Alliteration%2C Assonance %26 Rhyme
英语诗韵学有关专名
The introduction above is based on The quintessence of English and American Literature – A Reader’s Guide (by Long Maozhong et al. East China Science and Technology University Press, 2004) and other data.
©复 旦 大学 《文 学翻 译鉴赏 》 讲义
诗歌翻译
2016 年春季
Some Prosody Terms (英语诗韵学有关专名)
I．英诗的韵 (RHYME)
英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的内音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类，最常见的有头 韵（Alliteration）、谐元韵（Assonance）和尾韵（Rhyme）。头韵指词首重复，如 defeat 和 despair；谐元韵是指词中重读元音重复，如 great 和 jade；尾韵则指词尾音素重复，如 great 和 late。但一行诗中可能同时存在多种押韵形式：
ˇ ′ ˇˇ “unspeak︱ably 7． Amphibrach （抑扬抑格）: a foot with an unstressed syllable, one stressed syllable, and another unstressed syllable, as in the word ˇ′ˇ “another” 8． Ampimacer （扬抑扬格）: a foot with a stressed syllable, one unstressed syllable, and another stressed syllable, as in
Stanzas are commonly named according to the number or lines found in them, as follows:
[原创]英语诗歌押韵
![[原创]英语诗歌押韵](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4ea2a907a31614791711cc7931b765ce05087ae0.png)
第三讲英美诗歌的押韵押韵（rhyme）是指一个音节的读音在以后音节读音中的重复，或是一个单词的最后一个音节或几个音节的读音在以后音节相应位置的读音重复。
从押韵的位置看，押韵主要有头韵(alliteration)、尾韵(end rhyme)和中间韵或腹韵（internal rhyme）。
尾韵又分全韵（perfect rhyme）和非全韵(imperfect rhyme)两种。
全韵要求押韵的辅音和元音都相同，非全韵又包括只是元音相同但辅音不押韵的元韵（assonance）和只押辅音不押元音的和韵(consonance)，另外，还有从拼写上看起来似乎押韵但实际读音并不押韵的目韵（eye rhyme, visual rhyme or sight rhyme）等。
第一节头韵头韵是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。
如克里斯蒂娜•罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节：When I am dead, my dearest,Sing no sad songs for me;Plant thou no rose at my head,Nor shady cypress tree:Be the green grass above meWith showers and dewdrops wet;And if thou wilt, remember,And if thou wilt, forget. 1(Christina Rossetti: Song)第一行的dead / dearest，第二行的sing / sad / songs，第五行的green / grass，第六行的with / wet押头韵。
又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103~第106行：The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea. 2（Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）前三行里，头韵[f]重复七次。
英语古诗的格律与押韵
什么是扬抑格 ？
扬抑格：一个音步中有两个音节，前者为重，后者为轻， 则这种音步叫扬抑格音步。重读是“扬”，轻读是 “抑”，一重一轻，故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。 英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词，如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。写扬抑格的诗，此类词正好合适。但这类词 在英语中其数量不及前面的那些多，与英文的语言规律 不十分吻合，所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例： Present │mirth has │present │laughter Shakespeare Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew Shelley Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake: The Tyger
英语古诗的格律与押韵
报告人：王建斌
英语古诗的格律
“格律是指可以用来打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重 音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。
音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。 重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”标示，非重读 音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“?”标示，音步之间可用 “／”或“│”隔开。 常见五种格式：抑扬格，扬抑格，抑抑扬格，扬抑抑格 和扬扬格
什么是音步？
音步：多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既 可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗： Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain. 这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。 在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某 种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中 的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗 中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都 是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。
元音韵的英语例子
元音韵的英语例子摘要：本文简要介绍了英语中的押韵现象，从押韵的分类入手，即从头韵、类韵和尾韵的构成谈起，集结了日常生活中很多充满趣味性的押韵实例来说明押韵在英文诗歌、绕口令、新闻报刊、广告、习语等不同文体中的广泛应用。
关键词：头韵；类韵；尾韵英语作为拼音文字，其音韵美是显而易见的，但音韵美的形成，在很大程度上得益于三大利器：头韵（Alliteration），类韵（Assonance）和尾韵(end-rhyme)。
头韵，类韵及尾韵在英语中的运用可谓不胜枚举，以下便对这三种类型的押韵现象作简要分析：一、Alliteration 头韵Alliteration一词源于拉丁语――lettera, 其意思是“在同一字母上的重复和游戏”。
Cuddon的《文学术语词典》给予alliteration的定义是“A figure of speech in which consonants, esp., at the beginning of words, or stressed syllables are repeated.”（一种特别是在词语开头的辅音韵或强调音节反复的修辞手段）。
《美国传统词典》也把alliteration 定义为“The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables.”（在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复）。
可见，头韵是指句子或一组词中，同一开头字母的重复。
头韵是古英诗中极为盛行的主要押韵形式，它甚至还早于脚韵(rhyme)。
直到14世纪乔叟(G. Chaucer 1340-1400)创造了以foot（音步）为主的格律诗，头韵才在古英诗中渐渐失宠，逐渐被广泛运用到加强语言的特殊修辞效果上去。
英语诗歌翻译鉴赏剖析
在节奏上，英语的诗行分为若干音步（foot），即由重度音 节和非重读音节按一定规律排列而形成的格律。
诗的格律主要有以下四种：
1.抑扬格（lambus）即每个音步由一个非重音节和一个重音 节（即先“抑”后“扬”）构成。如课本312页的例1.
2.扬抑格（Trochee）即每个音步由一个重读音节和一个非重 读音节（即先“扬”后“抑”）构成。如课本313页的例2.
comi国ng t破o the山city河在，城A le春tter草frWomo木rhthom深e ，
These sad days
The grass
感烽时火花连溅 三泪 月， ，恨 家别 书鸟 抵惊 万心 金。； grow tall
