The κ-point Exponent Set of Central Symmetric Primitive Matrices
亨利克·易卜生
（Henrik Johan Ibsen，1828-1906）
挪威戏剧家、诗人。 出生于挪威南部小 城希恩的一个木材 商人的家庭，后来 家道中落。
15岁时离开父母， 16岁到小城格里姆 斯塔做药店学徒
1848年开始写作 诗歌。
1850到奥斯陆报考大学，未 被录取，同年完成第一部剧 作《凯替莱恩》。
notably the restriction of women's lives in A Doll's House (1879), sexually-transmitted disease in Ghosts (1882) and provincial greed in An Enemy of the People (1882).
Problem play
The problem play is a form of drama that emerged during the 19th century as part of the wider movement of realism in the arts. It deals with contentious social issues through debates between the characters on stage, who typically represent conflicting points of view within a realistic social context.
把剧情安排在圣诞节前后三天之 内，借以突出节日的欢乐气氛和 家庭悲剧之间的对比；以银行职 员柯洛克斯泰因被海尔茂辞退， 便利用借据来要挟娜拉为他保住 职位为主线，引出人物之间各种 矛盾的交错展开，
2014考研英语阅读理解原文之英语一text4
2014考研英语阅读理解原文之英语一text4Illiberal Education and the 'Heart of the Matter'A new report on the humanities and social sciences misses a big reasonthey're in trouble.ByPETER BERKOWITZJune 30, 2013 6:27 p.m. ET'The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, with Duke University President Richard Brodhead and retired Exelon CEO John Rowe as co-chairmen. Among the commission's 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21stcentury, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.One of the more novel ideas in the report is the creation of a "Culture Corps" in cities and town across America to "transmit humanistic and social scientific expertise from one generation to the next."Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for disseminating "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.We know from the extensive documentation that William F. Buckley Jr. provided in his stellar critique of American academia, "God and Man at Yale," first published in 1951, that this propagandizing extends back at least to the middle of the 20th century.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets, self-reliance and a distrust of central planning—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation.Meanwhile, courses proliferate on highly specialized topics—Muslims in movies, gay and lesbian gardeners, the mathematical formalization of political decision making, for example—that closely correspond to professors' niche research interests but contribute little to students' grasp of the broad sweep of Western civilization and its literary, philosophical and religious masterpieces.Through speech codes, endless seminars and workshops designed to teach students how to avoid "offensive" speech—and by handling sexual harassment and sexual-assault allegations with procedures that undermine the presumption of innocence—universities teach students to discount free speech and due process.The American Academy of Arts and Sciences displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.Mr. Berkowitz, a senior fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution, is author of "Constitutional Conservatism: Liberty, Self-Government and Political Moderation" (Hoover Institution Press, 2013).。
学术英语Unit4
Unit FourTask 1The Dawn of The Age of Artificial IntelligenceReasons to cheer the rise of the machinesErik Brynjolfsson & Andrew Mcafee【1】The advances we’ve seen in the past few years– cars that drive themselves, useful humanoid robots, speech recognition and synthesis systems, 3D printers, Jeopardy!-champion computers—are not the crowning achievements of the computer era. They’re the warm-up acts. As we move deeper into the second machine age we’ll see more and mo re such wonders, and they’ll become more and more impressive.【2】How can we be so sure? Because the exponential, digital, and recombinant powers of the second machine age have made it possible for humanity to create two ofthe most important one-time events in our history: the emergence of real, useful artificial intelligence (AI) and the connection of most of the people on the planet via a common digital network.【3】Either of these advances alone would fundamentally change our growth prospects. When combin ed, they’re more important than anything since the Industrial Revolution, which forever transformed how physical work was done.Thinking Machines, Available now【4】Digital machines have escaped their narrow confines and started to demonstrate broad abilities in pattern recognition, complex communication, and other domains that used to be exclusively human. We’ve recently seen great progress in natural language processing, machine learning (the ability of a computer to automatically refine its methods and improve its results as it gets more data), computer vision, simultaneous localization and mapping, and many other areas.【5】We’re going to see artificial intelligence do more and more, and as this happens costs will go down, outcomes will improve, and our lives will get better. Soon countless pieces of AI will be working on our behalf, often in the background. They’ll help us in areas ranging from trivial to substantive to life changing. Trivial uses of AI include recognizing our friends’ faces in photos and recommending products. More substantive ones include automatically driving cars on the road, guiding robots in warehouses, and better matching jobs and job seekers. But these remarkable advances pale against the life-changing potential of artificial intelligence.【6】To take just one recent example, innovators at the Israeli company OrCam have combined a small but powerful computer, digital sensors, and excellent algorithms to give key aspects of sight to the visually impaired (a population numbering more than twenty million in the United States alone). A user of the OrCam system, which was introduced in 2013, clips onto her glasses a combination of a tiny digital camera and speaker that works by conducting sound waves through the bones of the head. If she points her finger at a source of text such as a billboard, package of food, or newspaper article, the computer immediately analyzes the images the camera sends to it, then reads the text to her via the speaker.