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蒹葭汉化组入组考核

考核要求：1、本考核采取150分制进行记分，取每一项所得分数加合即为最终得分2、得分为110分以上者可直接入组；90-110分者可发回修改（仅限一次机会），修改完毕通过（达到110分以上3、申请人请于标记为“汉语翻译”的一列上进行翻译，不得在英文原文上进行修改4、评分标准为按档评分，各档要求如下：一档：表意清晰、文笔优美、没有任何错字或病句现象，完美表达出原文大意二档：表意明确、文笔流畅，有个别次要点忽略或译错，但于原文大意无太大影响三档：基本表述出原文大意，但病句现象较多，次要点理解不到位，有一定的“翻译腔”现象四档：对原文大意理解出现偏差，有较多的病句，中文表达能力基本不过关，“翻译腔”现象严重五档：基本没有理解原文，漏译错译现象严重，表达含混不清另一：一旦发现机翻现象，则全考核按照零分处理另二：若考核中出现错别字，则每三字降一档5、考核期间允许通过灵格斯、金山词霸、维基百科等等工具查阅相关资料，但必须保证自己独立完成6、提交考核时请务必重新命名文档后再提交，文档名格式为：考生ID+领取日期+提交日期+初稿/修改，中间用7、若考核内容涉及历史知识，请务必做好考证工作。

专有名词请确认译名准确，错译专有名词者，每二处降一8、本组不提供参考译文，欢迎各位通过考核之后互相切磋9、考核截止时间为自接到考核试卷起两个工作日。

设接到考核之日为D日，则考核截止时间为D+2日的24点10、考核时间过后未能按时交卷者一律不予通过11、本考核最终解释权归蒹葭汉化组所有英文原文This solid structure can be garrisoned to defend a province and slow down invaders, even though it will not withstand a prolonged siege. No attacking general, however, would sensibly leave troops at his rear as he advances into enemy territory. A fort therefore costs time to reduce, a precious commodity in warfare. It also reminds the local peasantry of their overlord’s power, and helps that lord recruit new troops. Early Japanese fortifications were usually very practical structures, made from wood and without layered defences of walls and towers. They were intended to draw in and delay attackers rather than withstand them. Early castles were located on rivers, at ports and at other important strategic chokepoints. The builders always took full advantage of the natural landscape: mountainous positions were favoured, and nearby streams were diverted to become as moats where possible. It was common for the defenders to not lurk behind their walls when attacked: the defenders would, more often than not, sally forth to meet the enemy rather than rely on the walls. If the attackers tried to bypass the castle, the defenders would not sit idly behind their walls, but would instead raid supply lines and harass the invaders until they either retreated, or decided totake the fort.以Fame is a mayfly hovering above the unchanging water.A great temple serves as a focus for religious devotion and aplace of pilgrimage. Its monks are men of enormous faith, entirely devoted to their work. At the heart of such a temple there is often a reliquary, a focus for pilgrims. More usefully, for the temple’s noble sponsors, are the training halls and scholastic facilities that produce learned and enthusiasticmonks, eager to spread the word. The building style of the earliest Buddhist temples was not particularly Japanese, as they copied Chinese and Korean patterns. Over time these changed to become more distinctively Japanese to cope with the localclimate, and to withstand earthquakes. There was also less distinction than might be expected between Buddhist and Shinto buildings. It was not unusual to find that Buddhist temples included Shinto shrines within them, so that the local kami would not be disturbed. Likewise, larger Shinto shrines would have Buddhist temples somewhere within the shrine complex. It was only after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that a stricter division was introduced into Japanese religious life.What is The Humanity Front?We are a group of like-minded individuals united in the belief that human life is a sacred, unique creation.We believe that our humanity is what makes us who we are - and to dilute that with steel and silicon is to dilute the very essenceof our human selves.We are the Humanity Front; a global, non-profit organization that opposes the use of human enhancement technologies.We believe in non-violent, grass roots activism, in strong and forthright exchanges of ideas, in dedicated opposition to pro-augmentation thinking, in the promotion of an viewpoint thateschews the transhumanist agenda.Attempting to improve the human condition through biological modification only diverts attention and resources from social solutions that could do the same without changing the fundamentalnature of people.We believe in something else - something better - and we wouldlike you to join us.These troops are recruited from many peoples, and have an ethosof personal, rather than collective, bravery. They are armed with curved sabres and these can cause terrible wounds in hand-to-hand combat. Although they are skilled in close combat and cavalrycharges, Deli Horsemen are primarily favoured for their speedacross ground. This makes them an obvious choice to destroyvulnerable skirmishers and artillery.Historically, Deli infantrymen and cavalry were irregular troops, and horsemen would often find employment guarding caravans and important dignitaries. By the late 18th century, the elite horsemen of the feudal Sipahis had largely disappeared, and mostof the Ottoman cavalry force was made up of the irregular Deli horse. They had no uniforms to speak of, but could be recognisedby their black felt hats. The other point of recognition, for as long as an enemy lived, was their spectacular mixture of whateverweaponry they could find or steal!2、对话翻译（4X15，3分一档，注意对话前后逻辑关系，人名可英文原文Sandman: Price - we lost the girl. Looks like the helo took herto a diamond mine in Siberia.Price: We're gonna have one shot to grab the President before he gives up the launch codes and Makarov turns Europe into glass. Price: Once we get boots on the ground it's going to get lively down there.Sandman: Hopefully you can keep up old man.Price: I know you Yanks like to take all the credit so Yuri and I will keep the neighbors in check while we roll hard to secure the hostages.Sandman: Ok. Weapons tight, guys. No one likes a dead hostage. Truck: What's the score, boss?Sandman: Everyone's hostile.Grinch: Ain't that the truth.(tip:girl=president's daughter)F-22 Pilot: This is Lightning 3-1. Guidance systems are back online. Standing by with a full payload of JDAMs. Requesting clearance.Overlord: Lightning 3-1, you are cleared to engage.F-22 Pilot: Breaking the hard deck. T.O.T. 5 seconds.F-22 Pilot: Weapons away.Overlord: Verify initial strikes on the Predator feed.Battle Captain: Sir - appears all sites have been neutralized. Overlord: Good work, Sandman. We've regained air dominance over Manhattan and pushed the front line back to the river. Sandman: What's our next target?Overlord: The Russian command vessel is an Oscar-II submarine carrying enough cruise missiles to level the Eastern seaboard. We need to strike fast before they can launch a counter attack. Sandman: Roger, what's the mission?Overlord: Infiltrate the vessel, take over the bridge, then turn their weapons against their own fleet. I need you to link up with the SEALs and get it done. Good luck.Sandman: Kit up, boys.Grinch: Where's our infil point?Sandman: Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel.Truck: I thought it collapsed.Sandman: It did.We settled Mars over a century ago. Making this dusty rock our home wasn't easy, but the promise that led us across the void was freedom¾something my family's bled for many times.For generations, we Masons have fought for the Red Faction. Many were heroes. But, heroes have enemies. And one, a self-styled "messiah" named Adam Hale, has returned with an army to conquer Mars. It's a war he's losing.----------------------Begin to Talk------------------------------Now, Hale's Cultists have captured the Terraformer, the one thing keeping our atmosphere stable, and plan to destroy it.If the Terraformer goes down, we go down with it.We're approaching the target, so listen up, people!Intel confirms that Marauder Cultists, led by Hale himself, have overrun the Terraformer. Red Faction Command speculates that Adam Hale is planning a Pyrrhic victory.Uh, uh, what, Sarge?In other words, Private, the Cultists have gone kamikaze. You see that nasty storm front ahead? Hale's already monkey-wrenched one of the atmosphere generators.Yeah, and what's a monkey wrench?It's a Pyrrhic victory.You my Specialist?Darius Mason, Third Engineers.Mason. Heh. Should've figured you'd volunteer for this one. Well, you'd better know your shit, 'cause once the hostiles are down, we need that damage reversed before the whole damn skyfalls in.Understood, Sergeant.Remember: Adam Hale is kill on sight. Now, lock and load!Our recon drone's already done a fly-over, Mason... And all itfound there was your truck.Frank!Ask your C.O. to ease up, man, I'm a veteran!Explain what you were doing at the location where the hostiles originated.I was hired by Cultists, pretending to be salvagers. Adam Halewas there, he set up the whole thing!Hale was killed at the Terraformer.Unconfirmed, we never found the body. Did we, Frank?Sir, I suppose it is possible that Hale…Sergeant! Convey Mason to base camp. Under guard.Mount up!Colonel, don't do this! he's not one of them-I can detain you as well!--------------------later, in the LAV----------------------------Approaching base camp. Entering perimeter in two klicks.This is bullshit, Frank. You should be hunting Hale and his followers.And you're sure it was him?You think I wouldn't know that voice?Then just cooperate and you'll be cleared.I've been cooperating. All it's got me is chased by a lynch mob,and rolled up by the Red Faction.Is that your girl back there?Kara? No. Well, once. Almost. I've never been known for my senseof timing.Holy shit! They're everywhere!Dismount and engage hostiles!3、说明性文本翻译（3X10，2分一档英文原文Diplomacy in King Arthur II is rather important, because thevarious diplomatic actions provide substantial bonuses and advantages. Each possible diplomatic partner has a selection of actions available. If there are no actions displayed, then diplomacy simply isn’t available with that particular power.\nDiplomatic actions may have prerequisites, chiefly a minimum reputation requirement. You can increase your reputation through your decisions in the storyline, and certain diplomaticactions like sending gifts. Once a diplomatic action becomes available, you can activate it any time. Note that activating an action does not mean you have to go through with it. You can still cancel the action, as long as you don’t make achoice.\nMost actions are permanently displayed, but some of them only appear under certain conditions, and some even disappearafter a while. Gifts are typically such actions because they are linked to certain occasions – like someone’s birthday. For this reason, it is worth to take a look at the diplomacy screenwhenever the diplomacy icon is flashing.You’ll see Artifact Forges on the Campaign Map: these are uniquelocations where you can craft your own magic items. They alsostore items and you can access these items from any other Forgelocation.\nForging itself works by dragging artifacts from yourheroes’ inventory into the forge window. There are three slotson the right side, – this is where you put your artifacts, whichwill be combined into a single new item when you press the forgebutton. The fourth slot shows you a preview of the item so youcan decide whether it’s worth commencing the forge. \nThe resultis randomly calculated, but there are rules that influenceoutcome. The “Type” slot will determine the type of your futureartifact, namely if it’s going to be a weapon, a ring, etc. The“Primary” and “Secondary” slots will influence the attributesof the new item, and all three slots have an effect on howpowerful the forged item will be: if you want a really strongitem, you have to sacrifice some of your best artifacts. Thereare no strict rules to this, so feel free to experiment.\nOnceyou’re satisfied with the preview, press the Forge button tocreate the new item. This of course, will destroy the threesource items.\n\nYou can create unique artifacts in the forge byplacing specific items in the forging slots. This usuallyinvolves component type items, which can only be used forforging. They cannot be equipped like normal items. Creatingunique artifacts is best attempted in the possession of recipeformulas, although it is also possible through experimentationand sheer luck.Hi-NRG Plasma LanceUse: High-damage, long-range weapon capable of dealing damage tomultiple targets at once provided they are very close together.Description: A next-generation weapon, the Plasma Lance isperhaps the most advanced battlefield weapon of the 2020’s, ahigh-tech firearm that projects a ‘bolt’ or ‘pulse’ ofsuperheated plasma down an ionized path toward its target. It candeliver heavy damage against medium- and heavily-armored targets- enough to actually disintegrate some of them - but only atlimited range and at a slow rate of fire. Sustained operation canalso result in temporary shutdown due to overheating.Upgrades: The weapon supports all standard upgrades, as well as aspecial Internal Coolant Enhancement (ICE) package that canprevent it from overheating during sustained firing. It is alsocompatible with laser targeting systems.Manufacturer: Connaught Technologies4、名言翻译（4X1+3X2），即前4条1分，后3条2分。