Ten thousand pieces of gold The more I scratch my white hair
3.扬抑抑格即每个音步由一个重读音节和两个非重读音节构 成。如课本313页的例3.
4.抑抑扬格（Anapest），即每个音步由两个非重读音节加 上一个重读音节构成。如课本313页的例4.
此外，根据诗行的长短、即音步的多少，可分为8种音步： 一音步（monometer），二音步（dimeter），三音步 （trimeter），四音步（tetrameter），五音步 （pentameter），六音步（hexameter), 七音步 （heptameter）和八音步（octameter）。
但是在翻译实践中，诗行的增减并不少见
译入语文本与源语文本在选词、结构及修辞 上基本保持一致（以顾城的《初春》为例）
初春
顾城
阴沉的天空在犹豫； 是雪花？还是雨滴？ 混浊的河流在疾走； 是追求？还是逃避？ 远处的情侣在分别； 是序幕？还是结局？
英语常用修辞格复习
常用修辞格复习(定义并例证各术语) 一、使用语音手段的修辞格1．Alliteration（头韵）：2．Assonance（元韵）：3．Consonance（辅韵）：4．Onomatopoeia（拟声）：5．Aposiopesis（跳脱）：6．Apostrophe（呼告）：7．Pun（双关）：二、使用词汇手段的修辞格1．Simile（明喻）2．Metaphor（隐喻）3．Transferred epithet（移就）4．Personification（拟人）5．Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）6．Allusion（典故）7．Analogy（类比）8．Allegory（讽喻）9．Synecdoche（提喻）10．Euphemism（委婉语）11．Metonymy（借代）12．Parody（仿拟）13．Hyperbole（夸张）14．Irony（反语）15．Pun（双关）16．Antonomasia（换称）17．Synaesthesia（通感）18．Understatement（低调陈述）19．Zeugma（轭式搭配）20．Syllepsis（一笔双叙）21．Anticlimax（突降）22．Climax（层进）三、使用句法手段的修辞格1．Loose sentence（松散句）2．Periodic sentence（圆周句）3．Antithesis（对偶句）4．Parallelism（排比句）5．Repetition（反复）6．Ellipsis（省略）7．Inversion（倒装）8．Rhetorical question（反问句）A General Review on Figures of SpeechIdentify the figure(s) of speech used in the following sentences.1. "Your Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!" (Shakespeare)2. Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good repute, if there is any excellence and if anything worthy of praise, let your mind dwell on these things. (The Bible)3. We felt strong, smug, secure.4. Return to her?…No, rather I abjure all roofs, and choose…To be a comrade with the wolf and owl…(Shakespeare)5. "One of my kids wrote four-letter words in his composition," the teacher said.6. When I was a child, I used to speak as a child, think as a child, reason as a child; when I became a man, I didaway with childish things. (The Bible)7. And do whate'er thou wilt, swift-footed time,To the wide world and all her fading sweets;But I forbid thee one most heinous crime. (Shakespeare)8. All are not apostles, are they? All are not prophets, are they? All are not teachers, are they? All are not workers of miracles, are they? (The Bible)9. Now, what advantage do we derive from hearing a man say that he has shaken off the yoke, that he does not believe that there is a God who watches over his actions, that he regards himself as sole judge of his conduct, and that he does not think of accounting for it to anyone but himself? Does he imagine that by saying this he is encouraging us to feel great confidence in him in the future and to expect comfort, advice, and help from him in the difficult situations of life? Do such men imagine that they have greatly rejoiced us by telling us that they think our soul is only a puff of wind or smoke, and still more by telling us so in an arrogant, self-satisfied tone? Is it a thing to be said cheerily? Is it not rather something to be admitted mournfully as though it were the saddest thing in the whole world? (Pascal)10. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the otherperson. (Mark Twain)11. Shall the potter be considered as equal with the clay, that what is made should say to its maker, "He did not makeme"；or what is formed say to him who formed it, "He has no understanding"? (The Bible)12. Greatness, in the works of architecture, may be considered as relating to the bulk and body of the structure.…Not to mention the Tower of Babel, of which an old author says there were the foundations to be seen in his time, which looked like a spacious mountain…（Joseph Addison)13. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Nowis the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of radial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. (Martin Luthur King)14. You earn your living and you urn your dead.15. Other things may be seized by might, or purchased with money, but knowledge is to be gained only by study,and study to be prosecuted only in retirement.(Samuel Johnson)16. For ours is the age of four "A's"：anxiety, apprehension, agonizing, and aspirin. (James Thurber)17. So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economic order, or will the game beplayed according to the usual industrial rules; from each according to his ability, to each according to his investments?18. 