Evaluation on Chinese Bread Wheat Landraces for Low pH and Aluminum Tolerance Using Hydroponic S
小学上册L卷英语第六单元暑期作业
小学上册英语第六单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is a solar system?A. A collection of starsB. A group of planets orbiting a starC. A type of galaxyD. A cloud of gas2.Elements in the same column of the periodic table have similar _____ (properties).3.I have _____ (ten/twenty) fingers.4.We are going to the ________ today.5.The ______ (植物的生态影响) is significant.6.What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. HeroD. VillainA7.中国的________ (history) 充满了勇敢和智慧的故事。
8.Light travels in ______ lines.9.He is a _____ (作家) who writes thrillers.10.The _______ can be a source of food and shelter.11.The process of creating a solid from a solution is called _______.12.Which instrument is used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. AltimeterB13.The bear's ability to adapt to different environments highlights its strength and ____.14.What do we call a written work that tells a story?A. PoemB. NovelC. EssayD. Article15.The ____ lives in a tree and enjoys eating fruits.16.What do we call the process of converting waste into compost?A. CompostingB. RecyclingC. UpcyclingD. Anaerobic digestionA Composting17. A hamster runs on its ________________ (跑轮).18.The _______ is the center of an atom.19.Which fruit is orange and often associated with Halloween?A. AppleB. BananaC. PumpkinD. GrapeC20.The antelope leaps gracefully across the _____.21.How many eyes does a typical human have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. FourB22.Which bird is known for its colorful plumage?A. PigeonB. PeacockC. SparrowD. CrowB23.Which type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. MapleC. OakD. BirchC24.She is wearing __ shoes. (red)25.What do we call the study of insects?A. EntomologyB. ZoologyC. BotanyD. AnthropologyA Entomology26.My favorite author is _______ (名字). 她写的书很 _______ (形容词).27.What do you call the tallest tree in the world?A. SequoiaB. OakC. PineD. Birch28.The chemical symbol for ruthenium is ______.29.What do we call an animal that lays eggs?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Both B and C30.My brother is a __________ (数据分析师).31.What is the main ingredient in pasta?A. RiceB. WheatC. CornD. BarleyB32.What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres?A. Prime MeridianB. EquatorC. LongitudeD. LatitudeB33.The process by which an acid neutralizes a base forms _______ and salt.34.The _______ (The Battle of Waterloo) marked the defeat of Napoleon.35.Which animal is known for its wisdom?A. OwlB. EagleC. ParrotD. CrowA36. A base feels slippery and can turn red litmus paper ______.37.I love to go ______ with my family on weekends.38.cultural heritage) influences local traditions. The ____39.They are ___ a race. (running)40.The ancient Greeks used _______ in their architecture. (柱子)41.The __________ (历史的讨论) inspires innovation.42.The _____ (蝴蝶) loves to visit blooming flowers.43.What do you call the process of changing from a liquid to a solid?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporatingD. CondensingA44.The _______ (蜗牛) leaves a slimy trail.45.The squirrel's sharp claws help it climb trees with ________________ (轻松).46. A _______ (小浣熊) washes its food before eating.47. A __________ (社区花园) can bring people together.48. A __________ is formed when magma cools quickly.49.They are _____ (playing) frisbee.50. A __________ is a measure of how tightly packed particles are in a substance.51.The sun is shining ________ today.52.What do we call the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment?A. EcologyB. BiologyC. ZoologyD. Botany53.What do we call the act of making decisions?A. JudgmentB. EvaluationC. AnalysisD. All of the aboveD54.The __________ is famous for its volcanoes.55.The __________ (历史的多元性) enriches our collective narrative.56.What is the capital city of France?A. LyonB. ParisC. MarseilleD. Bordeaux57.What is the name of the tallest mountain in the world?A. K2B. KilimanjaroC. EverestD. McKinley58. Wall is a significant landmark in _____ (中国). The Grea59.What do we celebrate on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year60.We are learning about ________.61. A solution that contains a high concentration of ions is called a ______ solution.62.I like to share my ____ with my friends. (玩具名称)63.Which animal is known for having a long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. LionD. BearB64.The bread is _____ (fresh/stale).65.riverbank) is the land along the edge of a river. The ____66.How many legs does a spider have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12B67. A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating ______.68.The __________ (两次世界大战) changed global politics.69.The classroom is ______ (busy) during lessons.70.The symbol for cerium is _____.71.The girl is very ________.72.My _____ (玩具车) goes super fast.73.My ______ loves to share her knowledge with others.74.What do you call a young crocodile?A. HatchlingB. PupC. CalfD. Kit75.The __________ was a movement that aimed to end racial segregation. (民权运动)76.Planting bulbs in the fall leads to beautiful ______ in the spring. (秋天种植球茎会在春天盛开美丽的花朵。
