Lesson12 Transient Response IV
Lesson12同义词
12. The LoonsSynonymsDEFORM, DISTORT, CONTORT, WARP means to mar (destroy or injure severely) or spoil by or as if by twisting. DEFORM may imply a change of shape through stress, injury, or some accident of growth e.g. “his face was deformed by hatred.” DISTORT and CONTORT both imply a wrenching from the natural, normal, or justly proportioned, but CONTORT suggests a more involved twisting and a more grotesque and painful result e.g. “the odd camera angle distorts the figure in the photograph” “disease had painfully contorted her body.” WARP indicates physically an uneven shrinking that bends or twists out of a flat plane e.g. “warped floorboards.”SynonymsCOARSE, VULGAR, GR O SS, OBSC E NE, R I BALD mean offensive to good taste or morals. COARSE implies rou ghness, rudeness, or crudeness of spirit, behavior, or language e.g. “found the coarse humor of coworkers offensive.” VULGAR often implies boorishness or ill-breeding e.g. “a loud vulgar belch.” GROSS implies extreme coarseness and insensitiveness e.g. “gross eating habits.” OBSCENE applies to anything strongly disgusting to the sense of decency and propriety especially in sexual matters e.g. “obscene language not allowed on the air.” RIBALD applies to what is amusingly or picturesquely vulgar or irreverent or mildly indecent e.g. “entertained the campers with ribald folk songs.”SynonymsRELIEVE, ALL E VIATE, LIGHTEN, ASSU A GE, M I TIGATE, ALL A Y mean to make something less grievous. RELIEVE implies a lifting of enough of a burden to make it tolerable e.g. “took an aspirin to relieve the pain.” ALLEVIATE implies temporary or partial lessening of pain or distress e.g. “the lotion (洗剂) alleviated the itching.” LIGHTEN implies reducing a burdensome or depressing weight e.g. “good news would lighten our worries.” ASSUAGE implies softening or sweetening what is harsh or disagreeable e.g. “ocean breezes assuaged the intense heat.” MITIGATE suggests a moderating or countering of the effect of something violent or painful e.g. “the need to mitigate barbaric laws.” ALLAY i mplies an effective calming or soothing of fears or alarms e.g. “allayed their fears.”SynonymsINFREQUENT, UNCOMMON, SCARCE, RARE, SPORADIC mean not common or abundant. INFREQUENT implies occurrence at wide intervals in space or time e.g. “infrequent family visits.” UNCOMMON suggests a frequency below normal expectation e.g. “smallpox is now uncommon in many countries.” SCARCE implies falling short of a standard or required abundance e.g. “jobs were scarce during the Depression.” RARE suggests extreme sca rcity or infrequency and often implies consequent high value e.g. “rare first editions.” SPORADIC implies occurrence in scattered instances or isolated outbursts e.g. “sporadic cases of influenza.”SynonymsAWKWARD, CLUMSY, MALADR OI T, IN E PT, GAUCHE [g u ] mean not marked by ease (as of performance, movement, or social conduct). AWKWARD is widely applicable and may suggest unhandiness, inconvenience, lack of muscular control, embarrassment, or lack of tact e.g. “periods of awkward silence.” CLUMSY implies stiffness and heaviness and so may connote inflexibility, awkwardness, or lack of ordinary skill e.g. “a clumsy mechanic.” MALADROIT suggests a tendency to create awkward situations e.g. “a maladroit politician.” INEPT often implies complete failure or inadequacy e.g. “a hopelessly inept defense attorney.” GAUCHE implies the effects of shyness, inexperience, or ill breeding e.g. “felt gauche and unsophisticated at formal parties.”Synonymsas adjective: CHOICE, E XQUISITE, ELEGANT, RARE, DELICATE, DAINTY mean having qualities that appeal to a cultivated taste. CHOICE stresses outstanding in quality or kind e.g. “choice fabric.” EXQUISITE implies a perfection in workmanship or design that appeals only to very sensitive taste e.g. “an exquisite gold bracele t.” ELEGANT applies to what is rich and luxurious but restrained by good taste e.g. “a sumptuous but elegant dining room.” RARE suggests an uncommon excellence e.g. “rare beauty.” DELICATE implies exquisiteness (extreme beauty of a delicate sort), subtlety, and fragility e.g. “delicate craftsmanship.” DAINTY sometimes carries an additional suggestion of smallness and of appeal to the eye or taste e.g. “daintysandwiches.”SynonymsRIGID, RIGOROUS, STRICT, STRINGENT mean extremely severe or stern. RIGID implies