第6只粉红Bra的桃花劫数

第６只粉红Ｂｒａ的桃花劫数1 秦燕南的粉红Bra 没错，那天是5月15日，星期六。

秦燕南们倾巢而动，外出进行本年度最后一次“春游”。

密谋许久的时机终于到来了。

许幼美早上10点多起床,身着嫩黄T恤，卷起碎花小睡裤，一双赤足颤巍巍踮在长凳上，此时的心跳得比见到林泽还快。

一卷维尼的卡通窗纸泻下来，半透明的一层，将室内的春光隔得隐隐绰绰。

HOHO，秦燕南，看你再秀给谁看！谁都知道，秦燕南是203的室花，兼外文系的系花。

许幼美心底她“交际花”。

她不仅将校内的帅男痞男一网打尽，还将203容貌比她差几档的MM都笼络得服服帖帖――当然，除了许幼美。

“其实呀，幼美，你比秦燕南漂亮。

”尽管这是陆小北在安慰她第N次失恋时的话，听了还是很受用。

是啊，幼美她至少算得上“凤尾”吧：粉粉团团的脸蛋，乍看多少带点无辜的可爱。

可秦燕南，你哪里知道她内心的恶毒！想到这儿，许幼美禁不住阴笑两声，脑子里一连串搞怪的QQ符号。

数天前，她在窗台上晾衣服，蓦地惊觉：大白天对面男生宿舍楼里，居然有人拿着望远镜，黑幽幽地往这边扫射。

她尖叫着喊色狼啊不行啊我们要糊窗纸，秦燕南则在旁边不屑地冷笑，说，大家举手表决。

那眼神显摆着遮不住的光芒，挑明了即便有色狼也是为了看她秦大系花。

结果是众人一边倒。

许幼美两眼望天，默念着203都是走光狂，203都是走光狂！现在，她要趁秦派党羽不在，将四面窗户糊得灿灿生辉！风和日丽，现世安稳……美好词汇又接连从许幼美脑子里冒出来。

只是，她没想到下一个词居然是――晴天霹雳，只听楼下一声惨叫……天啦，竟是秦燕南的粉红Bra被风吹落，砸到了某男头上！2 陆小北，你死定了秦燕南袅袅娜娜地倚着窗，娇声怨道：“讨厌，我晾在外面的Bra又不见了。