小麦全粉面包加工工艺优化
doi:10.16736/41-1434/ts.2021.08.029小麦全粉面包加工工艺优化Optimization of the Processing Technology of Whole Wheat Bread◎ 柳思妍，吴雨轩，王 展（武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院，湖北 武汉 430023）LIU Siyan, WU Yuxuan, WANG Zhan(School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China)摘 要：小麦全粉含有丰富的膳食纤维和维生素等营养物质，本实验选取小麦全粉为主要原料，奶粉、盐、糖、酵母为配料，采用单因素和正交试验，通过对全麦面包进行感官评价，确定了全麦面包的最佳制作配方及工艺。
结果表明全麦面包品质的因素主次顺序为水的添加量＞糖的添加量＞发酵时间。
最佳配方及工艺为水的添加量为55%，糖的添加量为15%，发酵时间为2.5 h。
关键词：小麦全粉；面包；工艺；感官评价Abstract：Whole wheat flour is rich in nutrients such as dietary fiber and vitamins. In this experiment, whole wheat flour is selected as the main raw material, and milk powder, salt, sugar, and yeast are the ingredients. Single factor and orthogonal experiments are used to conduct sensory evaluation on whole wheat bread. , To determine the best recipe and process for making whole wheat bread. The results show that the primary and secondary order of the factors affecting the quality of whole wheat bread is the amount of water added > the amount of sugar added > fermentation time. The best formula and process are that the amount of water added is 55%, the amount of sugar added is 15%, and the fermentation time is 2.5 h.Keywords：whole wheat flour; bread; technology; sensory evaluation中图分类号：TS213.2小麦全粉是指以整粒小麦为原料，经制粉工艺制成的小麦胚乳、胚芽与麸皮相对比例与天然完整颖果基本一致的小麦全粉。
小麦转基因方法及其评述
HEREDITAS (Beijing) 2011年5月, 33(5): 422―430 ISSN 0253-9772 综 述收稿日期: 2010−10−09; 修回日期: 2010−12−04基金项目:国家重大科技专项(编号：2008ZX08010-004)资助作者简介:叶兴国, 博士, 研究员, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 小麦生物技术育种。
E-mail: yexg@网络出版时间: 2011-04-02 17:53:03URL: /kcms/detail/11.1913.R.20110402.1753.005.htmlDOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2011.00422小麦转基因方法及其评述叶兴国, 陈明, 杜丽璞, 徐惠君中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081摘要: 小麦是遗传转化比较困难的作物之一。
为了克服小麦基因工程育种和功能基因组学研究的障碍, 人们分别尝试利用基因枪、花粉管通道、超声波、离子束注入、激光微束穿刺、PEG(Polyethylene glycol)、电击和农杆菌等方法转化小麦, 涉及的受体材料包括幼胚、成熟胚、花药愈伤组织、幼穗、芽尖和花器官。
文章对小麦主要遗传转化方法及其应用进行了介绍、回顾和评述, 分析、比较了获得安全型转基因小麦的几种策略, 以期增强读者对小麦转基因技术和进展的了解, 促进小麦转化技术的持续改进和提高。
关键词: 小麦; 遗传转化Description and evaluation of transformation approaches used in wheatYE Xing-Guo, CHEN Ming, DU Li-Pu, XU Hui-JunInstitute of Crop Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, ChinaAbstract: Genetic transformation is a valuable tool for direct crop improvement and functional genomics study. Unfortu-nately, wheat is considered as a recalcitrant plant to genetic transformation due to its low efficiency and genotype depend-ency. To overcome these problems, various transformation methods such as biolistic bombardment, Agrobacterium tumefa-ciens , pollen-tube pathway, ion implantation, laser microbeams puncture, treatment with polyethylene glycol and ultrasonic wave, and electroporation have been reported in wheat using various types of explants including immature embryos, mature embryos, anthers derived calluses, inflorescences, apical meristems, and other floral organs. In this review, several major transformation approaches and their applications in wheat are reviewed, and potential strategies for the development of safe transgenic wheat plants are discussed. The objective of this review is to provide an update on current status of wheat trans-formation, and to stimulate further research for improving transformation efficiency in wheat.Keywords: wheat; genetic transformation小麦是世界上重要的粮食作物之一, 与社会经济发展、粮食安全供给和人类营养健康密切相关。
小麦植物新品种权的价值评估研究
㊀㊀2024年第65卷第4期869收稿日期:2023-05-26作者简介:骆飞(1988 ),男,江苏连云港人,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事设施农业与装备研究,E-mail:36134676@㊂文献著录格式:骆飞,徐海斌.小麦植物新品种权的价值评估研究[J].浙江农业科学,2024,65(4):869-873.DOI:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20231057小麦植物新品种权的价值评估研究骆飞,徐海斌(江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所,江苏淮安㊀223001)㊀㊀摘㊀要:小麦新品种权是知识产权的一种,随着小麦品种交易的日益增多,开展小麦品种权价值研究对种业发展有着重要的意义㊂文章以江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所的淮麦植物新品种权作为研究对象,从其内涵㊁特征和其价值评估的特殊性等角度进行了阐述分析,探讨了影响小麦植物新品种权价值的因素,构建了小麦品种权的价值指标体系,进一步采用收益法对小麦品种价值进行量化评估,成功指导淮麦705转让交易㊂结果表明,该方法是一种科学合理㊁方便快捷的小麦新品种价值评估方法,能为小麦新品种交易提供科学合理的定价方法和依据,对提高小麦新品种种子成果的成功转化率具有重要意义㊂关键词:新品种权;价值;评估;小麦中图分类号:F324.6㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀㊀文章编号:0528-9017(2024)04-0869-05Study on the value evaluation of new plant variety right of wheatLUO Fei,XU Haibin(Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province,Huaiᶄan 223001,Jiangsu)㊀㊀Abstract :New plant variety right of wheat is a kind of intellectual property right,with the implementation of thewheat plant protection system,the trade of wheat plant variety right is increasing,research on the value of variety rights is of great significance