uncompromising inflexibility e.g. “rigid rules of conduct.” RIGOROUS implies the imposition(强迫接受) of hardship and difficulty e.g. “the rigorous training of recr u its.” STRICT emphasizes undeviating conformity to rules, standards, or requirements e.g. “strict enforcement of the law.” STRINGENT suggests severe, tight restriction or limitation e.g. “stringent standards of admission.”SynonymsDECLARE, ANNOUNCE, PROCL A IM, PR O MULGATE mean to make known publicly. DECLARE implies explicitness and usually formality in making known e.g. “the referee declared the contest a draw.” ANNOUNCE implies the declar ation of something for the first time e.g. “announced their engagement at a party.” PROCLAIM implies declaring clearly, forcefully, and authoritatively e.g. “the president proclaimed a national day of mourning.” PROMULGATE implies the proclaiming of a dogma, doctrine, or law e.g. “promulgated an edict of religious toleration.”SynonymsPONDER, MEDITATE, MUSE, RUMINATE mean to consider or examine attentively or deliberately. PONDER implies a careful weighing of a problem or, often, prolonged inconclusive th inking about a matter e.g. “pondered the course of action.” MEDITATE implies a definite focusing of one's thoughts on something so as to understand it deeply e.g. “meditated on the meaning of life.” MUSE suggests a more or less focused daydreaming as in r emembrance e.g. “mused upon childhood joys.” RUMINATE implies going over the same matter in one's thoughts again and again but suggests little of either purposive thinking or deep absorption e.g. “ruminated on past disappointments.”SynonymsSEVERE, STERN, AUSTERE, ASCETIC mean given to or marked by strict discipline and firm restraint. SEVERE implies standards enforced without indulgence or laxity and may suggest harshness e.g. “severe military discipline.” STERN stresses inflexibility and unsympathy of temper or character e.g. “stern arbiters of public morality.” AUSTERE stresses absence of warmth, color, or feeling and may apply to rigorous restraint, simplicity, or self-denial e.g. “living an austere life in the country.” ASCETIC implies abstention(节制)from pleasure and comfort or self-indulgence as spiritual discipline e.g. “the ascetic life of the monks.”SynonymsFLASH, GLEAM, GLINT, SPARKLE, GLITTER, GLISTEN, GLIMMER, SHIMMER mean to send forth light. FLASH implies a sudden and transient outburst of bright light e.g. “lightning flashed.” GLEAM suggests a steady light seen through an obscuring medium or against a dark background e.g. “lights gleamed in the valley.” GLINT implies a cold glancing light e.g. “glinting steel.” SPARKLE suggests innumerab le moving points of bright light e.g. “the sparkling waters of the gulf.” GLITTER connotes a brilliant sparkling or gleaming e.g. “glittering diamonds.” GLISTEN applies to the soft sparkle from a wet or oily surface e.g. “glistening rain-drenched sidewalks.” GLIMMER suggests a faint or wavering gleam e.g. “a distant glimmering light.” SHIMMER implies a soft tremulous gleaming or a blurred (unclear, indistinct) reflection e.g. “a shimmering satin dress.”SynonymsO DOROUS, FRAGRANT, R E DOLENT, AROMATIC mean emitting and diffusing scent. ODOROUS applies to whatever has a strong distinctive smell whether pleasant or unpleasant e.g. “odorous cheeses should be tightly wrapped.” FRAGRANT applies to things (as flowers or spices) with sweet or agreeable o dors e.g. “a fragrant rose.” REDOLENT applies usually to a place or thing impregnated(filled in) with odors e.g. “the kitchen was redolent of garlic and tomatoes.” AROMATIC applies to things emitting pungent often fresh odors e.g. “an aromatic blend of tobaccos.”SynonymsSMALL, LITTLE, DIM I NUTIVE, MIN U TE, TINY, MINIATURE mean noticeably below average in size. SMALL and LITTLE are often interchangeable, but SMALL applies more to relative size determined by capacity, value, number e.g. “a relatively small backyard.” LITTLE is more absolute in implication often carrying the idea ofpetiteness, pettiness, insignificance, or immaturity e.g. “your pathetic little smile.” DIMINUTIVE implies abnormal smallness e.g. “diminutive bonsai plants.” MINUTE implies extreme smallness e.g. “a minute amount of caffeine in the soda.” TINY is an informal equivalent to MINUTE e.g. “tiny cracks formed in the painting.” MINIATURE applies to an exactly proportioned reproduction on a very small scale e.g. “a dollhouse