国际贸易实务课后问题详解

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国际贸易实务课后答案详解 第十九章 仲裁

国际贸易实务课后答案详解 第十九章 仲裁

第十九章仲裁一、思考题1.在进出口贸易中,解决争议的办法有哪几种答:在进出口贸易中,买卖双方解决合同争议主要有以下四种途径:(1)友好协商争议双方本着公平合理的原则,通过协商,达成和解,这是解决合同争议的好办法。

但是,遇到与合同当事人有较大利害关系的争议时,争议双方往往各持已见,难以达成共识,故此种解决争议的办法有一定的局限性。

(2)调解若争议双方通过友好协商不能达成和解,则可在争议双方自愿的基础上,由第三者出面从中调解。

调解应在确定事实、分清是非和责任的基础上,尊重合同规定,依照法律,参照国际惯例,根据客观公正和公平合理的原则进行,以促使当事人互谅互让,达成和解。

(3)仲裁仲裁是指买卖双方达成协议,自愿将有关争议交给双方所同意的仲裁机构进行裁决,而这个裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力,双方必须遵照执行。

国际货物贸易中的争议,如经友好协商与调解都未成功,而当事人又不愿意诉诸法律解决,则可采用仲裁办法。

(4)诉讼争议双方经过友好协商与调解,都未达成和解,而他们又不愿采取仲裁方式,则可通过诉讼途径解决争端。

考虑到友好协商与调解的使用都有一定的局限性,而诉讼也不是理想的途径,所以仲裁就成为解决合同争议广泛采用的一种行之有效的重要方式。

2.何谓仲裁为什么仲裁是能为买卖双方所接受的一种比较常用的解决争议的方法答:(1)仲裁的含义仲裁是指买卖双方达成协议,自愿将有关争议交给双方所同意的仲裁机构进行裁决,而这个裁决是终局的,对双方都有约束力,双方必须遵照执行。

(2)仲裁是解决国际贸易争议重要方式的原因在国际货物贸易中,买卖双方解决合同争议有友好协商、调解、仲裁和诉讼四种途径。

考虑到友好协商与调解的使用都有一定的局限性,而诉讼也不是理想的途径,而仲裁具有程序简便,结案较快,费用开支较少,具有灵活性、保密性、终局性和裁决易于得到执行等优点,所以仲裁就成为解决国际贸易争议广泛采用的一种行之有效的重要方式。

3.进行国际商事仲裁,通常要经过哪些程序根据我国仲裁规则,仲裁庭是如何组成的答:(1)仲裁的程序仲裁程序是指进行仲裁的过程和做法,主要包括仲裁申请、仲裁庭的组成、仲裁审理及作出裁决等。

黎孝先《国际贸易实务》(第2版)课后习题详解(进出口合同的履行)

黎孝先《国际贸易实务》(第2版)课后习题详解(进出口合同的履行)

第13章进出口合同的履行1.履行出口合同包括哪些基本程序?答:我国绝大多数出口合同都采用CIF或CFR贸易术语,并且一般都采用信用证付款方式,故在履行这类合同时,必须切实做好备货、催证、审证、改证、租船订舱、报验、报关、投保、装船和制单结汇等环节的工作,在这些环节中,以货(备货、报验)、证(催证、审证和改证)、船(租船订舱、办理货运手续)、款(制单结汇)四个环节的工作最为重要。

采用其他贸易术语或使用其他运输方式的出口合同,其出口合同基本履行程序大体相近或相似。

2.出口企业在备货和印制运输标志时应注意哪些事项?答:(1)有关货物的品种、数量与品质规格问题首先对货物的品种、数量与品质、规格,应按合同的要求核实,必要时应进行适当调配与加工整理,以保证货物的品质与合同或信用证规定一致。