to seed industry development.This paper took Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province as the research object,analyzed its connotation,characteristics and the particularity of its valueevaluation,and explored the factors that affect the value of the wheat plant new variety right,constructd a value evaluationmodel suitable for wheat plant variety rights,further adoptd the income method to quantitatively evaluate the value of wheat varieties,and successfully guide the transfer of Huaimai 705.The results showed that this method was a scientific,reasonable,convenient and quick value evaluation method of new wheat varieties,it could provide a scientific andreasonable pricing method and basis for the trade of new wheat varieties,and it was of great significance to improve the successful conversion rate of new wheat seeds.Keywords :new plant variety right;value;assessment;wheat㊀㊀党的十九大报告明确提出 建设质量强国 战略目标[1-2],不断提升农业发展质量,实现乡村振兴,我国种业发展形势面临着高标准㊁严要求等考验㊂良种是农业发展的 芯片 ,育种团队就是 芯片 的开发者,如何将 芯片 顺利转交到生产应用者手中,需要借助成功的交易㊂品种价值评估的公正客观,能助推品种的快速转化㊂然而在小麦新品种权转让过程中,在交易价格上难以对小麦植物新品种权进行科学标准的评估,从而难以衡量出其准确㊁可靠的价值,以致交易双方很难达成共识,从而影响新品种的顺利转化㊂当前国内研究主要集中在对有形资产的价值评估,无形资产的评估集中在专利这块,但在植物新品种权的价值评估方面还没有建立科学合理的评估规范㊂同时,从事研究植物新品种权管理的专业型人员少,高校㊁科研院所在品种权转让过程中缺乏遵循的标准,普遍存在定价随意的现象㊂因此,本研究对前人的相关研究成果进行梳理和研究,以淮阴所育成的小麦品种为研究对象,走访种子公司及育种团队,掌握小麦植物新品种权价值评估及转让过程中存在的问题,找出影响小麦植物新品种权价值的因素,为小麦植物新品种权价值指标体系及品870㊀㊀2024年第65卷第4期种权的价值评估模型构建等研究提供理论基础和实践依据㊂1㊀植物新品种权的内涵㊀㊀植物新品种在品种审定过程中须具备新颖性㊁特异性㊁一致性和稳定性[3-4]㊂植物新品种权通过审定后,国家审批机关授予植物新品种保护证书[5]㊂2㊀小麦植物新品种权的特征㊀㊀小麦植物新品种权拥有专利㊁软著等无形资产的特征,还具有形状差异㊁外观相似㊁地域性㊁长周期性等特征㊂2.1㊀同一品种性状表现差异㊀㊀小麦植物品种权的载体是小麦种子,因受环境因素差异的影响,导致同一品种在性状表现上存在差异性㊂2.2㊀外观的不易识别㊀㊀不同品种小麦的种子,其产量㊁抗病能力可能存在很大差异,但在外观形态上会比较相似,不是长期从事小麦育种的资深人士很难识别[4,6]㊂此外,种子有别于其他商品,不能用商标辨别真伪[4,7]㊂2.3㊀地域性㊀㊀小麦品种的地域性有别于专利的地域性[8]㊂某一小麦品种受气候㊁地形㊁土壤等因素影响,只能在适宜生长的地域种植[7]㊂一般来说,小麦新品种适宜种植区域越小,其品种权转让价格也越低㊂2.4㊀长周期性㊀㊀小麦品种选育要8~10a的时间,育成一个新品种的时间过长,且投资大,回本慢,技术保护不易,容易流失㊂相对于其他产品研发,品种研发潜在风险性高㊂3㊀小麦植物新品种权价值评估的特殊性㊀㊀小麦植物新品种权作为一种无形资产,具体价值不易体现和明确,对小麦植物新品种权价值进行全面系统的评估,能科学地量化新品种权的真正价值,有效促进小麦新品种权转化顺利实施㊂小麦植物新品种权价值评估具有三大特殊性㊂3.1㊀评估对象较为复杂㊀㊀基于以上特征,小麦植物新品种权的价值评估要有科学合理的计算依据才能让买卖双方信服[3]㊂3.2㊀新品种的研发相对比较复杂㊀㊀育种过程是各学科的交叉融合,研发周期长,一些常规技术不可控,成果产出缓慢,难以对其评估量化㊂此外,育出的新品种也是在父本㊁母本的基础上进行性状改良,交易价格也会受到相近品种的影响㊂3.3㊀影响价值评估的不确定因素多㊀㊀小麦植物新品种权的价值影响因素多,对其评定过程中需要综合考虑多个因素,如品种特点因素㊁地域性因素㊁自然环境因素㊁技术性因素㊁市场因素㊁品牌因素㊁外部政策因素等㊂作为品种依托载体的农作物,其地域性特点十分明显㊂当品种适宜种植在该区域时,新品种价值能得到最大体现㊂当遭受自然灾害时,某品种表现出很好的抵御自然风险能力或自我恢复和自我适应能力,相较于其他弱势品种,该品种自然显现出较高的价值㊂因此,同一品种在不同的地域㊁不同的自然环境下进行评估,植物新品种权价值会表现出显著的差异性㊂4㊀植物新品种权价值的影响因子4.1㊀小麦新品种自身状况㊀㊀良种是农业发展的 芯片 ㊂小麦植物新品种的种植产量(对比同类品种的增产情况)㊁适应性(如适宜种植区域范围㊁抗倒伏㊁抗逆性等)㊁品质(如小麦品种中粗蛋白㊁湿面筋的含量及吸水量㊁硬度指数等)㊁制种的产量等性状指标是影响其价值的关键㊂此外,评价某一品种好不好,从育种者角度,主要考虑的是品种的综合性状;从种植者角度,主要考虑的是好种;从消费者角度,主要考虑的是好吃㊂4.2㊀小麦植物新品种转让和交易方式㊀㊀小麦植物新品种权转让方式有独占㊁排他和普通许可,选择不同转让方式对农业植物新品种权价值有影响㊂我单位植物新品种转让均采取独占许可方式,一般来说,同一品种独占许可转让价格高于其他2种许可方式㊂交易方式主要有一次买断㊁保底价+分成㊁分成3种方式,我单位植物新品种转让给大公司,偏向于一次买断或者保底价+分成,希望借助大公司的雄厚资本和市场销售渠道,迅速占领市场,扩大淮麦品牌,实现研发成本的快速回笼和植物新品种权的真正价值㊂4.3㊀市场波动因素㊀㊀小麦播种具有很强的季节性,需要提前做好繁种工作,从繁种到进入市场销售存在较大的风险㊂新品种的市场供求关系不确定㊁与其他同类品种的市场竞争力不稳定都决定了品种权价值实现的不确定性㊂4.4㊀品牌效应㊀㊀品牌效应也会对育成品种的价值实现产生很大的影响㊂院士团队育成的品种和小团队育成的品种㊁种子的知名品牌和非知名品牌转让价格的差距大㊂江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所作为百年老所,育出的淮麦系列品种经过几十年的市场考验,已形成淮麦效应㊂在新品种未审定前,多个种子企业就早早地开始了田间跟踪,供不应求㊂4.5㊀转化者的能力㊀㊀购买品种经营权的种企规模㊁市场推广等能力都会对新品种价值产生影响㊂大企业拥有雄厚的资金技术实力㊁强大的生产加工能力㊁灵活高效的市场开发㊁多渠道市场销售网络,新品种转让给大公司,更容易将品种推介出去,推广种植面积就会越大㊂如江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所所培育的淮麦33,具有成熟早㊁抗旱抗倒㊁抗寒抗病㊁稳产高产等诸多突出优点,交易时刷新了全国小麦单个品种转让价格纪录,跻身小麦家族 新贵 ㊂经营淮麦33的种企资本雄厚㊁宣传推介力度大㊁市场运作能力强,使得该品种迅速进入江苏㊁安徽㊁河南等市场,年均推广面积40万hm2,淮麦品牌进一步得到种子经销商和农民的认可,品牌价值进一步得到提升㊂4.6㊀国家政策㊀㊀我国种业政策的变化对植物新品种价值产生重大的影响㊂近些年的种业改革,品种由短缺变为饱和,甚至过剩,导致国际国内种业竞争不断加剧,市场下行,供求关系的转变进一步造成植物新品种权转让形势不容乐观,影响到新品种权的价值㊂5㊀小麦植物新品种权价值指标体系构建㊀㊀根据国家部委相关文件,参考淮麦品种播种质量㊁品种质量㊁技术水平㊁经济效益㊁社会效益㊁市场环境㊁品牌效应和转化能力等主要指标分析的基础上,采用德菲尔法进行权重设置,构建了小麦新品种价值评估体系(表1)㊂在对淮麦新品种价值评估时,可请专家组对照各个指标进行评分,按照总评分高低分为优秀(86~100)㊁良好(66~85)㊁一般(46~65)㊁差(26~45)㊁很差(0~25)5个等级㊂据调查统计,㊀㊀表1㊀价值评估指标体系Table1㊀Value evaluation index system一级指标U1权重A1序号二级指标U ij权重A ij播种质量0.21抗病0.202抗倒0.203抗旱0.104抗寒0.105产量0.106适宜种植范围0.207生育期0.10品种质量0.21粗蛋白(干基)0.152湿面筋0.153吸水率0.154稳定时间0.155最大拉伸阻力0.156拉伸面积0.157容重0.058硬度指数0.05技术水平0.11生产规模0.202试种情况0.203种子产量稳定性0.204知识产权情况0.105预计品种寿命0.30经济效益0.11经济性0.252后续投资成本0.253盈利水平0.254收益0.25社会效益0.11对产业结构的影响0.502对相关产业发展影响0.50市场环境0.11市场需求程度0.402政策支持程度0.303市场竞争能力0.30品牌效应0.11品种美誉度0.602育种团队实力0.40转化能力0.11资金技术实力0.302生产加工能力0.303市场开发销售0.40淮麦20品种综合表现优秀,将近15a了仍占据市场;淮麦39表现一般,该品种寿命只有5a;其他淮麦品种大多表现良好,寿命在7~10a㊂6㊀小麦植物新品种权价值评估方法及比对选择6.1㊀小麦植物新品种权价值评估方法㊀㊀对小麦植物新品种权价值评估可参照其他技术资产评估,主要有成本法㊁市场法㊁收益法[9]㊂6.1.1㊀成本法㊀㊀参考成本评估方法,品种权价值评估值为重置成本除去功能性损失和经济性损失[9-10]㊂6.1.2㊀市场法㊀㊀市场法是把被评估资产与相同或相似的资产进872㊀㊀2024年第65卷第4期行比较从而估算其价值[9-11]㊂评估中需要把被评估置于市场中加以考虑㊂6.1.3㊀收益法㊀㊀收益法是采用本金折现等途径去判断并估算资产价值[9-11]㊂其计算公式可以表述为:P =ðni =1F i(1+r )iˑA ㊂其中:P 估值(折现值);r 折现率;n收益年期;F i 第i 年使用该品种权带来的预期收益额;A 技术分成率;i 