0 soul of mine, will you never be good and sincere, all one, all open, visible to the beholder more clearly thaneven your encompassing body of flesh? Will you never taste the sweetness of a loving and affectionate heart?Will you never be filled full and unwanting; craving nothing, yearning for no creature or thing to minister to your pleasures, no prolongation of days to enjoy them, no place or country or pleasant clime or sweet human company? (Marcus Aurelius)19. It is in art as in morals; no character would inspire us with an enthusiastic admiration of his virtue, if that virtueconsisted only in an absence of vice; something more is required; a man must do more than merely his duty to be a hero.(Joshua Reynolds)20. It is no use doing what, you like; you have, got to like what you do. (W Churchill)21. To be, or not to be; that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe sting and arrows of outrageous fortune:Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them…（Shakespeare）22. ... Let them recognize that there are only two kinds of person whom we can describe as reasonable; those whoserve God with all their heart because they have found him, and those who seek him with all their heart because, they have not found him. (Pascal)23. O, who can hold a fire in his handBy thinking on the frosty Caucasus?Or cloy the hungry edge of appetiteBy bare imagination of a feast?Or wallow naked in December snowBy thinking on fantastic summer's best? (Shakespeare)24. Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these standin our way. Let all theories be subjected to the bright clear light of practice. (Norman Bethune)25. I Came BackI came back to softness and comfort.I came back to Dr. White's.And I wonder why I ever went away.Because only Dr. White's gives me two kinds of comfort. The supper-comfort of their cotton-wool content that makes them so much softer. And the comfort of a safer, more absorbent towel, with a flush-away design, too，for even more convenience.I tried the rest, but I came back.Isn't it time you came back to Dr. White's?Dr. White's Two kinds of comfort. (Women, Apr. 1977)26. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. (Proverb)27. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give up smoking.28. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine…(John Galsworthy)29. A little boy came up to his mother. "Ma," he said, "I have something to tell you. My teacher kissed me.”"Well, were you a good boy and did you kiss her back?""Of course not!" he denied indignantly, "I kissed her face.”30. I don't have any rich relations who well leave me money when they die. Whatever I get in life, I'll have to earnby the sweat of my brow.31. Magnus. Frankly, I have been accustomed to regard your President as a statesman whose mouth was the mostefficient part of his head. (Bernard Shaw)32. No longer mourn for me when I am deadThen you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this vile world, with vilest worms to dwell…(Shakespeare)33. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,Alone and palely loitering?The sedge has withered from the lake,And no birds sing.O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,So haggard and so woe-begone?The squirrel's granary is full,And the harvest's done. (John Keats)34. O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat's newly sprung in June:O, my luve is like the melodieThat's sweetly played in tune. (Robert Bums)35. His behavior was一but I blush to mention that.36. He had passed many anxious hours before he got the phone call from his daughter.37. Music, when soft voices die,vibrates in the memory一odours, when sweet violets sicken，Live within the sense they quicken. (Shelly)38. Child-bearing, hard work, and constant anxiety were beginning to tell on Mrs Athelny; and sometimes her backached in the evening so that she had to sit down and rest herself. (W. S. Maugham) 39. "Now, sir," said my aunt to Mr. Micawber, as she put on her gloves, "we are ready for Mount Vesuvius, oranything else, as soon as you please.”"Madam," returned Mr. Micawber, "I trust you will shortly witness an eruption…”(Charles Dickens)40. Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length andwidth and all his power and his beauty. He seemed to hang in the air above the old man in the skiff. Then he fell into the water with a crash that sent spray over the old man and over all of the skiff. (Hemingway )美文欣赏4 （A formal official Letter）Liao Chengzhi' s Letter to Mr. Chiang Ching-KuoDear brother Ching-Kuo,No one ever expected that a strip of water should have become so vast a distance. It is now 36 years since our brief rendezvous in Nanjing. From our childhood friendship to our chats in the Soviet capital, everything in the past is still alive in my memory. But it's unfortunate that we haven't heard from each other for so many years. Recently I was told that you are somewhat indisposed and this has caused me much concern. Men in their seventies are often afflicted with illness. I sincerely hope that you will take good care of yourself.Over the past three years, our party has repeatedly proposed talks with your party to bury the hatchet and work jointly to accomplish the great cause of national reunification. But you have time and again announced that there should be "no contact, no talks and no compromise", which I think is inadvisable. Considering both the public interests and our close friendship which has lasted for generations, I regard it as my duty to offer some advice which I hope you will consider carefully.The peaceful reunification of the motherland would be a great achievement to be recorded in history. Taiwan is bound to return to the embrace of the motherland eventually. An early settlement would be in the interest of all. The compatriots in Taiwan would be able to live in peace and happiness, the people of all nationalities on both sides of the Taiwan straits would no longer have to endure the pains of separation from their kith and kin, and the elders in Taiwan and those who have moved there from the mainland would all be properly placed and provided for. And this would contribute to the stability of Asia and the Pacific region as well as to world peace. You used to spur yourself on with the axiom: "The interests to be considered should be the interests of all; the fame to be sought should be a fame that would last forever.” If the great cause of reunification would be accomplis hed through your work, you will certainly win the esteem of the nation and the praise of all. You would be doing meritorious service to the country and your name would be inscribed in the temple of fame. It is preposterous to regard such a service as “guilt”. After all, putting up in that tight eastern comer is not a long-term solution. This is of course quite clear for a man as intelligent as you. Hesitation, procrastination or leaving the problem to other days would only lead to difficulty and distress and you, my brother, £®would hardly be able to escape the blame. Moreover, peacefulreunification is entirely an internal affair of China. Those outsiders who talk glibly about it have designs on our Taiwan. This is common knowledge. When a decision needs to be made, irresolution is bound to bring trouble. I hope you will consider this carefully.The Kuomintang, founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen endured countless hardships and finally overthrew the monarchy and established the republic; numerous revolutionaries advanced wave after wave and laid down their lives for the cause. History has recorded this as a glorious contribution. The Kuomintang and the Communist Party twice cooperated and on both occasions they made tremendous contributions to the country and the nation. We know something about the fast cooperation, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, though we were still young at that time. The second cooperation proceeded with your father in the chair and, as participants in it, we should know what it was all about. Though the matter was as complicated as could be, an all-round view of the situation would show that cooperation is beneficial to the country and the nation while division is detrimental to them. Since you are presiding over the administration of Taiwan, you have unshirkable responsibility for the realization of cooperation for the third time. It would be easier to talk the matter over when leaders on both sides used to be schoolmates and close friends who know one another well. I find it really hard for me to subscribe to those views which describe cooperation as "surrender", "humiliating", "suffering losses" or "being duped. In reviewing history or looking forward to the future, one should bear in mind the public interest, the interests of the country and the nation, and use this as the supreme criterion, instead of basing oneself on a party's selfish interests. Such talks as "reunifying China with the Three People's Principles" are regarded by all sensible people as unrealistic, deceptive and self-deceiving. People of¡£ generation know the true meaning of the Three People's Principles quite well and there is no need to argue about it. Neither is there any need to dwell on such assertions as Taiwan's "economic prosperity, democracy and easy livelihood", the truth of which the venerable gentlemen in Taiwan know clearly. For the sake of