第5只了。

”众女跟着斥骂变态男。

许幼美看见此时的“秦厌男”，一副不以为耻反以为荣的XX样。

眼里喷火，头上冒汗，誓不两立……就连原本钟爱的粉红，因为秦某人喜欢，许幼美都义无反顾地舍弃了。

只是，只是，林泽，叫她如何舍弃？秦燕南也喜欢林泽，她的光芒能盖过许幼美所有的可爱之处。

sEparaTe包的说明文档：最大似然估计和似然比检验函数说明书

Package‘sEparaTe’August18,2023Title Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Likelihood Ratio TestFunctions for Separable Variance-Covariance StructuresVersion0.3.2Maintainer Timothy Schwinghamer<***************************.CA>Description Maximum likelihood estimation of the parametersof matrix and3rd-order tensor normal distributions with unstructuredfactor variance covariance matrices,two procedures,and for unbiasedmodiﬁed likelihood ratio testing of simple and double separabilityfor variance-covariance structures,two procedures.References:Dutilleul P.(1999)<doi:10.1080/00949659908811970>,Manceur AM,Dutilleul P.(2013)<doi:10.1016/j.cam.2012.09.017>,and Manceur AM,DutilleulP.(2013)<doi:10.1016/j.spl.2012.10.020>.Depends R(>=4.3.0)License MIT+ﬁle LICENSEEncoding UTF-8LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.2.0NeedsCompilation noAuthor Ameur Manceur[aut],Timothy Schwinghamer[aut,cre],Pierre Dutilleul[aut,cph]Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-08-1807:50:02UTCR topics documented:data2d (2)data3d (2)lrt2d_svc (3)lrt3d_svc (5)mle2d_svc (7)12data3d mle3d_svc (8)sEparaTe (10)Index11 data2d Two dimensional data setDescriptionAn i.i.d.random sample of size7from a2x3matrix normal distribution,for a small numerical example of the use of the functions mle2d_svc and lrt2d_svc from the sEparaTe packageUsagedata2dFormatA frame(excluding the headings)with42lines of data and4variables:K an integer ranging from1to7,the size of an i.i.d.random sample from a2x3matrix normal distributionId1an integer ranging from1to2,the number of rows of the matrix normal distributionId2an integer ranging from1to3,the number of columns of the matrix normal distribution value2d the sample data for the observed variabledata3d Three dimensional data setDescriptionAn i.i.d.random sample of size13from a2x3x2tensor normal distribution,for a small numerical example of the use of the functions mle3d_svc and lrt3d_svc from the sEparaTe packageUsagedata3dFormatA frame(excluding the headings)with156lines of data and5variables:K an integer ranging from1to13,the size of an i.i.d.random sample from a2x3x2tensor matrix normal distributionId3an integer ranging from1to2,the number of rows of the3rd-order tensor normal distribution Id4an integer ranging from1to3,the number of columns of the3rd-order tensor normal distribu-tionId5an integer ranging from1to2,the number of edges of the3rd-order tensor normal distribution value3d the sample data for the observed variablelrt2d_svc Unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio test for simple separability of avariance-covariance matrix.DescriptionA likelihood ratio test(LRT)for simple separability of a variance-covariance matrix,modiﬁed tobe unbiased inﬁnite samples.The modiﬁcation is a penalty-based homothetic transformation of the LRT statistic.The penalty value is optimized for a given mean model,which is left unstruc-tured here.In the required function,the Id1and Id2variables correspond to the row and column subscripts,respectively;“value2d”refers to the observed variable.Usagelrt2d_svc(value2d,Id1,Id2,subject,data_2d,eps,maxiter,startmat,sign.level,n.simul)Argumentsvalue2d from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2Id1from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2Id2from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2subject the replicate,also called the subject or individual,theﬁrst column in the matrix (2d)dataﬁledata_2d the name of the matrix dataeps the threshold in the stopping criterion for the iterative mle algorithm(estimation) maxiter the maximum number of iterations for the mle algorithm(estimation)startmat the value of the second factor variance-covariance matrix used for initialization,i.e.,to start the mle algorithm(estimation)and obtain the initial estimate of theﬁrst factor variance-covariance matrixsign.level the signiﬁcance level,or rejection rate in the testing of the null hypothesis of simple separability for a variance-covariance structure,when the unbiased mod-iﬁed LRT is used,i.e.,the critical value in the chi-square test is derived bysimulations from the sampling distribution of the LRT statistic n.simul the number of simulations used to build the sampling distribution of the LRT statistic under the null hypothesis,using the same characteristics as the i.i.d.random sample from a matrix normal distributionOutput“Convergence”,TRUE or FALSE“chi.df”,the theoretical number of degrees of freedom of the asymptotic chi-square distribution that would apply to the unmodiﬁed LRT statistic for simple separability of a variance-covariance structure“Lambda”,the observed value of the unmodiﬁed LRT statistic“critical.value”,the critical value at the speciﬁed signiﬁcance level for the chi-square distribution with“chi.df”degrees of freedom“mbda”will indicate whether or not the null hypothesis of separability was rejected, based on the theoretical LRT statistic“Simulation.critical.value”,the critical value at the speciﬁed signiﬁcance level that is derived from the sampling distribution of the unbiased modiﬁed LRT statistic“mbda.simulation”,the decision(acceptance/rejection)regarding the null hypothesis of simple separability,made using the theoretical(biased unmodiﬁed)LRT“Penalty”,the optimized penalty value used in the homothetic transformation between the biased unmodiﬁed and unbiased modiﬁed LRT statistics“U1hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows“Standardized_U1hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows;the standardization is performed by dividing each entry of U1hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“U2hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns“Standardized_U2hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns;the standardization is performed by multiplying each entry of U2hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“Shat”,the sample variance-covariance matrix computed from the vectorized data matrices ReferencesManceur AM,Dutilleul P.2013.Unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio tests for simple and double separability of a variance-covariance structure.Statistics and Probability Letters83:631-636.Examplesoutput<-lrt2d_svc(data2d$value2d,data2d$Id1,data2d$Id2,data2d$K,data_2d=data2d,n.simul=100)outputlrt3d_svc An unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio test for double separability of avariance-covariance structure.DescriptionA likelihood ratio test(LRT)for double separability of a variance-covariance structure,modiﬁed tobe unbiased inﬁnite samples.The modiﬁcation is a penalty-based homothetic transformation of the LRT statistic.The penalty value is optimized for a given mean model,which is left unstructured here.In the required function,the Id3,Id4and Id5variables correspond to the row,column and edge subscripts,respectively;“value3d”refers to the observed variable.Usagelrt3d_svc(value3d,Id3,Id4,Id5,subject,data_3d,eps,maxiter,startmatU2,startmatU3,sign.level,n.simul)Argumentsvalue3d from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id3from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id4from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id5from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5subject the replicate,also called individualdata_3d the name of the tensor dataeps the threshold in the stopping criterion for the iterative mle algorithm(estimation) maxiter the maximum number of iterations for the mle algorithm(estimation)startmatU2the value of the second factor variance-covariance matrix used for initialization startmatU3the value of the third factor variance-covariance matrix used for initialization,i.e.,startmatU3together with startmatU2are used to start the mle algorithm(estimation)and obtain the initial estimate of theﬁrst factor variance-covariancematrix U1sign.level the signiﬁcance level,or rejection rate in the testing of the null hypothesis of simple separability for a variance-covariance structure,when the unbiased mod-iﬁed LRT is used,i.e.,the critical value in the chi-square test is derived bysimulations from the sampling distribution of the LRT statistic n.simul the number of simulations used to build the sampling distribution of the LRT statistic under the null hypothesis,using the same characteristics as the i.i.d.random sample from a tensor normal distributionOutput“Convergence”,TRUE or FALSE“chi.df”,the theoretical number of degrees of freedom of the asymptotic chi-square distribution that would apply to the unmodiﬁed LRT statistic for double separability of a variance-covariance structure“Lambda”,the observed value of the unmodiﬁed LRT statistic“critical.value”,the critical value at the speciﬁed signiﬁcance level for the chi-square