折现年限;6.2㊀基于品种权价值评估的方法比对与选择㊀㊀不同的评估方法对于其目标来说,是没有区别的,但这3种方法有各自的使用条件和优缺点,须根据评估对象和目的选择适合的方法㊂成本法一般运用在有形资产的评估中,品种权作为无形资产,智力劳动及创新付出不可忽略,根据成本法计算品种权价值,得到的结果偏差很大;因植物新品种权交易资料会存在不全,也难以获取,可用来比较的案例少,小麦品种权价值评估也不适宜采用市场法;相比上述3种方法,收益法能弥补其不足,收益法的使用条件适用于小麦植物新品种权㊂因此,本研究最终采用收益法对小麦植物新品种权价值进行评估㊂7㊀小麦植物新品种权的定价㊀㊀本文选取新育品种淮麦705,对其价值评估方法和定价过程进行探讨㊂7.1㊀估值基准日的确定㊀㊀本研究估值基准日为2020年9月1日,估值基准日在考虑经济行为的实现与育种团队和有关单位领导协商后确定㊂7.2㊀收益期的确定㊀㊀邀请专家组对淮麦705各个指标进行评分,淮麦705总分属于良好等级㊂再考虑到我国农作物品种历史更替周期基本在5~8a 及淮麦品种一如既往的中长期品种寿命,也为了淮麦705顺利转让便于及早进入市场化推广,结合专家组和育种团队意见,综合确定其收益期5a㊂7.3㊀行业平均利润率的确定㊀㊀由于种业改革后品种审定通道放宽,新审定品种呈现 井喷 态势,品种由短缺变为饱和甚至过剩,当前农业植物新品种权转化的难度越来越大,品种权转让价格呈下跌趋势,甚至有些品种卖不出去㊂种子市场下行,据调查,淮麦品种种子零售价在4.4~5.6元㊃kg-1不等,后期直供大户的价格也在3.2~3.8元㊃kg-1不等,淮麦种子直供大户的销售利润在0.10~0.16元㊃kg -1,供给农户小包装的销售利润在0.2~0.3元㊃kg -1,平均利润率为4%㊂7.4㊀技术分成率的确定㊀㊀收益分成的理论基础源于成果技术对总收益的贡献程度㊂在无形资产评估中,可以通过销售利润分成率替代技术分成率来确定收益㊂根据‘企业所得税法“,我国对种业企业免征企业所得税,故本次评估收益额为销售利润与销售利润分成率的乘积㊂在以往的小麦转让中,淮麦销售利润分成率在20%㊂7.5㊀折现率的确定㊀㊀根据对淮麦705收集资料的情况和估值特点,采用风险累加法确定折现率㊂7.5.1㊀无风险报酬率的确定㊀㊀无风险报酬率,根据五年期国债利率确定㊂根据财政部和中国人民银行国债发行的第二期储蓄国债(凭证式)期限5a,年利率为3.97%,因此,本次估值无风险报酬率按3.97%㊂7.5.2㊀风险报酬率的确定㊀㊀目前无形资产的评估惯例,各风险系数为0~5,根据淮麦404实际情况,风险系数分别取技术风险3%㊁市场风险5%㊁资金风险4%和经营风险5%㊂考虑到小麦品种技术风险较低和对流动资金需求量较低,故技术风险和资金风险均取50分㊂因国内外市场竞争激烈,市场容量风险取值70分㊂由于管理服务对企业收益影响较高,管理服务风险均取75分㊂7.6㊀价格的确定㊀㊀采用收益法计算公式,得出淮麦705品种转让价格为250.8万元(表2)㊂2020年9月25日,淮麦705在江苏省技术产权交易市场淮安分中心进行交易,成交价为259万元,实际转让金额稍高于评估价格,分析为竞价导致㊂结果表明,本方法能够快速获取到小麦品种权较准确的价值㊂8㊀结论与讨论㊀㊀本研究提供了一种方便快捷㊁较精确对小麦植物新品种权价值进行量化的评估方法,该方法实现了小麦新品种权影响价值的各指标权重分配㊁建立价值评估模型㊁给出评价结果,为小麦新品种交易㊀㊀表2㊀淮麦705品种权价值估值表Table 2㊀Valuation of Huaimai 705variety rights年份预计销售量/t 销售收入/万元利润率/%技术分成率/%预期收益额/万元折现率/%折现年限净现值/万元2022262510504208.414.7217.32202310500420042033.614.72225.53202422750910042072.814.72348.2220253237512950420103.614.72459.8120264550018200430218.414.725109.92的转让方和受让方提供科学合理的定价方法和参考依据,对指导小麦新品种转让和提高种子成果的转化率具有重要的现实意义㊂随着我国种业 放管服 改革进一步深化,新审定品种呈现井喷之势,市场上品种饱和,甚至过剩,加剧了国际国内小麦新品种消费需求环境的变化,在今后的研究中考虑这一参数变化对小麦新品种权价值影响比重,对价值评估模型进行修正和完善,提高模型的普适性和通用性㊂参考文献:[1]㊀周跃辉.如何理解 我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段 [N].学习时报,2018-01-31(001).[2]㊀张洪海.玉米中间试验中出现的问题及解决方法[J].新农业,2018(1):9-10.[3]㊀邓宇驰,王伦旺,王泽平,等.甘蔗品种桂糖42号的种性及其高产稳产性分析与评价[J].南方农业学报,2018,49(1):42-47.[4]㊀曾庆贺.主要农作物品种审定法律问题研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2024.[5]㊀邓晓蕾.我国农业植物新品种权保护现状及立法完善[J].种子,2020,39(11):162-166.[6]㊀佚名.农业植物新品种权侵权案件处理规定中华人民共和国农业部令第24号[J ].电子知识产权,2003(3):13-14.[7]㊀龚辉,何文建,彭昌家,等.2016年长江上游中籼品种审定绿色通道区域试验初报[J].农学学报,2017,7(12):1-7.[8]㊀胡梦洁.我国植物新品种权保护研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2024.[9]㊀秦薇.植物新品种权的价值评估方法研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2019.[10]㊀梁佳楣.植物新品种价值评估研究:以玉米种子为例[D].杭州:浙江财经大学,2019.[11]㊀陈会英,高晓航,周衍平.基于实物期权的植物品种权价值评估研究[J].科技管理研究,2018,38(19):154-158.(责任编辑:王新芳)。
高产抗病冬小麦新品种—农大1108
高产抗病冬小麦新品种—农大1108Abstract:Winter wheat is one of the most important crops in China, and its productivity and quality rely largely on the performance of cultivars. In this study, we report a new winter wheat cultivar,ND1108, developed by the researchers at China Agricultural University. The ND1108 cultivar is characterized by high yield potential, disease resistance, and high baking quality. This study aimed to investigate the agronomical and quality traits of ND1108 under different conditions, and to evaluate its overall performance in comparison with existing winter wheat cultivars.Introduction:China is the world's largest wheat producer, and wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the country. However, the wheat production in China is threatened by various pests and diseases, which often lead to significant yield losses. In recent years, Chinese researchers have focused on developing high-yielding, disease-resistant wheat cultivars for sustainable wheat production. Methods:The ND1108 cultivar was developed by crossing the Jingdongmai and Linyoumai parents, and was selected through several rounds of field trials and laboratory analyses. The agronomic traits ofND1108, including plant height, days to heading, thousand grain weight, yield per hectare, and disease resistance were evaluated under field conditions in six different locations in China. Thebaking quality of the wheat flour was assessed using the Farinograph and the Mixograph tests.Results:The ND1108 cultivar exhibited excellent agronomic traits, including high yield potential (yield range of 7.55 to 10.39 t/ha), good resistance to wheat stripe rust and powdery mildew, and moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight. The cultivar also had a moderate plant height (80-90 cm) and a medium thousand grain weight (40-45 g). The Farinograph and Mixograph tests showed that ND1108 had good baking quality, with a higher water absorption capacity, slower dough development time, and a higher dough strength than the control cultivars.Conclusion:The ND1108 winter wheat cultivar is a high-yielding, disease-resistant cultivar with good baking quality. It offers potential benefits to farmers and the wheat industry in China. The study highlights the importance of breeding new wheat varieties that not only have high yield potential and disease resistance but also meet the quality requirements of the wheat industry. Ongoing