在备货数量上还应留有余地,以备调换和适应舱容之用。

其次,备货时间应根据信用证规定并结合船期予以安排,以利于船货衔接。

(2)有关货物的包装问题出口货物要经过长途运输,中途还要经过多次搬运和装卸,甚至多次转换运输工具。

为了最大限度地使货物保持完好无损,就必须切实搞好出口包装。

(3)有关货物外包装的运输标志问题包装上刷制运输标志应符合有关进出口国家的规定,应与所有出口单据上对运输标志的描述一致。

运输标志应既简洁,又能提供充分的运输信息。

所有包装上的运输标志都必须用防水墨汁刷写,使人一目了然。

3.审核国外开来的信用证时应注意什么问题?按国际惯例,出口企业应如何对待和处理开证行开来的信用证修改通知?答:(1)审核国外开来的信用证时应注意的问题审核国外开来的信用证时,应注意以下问题:①是否符合我国的对外贸易政策;②有无歧视性的内容;③证内条款和对议付单据的要求是否符合合同规定,出口公司是否能够做到。

(2)出口企业对待和处理开证行开来的信用证修改通知的方式方法按国际惯例,对于开证行开来的信用证修改通知,出口企业对来证不符合同规定的各种情况,还需要作出具体分析,不一定坚持要求对方办理改证手续。

国际贸易实务课后含答案

国际贸易实务课后含答案

国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答:贸易术语,用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分,以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。

国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面:(一)有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义,因此,买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交,即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。

这就简化了交易手续,缩短了洽商交易的时间,节约了费用开支,从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。

(二)有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素,所以,买卖双方确定成交价格时,必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用,这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。

(三)有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时,如对合同条款考虑欠周,使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确,致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决,在此情况下,可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。

因为,易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例,它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。

2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系:贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的;贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则,这些规则,根据当事人意思自治的原则,被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用,而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。

区别:贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法;尽管二者有联系,但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来,贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法,贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则,凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法,不能称为贸易惯例。

4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的,因为,惯例本身不是法律,它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力,故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。

但是,国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。

国际贸易实务课后答案详解

国际贸易实务课后答案详解
6.何谓托收?按国际商会“522出版物”,它共有哪几种?其特点各如何?
答:(1)托收的含义
按照《托收统一规则》(国际商会第522号出版物)的规定,托收是指由接到委托指示的银行处理金融单据和/或商业单据以便取得承兑或付款,或凭承兑或付款交出商业单据,或凭其他条件交出单据。
(2)托收的种类及其特点
按国际商会“522出版物”,托收可分为光票托收和跟单托收两种。
(2)汇付和托收都属于商业信用的原因
因为汇付结算货款的过程中和托收业务中,银行都只是提供服务而不提供信用,所以汇付和托收都属于商业信用性质。
4.试比较凭单付汇与一般汇付和跟单托收的异同。
答:(1)凭单付汇与一般汇付的异同
①两者相同点:两者都属于汇付方式,同属商业信用,具有汇付的共性特征。
②两者不同点:凭单付汇较之一般汇付方式易为买卖双方所接受,但其通常只适用于现货交易。
①光票托收。光票托收是指金融单据不附带商业单据的托收,即仅把金融单据委托银行代为收款。光票托收不附带商业单据,适用货款尾数、小额货款、贸易从属费用和索赔款的收取。
②跟单托收。跟单托收是指金融单据附带商业单据或不用金融单据的商业单据的托收。跟单托收附带商业单据,是货款结算通常使用的托收方式。
7.在出口业务中采用跟单托收方式通常应注意哪些问题?
答:一般说来,在出口贸易中采用托收方式时,为确保收汇安全,我外贸企业应妥善掌握以下几个方面的问题:
(1)认真调查和考察进口人的资信情况、经营能力和经营作风,掌握有关商品的市场信息,并在此基础上妥善制定授信额度、控制成交金额与交货进度。
(2)国外代收行一般不能由进口人指定,如确有必要,应事先征得托收行同意,以防进口人指定的代收行不可靠,或往来渠道不畅,造成托收行拒绝托收申请的被动局面,甚至因代收行信用不佳或产生意外而遭致货款落空。

国际贸易实务课后答案解析

国际贸易实务课后答案解析

国际贸易实务课后答案整理版P27 2.合同中规定商品质量的方法有哪几种?答:在国际货物买卖中,商品种类纷繁复杂,商品本身的特点,制造加工情况,市场交易习惯等各不相同,规定商品质量的方法也多种多样。