【7】Reading text ‘in the wild’– in a variety of fonts, sizes, surfaces, and lighting conditions—has historically been yet another area where humans outpaced even the most advanced hardware and software. OrCam and similar innovations show that this is no longer the case, and that here again technology is racing ahead. As it does, it willhelp millions of people lead fuller lives. The OrCam costs about $2,500 – the price of a good hearing aid – and is certain to become cheaper over time.【8】Digital technologies are also restoring hearing to the deaf via cochlear implants and will probably bring sight back to the fully blind; the FDA recently approved a first-generation retinal implant. AI’s benefits extend even to quadriplegics, since wheelchairs can now be controlled by thoughts. Considered objectively, these advances are something close to miracles –and they’re still in their infancy.Billions of Innovators, Coming Soon【9】In addition to powerful and useful AI, the other recent development that promises to further accelerate the second machine age is the digital interconnection of the planet’s people. There is no better resource for improving the world and bettering the state of humanity than the world’s humans– all 7.1 billion of us. Our good ideas and innovations will address the challenges that arise, improve the quality of our lives, allow us to live more lightly on the planet, and help us take better care of one another. It is a remarkable and unmistakable fact that, with the exception of climate change, virtually all environmental, social, and individual indicators of health have improved over time, even as human population has increased.【10】This improvement is not a lucky coincidence; it is cause and effect. Things have gotten better because there are more people, who in total have more good ideas that improve our overall lot. The economist Julian Simon was one of the first to make this optimistic argument, and he advanced it repeatedly and forcefully throughout his career. He wrote, “It is your mind that matters economically, as much or more than your mouth or hands. In the long run, the most important economic effect of population size and growth is the contribution of additional people to our stock of useful knowledge. And this contribution is large enough in the long run to overcome all the cos ts of population growth.”【11】We do have one quibble with Simon, however. He wrote that, “The main fuel to speed the world’s progress is our stock of knowledge, and the brake is our lack of imagination.” We agree about the fuel but disagree about the brake. The main impediment to progress has been that, until quite recently, a sizable portion of the world’s people had no effective way to access the world’s stock of knowledge or to add to it.【12】In the industrialized West we have long been accustomed to having libraries, telephones, and computers at our disposal, but these have been unimaginableluxuries to the people of the developing world. That situation is rapidly changing. In 2000, for example, there were approximately seven hundred million mobile phone subscriptions in the world, fewer than 30 percent of which were in developing countries.【13】By 2012 there were more than six billion subscriptions, over 75 percent of which were in the developing world. The World Bank estimates that three-quarters of the people on the planet now have access to a mobile phone, and that in some countries mobile telephony is more widespread than electricity or clean water.【14】The first mobile phones bought and sold in the developing world were capable of little more than voice calls and text messages, yet even these simple devices could make a significant difference. Between 1997 and 2001 the economist Robert Jensen studied a set of coastal villages in Kerala, India, where fishing was the main industry.10 Jensen gathered data both before and after mobile phone service was introduced, and the changes he documented are remarkable. Fish prices stabilized immediately after phones were introduced, and even though these prices dropped on average, fishermen’s profits actually increa sed because they were able to eliminate the waste that occurred when they took their fish to markets that already had enough supply for the day. The overall economic well-being of both buyers and sellers improved, and Jensen was able to tie these gains directly to the phones themselves.【15】Now, of course, even the most basic phones sold in the developing world are more powerful than the ones used by Kerala’s fisherman over a decade ago. And cheap mobile devices keep improving. Technology analysis firm IDC forecasts that smartphones will outsell feature phones in the near future, and will make up about two-thirds of all sales by 2017.【16】This shift is due to continued simultaneous performance improvements and cost declines in both mobile phone devices and networks, and it has an important consequence: it will bring billions of people into the community of potential knowledge creators, problem solvers, and innovators.‘Infinite Computing’ and Beyond【17】Today, people with connected smartphones or tablets anywhere in the world have access to many (if not most) of the same communication resources and information that we do while sitting in our offices at MIT. They can search the Web and browse Wikipedia. They can follow online courses, some of them taught by the best in the academic world. They can share their insights on blogs, Facebook, Twitter,and many other services, most of which are free. They can even conduct sophisticated data analyses using cloud resources such as Amazon Web Services and R, an open source application for statistics.13 In short, they can be full contributors in the work of innovation and knowledge creation, taking advantage of what Autodesk CEO Carl Bass calls “infinite computing.”