your party, I would think that if you would take up the historical responsibility and resolutely take part in peace talks to accomplish national reunification as required by time and tide, the two parties would be able to co-exist for a long time to come, supervising each other while joining in the glorious effort to revitalize China. Otherwise how the situation existing in that small corner could be maintained for long? This is a question those who are sensible are already turning over in their minds. It involves the survival and development of the Kuomintang and I hope you will think it over again.I recently read one of your writings in which you expressed "fervent hopes that my father's soul would be able to return to the homeland and be reunited with the forefathers". I was overwhelmed with emotion when I read this. The remains of your father are still placed temporarily at Cihu. After reunification, they would be moved back and buried in the native soil---in Fenghua, Nanjing or Lushan---in fulfillment of your filial wishes. You recently said, "filial devotion should be expanded into national devotion, which means love of the nation and dedication to the country". This is an excellent statement. Why don't you apply it to the great cause of national reunification? As far as the country and nation are concerned, this would be an expression of both loyalty and filial piety. Otherwise how could you account for yourself after your passing away? It is hoped that you would think more about it.Dear brother! Your life has been marked by frustration, which should not be attributed to fate. Everything depends on yourself. The good and ill to be judged in the next thousand years hinge on the decision made in a moment. The present international situation is capricious. Throughout Taiwan people of all strata are talking about their future. Time does not stay and brief is the day. A long night is fraught with dreams; time does not wait for us. I hope you, my brother, would be good at making the choice and repair the house before it rains. Vast is the expanse of sky and water. What are you waiting for, staying away from home?The longing for old friends grows with age. If it is convenient to you, I would pack and set out for a visit to Taibei to seek enlightenment from our elders. "For all the disasters the brotherhood has remained; a smile at meeting and enmity is banished.” When I look towards the distant southern sky, my heart is already there. No word is enough to express what I wish to say. It is hoped that you will take good care of yourself. I am waiting impatiently for a reply.Please convey my regards to your mother as well as to Fang-Liang, Wei-Kuo and the children.Best wishes to you,Liao ChengzhiJuly 24, 1982An informal Letter (A student to a teacher)Prof. ChenMar. 26, 1987I have just received your letter of March 21. 1 was happy to hear that you are well and that you are invited to give lectures in Xi'an Foreign Languages Institute during the summer vacation. How nice it will be to see you again!Things here are going smoothly; and I haven't a thing to be unhappy about. I'd like to thank you heartily for your deep concern about me and great confidence in me.For the next three weeks there will be a general checkup on our teaching work and studies. I have already drawn up a plan with the help of other teachers. According to the requirements of the administration of our university, I intend to do the work in this way:a) Organize two demonstration lessons, one for the first grade teachers, the other for the second grade teachers.b) The teachers will attend each other's classes at least once during the period.c) Organize meetings of students of different grades so as to solicit their opinions and suggestions.The plan is based on the consideration that good experience should be popularized and shortcomings overcome as soon as possible.Please let me have your advice and instructions in regard to this plan.I was very glad to know that you are getting on well with your book. I wish it would come out soon, for I'm sure I can get a great deal from it. I hope you and your wife are enjoying yourselves in Beijing.You say your wife will go to the U. S. next month to see your daughter. Who will take care of you during her one-month stay in the U. S? Don't hesitate to ask Huang Yaping, Qi Min and others for help when you need it.Best wishes,Your student，Ding Xiaoya。
Alliteration头韵
Function：
Assonance is one of the important phonetic rhetorical devices which is often used to increase rhythm and expressiveness of a writing.