归纳起来,主要分为以下两大类:(1)用实物样品表示商品质量的方法用实物样品表示商品质量的方法包括看货成交和凭样品成交。

其中,在凭样品成交中,可以采用以卖方样品为准,或以买方样品为准,也可以凭对等样品即确认样品买卖。

(2)用文字说明表示商品的质量“凭文字说明买卖”是指用文字说明表示商品质量的方法。

在国际货物买卖中,大多数商品采用文字说明来规定其质量,具体有以下几种方式:①凭规格买卖;②凭等级买卖;③凭标准买卖;④凭牌名或商标买卖;⑤凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖;⑥凭说明书和图样买卖。

4.“凭卖方样品买卖”时应注意哪些问题?答:“凭卖方样品买卖”是指样品由卖方提供并以此作为交货依据的买卖方式。

“凭卖方样品买卖”时,应注意以下几个方面的问题:(1)卖方应在原样和留存的复样上编制相同的号码,注明样品提交买方的具体日期,以便日后联系、洽谈交易时参考。

5.“凭买方样品买卖”时应注意哪些问题?试述在买方来样时,使用“对等样品”的意义。

答:(1)“凭买方样品买卖”时应注意的问题在我国,“凭买方样品买卖”也称为“来样成交”或“来样制作”,是指样品由买方提供并以此作为交货依据的买卖方式。

“凭买方样品买卖”时,应注意以下几个方面的问题:①在确认按买方提交的样品成交之前,卖方必须充分考虑按来样制作特定产品所需的原材料供应、加工技术、设备和生产安排的可行性,以确保日后得以正确履约;②卖方应在合同中明确规定,如果发生由买方来样引起侵犯第三者工业产权的事情,概由买方负责,与卖方无涉,进而预防被卷入侵犯第三者工业产权的纠纷。

(2)买方来样时使用“对等样品”的意义在国际贸易中,谨慎的卖方往往不愿意承接凭买方样品交货的交易,以免因交货品质与买方样品不符而招致买方索赔甚至退货的危险,在此情况下,卖方可根据买方来样仿制或从现有货物中选择品质相近的样品提交买方,即“对等样品”或“回样”。

国际贸易实务课后习题答案

国际贸易实务课后习题答案

第三章 习题(P64)案例分析1. (1)中、美均是《公约》的成员,故适用《公约》规定;(2)根据《公约》规定,发盘在送达受盘人时生效;另外,一项发盘,即使是不可撤销的发盘,也可以撤回,撤回的通知在发盘送达受盘人之前,或同时送达受盘人;(3)鉴于我国与美国存在12小时时差。

因此:如是在当天下午发现,如是在当天下午发现,此时发盘尚未生效,此时发盘尚未生效,此时发盘尚未生效,可以撤回发盘,可以撤回发盘,可以撤回发盘,但须保证撤回通知早于或与但须保证撤回通知早于或与发盘同时达到受盘人。

如第二天上午9时发现,发盘已经生效,发盘已经生效,但因客户尚未接受,但因客户尚未接受,但因客户尚未接受,我方可撤销发盘,我方可撤销发盘,我方可撤销发盘,但须保但须保证撤销通知于受盘人发出接受通知前送达受盘人。

如第二天上午9时发现,且客户已接受发盘,且客户已接受发盘,此时交易已经成立了,此时交易已经成立了,此时交易已经成立了,双方都要承担履行双方都要承担履行合同的法律责任。

但在正式签署合同前,我方可与外商协商允许我方更正错误。

处理方法有:提供近期与其他客户的成交证明,提供近期与其他客户的成交证明,请对方原谅;请对方原谅;请对方原谅;用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。

如如对方拒绝我方的请求,则我方只能吸取教训了。

2、(1)双方所在国均是《公约》的成员,故适用《公约》规定;(2)根据《公约》规定,发盘的终止有下列情况:①受盘人将拒绝的通知送达发盘人手中;②发盘的撤回;③发盘的合法撤销;④发盘中规定的有效期届满;(3)本例中中方在发盘中规定了有效期,故5月份发盘已失效,中方发盘约束力已失,下半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受,半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受,除非中方同意逾期接受有效,除非中方同意逾期接受有效,除非中方同意逾期接受有效,否则无法律效力,否则无法律效力,否则无法律效力,只能视只能视作一个新的发盘,而此处中方没有理睬,视为不同意,故逾期接受无效;(4)因此,合同不成立,中方不承担违约责任。