【18】Until quite recently rapid communication, information acquisition, and knowledge sharing, especially over long distances, were essentially limited to the planet’s elite. Now they’re much more democratic and egalitarian, and getting more so all the time. The journalist A. J. Liebling famously remarked that, “Freedom of the press is limited to those who own one.” It is no exaggeration to say that billions of people will soon have a printing press, reference library, school, and computer all at their fingertips.【19】We believe that this development will boost h uman progress. We can’t predict exactly what new insights, products, and solutions will arrive in the coming years, but we are fully confident that they’ll be impressive. The second machine age will be characterized by countless instances of machine intelligence and billions of interconnected brains working together to better understand and improve our world. It will make mockery out of all that came before.Notes1.Erik Bynjolfsson: He is an American academic and Schussel Family Professor ofManagement at the MIT Sloan School of Management, the Director of the MIT Center for Digital Business and a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, known for his contributions to the world of IT Productivity research and work on the economics of information more generally.2.Andrew Mcafee:He is the associate director of the Center for Digital Business atthe MIT Sloan School of Management, studying the ways information technology (IT) affects businesses and business as a whole. His research investigates how IT changes the way companies perform, organize themselves, and compete, and at a higher level, how computerization affects competition, society, the economy, and the workforce. He was previously a professor at Harvard Business School and a fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society. He is the author of Enterprise 2.0, published in November 2009 by Harvard Business School Press, and co-author of Race Against the Machine with Erik Brynjolfsson. In 2014, thiswork was expanded into the book The Second Machine Age. He writes for publications including Harvard Business Review, The Economist, Forbes, The Wall St. Journal, and The New York Times. He speaks frequently to both academic and industry audiences, most notably at TED 2013 and on the The Charlie Rose Show.3.Julian Simon: 朱利安·西蒙，美国伊利诺斯大学的经济学和工商管理教授。
美国文学选择题2014
1. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"2. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _______ , the narrator, Moby Dick is stilla mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC. StubbD. Starbuck3. Most of the poems in Whitman's Leaves of Grass sing of the "mass" and the _______ as well.A. natureB. self-relianceC. selfD. life4. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more _______ .A. rationalB. humorousC. optimisticD. pessimistic5. Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and _______ .A. The GeniusB. The TycoonC. The StoicD. The Giant6. The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American ________ .A. local colorismB. imagismC. modernismD. naturalism7. It is on his _______ that Washington Irving's fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America8. Which of the following works concerns most concentrated the Calvinistic view of original sin?A. The Wasteland.B. The Scarlet Letter.C. Leaves of Grass.D. As I Lay Dying9. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______.A. conversational and crudeB. lyrical and well-structuredC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing10. Who exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers?A. FreudB. Darwin.C. W.D. Howells.D. Emerson11. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ____.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism12. The period before the American Civil War is commonly referred to as _______.A. the Romantic PeriodB. the Realistic PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Modern Period13. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by（）.A. e.e. Cummings C. Ezra PoundB. T.S. Eliot D. Robert Frost14. In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _______.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich15. "Two roads diverged in a yellow woodAnd sorry I could not travel both ..."In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by i mplication, was referring to _______.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. one’s course of life16. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is _______.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking17. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Falun.D. White Jacket.18. _________is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.A. Carl SandburgB. Edwin Arlington RobinsonC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald19. In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as _______.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors20. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington21. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, there are detailed descriptions of big parties. The purpose of such descriptions is to show _______.A. emptiness of lifeB. the corruption of the upper classC. contrast of the rich and the poorD. the happy days of the Jazz Age22. In American literature, escaping from the society and returning to nature is a common subject. The following titles are all related, in one way or another, to the subject except _______.A. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. Dreiser’s Sister CarrieC. Copper’s Leather-Stocking TalesD. Thoreau’s Walden23. Which of the following novels can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of literary modernism?A. The Sound and the FuryB. Uncle To m’s Cabin.C. Daisy Miller.D. The Gilded Age.24. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.25. Most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth-century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the _______ movement.A. transcendentalB. leftistC. expatriateD. expressionistic26. As an autobiographical play, O'Neill's _______ （1956）has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.A. The Iceman ComethB. Long Day's Journey Into NightC. The Hairy ApeD. Desire Under the Elms27. Apart from the dislocation （错位）of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include _______ , symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.A. impressionismB. expressionismC. multiple points of viewD. first person point of view28. Stylistically, Henry James' fiction is characterized by _______ .A. short, clear sentencesB. abundance of local imagesC. ordinary American speechD. highly refined language29. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms with a plain speech of _______ farmers .A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New England30. Henry David Thoreau's work, ________has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.A. WaldenB. The pioneersC. NatureD. Song of Myself31. The famous 20-years sleep in “Rip Van Winkle” helps to construct the story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving's ___.A. concern with the passage of timeB. expression of transient (短暂的）beautyC. satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beingsD. idea about supernatural manipulation of man's life32.Walt Whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first of all lies in his use of __, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. blank verseB. heroic coupletC. free verseD. iambic pentameter33. In Moby-Dick, the white whale symbolizes _______ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A. natureB. human societyC. whaling industryD. truth34. Hester, Dimmsdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in ___.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Portrait of a LadyD. The pioneers35. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, _______ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism36. After The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book entitled ___.A. Life on the MississippiB. The Gilded AgeC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court37. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be _____.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists38.In the last chapter of Sister Carrie, there is a description about Hurstwood, one of the protagonists of the novel, “Now he began leisurely to take off his clothes, but stopped first with his coat, and tucked it along the crack under the door. His vest he arranged in the same place.” Why did he do this? Because ________.A. he wanted to commit suicideB. he wanted to keep the room warmC. he didn’t want to be found by othersD. he wanted to enjoy the peace of mind39.The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ___ in the American literary history.A .individual feelingsB. idea of survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature40. Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ____.A. Ezra PoundB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Robert FrostD. Emily Dickinson41. The Hemingway Code heroes（硬汉形象）are best remembered for their __.A. indestructible spiritB. pessimistic view of lifeC. war experiencesD. masculinity (男性，男子气）42. IN The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape, O'Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the _____ of human beings in a hostile universe.A. helpless situationB. uncertaintyC. profound religious faithD. courage and perseverance43. The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around .[A]1820[B]1850[C]1880[D]192044.The subj ect matter of Robert Frost’s Poems focuses on .[A] ordinary country people and scenes[B]battle scenes of ancient Greek and Roman legends[C]struggling masses and crowded urban quarters[D]fantasies and mythical happenings45.Which group of writers are among those who may be called early pioneers of American literature?[A]Mark Twain and Henry James.[B]Fenimore Cooper and Washington lrving.[C]Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner[D]Jack London and O’Henry.46.To Theodore Dreiser, life is “so sad, so strange, so mysterious and so inexplicable.” No wonder the characters in his books are often subject to the control of the natural forces, especially those of _____and heredity.[A]fate[B]morality[C]social conventions[D]environment47.Hawthorne generally concerns himself with such issues as in his fiction.[A]the evil in man’s heart[B]the material pursuit[C]the racial conflict[D]the social inequality48._______ provides the main source of influence on American naturalism.[A]The puritan heritage[B]Howells’ ideas of realism[C]Darwin’s theory of evolution[D]The pioneer spirit of the wild west49.In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, Huck writes a letter to inform against Jim, the escaped slave, and then he tears the letter up. This fact reveals that______ .[A]Huck has a mixed feeling of love and hate[B]there is a conflict between society and conscience in Huck[C]Huck is always an indecisive person[D]Huck has very little education50.Which terms can best describe the modernists’ concern of the human situation in their fiction?[A]Fragmentation （崩溃）and alienation.[B]Courage and honor.[C]Tradition and faith.[D]Poverty and desperation.51.Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except .[A]a strict poetic form[B]a simple and conversational language[C]a free and natural rhythmic pattern[D]an easy flow of feelings52.All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly ____.[A]prolific (多产的）[B]artistic.[C]optimistic[D]pessimistic53.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Henry James’s writing style?