with miniature furnishin gs.”SynonymsCAREFUL, METICULOUS, SCRUPULOUS, PUNCT I LIOUS mean showing close attention to detail. CAREFUL implies attentiveness and cautiousness in avoiding mistakes e.g. “a careful worker.” METICULOUS may imply either commendable extreme carefulness or a hindering finicky (过分注意的, 过分讲究的, 过分周到的) caution over small points e.g. “meticulous scholarship.” SCRUPULOUS applies to what is proper or fitting or ethical (moral) e.g. “scrupulous honesty.” PUNCTILIOUS implies minute, even excessive attention to fine points e.g. “punctilious observance of ritual.”SynonymsCURIOUS, INQU I SITIVE, PR Y ING mean interested in what is not one's personal or proper concern. CURIOUS, a neutral term, basically connotes an active desire to learn or to know e.g. “children are curious about everything.”INQUISITIVE suggests impertinent (鲁莽的)and habitual curiosity and persistent quizzing e.g. “dreaded the visits of their inquisitive relatives.” PRYING implies busy meddling (管闲事) and off i ciousness (多管闲事)e.g. “prying neighbors who refuse to mind their own business.”SynonymsSWING, SWAY, O SCILLATE, VIBR A TE, FLUCTUATE, WAVER, U NDULATE mean to move from one direction to its opposite. SWING implies a movement of something attached at one end or one side e.g. “the door suddenly swung open.” SWAY implies a slow swinging or teetering (moving unsteadily) movement e.g. “trees swaying in the breeze.” OSCILLATE stresses a usually regular alternation of direction e.g. “an oscillating fan.”VIBRATE suggests the rapid oscillation of an elastic (弹性的) body under stress or impact e.g. “the vibrating strings of a piano.” FLUCTUATE suggests constant irregular changes of level, intensity, or value e.g. “fluctuating interest rates.”WAVER stresses irregular motion suggestive of reeling or tottering e.g. “the exhausted runner wavered before collapsing.”UNDULATE suggests a gentle wavelike motion e.g. “an undulating sea of grass.”SynonymsFANTASTIC, BIZARRE, GROTESQUE mean conceived, made, or carried out without adherence to truth or reality. FANTASTIC may connote unrestrained extravagance in conception or merely cleverness of decorative invention e.g. “dreamed up fantastic rumors to spread.” BIZARRE applies to the sensationally queer or strange and implies violence of contrast or incongruity (being unsuitable and inappropriate) of combination e.g. “a bizarre medieval castle built in the heart of a modern city.” GROTESQUE may apply to what is conventionally ugly but artistically effective or it may connote ludicrous awkwardness or incongruity often with sinister or tragic overtones e.g. “grotesque statues adorn the cathedral” “though grief-stricken, she made a grotesque attempt at a smile.”SynonymsLURE, ENT I CE, INV E IGLE, DEC OY, TEMPT, SEDUCE mean to lead astray from one's true course. LURE implies a d rawing into danger, evil, or difficulty through attracting and deceiving e.g. “lured naive investors with get-rich-quick schemes.” ENTICE suggests drawing by artful or skilfu means e.g. “advertising designed to entice new customers.” INVEIGLE implies entic ing by caj o ling (以甜言蜜语哄骗, 勾引)or flattering e.g. “fund-raisers inveigling wealthy alumni.” DECOY implies a luring into entrapment by artifice e.g. “attempting to decoy the enemy into an ambush.” TEMPT implies the presenting of an attraction so strong that it overcomes the restraints of conscience or better judgment e.g. “tempted by the offer of money.” SEDUCE implies a leading astray by persuasion or false promises e.g. “seduced by assurances of assistance.”SynonymsSWING, WAVE, FLOURISH, BRANDISH, THRASH mean to wield or cause to move to and fro or up and down. SWING implies regular or uniform movement e.g. “swing the rope back and forth.” WAVE usually implies smooth or continuous motion e.g. “waving the flag.” FLOURISH suggests vigorous, showy, graceful movemente.g. “f lourished the winning lottery ticket.