15. Come to Court 上庭
16. Hellfire from the Heave 天上的地狱之火
17. Weather and Worries 天气变化引起的担 忧
18. Dare Devil Who Dared 胆大包天的人
29. Dying with Dignity “ 尊严死”
20. Chalk Goes up against Cheese 相差甚 远
21. Challenging the Myth Machine 挑战神话 的机器
ce（De半fin韵itio）n：
Assonance, sometimes called vocalic rhyme, denotes vowel identity in the tonic syllables, sometimes supported by the same device in the succeeding unstressed syllables, of words whose consonants differ or, if partly the same, avoid creating rhyme (grave/fate; votive/notice; glory/holy) and which echo each other in the same line or in different portions of a poem, or which appear at the end of successive or alternating lines.
英语诗歌中的韵律和在翻译中的处理（一）
英语诗歌中的韵律和在翻译中的处理（⼀）英语诗歌中的韵律和在翻译中的处理（⼀）最近在我的《博客》中，曾有⽹友问及英语诗歌的押韵问题，也有⽹友和我讨论关于英语诗歌韵律在翻译中的处理问题。
下⾯先对英语诗歌中的韵律作⼀个介绍，然后谈谈我对英诗韵律在翻译中处理的看法。
（⼀）英语诗歌中的韵律诗⼈⽐其他的作家更注重语⾔的⾳乐性，他们常常通过语⾔的⾳乐性来烘托或加强他们所要表达的思想内容。
诗歌中语⾔的⾳乐性包括语⾳（sound）和节奏（rhythm）两⼤要素，其中的韵属于语⾳因素。
请读下⾯的诗节：The curfew tolls the knell of parting d ay,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the l ea,The ploughman homeward plods his weary w ayAnd leaves the world to darkness and to m e.(from Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray)这⼀诗节中1、3⾏和2、4⾏分别押韵，幽长的⾳韵和缓慢的节奏，⼤⼤加强了这⾸诗低沉、幽思和哀婉的⽓氛，诗⼈⼀开始就以⾳义结合⾮常紧密的⾳乐性突出了全诗哀婉的主题。
什么是韵？押韵的语⾔是⼀种特殊的语⾔，尽管现代诗歌不太讲究押韵，但诗歌中的韵毕竟是区分诗和其他⽂学品种的重要标志之⼀，也是诗歌⾳乐性的重要因素之⼀。
“韵”是和谐之⾳，⼴义⾔之，英语中的“韵”就是任何两个相同的⾳的重复，包括元⾳或辅⾳的重复。
狭义⾔之，英语中的“韵”是诗⾏末尾⼏个单词⾳节读⾳的⼀致。
在英语中，“韵”指的是单词相同的发⾳，⽽不是单词的拼写，如“calm—arm”，“light—height”, “time—rhyme”，“no—know”，“hay—sleigh”，这四对词，尽管每对词拼写不⼀样，但每⼀对词中的元⾳或元⾳后⾯辅⾳的发⾳都相同，所以它们都分别押韵。
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What kind of poem is it?
Tang poem
In the Quiet Night
A bed, I see a silver light, I wonder if it's frost aground. Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness I'm drowned.
—— By Li Bai
静夜思 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 抬头望明月，低头思故乡。 抬头望明月，低头思故乡。
Enjoy poems LOVE SONG — Shakespeare Doubt thou the stars are fire; Doubt that the sun doth move; Doubt truth to be a liar; But ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ever doubt I love.
Alliteration, Assonance & Rhyme
• Euphony 和谐音 ---- A smooth, pleasantsounding choice and arrangement of sounds. • Cacophony 不和谐音调 ---- A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds.