[A] exquisite and elaborate language[B]minute and detailed descriptions[C]lengthy psychological analyses[D]American colloquialism54.In the beginning paragraph of Chapter 3, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald describes a big party by saying that “men and girls came and went like moths.” The author most likely indicates that______ .[A]there was a crowd of party-goers[B]such life does not have real meaning[C]these people were light-hearted[D]these were crazy and ignorant characters55.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner?[A]He is master of stream-of-consciousness narrative.[B]His writing is often complex and difficult to understand.[C]He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.[D]He represents a new group of Southern writers.56._________is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-consciousness” novels and the founder of psychological realism.A. Theodore DreiserB. William FaulknerC. Henry JamesD. Mark Twain57.By the end of Sister Carrie, Dreiser writes, “It was forever to the pursuit of that radiance of delight which tints the distant hilltops of the world.” Dreiser implies that_____ .[A]there is a bright future lying ahead[B]there is no end to man’s desire[C]one should always be forward-looking[D]happiness is found in the end58. At the beginning of Faulkner’s A Rose For Emily, there is a detailed description of Emily’s old house. The purpose of such description is to imply that the person living in it ______.A. is a wealth ladyB. has good tasteC. is a prisoner of the pastD. is a conservative aristocrat59. ________ is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.A. Carl SandburgB. Edwin Arlington RobinsonC. William FaulknerD. F. Scott Fitzgerald60.The theme of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is（）.A. the conflict of human psycheB. the fight against racial discriminationC. the familial conflictD. the nostalgia（怀旧之情）for the unrecoverable past61.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ______ the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”A. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventures of Tom SawyerC. The Gilded AgeD. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg。
英国文学史名词解释2
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance: the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad: A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend. Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries. The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism: it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature. it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the RenaissanceSonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject. Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance.Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of aimportance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, andblood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy, greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humors demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chiefly known for his comedy of humorsSoliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a character’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical” indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. DrawsHeroic drama: A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets. the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
《英美概况一》练习题一
《英美概况（一）》练习题一一、1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by referring to the text.1)The literature career of Bronte sisters has close relationship with one of the geographic features inYorkshire County, where they were born and raised, which is _______.2)The river ________ in UK has been an important trade and transport route since prehistoric times.3)The overall climate in England is called temperate ________.4)The Anglo-Saxons spoke a language that we now call______.5)Following the Wars of the Roses was the rule of the House of the_________.6)On July 7th, 1937, Japan began an all-out attack on _____.7)On December 7th, 1941, Japan's planes from carriers at sea made a swift and sudden raid on the UnitedStates' naval base at ________.8)Britain, under the leadership of _______, defeated Germany's attempt to destroy its air force and airdefenses in the Battle of Britain and escaped invasion.9)Margaret Thatcher gained her reputation as “the ________ lady” for her tight control of Britain'smonetary policy.10) The British Parliament is often referred to as ________--- the body that makes or unmakes laws.11)The Church of England today is all-inclusive, having the ability to be both Protestant and ________.12)Buddhism was originated in ______ about 500 B.C.13)Overseas commodity trade alone accounts for about _________ of the country's national income.14)There are three academic degrees in Britain: the_______, Master's degree and Doctor's degree.15)The best-known scientific achievement in the nineteenth century was Charles Robert Darwin'sdevelopment of a theory of ____ .2. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.1)Among the three regions of UK, Scotland is the largest in size.2)For ninety-six years after the nominal conquest by Julius Caesar, Britain was left in peace and freedom.3)The Chartists advocated violence.4)There was no advertising on any BBC program, either sound or television.5) It can be said that the Thatcher Era is the longest ministry of last century in UK.6)The life of Parliament in UK is fixed at five years.7) A lot of people in UK regularly attend church. （三-9 五-19）8)The British economy was the first to have been fully industrialized. （四-19。
大学计算机基础英语教学 (2)
Structure of LAN
The structure of LAN is following the structure of network, also been called topology of network. Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be
Wired
technologies Wireless technologies
By Scale
computer networks may be classified according to the scale, in Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN).