research and development are needed to ensure the sustainable production of wheat in China.The development and release of ND1108 cultivar is a significant achievement in the breeding of winter wheat in China. This cultivar brings a new option for farmers to achieve high productivity and quality in wheat production, while reducing the risk of disease and pest damage.Among the agronomic traits evaluated, the high yield potential of ND1108 is particularly noteworthy. In different regions of China, the yield of ND1108 ranges from 7.55 to 10.39 t/ha, which is higher than the average yield of many common cultivars. The good disease resistance of ND1108 to stripe rust and powdery mildew is also a valuable trait, as these two diseases can cause severe yield losses in many wheat-growing areas of China.The moderate resistance of ND1108 to Fusarium head blight is also encouraging, as this disease has become more prevalent in recent years due to changing weather conditions and farming practices. The moderate plant height and medium thousand grain weight of ND1108 make it suitable for different planting densities, which can further optimize its yield potential and adaptation to various environments.The baking quality of ND1108 is another highlight of this study. The Farinograph and Mixograph tests showed that ND1108 has a higher water absorption capacity, slower dough development time, and a higher dough strength than the control cultivars. This indicates that ND1108 can produce dough with better texture and elasticity, which meets the quality requirements of many processed wheat products.In conclusion, the ND1108 winter wheat cultivar developed by Chinese researchers is a promising new option for wheat production in China. Its combination of high yield potential, disease resistance, and good baking quality makes it a valuable addition to the existing cultivars. The results of this study also demonstrate the importance of continuous breeding efforts toimprove the sustainability and competitiveness of the wheat industry in China.Furthermore, the development of ND1108 cultivar is significant in terms of its potential economic benefits for farmers and wheat industry. High yielding cultivars with good disease resistance can not only increase farmers’ income, but also contribute to food security and stability in the wheat market. Moreover, the good baking quality of ND1108 can enhance the competitiveness of wheat products in domestic and international markets. This cultivar can be an attractive option for flour mills and bakeries, as it can produce high-quality flour and bread while reducing production costs.However, it is important to note that the widespread adoption of ND1108 and other improved cultivars requires continuous efforts in supporting research, extension, and education programs. These programs can help farmers and extension agents to access information and technologies related to crop management, pest and disease control, and quality assessment. They can also facilitate the transfer and adoption of new cultivars and farming systems, and promote collaboration among different stakeholders in the wheat industry.In conclusion, the development and release of ND1108 winter wheat cultivar in China is a significant achievement that reflects the ongoing efforts of researchers and policy-makers to address the challenges facing the wheat industry. This cultivar can contribute to sustainable and profitable wheat production, while meeting the demands of consumers for safe, nutritious, and high-quality wheat products. Its success also highlights the importance of innovation, cooperation, and capacity building in promoting the developmentand transformation of agriculture in China and beyond.Apart from the economic benefits, ND1108 cultivar can also have environmental advantages. Its high yield potential and good disease resistance can reduce the need for pesticides and fertilizers, which can ultimately lower the environmental impact of wheat cultivation. It can also improve soil health and fertility by reducing tillage, improving water infiltration, and increasing organic matter content.In addition, the development of ND1108 reflects the growing importance of scientific research and innovation in modern agriculture. China has been investing heavily in agricultural research and development, and has made significant progress in breeding new cultivars, improving crop management practices, and applying new technologies. This has contributed to China's food security and self-sufficiency, and has also opened up new opportunities for international cooperation and collaboration.However, there are also challenges and risks associated with the adoption of new cultivars and farming practices. The introduction of ND1108 and other high-yielding cultivars can lead to monoculture and loss of genetic diversity, which can increase the vulnerability of crops to pests, diseases, and