distribution with“chi.df”degrees of freedom“mbda”,the decision(acceptance/rejection)regarding the null hypothesis of double sep-arability,made using the theoretical(biased unmodiﬁed)LRT“Simulation.critical.value”,the critical value at the speciﬁed signiﬁcance level that is derived from the sampling distribution of the unbiased modiﬁed LRT statistic“mbda.simulation”,the decision(acceptance/rejection)regarding the null hypothesis of double separability,made using the unbiased modiﬁed LRT“Penalty”,the optimized penalty value used in the homothetic transformation between the biased unmodiﬁed and unbiased modiﬁed LRT statistics“U1hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows“Standardized_U1hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows;the standardization is performed by dividing each entry of U1hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“U2hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns“Standardized_U2hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns;the standardization is performed by multiplying each entry of U2hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“U3hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the edges“Shat”,the sample variance-covariance matrix computed from the vectorized data tensorsReferencesManceur AM,Dutilleul P.2013.Unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio tests for simple and double separability of a variance-covariance structure.Statistics and Probability Letters83:631-636.Examplesoutput<-lrt3d_svc(data3d$value3d,data3d$Id3,data3d$Id4,data3d$Id5,data3d$K,data_3d=data3d,n.simul=100)outputmle2d_svc Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a matrix normaldistributionDescriptionMaximum likelihood estimation for the parameters of a matrix normal distribution X,which is char-acterized by a simply separable variance-covariance structure.In the general case,which is the case considered here,two unstructured factor variance-covariance matrices determine the covariability of random matrix entries,depending on the row(one factor matrix)and the column(the other factor matrix)where two X-entries are.In the required function,the Id1and Id2variables correspond to the row and column subscripts,respectively;“value2d”indicates the observed variable.Usagemle2d_svc(value2d,Id1,Id2,subject,data_2d,eps,maxiter,startmat)Argumentsvalue2d from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2Id1from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2Id2from the formula value2d~Id1+Id2subject the replicate,also called individualdata_2d the name of the matrix dataeps the threshold in the stopping criterion for the iterative mle algorithmmaxiter the maximum number of iterations for the iterative mle algorithmstartmat the value of the second factor variance-covariance matrix used for initializa-tion,i.e.,to start the algorithm and obtain the initial estimate of theﬁrst factorvariance-covariance matrixOutput“Convergence”,TRUE or FALSE“Iter”,will indicate the number of iterations needed for the mle algorithm to converge“Xmeanhat”,the estimated mean matrix(i.e.,the sample mean)“First”,the row subscript,or the second column in the dataﬁle“U1hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows“Standardized.U1hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows;the stan-dardization is performed by dividing each entry of U1hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“Second”,the column subscript,or the third column in the dataﬁle“U2hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns“Standardized.U2hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns;the standardization is performed by multiplying each entry of U2hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“Shat”,is the sample variance-covariance matrix computed from of the vectorized data matrices ReferencesDutilleul P.1990.Apport en analyse spectrale d’un periodogramme modiﬁe et modelisation des series chronologiques avec repetitions en vue de leur comparaison en frequence.D.Sc.Dissertation, Universite catholique de Louvain,Departement de mathematique.Dutilleul P.1999.The mle algorithm for the matrix normal distribution.Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation64:105-123.Examplesoutput<-mle2d_svc(data2d$value2d,data2d$Id1,data2d$Id2,data2d$K,data_2d=data2d) outputmle3d_svc Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a3rd-order ten-sor normal distributionDescriptionMaximum likelihood estimation for the parameters of a3rd-order tensor normal distribution X, which is characterized by a doubly separable variance-covariance structure.In the general case, which is the case considered here,three unstructured factor variance-covariance matrices determine the covariability of random tensor entries,depending on the row(one factor matrix),the column (another factor matrix)and the edge(remaining factor matrix)where two X-entries are.In the required function,the Id3,Id4and Id5variables correspond to the row,column and edge subscripts, respectively;“value3d”indicates the observed variable.Usagemle3d_svc(value3d,Id3,Id4,Id5,subject,data_3d,eps,maxiter,startmatU2,startmatU3)Argumentsvalue3d from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id3from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id4from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5Id5from the formula value3d~Id3+Id4+Id5subject the replicate,also called individualdata_3d the name of the tensor dataeps the threshold in the stopping criterion for the iterative mle algorithmmaxiter the maximum number of iterations for the iterative mle algorithmstartmatU2the value of the second factor variance covariance matrix used for initialization startmatU3the value of the third factor variance covariance matrix used for initialization,i.e.,startmatU3together with startmatU2are used to start the algorithm andobtain the initial estimate of theﬁrst factor variance covariance matrix U1Output“Convergence”,TRUE or FALSE“Iter”,the number of iterations needed for the mle algorithm to converge“Xmeanhat”,the estimated mean tensor(i.e.,the sample mean)“First”,the row subscript,or the second column in the dataﬁle“U1hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows“Standardized.U1hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the rows;the stan-dardization is performed by dividing each entry of U1hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“Second”,the column subscript,or the third column in the dataﬁle“U2hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns“Standardized.U2hat”,the standardized estimated variance-covariance matrix for the columns;the standardization is performed by multiplying each entry of U2hat by entry(1,1)of U1hat“Third”,the edge subscript,or the fourth column in the dataﬁle“U3hat”,the estimated variance-covariance matrix for the edges“Shat”,the sample variance-covariance matrix computed from the vectorized data tensorsReferenceManceur AM,Dutilleul P.2013.Maximum likelihood estimation for the tensor normal distribution: Algorithm,minimum sample size,and empirical bias and dispersion.Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics239:37-49.10sEparaTeExamplesoutput<-mle3d_svc(data3d$value3d,data3d$Id3,data3d$Id4,data3d$Id5,data3d$K,data_3d=data3d) outputsEparaTe MLE and LRT functions for separable variance-covariance structuresDescriptionA package for maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)of the parameters of matrix and3rd-ordertensor normal distributions with unstructured factor variance-covariance matrices(two procedures),and for unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio testing(LRT)of simple and double separability forvariance-covariance structures(two procedures).Functionsmle2d_svc,for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a matrix normal distributionmle3d_svc,for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a3rd-order tensor normaldistributionlrt2d_svc,for the unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio test of simple separability for a variance-covariance structurelrt3d_svc,for the unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio test of double separability for a variance-covariance structureDatadata2d,a two-dimensional data setdata3d,a three-dimensional data setReferencesDutilleul P.1999.The mle algorithm for the matrix normal distribution.Journal of StatisticalComputation and Simulation64:105-123.Manceur AM,Dutilleul P.2013.Maximum likelihood estimation for the tensor normal distribution:Algorithm,minimum sample size,and empirical bias and dispersion.Journal of Computational andApplied Mathematics239:37-49.Manceur AM,Dutilleul P.2013.Unbiased modiﬁed likelihood ratio tests for simple and doubleseparability of a variance covariance structure.Statistics and Probability Letters83:631-636.Index∗datasetsdata2d,2data3d,2data2d,2data3d,2lrt2d_svc,3lrt3d_svc,5mle2d_svc,7mle3d_svc,8sEparaTe,1011。

