大学英语语法教程-第一讲-句子结构
大学英语语法教程-第一讲-句子结构
3. 表语(predicative)(即主语补语)：系动词之后 的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词 化的分词） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句 子。 Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） You should do everything that I do. （定语 从句）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
语法讲义第一讲导论
语法讲义第一讲1.语法层次与句子结构、基本句型1-1.语法的定义：语法研究词的变化和句子结构的科学。
研究词变化的部分称为词法.Morphology.如名词的数、格。
动词的时态语态。
研究句子结构的部分称为句法Syntax.如句子的成分、语序、句子的种类。
词法与句法的关系---区别与联系。
语法指遣词造句的规律，但离不开词汇。
语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法的制约。
语法层次现代英语语法的内容包括下列七个层次.doc1-2.语法的作用：学习词汇主要是加强感性认识，学语法是要提高理性认识。
在加强语言理解力或使用能力方面语法都可以发挥重要作用。
正确的使用语法是：10%的知识或信息，90%的实践。
第一.词法2-词的分类：要弄清句子成分应由哪类词担任，分清词类非常重要。
如：主语，宾语多有名词担任；谓语多有动词担任；定语常有形容词担任；状语多有副词担任；词分为10大类：2-1．名词：表示人、物或地方等，如：John，teacher；table，pen；London；beauty．2-2．代词：用来代替名词，以避免重复某个名词，如：I，you，it，that，those，them．2-3．形容词：用来修饰或限制某个（些）名词，如：good（man），white（paper），every（book），much（water），被修饰或限制的名词，叫做主体词（head-word）。
2-4．动词：表示行为或状态，如：speak，read，go，think，is，seem．2-5．介词：表示它后面的名词（或代词）跟它前面的动词、另一名词或形容词的关系。
这些名词（或代词）称为介词的宾语。
介词宾语和介词构成介词短语。
The book on the desk is mine．（介词on把名词book和另一名词desk联系起来）He is sure of it．他对此很有把握。
（of联系it和sure．）It is good for you．这对你有好处。
英语语法精讲——句子成份分析
第一讲英语的句子结构步骤一：句子结构的解析一、句子成分一个句子一般由两部分组成，即主语部分（subject group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。
句子成分（members of the sentence）是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。
句子由各个成分所构成。
1.主语主语（subject）是一个句子的主题（theme），是全句所述说的主体，一般置于句首。
可用于作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1）名词作主语 e.g. A tree hasfallen across the road.2) 代词作主语 e.g. You’re not far wrong.3) 数词作主语。
e.g. Three is enough.4）名词化的形容词作主语 e.g. The idle are forced to work.5）副词作主语 e.g. Now is the time.6）名词化得介词作主语 e.g. The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.7) 不定式作主语 e.g. To find your way can be a problem.8）动名词作主语 e.g. Smokingis bad for you.9）名词化的过去分词作主语 e.g. The disabled are to receive more money.10) 介词短语用作主语e.g. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.11) 从句用作主语 e.g. Whenever you are ready will be fine. 12) 句子做主语 e.g. “How do you do” is a greeting.主语可由一个以上的名（代）词等构成，这种主语可叫作并列主语。
e.g. He and I are old friends.英语常用无人称的名词作主语。
英语语法讲解-句子结构
并列句
10. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