(彩票)” BRANDISH implies threatening or menacing motion e.g. “brandishing a knife.” THRASH suggests vigorous, abrupt, violent movement e.g. “an infant thrashing his arms about.”SynonymsSULLEN, GLUM, MOR O SE, SURLY, SULKY, CR A BBED, S A TURNINE, GLOOMY mean showing a forbidding or disagreeable mood. SULLEN implies a silent ill humor and a refusal to be sociable e.g. “remained sullen amid the festivities.” GLUM suggests a silent low-spiritedness e.g. “a glum candidate left to ponder a stunning defeat.” MOROSE adds to GLUM an element of bitterness or misanthropy e.g. “morose job seekers who are inured to rejection.” SURLY implies gruffness and sullenness of speech or manner e.g. “a typical surly teenager.” SULKY suggests childi sh resentment expressed in peevish (easily irritated or annoyed) sullenness e.g. “grew sulky after every spat.” CRABBED applies to a forbidding morose harshness of manner e.g. “the school's notoriously crabbed headmaster.” SATURNINE describes a heavy forbi dding aspect or suggests a bitter disposition e.g. “a saturnine cynic always finding fault.” GLOOMY implies a depression in mood making for seeming sullenness or glumness e.g. “a gloomy mood ushered in by bad news.”SynonymsO BSTINATE, DOGGED, STUBBORN, PERTIN A CIOUS, M U LISH mean fixed and unyielding in course or purpose. OBSTINATE implies usually an unreasonable persistence e.g. “an obstinate proponent of conspiracy theories.” DOGGED suggests an admirable often unyielding and unwavering persistence e.g. “p ursued the story with dogged perseverance.” STUBBORN implies sturdiness in resisting change which may or may not be admirable e.g. “a person too stubborn to admit error.” PERTINACIOUS suggests an annoying or boring persistence e.g. “a pertinacious salesclerk refusing to take no for an answer.” MULISH implies a thoroughly unreasonable stubbornness e.g. “a mulish determination to have his own way.”Synonyms 1R I DICULE, DER I DE, MOCK, TAUNT mean to make an object of laughter of. RIDICULE implies a deliberate of ten malicious belittling e.g. “consistently ridiculed everything she said.” DERIDE suggests contemptuous and often bitter ridicule e.g. “derided their efforts to start their own business.” MOCK implies scorn often ironically expressed as by mimicry (imitative behaviour) or false d e ference (obedience) e.g. “youngsters began to mock the helpless wino.” TAUNT suggests mockingly provoking insult or challenge e.g. “hometown fans taunted the visiting team.”Synonyms 2COPY, IMITATE, MIMIC, APE, MOCK mean to make something so that it resembles an existing thing. COPY suggests duplicating an original as nearly as possible e.g. “copied the painting and sold the fake as an original.” IMITATE suggests following a model or a pattern but may allow for some variation e.g.“imitate a poet's style.” MIMIC implies a close copying (as of voice or mannerism) often for fun, ridicule, or lifelike imitation e.g. “pupils mimicking their teacher.” APE may suggest pres u mptuous (专横的), slavish, or awkward imitating of a superior origin al e.g. “American fashion designers aped their European colleagues.” MOCK usually implies imitation with derision e.g. “mocking a vain man's pompous manner.”SynonymsIMPASSIVE, ST O IC, PHLEGMATIC, APATHETIC, ST O LID mean unresponsive (aloof or indifferent) to something that might normally excite interest or emotion. IMPASSIVE stresses the absence of any external sign of emotion in action or facial expression e.g. “met the news with an impassive look.” STOIC implies an apparent indifference to pleasure or especially to pain often as a matter of principle or self-discipline e.g. “was resolutely stoic even in adversity.” PHLEGMATIC implies a temperament or constitution hard to arouse e.g. “a phlegmatic man unmoved by tears.” APATHETIC may imply a puzzling or de plorable indifference or inertness (immobility) e.g. “charitable appeals met an apathetic response.” STOLID implies an habitual absence of interest, responsiveness, or curiosity e.g. “stolid workers wedded to routine.”SynonymsQUICKEN, ANIMATE, ENL I VEN, VIVIFY mean to make alive or lively. QUICKEN stresses a sudden renewal of life or activity especially in something inert e.g. “the arrival of spring quickens the earth.” ANIMATE emphasizes the imparting (transmission of information) of motion or vitality to what is or might be mechanicalor artificial e.g. “happiness animated his conversation.” ENLIVEN suggests a stimulus that arouses from dullness or torpidity (麻痹)e.g. “enlivened her lectures with humorous anecdotes.” VIVIFY implies a freshening or energizing through renewal of vitality e.g. “new blood needed to vivify the dying club.”SynonymsTHIN, SLENDER, SLIM, SLIGHT, TENUOUS mean not thick, broad, abundant, or dense. THIN implies comparatively little extension between surfaces or in diameter, or it may imply lack of substance, richness, or abundance e.g. “thin wire” “a thin soup.” SLENDER implies leanness or spareness(瘦弱) often with grace and good prop ortion e.g. “the slender legs of a Sheraton chair.” SLIM applies to slenderness that suggests fragility or scantiness (单薄)e.g. “a slim volume of poetry” “a slim chance.” SLIGHT implies smallness as well as thinness e.g. “a slight build.” TENUOUS implies extreme thinness, sheerness, or lack of substance and firmness e.g. “a tenuous thread.”SynonymsTR A NSIENT, TR A NSITORY, EPH E MERAL, M O MENTARY, F U GITIVE, FLEETING, EVAN E SCENT mean lasting or staying only a short time. TRANSIENT applies to what is actually s hort in its duration or stay e.g. “a hotel catering primarily to transient guests.” TRANSITORY applies to what is by its nature or essence bound to change, pass, or come to an end e.g. “fame in the movies is transitory.” EPHEMERAL implies striking brevity of life or duration e.g. “many slang words are ephemeral.” MOMENTARY suggests coming and going quickly and therefore being merely a brief interruption of a more enduring state e.g. “my feelings of guilt were only momentary.” FUGITIVE and FLEETING imply pa ssing so quickly as to make comprehending difficult e.g. “let a fugitive smile flit across his face” “fleeting moments of joy.” EVANESCENT suggests a quick vanishing and an airy or fragile quality e.g. “the story has an evanescent touch of whimsy that is lost in translation.”swellSynonymsEXPAND, AMPLIFY, SWELL, DIST E ND, INFL A TE, DIL A TE mean to increase in size or volume. EXPAND may apply whether the increase comes from within or without and regardless of manner (as growth, unfolding, addition of part s) e.g. “a business that expands every year.” AMPLIFY implies the extension or enlargement of something inadequate e.g. “amplify the statement with details.” SWELL implies gradual expansion beyond a thing's original or normal limits e.g. “the bureaucracy swelled to unmanageable proportions.” DISTEND implies outward extension caused by pressure from within e.g. “a distended abdomen.” INFLATE implies expanding by introduction of air or something insubstantial and suggests a resulting vulnerability and liabili ty to sudden collapse e.g. “an inflated ego.” DILATE applies especially to expansion of circumference e.g. “dilated pupils.”SynonymsDISCOMP O SE, DISQU I ET, DISTURB, PERT UR B, A GITATE, UPSET, FL U STER mean to destroy capacity for collected thought or decisive action. DISCOMPOSE implies some degree of loss of self-control or self-confidence especially through emotional stress e.g. “discomposed by the loss of his beloved wife.”DISQUIET suggests loss of sense of security or peace of mind e.g. “the disquieting news of factories closing.”DISTURB implies interference with one's mental processes caused by worry, perplexity, or interruption e.g. “the discrepancy in accounts disturbed me.” PERTURB implies deep disturbance of mind and emotions e.g. “perturbed by her husband's strange behavior.”AGITATE suggests obvious external signs of nervous or emotional excitement e.g. “in his agitated state we could see he was unable to work.”UPSET implies the disturbance of normal or habitual functioning by disappointment, distr ess, or grief e.g. “the family's constant bickering upsets the youngest child.” FLUSTER suggests bewildered agitation e.g. “his declaration of love completely flustered her.”SynonymsQUALITY, PROPERTY, CHARACTER, ATTR I BUTE mean an intelligible feature by which a thing may be identified. QUALITY is a general term applicable to any trait or characteristic whether individual or generic e.g. “material with a silky quality.” PROPERTY implies a characteristic that belongs to a thing's essential nature and may be used to describe a type or species e.g. “the property of not conducting heat.” CHARACTER applies to a peculiar and distinctive quality of a thing or a class e.g. “remarks of an unseemly character.” ATTRIBUTE implies a quality ascribed to a thing or a being e.g. “the traditional attributes of a military hero.”。
RECSIT1.1中英文对照全文
New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1)新版实体瘤疗效评价标准：修订的RECIST指南（1.1版本）Abstract摘要Background背景介绍Assessment of the change in tumour burden is an important feature of the clinical evaluation of cancer therapeutics: both tumour shrinkage (objective response) and disease progression are useful endpoints in clinical trials. Since RECIST was published in 2000, many investigators, cooperative groups, industry and government authorities have adopted these criteria in the assessment of treatment outcomes. However, a number of questions and issues have arisen which have led to the development of a revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Evidence for changes, summarised in separate papers in this special issue, has come from assessment of a large data warehouse (>6500 patients), simulation studies and literature reviews.临床上评价肿瘤治疗效果最重要的一点就是对肿瘤负荷变化的评估：瘤体皱缩（目标疗效）和病情恶化在临床试验中都是有意义的判断终点。
十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳法(CE-SDS法)标准操作规程SOP
颁发部门：质量保证部分发部门：分析研究部拷贝号：NO. /目录1目的 (4)2范围 (4)3定义 (4)4环境、健康和安全 (4)5培训 (4)6职责 (4)7程序（内容） (4)7.1原理 (4)7.2实验材料 (4)7.3操作步骤 (5)7.4结果分析 (9)7.5判定标准 (9)7.6注意事项 (9)8相关文件 (10)9参考文献 (10)10流程图 (10)11附录 (10)十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳法（CE-SDS法）测定记录 (1)十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳法（CE-SDS法）测定记录(适用于多个样品) (1)1目的规范十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳法（CE-SDS法）检验的操作过程。
2范围本规程适用于常规十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳检验，涉及到蛋白质纯度相关指标的测定。
3定义3.1CE-SDS：十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管凝胶电泳。
4环境、健康和安全还原电泳中使用的巯基乙醇为挥发性液体，具有较强烈的刺激性气味，会刺激眼睛、呼吸系统和皮肤，吞食有害，与皮肤接触有毒，取液时穿戴适当的防护服、手套和护目镜或面具。
如不慎与眼睛接触后，请立即用大量清水冲洗并征求医生意见。
该液体对水体环境能产生长期污染等不良影响，切勿倒入下水道，应倒入废液桶，由专业部门回收。
与空气混合、受热、明火可爆，如其燃烧可用二氧化碳、干粉类灭火剂。
储存库房应通风低温干燥，与氧化剂、食品分开储运。
5培训5.1培训部门：分析研究部。
5.2培训对象：分析研究部相关人员。
5.3培训方式和时数：自学，0.5小时。
5.4考核方式：问答。
6职责6.1质量保证部：负责监督本文件的执行。
6.2分析研究部：负责严格执行本规程规定。
7程序（内容）7.1原理该方法是指以弹性石英毛细管为分离管道，以高压直流电场为驱动力，通过目标蛋白在含有胶的溶液中的迁移速率不同而得到分离，较小分子量的分子迁移速度更快则其迁移时间短，较大分子的迁移速度慢则其迁移时间更长。
测控技术与仪器专业英语词汇
Lesson 1Accuracy 精确性、精度Amplitude 振幅,幅度Channel 信道,频道Coefficient 系数Convergence 收敛Differentiate 求……的微分Expansion 展开式Harmonic 谐波的Instant 瞬时，时间Integrate 求……的积分Linear 线性的Order 次序，阶Peak 最高的，最高峰Periodicity 周期Phase 相位Polynomial 多项式的，多项式Resistor 电阻器Series 展成级数，级数Taylor series 泰勒级数Set 集合Sinusoidal 正弦的Time domain 时域frequency-domain 频域integrand 被积函数Lesson 2decay 衰减duration 持续时间exponential 指数的multiplier 乘数,乘法器oscillatory 振荡的frequency density function 频率密度函数Fourier series 傅立叶级数Spectrum 频谱Imaginary part of complex 复数的虚部Real part of complex 复数的实部Conjugate pairs 共轭对Lesson 3algorithm 算法decaying oscillatory function 衰减振荡函数power series 幂级数shift operator 移位算子product 乘积electrical disturbance 电干扰sampled—data signal 数据采样信号be proportional to 与…成正比Lesson 5dead-band 死区hysteresis 滞后linearity 线性度measurand 被测量oscilloscope 示波器performance 特性precision 精确度resolution 分辨率static friction 静态摩擦sensitivity 灵敏度calibration 校准loading effect 负载效应slop 斜率platinum 铂thermometer 温度计in cascade with 与…串联in parallel with 与…并联lever 杠杆displacement 位移indicated value示值true value 真值deflection 偏转possible error 可能误差probable error 概率误差root—sum-square error 方和根误差Lesson 6overshoot 过调量，超调量transient response 瞬态响应variable 变量ramp 斜坡resonance 共振step input 阶跃输入step response 阶跃响应transient 瞬态的first-order system 一阶系统static error 静态误差dynamic error 动态误差time constant 时间常数frequency response 频率响应damping ratio 阻尼比under-damp 欠阻尼over-damp 过阻尼mass-spring system 质量—弹簧系统steady-state 稳态rise time 上升时间settling time 建立时间(过渡过程时间）specification 性能指标tolerance 容差Lesson 7capacitance 电容deformation 变形distortion 变形，扭曲electromagnetic 电磁的gauge 表,仪器,计strain gauge 应变计crystalline material 晶体材料voltage 电压current 电流harmonics 谐波inductance 电感，感应infrared 红外的linearize 线性化natural frequency 固有频率mutual-inductance 互感photoconductive cell 光电导管photoelectric effect 光电效应piezo-electric 压电的potential divider 分压器potentiometer 电位计，电位器resistance 电阻thermistor 热敏电阻transducer 转换器,传感器cross—sectional area 截面积excitation voltage 激励电压full-scale 满量程rotary 旋转的translational 平移的mechanical wear 机械磨损inertia 惯性power dissipation 功耗illumination 照度transparent 透明的Lesson 8coupling 耦合flux 磁通impedance 阻抗permeability 磁导率permittivity 电容率,介电系数reluctance 磁阻variable—distance capacitive transducer 变间距式电容式传感器oscillation circuit 振荡电路l。
生物 专业英语 科技英语 The Immune Response
cause the blood vessels in the area to dilate(膨胀).
Also, the dilation(膨胀）make the capillary walls more permeable to white blood cells and tissue fluid, then more white blood cells present in the infected area can engulf（吞没）and destroy bacteria and remnant（残余） of damaged tissue cells. In a serve infection, with the accumulation of vast numbers of dead tissue, bacterial cells, living and dead white blood cells at the site of the infection, there would be something known as pus(脓).
SensiMix
Shipping: On Dry/Blue Ice Catalog Numbers Batch No.: See vial Concentration: See vial QT605-05: 500 x 50 μL reactions: 10 x 1.25 mL Storage and Stability:SensiMix SYBR ®Hi --20 °C upon receipt. Excessive freeze/thawing is not recommended. Expiry:When stored under the recommended conditions and handled correctly, full activity of the kit is retained until the expiry date on the outer box label.Quality Control:SensiMix SYBR ®Hi -ROX Kit and its components are extensively tested for activity,processivity, efficiency, heat activation, sensitivity, absence of nuclease contamination andabsence of nucleic acid contamination prior to release.Safety Precautions:Please refer to the material safety data sheet for further information.Notes:For research or further manufacturing use only. Trademarks:SensiMix, SensiFAST (Bioline Reagents Ltd), SYBR (Molecular Probes), ROX, LightCycler (Roche), StepOne (ABI), RotorGene (Qiagen), LightCycler (Roche).Kit componentsStore at –20 °CThe SensiMix SYBR ® Hi -ROX Kit has been optimized for use in SYBR ® Green -based qPCR on the real -time instruments listed in the following compatibility table, each of these instruments having the capacity to analyze the qPCR data with the passive reference signal either on or off. The kit is also compatible with several instruments that do not require the use of ROX, such as the BMS Mic, Qiagen Rotor -Gene ™ 6000, Bio -Rad CFX96 or Roche LightCycler ® 480.DescriptionThe SensiMix ™ SYBR ® Hi -ROX Kit is a high -performance reagent designed for superior sensitivity and specificity on various real -time instruments. The SensiMix SYBR ® Hi -ROX Kit employs a hot -start DNA polymerase, for high PCR specificity and sensitivity. SensiMix SYBR ® Hi -ROX is inactivated and possesses no polymerase activity during the reaction set -up, preventing non -specific amplification including primer -dimer formation.For ease -of -use and added convenience, SensiMix SYBR ® Hi -ROX is provided as a 2x master mix containing all the components necessary for real -time PCR (qPCR), including the SYBR ® Green I dye, dNTPs, stabilizers and ROX for optional use. As a ready -to -use premix, only primers and template need to be added. Kit compatibilityPrimers: the sequence and concentration of primer as well as the amplicon length can be critical for specific amplification, yield and overall efficiency of any qPCR. We strongly recommend taking the following into consideration when designing and running your PCR reaction:• use primer -design software, such as Primer3 or visual OMP TM (/primer3/ and DNA Software, Inc ; / respectively). Primers should have a melting temperature (Tm) of approximately 60 °C• optimal amplicon length should be 50-150 bp• a final primer concentration of 250 nM is suitable for most PCR conditions, however to determine the optimal concentration we recommend a primer titration in the range of 0.1–1 μM• use equimolar primer concentrations• when amplifying from cDNA use gene -specific primers. If possible use intron -spanning primers to avoid amplification from genomic DNATemplate: it is important that the DNA template is suitable for use in PCR in terms of purity and concentration. Also, the template needs to be devoid of any contaminating PCR inhibitors (e.g. EDTA). The recommended amount of template for PCR is dependent upon the type of DNA used. The following should be considered when using genomic DNA and cDNA templates:• Genomic DNA: use up to 1 μg of complex (e.g. eukaryotic) genomic DNA in a single PCR. We recommend using the ISOLATE Genomic II DNA Mini Kit (BIO -52066) for high yield and purity from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources• cDNA: the optimal amount of cDNA to use in a single PCR is dependent upon the copy number of the target gene. We suggest using 100 ng cDNA per reaction, however it may be necessary to vary this amount. To perform a two -step RT -PCR, we recommend using the SensiFAST cDNA Synthesis Kit (BIO -65053) for reverse transcription of the purified RNA. For high yield and purity of RNA, use the ISOLATE II RNA Mini Kit (BIO -52072)General considerationsTo help prevent any carry -over DNA contamination we recommend that separate areas be maintained for PCR set -up, PCR amplification and any post -PCR gel analysis. It is essential that any amplified PCR product should not be opened in the PCR set -up area.Website:/sensimixemail:****************************PI -50231 V11__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________LICENSING INFORMATION2) Purchase of this product conveys a licence from Life Technologies to use this SYBR ® containing reagent in an end -user RUO assay. Parties wishing to incorporate this SYBR ® containing reagent into a downstream kit, should contact Life Technologies for SYBR ® Licencing information.Website:/sensimixemail:****************************Associated ProductsBioline Reagents Ltd UNITED KINGDOMTel: +44 (0)20 8830 5300 Fax: +44 (0)20 8452 2822Meridian Life Science Inc. USATel: +1 901 382 8716 Fax: +1 901.382.0027Bioline GmbH GERMANYTel: +49(0)3371 60222 00 Fax: +49(0)3371 