limerence原神翻译

limerence原神翻译Limerence原神翻译，是近期原神玩家们热议的话题。

Limerence是一个英文词汇，原意为“热恋、热情爱慕”的意思。

在原神中，这个词被用来形容角色之间的暗恋或相互喜欢的情感状态。

Limerence原神翻译遭到了许多玩家的质疑和反对。

因为在原神中，英文名字通常被直接翻译成中文。

而limerence这个词并没有一个传统和普遍的翻译方法。

很多玩家觉得直接翻译成“热恋”不太妥当。

他们认为，limerence本身包含了一种特殊的、更加深刻的、单方面的爱慕感。

Limerence的概念被首次提出于20世纪中叶。

这个词来自于一位美国心理学家的研究成果。

他认为limerence 是人类情感的一种阶段，它会在某些人群中发生。

这种阶段的特点是，一个人对另一个人产生了单方面、疯狂的爱慕，但这种爱慕并不能得到对方的回应。

这种单恋状态经常伴随着强烈的焦虑、痛苦和欲望。

是一种强烈的情感依恋，与普通的恋爱有本质上的不同。

从这个角度上来看，limerence这个单词的翻译就显得更加具有争议性了。

因为这种单方面且失衡的情感状态，恰恰是原神游戏中一些角色之间的共性。

比如游戏中的人偶师、清流的剧情，就展示了一个角色对另一个角色的强烈爱慕，却不能得到对方的回应。

但是，反对limerence原神翻译的玩家们也有他们的立场。

他们认为，原神游戏是一个具有积极向上情感的好游戏，应该避免使用深刻和痛苦的词汇。

在这种情况下，翻译成“热恋”这个词语，是一种比较温和和友好的表达方式。

此外，还有一些玩家认为，limerence这个词在中文语境下并不是那么好理解。

目前，这个词汇并没有出现在普通的汉语词典中。

对大部分人来说，limerence是一个生僻的、难以理解的词汇，直接翻译成中文，可能不太能够传达出原意。

因此，直接翻译成“热恋”的做法，也有一些合理之处。

总的来说，limerence原神翻译这个问题，其实是一种文化交流和语言界限的问题。

花与乙女的祝福皇家花束

游戏名称：花与乙女的祝福皇家花束英文名称：花と乙女に祝福をロイヤルブーケ游戏大小：1.5G网友评分：8.2 分，极品游戏类型：单机游戏 / 冒险解谜标签：GAL 美少女文字冒险伪娘单人单机 2D画面冒险中级水平恋爱、卡通题材开发商：ensemble语言类型：中文发行时间：2010游戏介绍：夏天！泳池！狂歡的節日!! ～都的漫長一天～連日持續炎熱，在大夏天的某日。

因為太過熱，正打算到海邊或泳池等清涼的地方去的彰和都。

但不管哪裏都是人山人海，兩人無處可去時，都好像難以開口似的提議到。

「唔——那麽，要不到我家的泳池……去？」都家裏有遊泳池的話，那一開始就叫我去不就行了。

雖然彰這樣想，但還是答應了都的提議。

就這樣，兩人打算在都家裏的私人泳池裏留下一個夏天的甜蜜回憶可是……哥哥是我的仆人？～月丘晶子的優雅一天～在立藤之會後過了一個月的某天。

妹妹晶子向月丘彰提出了在假日去約會作為害她當上了ルピナス會長的賠罪。

當然，雖然說是約會，那也是兄妹間的約定。

晶子的目的是作為賠罪要哥哥一整天聽命於自己。

對妹控的彰來說那反而是求之不得的事，馬上就答應了。

2人的意見一致，那天對月丘兄妹來說本應是快樂的一天來的但……「哥哥，那麽從今天開始就是Double晶子了喔♪」彰・男子漢化計劃～恢復性取向！～晶子「哥、哥哥……最近，你的言行是不是有點～太過像女孩子了？走路啊都腳尖朝內走的。

還有是自稱用『私』了吧？」彰「沒那回事呀。

哼呼呼。

討厭啦，晶子真是的」晶子「還、還哼呼呼地笑……」在立藤之會以學生會的勝利落下帷幕的數周後。

做晶子的替身的後遺癥，哥哥・彰女人化了。

晶子質問彰這事，但當事人是完全沒自覺到似的。

晶子「（這……這樣下去的話，哥哥會變成怪人!?）」感覺到危機感的晶子找聖佳商量，但不知為什麽學生會全員都參與了談話。

而且話題不斷向著奇怪的方向去了……心是女人。

身體是男人?! ～天法院綾音華麗軌跡～在立藤之會上，綾音雖然是答應了暗地裏對自己抱有愛意的千裏提出的求婚，但她的表情很陰沈。

双衍悖论字符

双衍悖论字符
“双衍悖论”( Twin Paradox)是指一个数学或物理问题,它的答案往往需要在两个不同的情况下给出。

例如,在解决一个方程时,解的值可能会同时满足两个条件,这使得解法变得十分困难。

“双衍悖论”字符(Twin Paradox Letter)是一组由字符组成的数学问题,它的解法依赖于它们同时满足两个不同的条件。

例如,解方程E=mc2中的E和c是两个不同的物理量,但它们必须同时存在才能解决这个问题。

“双衍悖论”字符可以用数学符号表示,例如一个双引号“”,它可以表示两个物理量同时存在。

例如,如果两个“E”符号重叠在一起,表示E和c同时存在,并且它们的大小相等。

“双衍悖论”字符是数学和物理领域中的一个有趣的问题,它的存在表明在某些情况下,解法可能会同时涉及到两个不同的方面,这增加了问题的解决难度。

211137602_神秘的玛雅密码

哈呐我的屁股好痒。

教授，你在哪儿？咕噜迪吧我们来自中国……中国……你怎么就不懂呢？麻麻拉依叽呱呱……妈呀，他们不会是食人族吧！告诉食人族，我们的肉蘸芥末最好吃！你乱嚷什么。

你想被做成生鱼片呀！我可没有乱嚷。

我叫塔娜，是我的族人请你们来的。

你会说中国话！小老虎乖。

36小猫咪，叫一个。

把我们像猎物一样绑回来，这还叫请？我的族人说你们当时攻击他们，所以才……想起来了，我们被笼子罩住，后来野人来了。

不，是你的族人来了，再后来……吃点东西吧。

这是一场误会，他们不会伤害我们的。

哦。

塔西姆……诺古米哈……被打晕的是族长的儿子，你们必须用猎物来赔罪，不然你们不能离开这里。

布鲁，你干什么？我想看看他被敲晕的样子。

37族长说了，你们必须捕获三只猎物才能原谅你们。

这打猎，不会呀！我会带你们到狩猎场。

我喜欢这身衣服。

三只猎物，蚂蚁算吗？别胡说，最少也得抓三只野鸡什么的才能过关吧！前面就是狩猎场，大家要小心别让猎物给溜掉了。

不会有老虎吧？先抓几只箭蛙做毒箭。

箭头涂抹毒液，可以增加狩猎成功率。

呜噜噜……长鼻子……哇呀呀……瞧，你们的同伴就很勇敢。

38追不到我，追不到我，哈哈哈……不好，他在往陷阱的方向跑。

这是啥怪兽？他在这儿。

布鲁。

教授，豆咪，我们这是在哪儿？布鲁，你恢复记忆了！39你们运气太好，竟然一次捕获了四只貘。

幸好貘顶了你一下，不然你也会掉到陷阱里去！族长感谢你们给大家带来这么多食物，大家多吃一点。

注意你的吃相，别让他们误会咱们是吃货。

别噎着！塔娜，你的中文说得这么好，在哪儿学的呀？有位中国人在我们这里住了很长一段时间，我帮助过他，他教会了我中文。

他叫丹迪。

这个丹迪是不是有一把大胡子，左脸上有三颗呈品字形的黑痣？他遇到了麻烦，我们就是专门来找他的。

我是他的朋友。

哦，原来你们是丹迪的朋友。

那座圣城我知道在哪儿，我带你们去。

骑玩具羊去吗？（下期精彩继续……）40。

金库甜心打法技巧

教学反思
TEACHING REFLECTION
教学反思
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sem vulputate venenatis
教学策略
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教学策略
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教学过程
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教学过程
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PART THREE
教学过程
TEACHING PROCESS
教学过程
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Kathmandu Valley, NepalDisaster Risk Management ProfileLast Review, August 20051. I NTRODUCTION (1)Demographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics (1)Governance style (3)National hazardscape (3)National disaster management structure and relevant legislation (6)National land use management system and relevant legislation (8)Significance of Kathmandu Valley to Nepal (8)Geographical setting of the City (9)2. I NTER-C ITY L INKAGES (9)Internal division of the City (9)Governance/management style (10)Formal arrangements (10)Relevant legislation/regulations (11)3. L AND U SE M ANAGEMENT (11)Relevant legislation (11)Responsible agents and their relationship (12)Effectiveness of current arrangements (13)4. V ULNERABILITY I SSUES (14)At-risk groups (14)At-risk locations (15)City policies on vulnerability alleviation (16)5. D ISASTER R ISK M ANAGEMENT A RRANGEMENTS (16)Functional arrangements (16)Risk Assessment (17)Risk Communication (18)6. D ISASTER R ISK M ANAGEMENT V ISION (19)7. I SSUES (20)8. R EFERENCES (21)K ATHMANDU V ALLEY,N EPALDisaster Risk Management Profile1. IntroductionDemographic, economic, social and cultural characteristicsLandlocked between China and India, Nepal is rectangular-shaped with a total area of 147,181 square kilometers. The country is home to eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Sagarmatha or Mount Everest and a population of 24,797,7059 (Central Beaureau of Statistics-Nepal) with a growth rate of 2.25% (2004 estimate).Geographically, the country is divided into three regions: Mountain, Hills and Tarai (plains area), and administratively, is divided into five development regions: eastern, central, western, mid-western and far western. The Tarai, known as the "grain basket" of Nepal because nearly 40% of the area is actively farmed, is a low, flat, fertile region stretching east-west along the Indian Border covering 23% of the total area of Nepal. Nearly half of Nepal’s total population - 47% - live in this region.The remaining bulk of Nepal’s population - 45% - live in the Hilly region, so named because the area varies between 610 meters to 4,877 meters above the sea level. The Hilly region covers 43% of the country of which only 10% is actively farmed.The remaining 8% of the population live in the Mountainous region, where altitudes vary from 4,877 meters to 8,848 meters above sea level. Although this region covers 34% of the country, only 2% of the land is suitable for cultivation. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for more than 80% of the population and accounting for 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. A key source of income is tourism. The international community, which funds more than 60% of Nepal's development budget and more than 28% of total budgetary expenditures, is a major ingredient of the nation’s growth.Other indicators for Nepal are as follows:42% of its population living below the poverty lineGDP ppp is $1,400 (2004 estimate)Life expectancy at birth is 62.2 years (CBS-Nepal 2004)Median age is 20.1 years, 2001Literacy rate is 54.1% (2001 census), of which 62.7% for males and27.6% for females (2003 estimate)With more than 1.5 million people, (220,000 households) the Valley of Kathmandu (KV) is the urban center of Nepal and includes five major cities: Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, and Thimi.. One-third of its residents live in slum dwellings and 18,000 people are squatting (without land rights).Rice, wheat, corn, vegetables, and a variety of fruit including bananas and oranges are grown in the fertile Valley, which supports a relatively high percentage of the hill population. Kathmandu Valley along with the Tarai region, has witnessed an intensive migration and urbanization process since the eradication of malaria in 1951. Because of the growing number of people and vehicles in the Valley, especially in Kathmandu, air and water pollution are becoming a serious problem.Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) is the largest city in Nepal and the cosmopolitan heart of the Himalayan region. With a history and culture dating back 2,000 years, the city, along with the other towns in the Valley, ranks among the oldest human settlements in central Himalaya. Old Kathmandu corresponds to the current city core, encompassing a compact zone of templesquares and narrow streets. The old royal palace complex Durbar Square, is in the center of Old Kathmandu and has been designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.Densely populated for millennia, Kathmandu’s present demography is very cosmopolitan although Newars, the indigenous people of Kathmandu, still comprise a large segment of the population. Kathmandu’s culture has been inspired by the convergence of Hindu and Buddhist traditions and traditional customs, festivals, art, and literature are religious in character.Governance styleThe present political structure of Nepal consists of a multi-party democracy and parliamentary system of government with a constitutional monarchy. A Prime Minister is the head of the government. Today the citizens of Nepal exercise rights to vote. The Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary branches function and exercise their rights independently.The Legislative branch, known as the Parliament, consists of the National Assembly ("Rastriya Sabha") and the House of Representatives ("Pratinidhi Sabha"). The National Assembly or the Upper House consists of 60 members while the House of Representatives, or the Lower House, consists of 205 members directly elected from 205 electoral constituencies within 75 districts of the country.National hazardscapeRugged and fragile geophysical structures, steep slopes, complex geology, variable climatic conditions, active tectonic processes, unplanned settlements, dense and increasing population, poor economic conditions, and a low literacy rate have made Nepal vulnerable to various types of natural disasters. Map 1 shows the Geographical Location of Recent Major Disasters in Nepal (UN Nepal’s Inter-Agency Disaster Response Preparedness Plan, 2001).The middle hills are mainly prone to landslides while the flat Tarai region is prone to floods and fire. Thus, flood, landslides, and fire are the most frequent natural disasters causing loss of life and severe damage to property in Nepal. While earthquakes are not frequent, historically Nepal h has experienced several destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four major earthquakes just in the past century.EarthquakesThe main source of seismic activity in Nepal is the subduction of the Indian plate under the Tibetan plate or Himalayas. Another source for earthquakes in the Valley is the identified seismic gap zone in the middle of Nepal=Seismic records for Nepal date back to 1255. Since that time, destructive earthquakes occurred in 1408, 1681, 1810 , 1833, and 1866 with the 1833 earthquake being the most destructive. In 1934, an 8.4 magnitude earthquake struck Kathmandu Valley killing 4,300 people, destroying 20% of all structures, and damaging another 40% of the Valley's buildings In Kathmandu itself, one quarter of all homes were destroyed along with a number of temples in Bhaktapur.In recent decades Nepal experienced two major earthquakes: a 6.5 magnitude quake in the Bajhang district that killed 178 people and destroyed about 40,000 houses and a 6.6 magnitude quake in 1988 in the Udayapur district that killed 721 people and destroyed 64,467 houses.Floods, Landslides and Debris FlowThere are more than 6,000 rivers and streams in Nepal, most of which flow from north to south generally at high velocity due to steep river gradient. The majority of the larger rivers are snow fed from the Himalayas. Since the topography of the country is steep and rugged, with high-angle slopes and complex geology, the large quantities of rainfall during the monsoon season leads to floods, landslides, and debris flows in a number of cities. Unplanned settlements and structures built without consideration of area natural hazards is aggravating this situation tremendously. In addition, landslides caused by the torrential rains add enormous volume to streams and rivers causing floods and debris flows downstream that kill numerous people and inflict immense harm to agricultural lands, crops, and properties.In July 1993 the Tarai region experienced a destructive flood