climate change. It can also raise concerns about the safety and quality of food products, especially if they are genetically modified or have high pesticide residues.To address these challenges, it is important to ensure that the development and adoption of new cultivars and farming practices are based on sound scientific evidence, rigorous testing, andeffective regulation. It is also crucial to promote sustainable and diversified agricultural systems that prioritize the conservation of natural resources, protect biodiversity, and enhance the resilience of crops and ecosystems.Therefore, the development of ND1108 winter wheat cultivar represents a major step forward for the Chinese agriculture industry, but also underscores the need for continued investment in research, education, and policy initiatives that can promote sustainable and inclusive growth in the sector.In addition to the importance of sustainable and diversified agricultural systems, it is also crucial to involve farmers and local communities in the development and adoption of new farming practices and technologies. Farmers' knowledge and experiences can be valuable in identifying the most pressing challenges and opportunities in their local contexts, and in developing and adapting appropriate solutions.Furthermore, promoting innovation in agriculture requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves not only scientists and researchers, but also policymakers, extension agents, and private sector actors. It is important to foster partnerships and collaboration among stakeholders from different sectors and disciplines, and to support the dissemination of research findings and practical knowledge through training and outreach programs. In the case of the ND1108 cultivar, it is also important to promote responsible use and management of the new variety, including monitoring and evaluation of its performance and impact on farmers' livelihoods and the environment. This can help identifypotential risks and opportunities associated with its adoption, and inform future breeding and research efforts.In summary, the development of ND1108 winter wheat cultivar represents a significant achievement for the Chinese agriculture industry, but also highlights the importance of promoting sustainable and inclusive growth in the sector. This requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the social, economic, and environmental aspects of agriculture, and involves all relevant stakeholders in the development and implementation of new farming practices and technologies.Moreover, the global food system faces several challenges such as climate change, population growth, and increasing demand for food. It is crucial to develop sustainable and resilient food systems to ensure food security for all. The ND1108 cultivar has the potential to contribute to sustainable food production by increasing yield and reducing pesticide use, and its successful adoption can serve as a model for other regions and crops.However, the adoption of new technologies and practices is not always easy, and there may be social, cultural, and economic barriers to their implementation. For instance, small-scale farmers may lack access to credit, markets, and information, which can hinder their ability to invest in new technologies or adopt new practices. Therefore, it is important to address these challenges through policies and programs that support innovation, entrepreneurship, and inclusive growth.In particular, rural development strategies should focus on creating an enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship byproviding access to land, water, and other resources, as well as financing, training, and technical support. Such strategies can also help promote sustainable agricultural practices by encouraging diversification, conservation, and ecological intensification.In conclusion, the development of the ND1108 winter wheat cultivar represents a significant milestone in Chinese agriculture, and highlights the importance of sustainable and inclusive growth in the sector. By promoting innovation, collaboration, and responsible use of new technologies and practices, we can not only increase food production and improve farmers' livelihoods, but also ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of the global food system.One way to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture is through the development and promotion of agroecological approaches. Agroecology is the study of ecological processes in agricultural systems and emphasizes the integration of social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Agroecological approaches promote biodiversity, reduce the use of synthetic inputs, and enhance the resilience of agroecosystems to climate change and other stresses.Agroecological approaches also promote social and economic inclusion by empowering small-scale farmers, women, and marginalized groups to participate in sustainable agriculture. By shifting the focus from maximizing yields to promoting ecological function and social equity, agroecology can help create more just and sustainable food systems.Furthermore, policies and programs that promote agroecological approaches can also help reduce the negative environmentalimpacts of agriculture, such as soil degradation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable intensification, which refers to increasing food production per unit area while minimizing negative environmental impacts, can be achieved through a combination of agroecological approaches and improved technologies and practices.In conclusion, the development of the ND1108 winter wheat cultivar is a promising step towards sustainable and inclusive growth in Chinese agriculture. However, sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture requires a systemic approach that addresses social, economic, and environmental dimensions. Agroecology and sustainable intensification offer promising pathways towards more resilient and equitable food systems, but their success will depend on the adoption of supportive policies, programs, and institutions.In addition to agroecology and sustainable intensification, other strategies can also promote sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture. These include supporting small-scale farmers through access to credit, input supplies, and markets. It is important to ensure that small-scale farmers are included in the value chain and receive fair prices for their products.Investing in research and development for agricultural technologies that are climate-smart, resource-efficient, and sustainable can also be a game-changer. This includes breeding crop varieties that are more resilient to climate change, developing agroforestry systems that promote biodiversity and soil health, and promoting sustainable approaches to livestock production.Lastly, creating an enabling policy environment is crucial forpromoting sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture. This includes policies that support agroecological practices, promote sustainable intensification, and incentivize the adoption of climate-smart technologies. In addition, policies that promote gender equality, address land tenure issues, and ensure equitable access to resources are also important for creating inclusive agricultural systems.In conclusion, sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture requires a holistic and integrated approach that addresses social, economic, and environmental dimensions. It is possible to achieve food security while promoting sustainability and equity, but it will require concerted efforts from governments, civil society, and the private sector. By adopting sustainable agricultural practices and empowering small-scale farmers, we can create more resilient and just food systems that benefit both people and the planet.Another key aspect of promoting sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture is improving food distribution and reducing food waste. According to the United Nations, about one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted, which not only exacerbates food insecurity but also increases greenhouse gas emissions through the production and disposal of wasted food. Addressing food waste will require collaboration across the food supply chain, from reducing post-harvest loss on farms to improving food storage and transportation infrastructure.Additionally, promoting sustainable agriculture can have positive ripple effects beyond the farming sector, including job creation in rural areas and the development of local economies. By empowering small-scale farmers, creating sustainable value chainsand investing in rural infrastructure, agriculture can also contribute to poverty reduction and overall economic growth.Finally, education and awareness-raising are essential for promoting sustainable and inclusive agriculture. This includes educating farmers on sustainable farming techniques, training extension workers to disseminate information, and raising consumer awareness about the benefits of sustainable food systems. Education can also play a role in promoting gender equality in agriculture, by ensuring that women have equal access to education and training opportunities.Overall, promoting sustainable and inclusive growth in agriculture is a complex process that requires addressing social, economic, and environmental factors. However, by adopting a holistic approach and investing in sustainable practices and policies, we can create more resilient, equitable, and sustainable food systems for current and future generations.。
中国普通小麦品种醇溶蛋白组成分析
中国普通小麦品种醇溶蛋白组成分析吴芳;潘志芬;韩兆雪;邓光兵;余懋群【摘要】利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)方法,鉴定分析了148份我国重要小麦品种和高代品系的醇溶蛋白组成.在ω-、γ-、β-和α-四个区中,共鉴定出48种不同的组成模式.其中ω-区29种,出现频率最高的模式是A6;γ-区9种,出现频率最高的模式是B;β-和α-区各5种,出现频率最高的模式分别是B和A.148个样品共表现出114种醇溶蛋白组成类型.在所分析的样品中,ω-区的A3、C、H、M和X几种模式是以前国内外未曾报道的.另外还发现,1 BL.RS易位系在中国小麦品种中出现的频率较高,为41.2%,这可能是中国小麦品种品质普遍较差的一个原因.这些研究结果将为小麦育种工作者有效利用小麦种质提供参考.【期刊名称】《种子》【年(卷),期】2007(026)007【总页数】5页(P22-26)【关键词】遗传多样性;醇溶蛋白;APAGE;普通小麦【作者】吴芳;潘志芬;韩兆雪;邓光兵;余懋群【作者单位】中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川,成都,610041;国家粮食局成都粮食储藏研究所,四川,成都,610031;中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川,成都,610041;中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川,成都,610041;中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川,成都,610041;中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川,成都,610041【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S512.1醇溶蛋白是小麦胚乳中的主要贮藏蛋白，约占贮藏蛋白总量的40%，在酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶蛋白电泳(APAGE)中可分为ω、α、β和γ四个区。
醇溶蛋白主要由位于第1、6部分同源染色体短臂上的位点Gli-1和Gli-2编码［1］，这些位点上的每个等位基因同时编码几条连锁遗传的带［2］。
随着研究的深入，有几个编码少量醇溶蛋白条带的位点(Gli-3，Gli-5，Gli-6)也被确定下来［3－5］。
一些研究者通过酸性凝胶蛋白电泳(APAGE)发现其组成具有高度的异质性和复杂性［6－9］。
山东旱作灌溉区小麦—玉米全程机械化技术模式经济效益分析与评价方法
第41卷第12期2020 12中国农机化学报JournalofChineseAgriculturalMechanizationVol.41 No.12Dec. 2020DOI ： 10.13733/j.jcam.issn. 2095-5553.2020.12.002山东旱作灌溉区小麦一玉米全程机械化技术模式经济效益分析与评价方法**收 ：2020 8 19 ：2020 12 1*基金项目：国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFD0300607)第一作者：姚艳春，男，1988年出生，辽宁朝阳人，博士，讲师;研究方向为结构动力学与振动模态参数辨识方法等。
E-mail ： ******************.cn 通讯作者：刘元义，男,1963年出生，山东临沂人，博士，教授，硕导；研究方向为小麦一玉米全程机械化技术与装备。
E-mail : **************.cn姚艳春1,2,刘元义】，牛国栋12,张银平1 ' 2 ,耿端阳1 ' 2 ,刁培松1(1.山东理工大学农业工程与食品科学学院，山东淄博，255000；2.山东省旱作农业机械及信息化重点实验室，山东淄博，255000)摘要：针对山东省旱作灌溉区种植模式多样、技术模式不统一，影响全程机械化经济效益问题，研究小麦一玉米周年轮作下耕、种、管、收全程机械化技术模式，总结小麦一玉米全程机械化技术路线，构建基于区域特色的成本分析与经济效益评价方法，分析小麦一玉米全程机械化技术成本、占比及收益，筛选并比较山东省旱作灌溉区主要技术模式组合’分析发现，小麦一玉米周年轮作模式下耕种管收各环节成本支出范围为10 500〜16 500元/hm 2, 土地承包费范围为3 000〜16 500元/hm 2,经济效益为1 500#7 500元/hm 2 ；优化筛选以深翻、旋耕、免耕三年轮作+二次镇压+小麦宽苗带播种技术以及玉米免耕播种+水肥一体化+联合收获(穗茎兼收/青贮)技术的模式组合。
小学上册第三次英语第6单元测验卷
小学上册英语第6单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The chemical formula for potassium hydrogen phthalate is _____.2.I have a plant that thrives in _____.3.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year4.The _____ (狮子) lives in prides in the savanna.5.My friend is a _____ (经济学家) and studies money.6.The chemical symbol for cadmium is ______.7.Oxygen is necessary for ______.8.The element with atomic number is ______.9. A ____(mangrove) forest is found in coastal areas.10.What do we call a large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. LakeC. RiverD. Sea11.I like _______ (与人交谈) in different languages.12.The first successful polio vaccine was developed by _______.13.What is 6 x 7?A. 42B. 36C. 30D. 48A14.We visit the ______ (科学馆) for educational field trips.15.We visit the ______ (科学实验室) for hands-on activities.16.What is the name of the famous Italian city known for its canals?A. VeniceB. RomeC. FlorenceD. MilanA17.What is the main ingredient in soup?A. WaterB. SaltC. SugarD. OilA18.What do we call a large body of fresh water surrounded by land?A. OceanB. SeaC. LakeD. RiverC19.I see a _____ (fox) in the woods.20.What do we call a large area of flat land?A. MountainB. PlainC. PlateauD. ValleyB Plain21.What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. OnionD. Pepper22.I love the smell of fresh __________ (花卉).23.The snail moves at a _________ (慢) pace.24.I enjoy taking photos of the __________ during autumn. (风景)25.The scientist discovered a new _____ (物种).26.The girl loves to ________.27.Which sport is played with a bat and a ball?A. SoccerB. TennisC. BaseballD. SwimmingC28.What do you call the act of moving your body to music?A. DanceB. SingC. JumpD. RunA29. A ______ (蝉) makes a loud sound in the summer.30.What do we call the sweet substance produced by bees?A. HoneyB. SyrupC. JamD. MarmaladeA31.________ (植物生长影响因素) are numerous.32.The ____ has a bright red color and is often seen in gardens.33.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. BirdD. FishB Dog34.小蜜蜂) collects pollen from flowers. The ___35.The rabbit is ___ (hopping) through the grass.36.What do we wear on our head for protection?A. ShoesB. HatC. ScarfD. Gloves37.What do you call a scientist who studies rocks?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistA38.The capital of Nepal is _____.39.The ancient Greeks had _______ to explain the natural world. (神话)40. A ________ (植物采集) can be educational.41.The process of breaking down food into energy is called ______.42.What do we call the act of identifying problems?A. DiagnosisB. AssessmentC. EvaluationD. All of the AboveD43.The pH scale measures how _______ or basic a solution is.44.What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into orbit?A. Sputnik 1B. Explorer 1C. Vanguard 1D. Luna 145.What is the capital of Japan?A. TokyoB. BeijingC. SeoulD. BangkokA46.The ______ (狼) howls at the moon at night.47.Recognizing that plants need varying amounts of ______ can lead to healthier growth. (认识到植物对水分的需求差异可以促进健康生长。