• • • • •
Eg: “The splendor falls on castle walls And snowy summits old in story; The long light shakes across the lakes, And the wild cataract leaps in glory.”
• "Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved His vastness" ---- Paradise Lost • "Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields" ---- Alfred Tennyson
• "Mary sat musing on the lampflame at the table" ---- Robert Frost • "For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky" ---- the Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Eg: • “Love is a sickness full of woes, [a] • All remedies refusing; [b] • A plant that with most cutting grows, [a] • More barren with best using. [b] • Why so?” [c]
（二） 尾韵与行内韵 (End rhyme & Internal rhyme) 1. 押在诗行最后一个重读音 节上，叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌 最常见的押韵部位。
What is Love
Love is giving , Love is living , someone’s Love is taking someone s load, Love helps them along the road. Love is caring, Love is sharing, Love will seek the best for others, brothers. Love treats everyone as brothers
• Functions of Rhyme: ① To increase the musicality of a poem, thus giving delight by fulfilling our expectation of a recurring sound; ② To link lines and stanzas of a poem.
Rhyme
• 英文诗一般都押韵。 （一） 全韵 （Exact / Full / Perfect rhyme）
• 全韵是严格的押韵，其要求是： （1） 韵要押在重读音节上，其 元音应相同； （2） 元音前的辅音应不同； （3） 如果元音之后有辅音，应 相同。 （4） 重读音节之后如有轻读音 节，也应相同。
• Advantage ---- Effective in expressing disappointment and denial by negating the expectation of an exact rhyme. • Eg: “He who the ox to wrath has moved • Shall never be by woman loved.”
（三） 男韵与女韵 (Masculine & Feminine Rhyme) 1. 所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读 的末尾音节上，称男韵，也叫 单韵，听起来强劲有力。 如： late---fate; hill---fill; enjoy---destroy.
2. 押韵押在两个音节上，后一音 节非重读音节，称女韵，也叫 双韵，听起来或轻快，或幽婉。 如： lighting---fighting; motion---ocean; wining---beginning.
• I am coming, little maiden, • With the pleasant sunshine laden; • With the honey for the bee, • With the blossom for the tree. • 前两行押女韵，后两行押男韵。
• • • • •
3. End Rhyme & Internal Rhyme End Rhyme 尾韵 ---- Rimes that occur at the end of lines. Internal / Middle Rhyme 行间韵 ---- Rhyme within a line of poetry.
1. Exact & Slant Rhyme ① Exact Rhyme ---- Two words or phrases having identical vowel sounds and consonant sounds.
• Slant Rhyme (Near / Off / Imperfect Rhyme) • ---- The vowel sound being not identical, but similar.
• Feminine Rhyme • ---- Rhyme of two or more syllables, with stress on a syllable other than the last. • Eg: • “Take her up tenderly, • Lift her with care; • Fashioned so tenderly, • Young, and so fair.”
2. 诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与 该行最后一个重读音节押韵者， 叫行内韵。 如： • Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; • Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
• “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” --- William Shakespeare • I shot an arrow into the air,
Ⅱ. Rhyme
---- The repetition at regular intervals in a line or lines of poetry of similar or identical sounds based on a correspondence between the vowels and succeeding consonants or accented syllables.
• 下面几对词都符合全韵的标准： why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending.
• 如果仅是元音字母相同，读音不 同，不符合全韵：如: blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter. • 这种情形被称为“眼韵”（Eye Rhyme），虽然诗人有时用之， 但不是真正的押韵。
---------thou: you doth: does 尽管怀疑星星不是火焰； 尽管怀疑星星不是火焰； 尽管怀疑太阳不曾移动； 尽管怀疑太阳不曾移动； 尽管怀疑真理原是谎言； 尽管怀疑真理原是谎言； 千万不要怀疑我的情衷。 千万不要怀疑我的情衷。
• C. Masculine Rhyme & Feminine Rhyme • Masculine Rhyme • ---- Rhyme between one-syllable words (jail, pail) or between stressed final syllables in words of two or more syllables (divorce, remorse).
2. Assonance 准押韵，半谐韵 ---- The repetition in two or more nearby words of similar vowel sounds. Eg: “All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone