinematic simulation analysis of suspension modelConsidering the maximum jump height of the front wheel, we positioned the drives on the translational joints between the ground and the test platform, and imposed random displacement excitations on the wheels to simulate the operating conditions of a vehicle running on an uneven road surface.The measured road-roughness data of the left and right wheels were converted into the relationship between time and road roughness at a certain vehicle speed. The spline function CUBSPL in ADAMS was used to fit and generate displacement-time history curves of excitation. The simulation results of the suspension system before optimization are illustrated in Figure 2.The camber angle, the toe angle, the caster angle and the inclination angle change only slightly within the corresponding designed ranges with the wheel jumping distance. This indicates an under-steering behavior together with an automatic returnability, good steering stability and safety in a running process. However, WCD decreases from 1 849.97 mm to 1 896.98 mm and FWSS from 16.48 mm to -6.99 mm, showing remarkable variations of 47.01 mm and 23.47 mm, respectively. Changes so large in WCD and FWSS are adverse to the steering ease and straight-running stability, and cause quick wear, thus reducing tire life.For independent suspensions, the variation of WCD causes side deflection of tires and then impairs steering stability through the lateral force input. Especially when the right and the left rolling wheels deviate in the same direction, the WCD-caused lateral forces on the right and the left sides cannot be offset and thus make steering unstable. Therefore, WCD variation should be kept minimum, and is required in suspension design to be within the range from -10 mm to 10 mm when wheels jump. It is obvious that the WCD of non-optimized structure of the suspension system goes beyond this range. The structure needs modifying to suppress FWSS and the change of WCD with the wheel jumping distance.ADMAS software is a strong tool for parameter optimization and analysis. It creates a parameterization model by simulating with different values of model design variables, and then analyzes the parameterization based on the returned simulation results and the final optimization calculation of all parameters. During optimization, the program automatically adjusts design variables to obtain a minimum objective function [8-10]. To reduce tire wear and improve steering stability, the T able 1 V alues of camber angle α , toe angle θ , caster angle γ and inclination angle β before and after optimizationTable 1 The data tables of optimize the results4 ConclusionsThe whole kinematic simulation model of an independent double-wishbone suspension system built by using ADAMS software with the left and the right suspension parts under random excitations can improve the calculation precision by addressing the mutual impacts of kinematic characteristic parameters of the left and the right suspension parts under random excitations. The optimization can overcome the problem of the too large variation of WCD and overly large FWSS with the wheel jumping distance. The kinematic characteristic parameters of the suspension system reach an ideal range, demonstrating that the optimization protocol is feasible. From a practical perspective, the optimization is expected to reduce tire wear, and remarkably improve suspension performance and vehicle steering stability.Figure 1 simple picture of suspensionFigure 2 Curve with the parameters of the suspension译文摘要：为了提高轻型车辆性能和行驶稳定，我们使用ADAMS 软件建立一个独立双横臂悬架系统运动仿真模型，并建立随机激励的测试平台，根据车辆实际运行条件，探讨悬架的运动学特征参数的变化。
四轮独立驱动独立转向电动汽车悬架和转向机构设计本科生毕业论文
3.更具我们的结构特点，选用了双横臂弹簧减震悬架机构。简易的选择了控制臂的空间位置形式，并根据经验设计了控制臂的尺寸，校验了连接点的强度。计算并选择了合适的液压阻尼器和螺旋弹簧。
关键字：四轮独立四轮转向轮毂电机驱动轮边线控转向双横臂悬架螺栓弹簧液压减震
1.1
电动汽车四轮独立驱动系统是利用四个独立控制的电动机分别驱动汽车的四个车轮，车轮之间没有机械传动环节。典型四轮驱动布置型式，其电动机与车轮之间可以是轴式联接也可以将电动机嵌入车轮成为轮式电机，车轮一般带有轮边减速器。这种驱动系统与传统汽车驱动系统相比有以下特点：
1)传动系统得到减化，整车质量大大减轻。由电动机直接驱动车轮甚至两者集成为一体。这样省掉了离合器、变速器及传动轴等传动环节，传动效率得到提高，也更便于实现机电一体化。另外，由于动力传动的中间环节减少，传动系的振动及噪声得到改善。甚至在采用纯电力驱动时，可实现无声行驶。但是，在实际实际交通环境中无声行驶，带来的很多问题，在汽车系统没有实现完全的智能化前，带来的往往祸大于福。
1.2
在一般汽车，以操纵方向盘使前轮的轮胎转向发挥转弯机能，但四轮转向是后轮的轮胎也可转向之系统。四轮转向的目的：在低速行驶时作逆相转向（前轮与旋转方向为逆向）使旋转时小转弯性能良好，中高速时为同相转向（前轮与旋转方向为同方向），以提高在高速时之车道变换或旋转时操纵稳定性。
1)四轮转向降低低速转向半径。
如图1-1a所示，汽车在低速旋转时，车辆行进方向与轮胎方向大概可视为一致，在各轮大部份不会产生旋转向心力(cornering force )。四轮行进方向的垂直线会交于一点，车辆就以该点为中心(旋转中心)旋转。参考下图低速旋转时之行车轨迹，单轴转向车(通常前轮转向)时，因为后轮不转向，旋转中心差不多在后轴的延长线上。
综合英语第三册Unit9课件
Practice answers
Answer to question 2
Correct answer: C
Explanation: The correct answer is C because the text mentions that the company has a strong commitment to customer service.