文学随堂测
一．Multiple Choices1. The ship “___”carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. Sunflower B．Armada C. Mayflower D. Pequod2.From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous “___”, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine3. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography4. “These are the times that try men’s souls,” these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington5. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. “___”was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution6. At the age Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the “___”.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movemen7.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted “___” in 1776.A. The Declaration of IndependenceB. The Sugar ActC. The Stamp ActD. The Mayflower Compact8.___ is respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narrative and as the creator of an American hero-myth.A. Washington IrvingB. John Greenleaf WhittierC. James Fenimore CooperD. Oliver Wendell Holmes9.The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in the following works ___A. The AutobiographyB. The Sketch BookC. the Leatheringstocking TalesD. Nature10.The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as ___A. the Romantic PeriodB. the Modern PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Realistic Period11.There is the famous ___, in which there is the memorable event of an apparently headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love, and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-assertiveness, and cowardice.A. Rip Van WinkleB. The legend of Sleep HollowC. The PioneerD. The American Scholar12.As a philosophical and literary movement, ___ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism13.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Henry David Thoreau.A. Thomas JeffersonB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Philip FreneauD. Edgar Allan Poe14.Transcendentalist recognized ___ as the “highest power of the soul.”A. intuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinking15.The publication of ___ established Ralph Waldo Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. Common Sense16.From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience came his famous essay, ___, which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. The Divine School Address17.Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ____ in American literary.A. the largest brain with the largest heartB. father of American poetryC. the transcendentalistD. the American scholar18.___ is an appalling fiction version of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s belief that “ the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones” and that evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen. A. The Marble Faun B. The House of Seven GablesC. the Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman Brown19.The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT___A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world20.In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praise of all of the following values EXCEPT ____A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man21.In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes ____A. natureB. a search for truthC. the unknown worldD. the microcosm of human society22.Which of the following works is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A.O n BeautyB. WaldenC. The Conduct of LifeD. Nature23.Early in ____ , the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts started the main stream of the American national history.A. 14th centuryB. 15thC. 17thD. 16th24.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them______.A .QuakersB AnglicansC CatholicsD Puritans25.The first symbol of self-made American man is _____A George WashingtonB Washington IrvingC Thomas JeffersonD Benjamin Franklin26.Which one of the following concepts is related to the understanding of American Romanticism?A .survival of the fittest B. indifference of the universe C. exaltation of emotion over reason D. the human beast27. Which one of the following is the author of “ The Leather Stocking Tales”?A. ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Allan Poe D . Cooper28. Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism.A It is strongly influenced by social DarwinismB Belief in individualism, independent mind, and self relianceC Man has no free willD Determinism governs everything.29.In _______ , Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale.A. Typee B .White Jacket C. Moby Dick D. Billy Budd30.Which one of the following is the author of the poem Song of Myself?A Walt WhitmanB Stephen CraneC Edgar Allan PoeD Henry Longfellow31. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, and what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you”In the above quoted verse lines taken from “song of myself”, what does the central image “myself”refer to ?A merely the poet himselfB the common people of AmericaC masculine sublime egoD American puritans 二．Filling in the blank1.In his ______ Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from____ to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities.2.Emerson belonged to the school of _____.3.Ralph Emerson wrote _____ which was called the Manifesto of American Transcendentalism and _____ whichhas been regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual independence.4.Pearl is a character in ______ written by _______.As a reflection of Hester’s moral development, the _______ symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from____ to able and last to angel.三．Term Definition1.American Dream2.Historical novel3.Transcendentalism4.American Renaissance5.Gothic tradition四．Short Essay Questions1.What is the significance of American Puritanism in American Literature?2.In American literary history, the Romantic Period, during which many famous writers and their masterpiece came into being, played an important role. According to their writings, briefly discuss the features of American literature in this period.3.Emily Dickinson is now recognized as a poet of considerable influence upon American poetry of the present century. What are the qualities of her poems?4.Emerson states “Let a man then know his worth, and keep things under his feet”. Please make comments on it.5.What is the major thematic concern of “Walden”.6.Emily Dickinson’s poetry abounds in images. In the best of her poems every word is a picture seen. Comment on the images in “Because I could not stop for death”.。