复合句
11. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.简单句
12. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 简单句
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, yet, while, when等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰， 给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给 句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句 子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不 管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部 分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked) He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定 语，修饰名词student)
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, 等。 e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的 句子。 从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语 从 句、表语从句和同位语从句） 定语从句和状语从句等。#43;并列连词+简单句
英语语法第一章-句子的构成与造句
英语语法第⼀章-句⼦的构成与造句第⼀章句⼦的构成与造句中国学⽣从初⼀学英语开始，基本上课堂上学的都是语法，⼤部分英语⽼师，其实只能说是“语法⽼师”，除了语法，⽼师们不知道课堂上该讲什么了。
初中三年，⾼中三年，⼤学四年，所有的英语课，都成了语法课，按理说，中国学⽣的语法，应该学得很精通了吧？但是，事实上是，⼏乎超过90%的学⽣，⼤学毕业时，除了知道⼀些语法术语之外，根本不知道语法是什么，更谈不上⽤语法来造句。
既然不懂造句，那就谈不上⽤英语深⼊交流，所以，每次去英语⾓，都看到中国学⽣们热情地和⽼外交流，翻来覆去就是⼀些简单问候语，加上⼀些背过的简单句，诸如：What’s your name? My name is…; Where are you from? How are you? Fine, thank you. Nice to meet you. ⼏分钟以后，个个都成了哑巴，只好⾯带微笑当听众。
据说，中国学⽣学习英语的热情很⾼，⼤部分学⽣的发⾳也不错，⾄少⽐印度⼈和⽇本⼈发⾳好多了，但是，就是说不出句⼦。
这个现象，很多⼈也有过研究，有⼈认为，⼤量背诵句⼦和⽂章，“脱⼝⽽出”就能说好英语。
其实，有点脑⼦的⼈，稍微想想也明⽩：你和⽼外说话，难道是说你背过的句⼦？当然不是！交流的时候，你必须快速的⾃⼰造句，来表达⾃⼰的意思。
就这么简单的道理，居然很多⼈没有去想，笔者在⽹上认识很多朋友，花费了⼏年时间，⼤量背诵句⼦和⽂章，但是，靠背诵成为⾼⼿的，现实中，还真的没有见过。
有⼈说，中国学⽣的听说不好，读写没问题，呵呵，这⼤错特错，据我所知，⼤部分学⽣的读写能⼒也不敢恭维，因为四六级考试以客观题为主，只要词汇量⾜够，以较低分数通过的可能性很⼤，以较低分数通过四六级和考研的学⽣还真的不少，但是，他们阅读⽂章时，其实是通过句⼦⾥边的单词，猜测整个句⼦的意思，这样，经常出现句⼦中所有单词都认识，但是对整个句⼦却理解错误的情况，所以，叫他们英译汉，⼤都翻译得极不准确，⽽叫他们汉译英，基本上遇到稍微复杂⼀点的句⼦，就傻眼了。
英语语法第一讲语法层次和句子结构课程教案
黑板板书
个别发言
14分钟
理论讲授
4. 分句， 按其不同句法功能可以分为：独立分句和从属分句，简单分句和复杂分句，主句和从句
5. 句子是最高一级的语法单位，（完全句和不完全句，简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句）
6.主谓结构和句子分析
分句通常由主语和谓语两大部分组成，补充例句进行讲解
句子分析，把句子分成主，动，宾，状，补等5个主要的成分，补充例句进行分析
讲解
黑板板书
做题
28分钟
归纳总结
语法层次和句子结构
提问
课件演示
集体回答
2分钟
作业
每位学生找一段200词左右的段落，并划分每一句的句子结构
讲解要求
讲解演示பைடு நூலகம்
记录
1分钟
后记
教学重点/难点
教学重点：词（简单词、派生词、复合词，封闭词类、开放词类）；分句（独立分句和从属分句，简单分句和复杂分句，主句和从句）；主谓结构和句子分析；5种基本句型及其转换与扩大
教学难点：主谓结构和句子分析；5种基本句型及其转换与扩大
教材/教参
教材：章振邦. 新编英语语法教程. 上海：上海外语教育出版社 ， 第四版.
参考资料：
1. 薄冰. 薄冰英语语法指南. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社 ， 第一版
2. 张道真. 实用英语语法. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社， 最新版
二、教学设计
步骤
教学活动
教学方法
教学手段
学生活动
时间分配
介绍
1.本门课程的课程性质，地位和作用
2.本门课程的主要内容和学时分配
3.课堂要求和考核形式
讲授（口述）
课件演示
《大学英语语法教程第五版》期末考试复习资料(复习讲义)
第一讲句子结构改写句子(必考）1.WaldenPond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many stands.2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through ou rbedroom windows,marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome./Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the coolingnortheast wind made…3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two st reamsplunging down to join in the valley below.4.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this isa goodspot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll. 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr wood stood at his neighbour†s door and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6.The town folk envied horace,who had come into a small fortune with whichhe bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the bigchange that had come over him in recent years.8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might neverforgive him almost drove hime mad.9.The story,written in plain language,consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in17th century France.10.Mud-covered and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth preparedby his father to drive off the chill.11.Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime treesgrowing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.12.Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a l amp-post,listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite si de of the street.13.Sarah sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,her mind a piece of blank.14.Throughout the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly,her pleasant,refi nedface wearing a grave look,her elegant figure wrapped in deep mourning w hileoccasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.15.Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family,that Mr Jacob,hisformer employer,had promised him a half-day job at20pounds a week. 2/67йЎµ16.The thought that he might have wronged his friend who had rendered him goodservices on many occasions troubled his mind,already overburdened with wo rries andcares.17.The men of the disbanded royal bodyguard,suddenly turned loose onto thestreet of a capital seething with unrest,unemployed and perhaps disgruntled at theirabrupt dismissal,were a potentially dangerous element.18.For many years London has been a business centre with hotel accomm adationfor visiting businessmen toghter with well-to-do travellers but completely inade quatefor the swarms of shour-stay tourists landing at Heathrow or disembarking a t Dover.19.Nearing the top,he climbed recklessly faser and faster,his eyes alread y glowingwith triumph,but suddenly he slipped and fell,tumbling to the ground an d lyingmotionless there,a crumpled pile of arms and legs.20.Bertrand Russell was one of the very few persons who have received both theOrder of Merit,which was conferred on him by the British government in 1949,andthe Nobel Prize for literature,conferred in Norway in1950.第二讲主谓一致（一）练习11.Their earnings(come) to 500 dollars a week.2.Where (are) the shears?3.Tidings (have) come that the British warship was sunk.4.Your suspenders (are) not here.5.The archives (are) not open to the public.6.Mr Steven's morals (are) above criticism.7.The remains of a Roman settlement(was) found beneath the brewery.8.At the bottom of the hill there is a dangerous crossroads.9.This pair of trousers (costs) fifty dollars.10.The fireworks (were) postponed to the following Saturday because of the bad weather.11.The odds (are) in our favour.12.Our special thanks (are) due to Mr Matthews for the organization of the bad weather.13.The mansions in which the flat (was) a comparatively small one.14.Braces (are) not fashionable nowadays.15.All their belongings, together with the remains of torn-up newspapers,(lie)scattered over the carpets.练习二1.It seems the cattle(牲口) on the sides of the dykes (were) the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings.2.The police (have) only very limited powers.3.A team which (is) full of enthusiasm is likely to win.4.That green foliage (was) restful.5.The militia (were) called out to guard the borderland.6.The government (is) doing its best to boost production.7.That family (is) a very happy one.8.The audince (are) listening to a Beethoven symphony.9.The football team (is) being reorganized.10.The football team (are) having baths and (are) then coming back here for tea.第三讲主谓一致(二)1.Pancakes and syrup (is) a tasy breakfast.king the cows, in addition to several other chores.(was) his responsibility.3.Each man and each women there (is) asked to help.4.Neither Lucy nor Carol (has) any money left.5.The tenth and the last chapter (were) translated into Russian by Bob.w and order (meanings) different things to people with different political opinions.7.The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable.8.An older man or a mature woman is needed for this job.9.Fish and chips is getting very expensive.10.The sum and substance of this argument is war and peace.11.A truck and a convertible(小货车) (were) in the ditch.12.The Bat and Ball(公司名称) (sells) good beer.13.War and peace (is) a constant theme in history.14.War and peace (are) alternatives between which men must constanly choose.15.How is it that your answer and your neighbour's (are) identical.练习二1.Where is that five pounds I lent you?(指的是面额)？2.Two more dollars (are) missing from the till this morning.3.This kind of car is highly priced.4.A number of pages (are) badly torn.5.Three pints (is) not enough to get him drunk.6.The number of pages assigned for daily reading (was) gradually increased to twelve.7.There (is) more than one answer to your question.8.A total of 5000 bicycles (were) registered in the year.9.The actual total of the unemployed (is) believed to exceed 10000.10.There is heaps of fun.11.Only 25 percent of the capital is American-owned.12.Fifty percent of the 4350-mile road is paved.Thirty-four percent more is comfortably passable.But eight percent is impassable.13.Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.14.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.15.There last three years (have) been full of surprises.16.The majority of the damage (is) easy to repair.17.The majority of criminals (are) young man.18.All of the fruit (looks) ripe.19.All (are) eager to leave now.20.Some of the dimes (are) missing.21.Few of my family really (understand) me.22.Many a person in these circumstances (has) hoped for a long break.23.Every man,woman and child (was) asked to contribute.24.A group of us (have) decided to hire a boat.25.The greater part of the valley (was) flooded.第四讲名词复数必备一些不规则复数foot–feet. goose–geese. tooth–teeth.mouse–mice. ox–oxen. louse–licebasis–bases. thesis(论文)–theses.datum-data(资料) phenomenon–phenomena(现象) poetry–poems. machinery–machines. equipment–tools. foliage–leaves.correspondence–letters. luggage-bagspolice-policemen. clergy-clergymenlaughter-laughs. work-jobs. photography-photos. permission-permits. music-songs. fun-joys. homework-exercises.练习1（此部分必出选择题）1.To the dinner party all her relations were invited1.We don't do much business with him.2.The house built of stone was once used as a warehouse.3.Some youths were seen loafing in the street.4.The effort and expense needed for this project bore no relation.5.This will please the eye.6.Hainan province has too much summer.7.Please give ear to what he has to say.8.He was not man enough to admit his mistakes.9.There is lamb(羊肉）on the menu today.10.He was too much a coward to tell the truth.11.The soup tastes of onion.12.The play was produced before large audiences.13.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.14.This action is as much of a success as I expected.15.That man is not much of a scholar16.That guy was less of a fool than I thought.17.There is egg on your nose.18.He is something of a poet.19.The girl was a little of a coquette.第五讲名词的属格（此部分必考句子改错题（正确答案）原句看P59很重要）1.The leg of the table is broken.2.Mary and John’s house is on the corner.3.…on birs’s nests.4.…the students’problems.5.…at the Joneses’.6.That tray is not ours ,it is the one we gave the Harrises.7.…Charles’car but someone else’s.8.…in ten years’time.9.The products’effectiveness…10.This week’s news…than the last two weeks’.11.…others’problems.12.…each other’s worries.13.My brother and sister-in-law’s house…14.A friend of my father’s…15.A wheel of the car…16.That boyfriend of17.The baseball player’wives…18.…women’s clothing only.19.…Milton’s long poems.20.Those new shoes of yours…第六讲（P63，P66都是选择题，预估老师会从其中挑多道题，自己看书，这里不整理了，但很重要)P67 改错题必考！1.Mrs Blake has had few (little of) opportunity to travel.2.We have got enough time to read such many(many such) novels.3.He has much more(more much) problems than he used to be.4.I don't like this kind of apples.(apple)5.I enjoy both(either) kind,the red wine or white wine.6.The librarian has cataloged each(every) book in the fiction section.7.More corn is produced in the United States than in any (other)country.8.The farmers are hoping that there will be a greet many (a greet amount of) rainfall this year than there was last year.9.The customs officer examined all these(the) luggage at the airport.第七讲限定词二P75练习考的几率不大，因为考过，所以这里不再给出第九讲P103 必考改错题1,The furniture is their’s(theirs), but the house is our’s(ours).2.The dog is lying on it’s(its)back.3.I’ve bought several paintings of him(his).4.The professor(添加himself) interviewed the applicant himself.5.She has nothing to say to her(herself)6.We were beside us(ourselves) with joy.7.He always conducts him(himself) like a scholar.8.The sky has rained it(itself) out.9.Jane and himself(him) collaborated on a new novel.10.No one (change) but myself really understands him.11.No one but herself(she) knows Russian.12.I saw his (him) waving a flag.13.The reward was divided among us three,Tom and I(me).14.You probably know to who(whom)I am referring.15.Could it have been him whom (who) was injured.16.We agreed to accept whomever (whomever) they bought was the best foreman.17.Of all we (us) men whom(who) I think should be available for office,Thompson is the first who comes to mind.18.I cannot tolerate such men as he(him).19.They deferred him(his) going home on furlough until next month.20.Settle the question with whomever(whoever) wrote the report。
英语语法-句子结构
语法是一个民族运用一种语言时句子层面所遵循的规则，也就是说，是大家造句或理解句子所遵循的规则。
语法不是语言学家规定的，我们也不是为学语法而学语法。
语法是对现成语言中规则的归纳和总结，以便学习者更快模仿掌握一门外语。
所以语法知识很重要，你不能用汉语的语法规则来造英语的句子，那样懂英语的人读不懂，同样不懂英语的语法规则也绝对读不懂英语短文。
所幸的是，英语的规则既严格又简单明确，随意性不大。
因此被列为世界上最好学的语言之一，它实际上已经取代了世界语的地位。
第一讲简单句的构成简单句的构成是英语句子结构知识的基础，不论多么长多么复杂的句子都是简单句演变来的，所以简单句的相关知识是非常重要和基本的。
一．词性 (词类) part of speech学习英语，有两个概念一定要搞清楚，一是词性，一是句子成分。
为什么要学习词性呢？词性是一个单词在句子中使用的标签。
一个词性对应一个或几个句子成分；一个句子成分对应一个或几个词性。
张道真在《实用英语语法》中讲到词性时说：要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。
每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类。
可见它的重要性。
大家知道英语有十种词性: 名词,代词,数词,形容词,动词,副词,冠词,介词,连词,感叹词，我们需着重学习其中五类的用法：二. 句子成分，五种句型一个句子有哪些成分，这与句子结构有关，或者说与它是哪种句型有关。
1. 五种基本句型, 主要句子成分句型一：主语+系动词+表语 (表语可以是名词，形容词或介词短语)That girl was my fiancée. 那个女孩是我未婚妻。
The story is about my son. 这个故事是关于我儿子的。
The flower is red.除了be动词，还有一些表示状态，变化的词，如feel, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become, get, grow, turn, go, come, ran, fall, prove, remain, stay, keep等，也可作系动词用，如：She felt a bit dizzy. 她感到有点头晕。
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❖ 教材14页称该现象为双重谓语。
❖ 英语里有一个句型：主语+不及物动词（非系动词）+
形容词（或名词），一派语法学家称其为带双谓语的句
型，另一派则把它称作带主语补语的句型，如：
They married young.
He died happy.
He died a poor man.
2011年TEM 4中：
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 ❖ We elected him monitor. （名词monitor）
词) ❖ Seeing is believing. （动名词） ❖ To see is to believe.（不定式） ❖ What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
❖ It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
(介词短语)
❖ My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词 化的分词）
❖ The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
常见的系动词有: be, sound, look, feel, smell, taste, remain, feel, turn……
3. 表语(predicative)(即主语补语)：系动词之后 的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
❖ He is a teacher.
（名词）
❖ Five and five is ten.
（数词）
❖ He is asleep.
（形容词）
❖ His father is in.
（副词）
❖ The picture is on the wall.
❖ Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词burning ）
5. 主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补语(SVOC) She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足 语，to mention this to 词-----介宾 ❖ Are you afraid of the snake? ❖ Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） ❖ He gave me a book yesterday. ❖ Give the poor man some money.
❖ We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.（名词a pity） ❖ We will make them happy. （形容词happy）
❖ His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （ to teach the lazy boy a lesson ）
4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者 代词担任, 放在及物动词之后。如：
❖ I like China. （名词） ❖ He hates you. （代词） ❖ I enjoy working with you. （动名词） ❖ I hope to see you again. （不定式） ❖ Did you write down what he said? （宾语从
Xinchun returned from abroad a different man.
The italicized part functions as a (n)
_______.(TEM4-2013-52) D
A. appositive (同位语)
B. object
C. adverbial
D. complement
宾语：1
主语：1
主谓关系： 1
2012年TEM 4中：
同位语：2
主语：1 宾语：1
状语：3（状语从句 1；介词短语做状语 2）
2013年TEM 4中： 同位语： 1 补语： 1
主谓关系：1
1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 ❖ The sun rises in the east （名词） ❖ He likes dancing. （代词） ❖ Twenty years is a short time in history. (数
2.谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示 主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任， 放在主语的后面。
❖ We study English.
❖ He is asleep.
❖ I don't like the picture on the wall.
❖ The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
找出下列句中的表语 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ②The leaves have turned yellow. ③ Soon they all became interested in the
subject. ④She was the first to learn about it.
简单句的五个基本句型 1. 主语＋系动词＋主语补语(SVC)
Grammar is hell. 2. 主语＋不及物动词(SV)
Grammar sucks. 3. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语(SVO)
I hate grammar.
简单句的五个基本句型
4. 主语＋动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVoO) She gave John a book．