The important words and phrases are identified, and their meanings are explained. The context in which these words are used is also considered to understand their precise meaning and significance in the text.
Comprehensive English Volume 3 Unit9 Courseware
目录
• Introduction to the background of the text
• Analysis of Text Content • Analysis of language points in
such as justice, morality, and human nature.
02
Plot
The plot revolves around a series of mysterious murders in a
small town, with a famous detective trying to solve the case.
Author's name: John Smith
汽车专业英语读译教程 (梁桂航 第3版 ) 习题与答案TEXT B
汽车专业英语读译教程(第3版)TEXT B课后练习题(EXERCISES)参考答案UNIT 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICSTEXT B Automobile's History/ ・ Translate the following English names of car makers into Chinese:1.General Motors Corporation 通用汽车公司2.Ford Motor Co.福特汽车公司3.Chrysler Motors Corporation 克莱斯勒汽车公司4.Toyota Motor Corporation 丰田汽车公司5.Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.日产汽车公司6.Honda Motor Co. Ltd.本田汽车公司7.Mitsubishi Motors Corporation 三菱汽车公司8.Mercedes-Benz AG梅赛德斯-奔驰汽车公司9.BMW AG宝马汽车公司10.Volkswagen AG群众汽车公司11.Audi AG奥迪汽车公司12.Suzuki Motor Corporation 铃木汽车公司13.Isuzu Motors Ltd.五十铃汽车公司14.Mazda Motor Corporation 马自达汽车公司15.Volvo Car Corporation 沃尔沃轿车公司16.Volvo Bus Corporation 沃尔沃巴士公司17.Porsche AG保时捷汽车公司//. Translate the following English names of cars into Chinese:1.Chevrolet Corvette; Buick Century; Cadillac Deville 雪佛兰克尔维特；别克世纪；凯迪拉克德维尔2.Ford Mustang; Ford Mendeo; Lincoln Town Car 福特野马；福特蒙迪欧；林肯城市3.Dodge Caravan; Jeep Grand Cherokee; New Yorker 道奇捷龙；吉普大切诺基；纽约人ndcruiser; Camry; Crown; Lexus陆地巡洋舰；凯美瑞；皇冠；雷克萨斯1.What are the advantages of continuously variable transmission?Because there are no gears to tie a given road speed directly to a given engine speed, the CVT can vary the engine speed as needed to access maximum power as well as maximum fuel efficiency. This allows the CVT to provide quicker acceleration than a conventional automatic or manual transmission while delivering superior fuel economy.2.What are the main components of automated manual transmission?Transmission control ECU, clutch activator, transmission actuator, operators, and sensorsII. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese ：The basic technical criteria for continuously variable transmissions are size, weight, transmission-ratio range, transfer efficiency, noise emissions and installation possibilities. With regard to these aspects, mechanical continuously variable transmissions, in the form of chain-driven transmission, have provided the best results so far.评判无级变速器的基本技术标准是尺寸、重量、传动比范围、传动效率、噪声排放和安装可能性。
《汽车专业英语读译教程》--20-U11TC
steering axis inclination
toe-out on turns tipping effect thrust angle wheel tracking dog tracking eccentric cam
转向轴线内倾角
转Hale Waihona Puke 负前束 侧倾效应 推力角，推力线 （前轮与后轮）同辙行驶 蛇形行驶 偏心凸轮
scraping scrubbing imaginary deviation
['skreipiŋ]
n.刮, 擦
[skrʌbiŋ]
n.洗擦, 擦净
[i'mæ ʤinəri] a.假想的, 想象的, 虚构的
[ֽdi:vi'ei∫ən] n.背离，偏离
chisel
['t∫izl]
eccentric [ik'sentrik]
159 Adjustable front wheel settings on most modern vehicles are caster, camber, and toe. Nonadjustable settings are steering axis inclination and toe-out on turns. Rear wheel settings that can be made on many modern vehicles are camber and toe. Modern practice is to check both front and rear wheel alignment. Note that the various alignment angles are all related. A change in one can alter the others. Alignment Measurement Values 14 All alignment values, except for toe, are measured in degrees. Toe is measured in fractions of an inch or millimeters. Caster 15 Positive caster tends to force the wheels to travel in a straight ahead position. It also assists in recovery (wheels turning back to straight ahead position) after making a turn. On late model cars, there is often little or no positive caster. Positive caster makes it more difficult to turn the wheels from the straight ahead position than when no caster angle is present [1].
《汽车专业英语读译教程》--19-U11TA
jarring contour anchorage unibody obsolete bump
rebound descend oscillation deplete strut impose
NEW WORDS
['dƷɑ:riŋ] a.刺耳的
['kɔntuə] n.轮廓，等高线
['æŋkəridƷ] n.停泊地，抛锚地，固定(支座)
Even though the tires and wheels must follow the road contour, the body should be influenced as little as possible [1]. The purpose of any suspension system is to allow the body of the vehicle to travel forward with a minimum amount of upand-down movement. The suspension should also permit the vehicle to make turns without excessive body roll or tire skidding.
Springs The springs are the most obvious part of the suspension system. Every vehicle has a spring of some kind between the frame or body and the axles. There are three types of springs in general use today: leaf spring, coil spring, and torsion bar. Two different types of springs can be used on one vehicle. Air springs were once used in place of the other types of springs, but are now obsolete. Many modern vehicles have air-operated suspensions, but they are used to supplement the springs.
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Unit 9 Suspension and Steering System
New Words and Expressions
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
rolling adj.滚动的 transverse adj.横向的 crosswise adj.交叉的 dimension n.选定尺寸，计算，加工成 chamfer n.斜面 intensify n.增强，增加，加强，强化 wormshaft n.转向螺杆 spindle n.转向节（轴端） sophisticated adj. 诡辩的, 久经世故的 algorithm n.[数]运算法则
3. Hydraulic Power Assisted Steering (HPAS) 1) Energy Source The energy source consists of a pump (usually driven by the engine) , an oil reservoir and corresponding hoses and pipes ( Fig. 9-4). The pump usually a vane-type pump with internal bypass must be dimensioned such that, even with the engine idling, it delivers a flow of oil with which it is possible to achieve a steering-angle velocity of at least 1.5 s-1 at the steering wheel.
All of the systems consist of sensors, switches, control unit and actuators. Sensors and switches provide input to the system control unit or control module. The control unit is basically a small computer that receives input in the form of electrical signals from the sensors and switches and provides output electrical signals to the system actuators. The electrical signal causes the actuator to perform some mechanical action. In an electronically controlled suspension, the input messages usually indicate vehicle height or speed, whether the driver is accelerating or braking, or what switch position the driver has chosen for a console switch allowing a choice between certain suspension functions. The mechanical response of the actuator changes shock stiffness or spring rate.
Basic Parts and Types of the Steering Systems
Basic Parts of the Steering The steering converts the steering-wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle. The basic steering system in most cars is the same. The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system. This is usually next to the engine. A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear. This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft. The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column. Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear. This shaft connects to the arms, rods, and links. This parts assembly, called the steering linkage, connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels. The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles. As shown in Fig. 9-1, the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom. Thus, the wheels and tires can turn from side to side.
Given the fact that electronic systems may be complicated and often are expensive, technicians may wonder what the benefits are. The main advantage of electronic controls is that they let suspension react differently conditions, so a car owner does not have to choose between performance and comfort. Instead, he or she can have fu-m suspension feel for fast cornering, and quick acceleration and braking, along with a soft ride for cruising. Electronic suspensions can also counteract road forces and minimize their effect on the car body. .
2. Rack-and-pinion Rack-and-pinion steering is used on many new smaller cars and on most cars with a transverse engine. This steering gear is small and lightweight. It provides good steering with minimum driver effort. Also, rack-and-pinion steering needs fewer parts in the steering gear and linkage. Thus, it is easy to service. Rack-and-pinion steering gives more feedback and road feel to the driver.
Part Two Reading Material
Electronic Control Suspension System
Since the mid-1980's, carmakers have been introducing cars with electronic suspension controls that can vary shock stiffness or spring rate. We will look at some of these systems, ranging from the simple load leveling systems on some Ford and General Motors vehicles to more complex ones such as the Infiniti Q45, the Lincoln Continental and the Mitsubishi Galant and Sigma V6.
3. Electric power assisted steering The use of electronics into automotive steering systems enables much more sophisticated control to be achieved. Electric steering is more economical to run, and easier to package and install than conventional hydraulic power steering systems. Typically, electric and electro-hydraulic power steering systems are also lighter and more compact than conventional hydraulic systems.
New Words and Expressions