国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)-课后答案详解

国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)-课后答案详解

国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答:Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答:Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答:Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答:Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答:Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for themajor carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the s hip’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答:Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?答:No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答:FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?答:Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?答:Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V.Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If the vessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for thewarehouse rent, insurance and interest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onApril 25, should the buyer pay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onMay 1 with a better price, was he entitled to any compensation?析: a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonymsare NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products andservices and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒ 11 经济复苏;恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价,涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出⼝6 边际利润 16 收⼊及⽀出;岁⼊及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能⼒8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间⼈(商);经纪⼈9 时机选择 19 全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth inmany ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sortfor goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountry’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/72314187.htmlmission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his ownshelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of aparticular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双⽅达成协议的基础上制定的,⽽协议⼜是双⽅进⾏商务谈判的结果。

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《国际贸易实务》思考与练习参考答案主编:鲁丹萍(教授)项目一1.名词解释备案登记:依法新成立或已成立的资企业,包括个体工商户和个人独资企业,需从事进出口业务的,应在进行工商登记时,在经营围中加上进出口容。

OEM:原意是指原始设备制造商,如今已经延伸至为客户按指定设计、原料、品牌定制生产产品的行为,即俗称的“贴牌生产”,港台地区称为“代工”。

ODM:原始设计制造商,指由采购方委托制造方,由制造方从设计到生产一手包办,而由采购方负责销售的生产方式,采购方通常会授权其品牌,允许制造方生产贴有该品牌的产品。

展卖:是利用各种形式的展览会和博览会以及其他交易会形式对商品实行展销结合的一种贸易方式,也是国际贸易中一种行之有效的习惯做法。

中国进出口商品交易会(广交会):中国进出口商品交易会(China Import and Export Fair, CIEF),又称为“广交会”(Canton Fair),创办于1957年春季,每年春秋两季在举办,迄今已有五十多年历史,是中国目前历史最长、层次最高、规模最大、商品种类最全、到会客商最多、成交效果最好的综合性国际贸易盛会。

目前,广交会已发展成为中国规模最大的传统性、综合性、多功能的国际贸易盛会,对促进中外经贸合作和技术交流做出了重要贡献,因而被国际经贸界人士誉为“贸易的桥梁,友谊的纽带”。

2. 单项选择题(1)D(2)D(3)B(4)A(5)B3. 多项选择题(1)ABCD(2)ABC(3)ABC(4)CD(5)ABC4. 简答题(1)答案要点:国际贸易从业人员素质要求有:①语言。