that claimed the lives of 1,336 people and affected another 487,534 people. In 1998, floods and landslides again affected various parts of the country, mainly the Tarai and the middle Hill region killing 273, , injuring 80,, and impacted 33,549 families. The floods and landslides also ruined 45,000 hectares of crops. Similar flooding occurred in 1999 and continues to occur annually.FireFires occur mainly between April and June during the dry season when temperatures in the Tarai region reach higher than 35° Celsius and it seldom rains. Fires are common to rural the Tarai and Hill regions where 90.8 percent of the total population live in very poor housing conditions, Houses in rural regions, especially Tarai, are composed of straw or timber and tend to be very close to each other, thereby increasing the risk of fire and fire spread. A 1999 a blaze killed 39 people, injured 10, and affected 1,065 families. The fire, with estimated total losses of NRs $45.23 million, destroyed 1,035 houses, 52 cattle sheds, and 148 livestock.EpidemicIn most cases the epidemics of cholera, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, meningitis, typhoid, jaundice, malaria and so forth occur during the summer and rainy season. This type of disaster occurs mainly due to the lack of proper health careand sanitation. In 1999, 1,207 people died of epidemics affecting 6,119 families in various parts of the country.National disaster management structure and relevant legislationThe Ministry of Home Affairs through its department of Narcotics, Drug Control, and Disaster Management, is the national agency responsible for disaster management in Nepal. Formulation of national policies and their implementation, preparedness and disaster mitigation, immediate rescue and relief works, data collection and dissemination, collection and distribution of funds and resources are the vital functions of the Ministry. Its network to cope with natural disasters is integrated by 75 Chief District Officers, one in each of the administrative districts, who act as the crisis manager in the event of natural disasters.Disaster Management Section under MOHA StructureMinister For Home AffairesState Minister For Home AffairsSecretaryJoint SecretaryManagement Division •Citizenship & Arms Section•Internal Management Section •Financial Administration Section •Parlour & Ceremony Management SectionJoint Secretary Personnel Administration Division •Personnel Administration Section •Police Administration Section•Acts & Rules Consultation SectionJoint SecretaryLaw & Order Division •Law & Order Maintenance Section •Border and Immigration Section •Local Administration SectionJoint SecretaryPlanning and Special Service Division •Disaster Management Section•Narcotics Control Section•Planning and Monitoring SectionThe main function of the department is to actively and efficiently co-ordinate and carry out emergency preparedness and disaster management activities with concerned agencies.The Royal Nepal Army and Nepal Police play important roles in rescueoperations. Police officials collect first-hand information of a disaster and inform concerned officials. In the event of a catastrophic disaster, Nepal Police establish command posts to facilitate rescue operations. Moreover, Nepal Police personnel collect most of the disaster data and information.During the past 20 years the Nepalese government has formulated a number of natural disaster preparedness plans, programs, and acts. Most prominent of them is the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, of 1982, which defines the official disaster management system at central, regional, district, and local levels. The Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) oversees the disaster response system. Headed by the Minister of Home Affairs, CDRC consists of the Minister of Health, the Minister of Physical Planning and Works, secretaries of other ministries, representatives from the Royal Nepalese Army and the Nepal Police, the Director Generals from the Department of Mines & Geology and from the Department of Hydrology & Meteorology, as well as representatives from the Social Welfare Council, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and the Nepal Scouts.Following a disaster, CDRC meets as required to address the needs of the affected population. The committee is also involved in coordination of rehabilitation efforts. At the district level, the District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC) is the active agency for coordinating relief support. This committee, chaired by the Chief District Officer, consists of representatives from public sector organizations, such as the District Health Office, the Nepal Red Cross Society, and similar agencies. DDRC is responsible for coordinating the district level relief efforts, including medical support and distribution of food and other essential supplies.The following legislation provides the legal framework that assigns roles and responsibilities to different disaster management entities:•Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990•Natural Calamity Relief Act, 1982•Local Administration Act, 1971•HMG Rules for allocation of functions, second amendment, 1996•Local Self Governance Act, 1999•Kathmandu Valley Town Development Act, 2000•Building Act, 1998 or Draft building Council Act, 1994Given the severe and recurrent impact of waterinduced disasters in Nepal, the Ministry of Water Resources relies on the well-trained and specialized Department of Water-Induced Disaster Prevention - the lead agency in this sector. Established as a Technical Center in 1991 after an agreement between his Majesty’s Government of Nepal and the Government of Japan, it was upgraded to Department category in 2000 in order to carry out different activities related to water- induced disaster prevention and mitigation. Despite this growth, its mandate, authority, and resources need to be broadened to facilitate its coordinating role.National land use management system and relevant legislationLand use regulations and development are a function of both the City and national governments. Large-scale infrastructure within the City is under the central government’s jurisdiction. However, city roads, solid waste management, street lighting, and such are operated and promoted by City government. Land use management, though not currently existing in an integrated form, is the responsibility of the City government.Nepal has 5 development regions and 75 administrative districts. The districts are further divided into smaller units called Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDC). At present, there are 3,913 VDCs and 58 Municipalities in the country. A VDC consists of 9 wards and the Municipalities consist from 9 to 35 wards.Significance of Kathmandu Valley to NepalTourism is one of the most important sources of income for the Nepalese economy and the Kathmandu Valley boasts the highest concentration of UNESCO World Heritage Sites on the planet. The six Sites include Swayambhunath, Bodhnath, Pashupatinath, and the three Durbar squares of, Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur.. Since Kathmandu has the only international airport in the country, more than 95 percent of incoming tourists arrive by air.Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), the capital and largest urban center in Nepal, is the nation’s main business hub. Sprawled across 5,076 hectacres in the Kathmandu Valley, KMC is at an elevation of 1,350 meters. Around 20%of the country's urban population, 701,962 inhabitants (2001 Census), call KMC home. It has a built up area of 3,844.56 hectacre, with an average population density of 175.7per/hectacre.Geographical setting of the CityLocated in the Hills region, at an elevation of 1,300 meters, Kathmandu Valley is roughly 25 kilometers from west to east and 20 kilometers from north to south with the surrounding area range from 1,500 to 2,800 meters in elevation. There are three roads that come into the Valley, two to the south going towards India and one in the north going towards Tibet. Several rivers flow to the center of the Valley and meet the holy Bagmati River, which flows south past the Chobar Gorge, eventually joining the Ganges.2. Inter-City LinkagesInternal division of the CityOf Nepal’s five regions, Kathmandu Valley is in the Central region and consists of three districts, the Kathmandu, the Lalitpur and the Baktapur, which include five municipalities, namely Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Baktapur, Madhyapur-Thimi and Kirtipur.Whole Kathmandu Valley KMC and its 35 wardsKathmandu Municipality City was given a Metropolitan status in 1995. As the capital of Nepal. Kathmandu has a Municipal Board, consisting of five members, including the Mayor and Deputy Mayor. . KMC is divided into 35 wards. Each ward has a Ward Chairperson and four ward members, one of which has to be female, who are elected by the public every five years.Governance/management styleThe Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Ward Chairperson and five ward members are all elected directly by the general public. The Ward Chairperson and ward members relate closely to the citizenry in their wards, dealing with many local issues and functions.Additional administrative entities include:Metropolis Council, consisting of 177 elected and 20 nominated members that meets twice a year to review progress, approve the annual budget, and make major policy decisions.Metropolis Board, consisting of 39 members that meets at least twice a month.City Planning Commission, an advisory body.The Mayor’s, Deputy Mayor’s, and Executive Officer’s Secretariats.There are 14 departments of the KMC government with approximately 2,500 staff.Formal arrangementsThe Kathmandu Valley Town Development Council (KVTDC) was established to serve as a coordinating body among agencies of His Majesty Government (HMG) and local governments for systematic and sustainable development of the Valley. The Minister or the State Minister for Housing and Physical Planning chairs the Council, and the Vice-Chairman of the National Planning Commission serves as vice-chair. Additional members include representatives of other ministries, mayors, chairmen of district and village level committees, and others.With representatives at every level