国际贸易涉及的双方一般跨越国界,因此跨越语言的障碍是从事这一职业必须具备的第一大技能。

国际贸易从业人员至少要具备英语的日常交流能力,甚至具备将英语作为工作语言的能力。

②国际贸易知识与实务操作技能。

国际贸易的操作较之国贸易,涉及面广、环节众多、不仅受国政策影响,也受国际经济形势及贸易对象所在国政策的影响,相当复杂。

因此在从事国际贸易之前有必要学习国际贸易知识与实务操作技能。

③特定商品知识。

无论从事什么商品的国际贸易,也不管是从事货物贸易还是服务贸易,其从业人员对于自身所从事的特定商品知识一定要有充分的了解。

④专业英语术语。

各行各业都有一些本行业的专业英语术语,甚至许多是以缩写形式出现的,非专业人员一般都不理解其含义。

⑤职业道德。

国际贸易从业人员应具备的职业道德包括爱国、爱岗、敬业、守法、诚实、守信等。

(2)答案要点:国际贸易客户寻找的途径有以下几种:①境外展览或交易会。

这是最传统也是最有效的寻找客户途径,至今依然受到国际贸易业人士的青睐,是最主要的寻找客户方式之一。

②网络。

随着互联网的日益普及,各国都出现了类似阿里巴巴这样的国际贸易电子商务平台,这已成为中小企业寻找客户的一种有效途径。

③专业报刊杂志上的广告。

这种方式可以较有针对性的实现专业买卖双方之间的对接,也是寻找专业客户的一种较好方式。

④生意伙伴或客户的推荐。

这种方式一般是通过向生意伙伴或客户支付佣金,以获得在与原客户非竞争区域客户数量的增加和客户围的扩大。

⑤市场营销调研。

商机有时候隐藏在日常生活之中,靠调研来获取。

比如籍著名旅美华侨叶康松先生就发现了国对于西洋参的巨大市场需求,将美国西洋参大量进口至国销售,从而获得了巨大的成功。

⑥国外商会及行业协会。

商会与行业协会是业人士聚集的场所和信息交换的平台,经常可以通过行业协会的牵线搭桥来寻找对路的客户。

⑦进出口商的询函。

网络世界,信息顺畅。

进出口商都可以通过网络搜索获得客户的联络方式,由此开始贸易接洽。

⑧使领馆(贸易代表处)商务信息。

使领馆(未建交的国家一般设贸易代表处)的商务信息是免费向本国进出口商公布的,一般我们可以通过登录使领馆查询获得。

⑨行业名录。

这是一种行业企业信息的集中汇总出版物,有纸质版也有电子版,里面涵盖了业主要企业的联系方式,是一种搜寻客户的便捷途径。

(3)答案要点:展会的选择依据:①展会的影响力。

任何企业参加展会的目的是获取信息、结识伙伴、开拓市场、达成交易。

对于买卖双方而言,展会的影响力是首先要考虑的因素。

②展会的举办地。

世界上举办展会的城市众多,但具有较大影响力的展会则集中在一些国际大都市、专业展览城市。

③展会的专业性。

对于发达国家的进口商而言,其专业性很强、专业化程度很高。

④展会的费用。

企业应根据自身的预算作出相应的资金安排、选择适合的展会参展。

5. 案例分析题(1)分析要点:详见建交信函的撰写要求。

(2)分析要点:这是获得客户和潜在客户最多的方法。

初期每天可以通过接到近十个订单,半年后稍有减少。

类似的大型B2B还有阿里巴巴,小一些的是“中国制造”网。

这类营销模式非常有效,但也有很明显的缺点,那就是肥单少瘦单多,每一个询价的潜在客户都同时询问数十家竞争对手,价格踩得比较低。

但对于有实力的模具公司来说,还是可以通过这种方法获得客户,尤其是高质量的大客户。

6. 实训题详见展会的分类及选择依据。

项目二1.名词解释询盘:又叫询价,也称邀请发盘(invitation to offer),是指交易的一方为了购买或销售商品,向对方询问买卖该商品的有关交易条件。

发盘:是指买卖双方的一方(发盘人offeror)向对方(受盘人offeree)提出各项交易条件,并愿按照这些条件与对方达成交易,订立合同的一种肯定的表示。

还盘:是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘人在发盘中提出的条件,为了进一步协商,对发盘提出修改意见。

正式合同:正式合同的容比较全面,对双方的权利、义务以及发生争议后如何处理,均有较详细的规定。

大宗商品或成交金额较大的交易,多采用此种形式的合同。

销售确认书:是一种简式合同,在格式上与正式合同有所不同,条款比较简单,主要就一般容做出规定,对双方义务的规定不是很详细。

这种形式的合同主要适用于金额不大、批次较多的商品,或者已订立代理、包销等长期协议的交易。

2.单项选择题(1)B(2)B(3)B(4)D(5)A3. 多项选择题(1)ABC(2)AC(3)ABCD(4)AB4. 简答题(1)答案要点:开放性讨论题目,言之有理即可。

主要从谈判人员应具备的基本观念、基本知识以及应具有的能力和心理素质等方面进行论述。

(2)答案要点:开放性讨论题目,言之有理即可。

可从贸易往来对象的性格和道德、资本及资本变化状况、派息和偿还债券、贸易经验和经营能力、资信能力和经营围等多个方面的容进行论述。

(3)答案要点:如果一项发盘还没到达受盘人,发盘人为了使该项发盘不发生效力,以一种更快捷的通讯方式将撤回的通知先于或同时与发盘到达受盘人,取消原发盘。

这种行为称作发盘的撤回。

如果一项发盘已经到达受盘人,但受盘人在有效期未表示接受前,发盘人为了使该项已生效的发盘失去效力而通知受盘人,该行为则被称为发盘的撤销。

根据《公约》规定,一项发盘(包括注明不可撤销的发盘)在未送达受盘人之前,发盘人可以撤回。

而发盘的撤销是发盘已生效但未作出接受之前,发盘人由于某些特殊原因将发盘撤销。

《公约》规定,发盘送达受盘人后,在受盘人尚未表示接受前,发盘人将撤销通知送达受盘人,发盘可予撤销。

但下列两种情况下的发盘不得撤销:①在发盘中规定了有效期或以其他方式表示该发盘是不可撤销的;②受盘人有理由相信该发盘是不可撤销的,并本着对该发盘的信赖采取了行动。

5. 案例分析题(1)分析要点:A公司在4月2日发出的要约中将羊毛的数量、质量、价格以及争议的解决办法等条款做了规定,并规定了有效期,应认为该发盘容是完整、确定的。

尽管信件没有说明要约的起算日期,落款也没有日期,但根据《公约》第二十条的规定,如信上未载明发信日期,则从信封上所载日期起算。

4月4日公司人员将信件投出,所以应从4月4日起算。

4月18日B 公司拍发电报请其准备尽快发货,并表示已按原来的惯例汇出了5%的货款作为预付货款。

根据《公约》第十八条规定,如果根据该项发价或依照当事人之间确立的习惯做法和惯例,被发价人可以做出某种行为,例如与发运货物或支付价款有关的行为,来表示同意,而无须向发价人发出通知,则接受于该项行为做出时生效,但该项行为必须在上一款所规定的期间做出。

因此,B公司4月18日做出的接受行为(按惯例预付货款)有效。

本案中A公司不能以4月18日未收到B公司的回复为由,认为该笔交易不成立。

A公司应赔偿B公司的损失。

(2)分析要点:本案中,乙公司原报价不能继续约束乙公司至5月31日。

因甲公司已对乙公司5月1日的发盘做出还盘,甲公司的还盘构成了新的发盘,乙公司的原发盘就失去法律效力,对乙公司就无约束力。

所以对于甲的5月22日电,乙公司完全可以不理会。

详见发盘函和接受函的撰写要求,要求与往来函电保持一致。

项目三1.名词解释品质公差:品质公差是指由于科学技术水平,生产水平的限制而导致某些工业品在该行业质量上的公认的误差。

溢短装条款:为了避免因卖方实际交货不足或超过合同规定而引起的法律责任,方便合同的履行,对于一些数量较难严格控制的商品,可以在合同中加订一个数量机动幅度条款,通常称溢短装条款。

唛头:通常用一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字、简单文字组成。

便于运输、辨认货物、顺利完成交易等,防止错发错运。

中性包装:中性包装是指在商品上和包装、外包装上不注明生产国别的包装。

主要是为了打破一些进口国和地区的关税、非关税壁垒,扩大商品出口,同时也是为了满足一些中间商转口销售的需要。

佣金:又称手续费(brokerage),是买方(如由他委托中间商采购)或卖方(由他委托中间商推销)付给中间商的报酬。

2. 单项选择题(1)B(2)D(3)D(4)B(5)D3. 多项选择题(1)ABD(2)CD(3)ABCD(4)ABCD(5)BCD4. 简答题(1)答案要点:①有利于提高装卸效率和加速船舶的周转;②有利于提高运输质量和减少货损、货差;③有利于减少各项费用和降低货运成本;④有利于简化货运手续和便利货物运输;⑤把传统的单一运输串联成连贯的成组运输,从而促进了国际多式联运的发展。

(2)答案要点:中性包装主要是为了打破一些进口国和地区的关税、非关税壁垒,扩大商品出口,同时也是为了满足一些中间商转口销售的需要。

中性包装分无牌中性包装和定牌中性包装。

无牌主要是为了降低成本,节省费用,多用于半制成品或低值易耗品。

定牌是为了扩大商标、牌名的知名度,扩大商品的销售市场,用于国外长期性、大数额的订货。

(3)答案要点:佣金又称手续费(Brokerage),是指买方(如由他委托第三者采购)或卖方(如由他委托第三者推销)付给“第三者”的报酬。

折扣是卖方按照原价给予买方的一定百分比的减让。

使用佣金和折扣,可以调动中间商和买方推销和经营我方出口商品的积极性,增强有关商品在国际市场的竞争力,从而扩大销售。

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