of government, the KVTDC can significantly contribute to improve DRM in Kathmandu Valley because . it is empowered tocoordinate, implement and enforce land use and development planning and to regulate construction. As such it provides a potential model for inter-governmental and inter-institutional collaboration towards disaster reduction based on a decentralized mode of government.Relevant legislation/regulationsKathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 2000, created the KVTDC and provides for town planning and regulation, enforcement of land development, issuing and monitoring compliance of guidelines for standards of construction.The Local Administration Act, 1971 (as amended through 1991), established powers and authorities of the Chief District Officer (CDO), who is appointed by His Majesty Government .The Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, based on decentralization criteria, established District, Municipal, and Village Development Areas. It also provided for Ward structure in villages and municipalities, empowering local bodies to make and implement town planning and prescribe construction standards in their respective areas.3. Land Use ManagementRelevant legislationLand management in Nepal is centralized and Kathmandu Municipality has no land to develop. Land is either privately owned or belongs to the central government. Water and sewerage are the responsibility of the national government. Since 1956, Nepal has implemented periodic development plans (five-year national plan), and currently the tenth national plan is in effect. The five-year national plan provides the only basis for land use and urbanization policies in Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley Development Plan of 1976 is the statutory plan for Greater Kathmandu, and was approved by His Majesty’s Government (HMG). The plan covers the areas lying within the Ring Road with provisions for areas beyond the Ring Road.With assistance from the United Nations, efforts to develop Kathmandu in a planned way began in 1962.. Seven years later a comprehensive documententitled “The Physical Development Plan for Kathmandu Valley” was released stating that any development within Kathmandu must be considered within the context of the Valley as a whole. However, the plan was never endorsed by the government, nor implemented. Also, the 1978 UNESCO-prepared “Master Plan for Conservation of Cultural Properties in Nepal” has yet to be implemented by the government.Unfortunately, clear land use plans and regulations were not prepared. As a result, the lack of proper planning has contributed to the haphazard pattern of rapid urban growth which has occurred in the Valley since the 1970s. The urban area of Kathmandu has expanded from 24% of the total area in 1971 to 67% in 1991.Presently, new public and private construction occurs with no advance planning, consultation, or review. Even if land use regulations were enacted into law, there would still be formidable problems with implementation and enforcement due to a lack of a workable institutional structure and planning capacity.The absence of public investment planning and coordination in the Valley is also a major cause of land use problems. Land use regulations cannot be effective if major public facilities continue to be constructed without prior planning and interagency cooperation.Additional relevant legislation is noted here:Town Development Act, 1988Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 1988Municipality Act, 1991District Development Committee Act, 1991Village Development Act, 1991Responsible agents and their relationshipThe Ministry of Physical Planning and Works implements urban development plans and programs in Nepal through the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUBDC). . The Ministry of Local Development (MLD) is responsible to administer the programs of local governments, such as municipalities and Village Development Committees. However, the MLD handles only the administrative and personnel management function of the local government and does not have the capacity to assist in preparing physicaldevelopment plans, for which it has to rely on the DUDBC. The exchange of cooperation between the two agencies is very weak.The Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee (KVTDC), chaired by the Minister for Physical Planning and Works is the agency in charge of planning for all of KV. At present, KVTDC is confined to the enforcement of building bylaws, implementation of land pooling (readjustment) projects, and guided land development (GLD) programs. So far, 11 land pooling projects have been implemented and 280 kilometers of GLD roads have been opened in the Kathmandu Valley.The Town Development Act of 1988 provides the legal basis for implementing town development plans, empowering central and local government agencies to carry out land pooling projects. The Local Self Governance Act provides the Municipalities and the Village Development Committees the authority to plan and execute development projects locally, but it is not as comprehensive as the Town Development Act for town planning.There are many cases of conflicts between His Majesty’s Government and KMC in coordinating several operational matters. As a local government, the KMC is a municipal service provider engaged in public welfare, service, and infrastructure development activities. For the running and maintaining of these services, municipal governments are assigned a number of taxes and other sources of revenues, such as property tax, business tax, advertisement tax, vehicle tax, and rent tax.The Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee is currently preparing a 20-year development plan of the Valley. In its preliminary draft, the Committee has proposed a two-pronged strategy: first, to spread the overconcentration of capital investment and economic opportunities in the Valley to other growth regions of the country; and second to provide a development framework as to where and how much the future growth of the Valley should be channeled, so that various growth externalities are reduced.Effectiveness of current arrangementsManaging Kathmandu is a complicated issue, as there are no clear-cut job descriptions among dozens of institutions that are supposed to be managing thecapital city.Currently, about 10 ministries and 15 associated departments and agencies are involved in planning, governing, and providing services in Kathmandu. But due to differing priorities, as well as conflict of jurisdiction and authority, the agencies do not plan and coordinate their actions.Although the Local Self Governance Act of 1999 mandated that KMC prepare, implement, and monitor its own plans, except for the issuance of building permits, it has been unable to take on these responsibilities due to the lack of trained staff and resources. Kathmandu Metropolitan City currently has no legal mandate to control development beyond its borders or restrict development in the flood plains and rich agriculture lands.4. Vulnerability IssuesAccording to the 2002 Human Development Report, Nepal ranks 142nd among 173 nations on the Human Development Index, with more than 80% of the population surviving on less than US$2 per day (OCHA, 2002).In addition to socio-economic factors, geological, topographical, and climatic conditions expose Nepal to multiple hazards, most prominently earthquakes, floods, landslides and fires. Statistics suggest that in proportion to the total number of people affected, more people are killed by disasters in Nepal compared to any other country in South Asia (Koirala, Sharma & Regmi, 2002). However, the annual variation in terms of loss of lives and affected families is significant.The topography of the country poses huge infrastructure challenges in terms of access to disaster sites by land. This is particularly the case during the monsoon season from June to August when landslides tend to block the country’s main highways.At-risk groupsSince earthquakes are a rare but known hazard in this region, the entire community of Kathmandu Valley is at risk to experience destructive earthquakes due to the use of inappropriate building materials and construction techniques . In particular, children, the elderly, and the infirm are specifically atrisk considering the high vulnerability of schools and hospitals due to the use of inadequate building materials. .Schools in Nepal are at extreme risk for earthquakes since the buildings are generally constructed without the input of engineers trained in earthquake- resistant design or construction. Low budgets increase the likelihood that poor materials or workmanship are used.The 1998 Udayapur earthquake in eastern Nepal, illustrated the high vulnerability of these types of structures; approximately 6,000 schools were destroyed, fortunately during non-school hours.The possibility of the entire Valley experiencing a severe earthquake (magnitude 8) is a possibility. According to an magnitude 8 earthquake damage scenario (JICA 2002), 21% of the building stock could be heavily damaged with a potential death toll of 1.3% of the total population, and 3.8% of the people seriously injured. In such a scenario, the disaster risk is directly and primarily related to the inadequate capacity of local institutions to manage an emergency of that magnitude and the high structural vulnerability of the structures (GESI Program 2001).At-risk locationsThe majority of new settlement areas extending ibeyond the boundaries of the Valley are being built on top of old landslide areas, creating potential disaster-prone zones during the rainy monsoon season. Landslides, debris flows, slope failures, and floods can happen in and around Kathmandu Valley during every monsoon.Non-engineered dwellingsAt present, there are about 63 informal settlements in Kathmandu, popularly known as "Sukumbasi Basti", that provide housing for about 2,600 families or nearly 15,000 people. Most of these informal settlements are on government land. A 1985 study identified 17 such settlements. Although no study has been done on the number of poor families living in rented rooms, it is believed that a several-fold increase in the number of squatter settlements and renters has occurred during the past two decades since no effort has been made to。