60222 01Bioline (Aust) Pty. Ltd AUSTRALIATel: +61 (0)2 9209 4180 Fax: +61 (0)2 9209 4763Technical SupportIf the troubleshooting guide does not solve the difficulty you are experiencing, please contact Technical Support with details of reaction setup, cycling conditions and relevant data. Email: ********************************MgCl 2: The MgCl 2 concentration in the 1x reaction mix is 3 mM. In the majority of qPCR conditions this is optimal for both the reverse transcriptase and the hot -start DNA polymerase. If necessary, we suggest titrating the MgCl 2 to a maximum of 5mM.PCR controls: It is important to detect the presence of contaminating DNA that may affect the reliability of the data. Always include a no template control (NTC), replacing the template with PCR -grade water. When performing a two -step RT -qPCR, set -up a no RT control as the NTC for the PCR.ProcedureReaction mix composition: Prepare a PCR master mix. The volumes given below are based on a standard 50 μL final reaction mix and can be scaled accordingly.Optional ROX: The SensiMix ™SYBR Hi -ROX Kit is premixed with ROX (5-carboxy -X -rhodamine, succinymidyl ester), so that where necessary, ROX fluorescence can be optionally detected on certain real -time instruments. If your real -time instrument has the capability of using ROX and you wish to use this option, then this option must be selected by the user in the software.Troubleshooting GuideSuggested thermal cycling conditionsThe PCR conditions described below are suitable for the SensiMix ™ SYBR ® Hi -ROX Kit for the majority of amplicons and real -time PCR instruments. However, the cycling conditions can be varied to suit customer or machine -specific protocols. The critical step of the PCR is the 10 minute initial activation at 95 °C. The detection channel on the real -time instrument should be set to (SYBR ®) Green or FAM.*Non -variable parameterOptional analysis:After the reaction has reached completion refer to the instrument instructions for the option of melt -profile analysis.Website:/sensimixemail:****************************Website:/sensimixemail:****************************Troubleshooting Guide (Continued)。
Molecular Cloning_Technical guide
Visit
22–23 Vector and Insert Joining
22–23 DNA Ligation 22 Protocol 22 Tips for Optimization 23 Product Selection
24 Transformation
5 Recombinational Cloning 8 cDNA Synthesis 9 Restriction Enzyme Digestion 9 Protocol 9 Tips for Optimization 10–15 Performance Chart 16–17 PCR 16 Protocol 16 Tips for Optimization 17 Product Selection
Molecular Cloning
Technical Guide
Overview
table of contents
3–5 Cloning Workflow Descriptions
Molecular Cloning Overview
Molecular cloning refers to the process by which recombinant DNA molecules are produced and transformed into a host organism, where they are replicated. A molecular cloning reaction is usually comprised of two components: 1. The DNA fragment of interest to be replicated 2. A vector/plasmid backbone that contains all the components for replication in the host DNA of interest, such as a gene, regulatory element(s), operon, etc., is prepared for cloning by either excising it out of the source DNA using restriction enzymes, copying it using PCR, or assembling it from individual oligonucleotides. At the same time, a plasmid vector is prepared in a linear form using restriction enzymes (REs) or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that is replicated within the host and exists separately from the host’s chromosomal or genomic DNA. By physically joining the DNA of interest to the plasmid vector through phosphodiester bonds, the DNA of interest becomes part of the new recombinant plasmid and is replicated by the host. Plasmid vectors allow the DNA of interest to be copied easily in large amounts, and often provide the necessary control elements to be used to direct transcription and translation of the cloned DNA. As such, they have become the workhorse for many molecular methods such as protein expression, gene expression studies, and functional analysis of biomolecules. During the cloning process, the ends of the DNA of interest and the vector have to be modified to make them compatible for joining through the action of a DNA ligase, recombinase, or an in vivo DNA repair mechanism. These steps typically utilize enzymes such as nucleases, phosphatases, kinases and/or ligases. Many cloning methodologies and, more recently kits have been developed to simplify and standardize these processes. This technical guide will clarify the differences between the various cloning methods, identify NEB® products available for each method, and provide expert-tested protocols and FAQs to help you troubleshoot your experiments.
HIS镍柱纯化方法之欧阳道创编
纯化前准备1.2.推荐在中性至弱碱性条件下（pH 7-8）结合重组蛋白。
磷酸盐buffer是常用的缓冲液，Tric-Cl在一般情况下可用，但要注意它会降低结合强度。
3.避免在buffer中包含EDTA或柠檬酸盐等螯合剂。
4.若重组蛋白以包涵体形式表达，在所有的buffer中添加6 M盐酸胍或8 M尿素5.避免缓冲液中有高浓度的电子供体基团，比如：NH4，甘氨酸，精氨酸，Tris，等等6.各种缓冲液里不能有高浓度的强还原剂，，比如DTT，防止二价Ni被还原；7.不能含离子型的去垢剂，比如SDS，防止Ni流失；8.缓冲液里可以加入甘油，防止蛋白之间由于疏水相互作用而发生聚集沉淀，甘油浓度最高可达50%（v/v）9.缓冲液里NaCl的浓度应在300mM到2M之间；10.可加入非离子型去垢剂，如Triton，Tween，NP40等，最高2%，可以减少背景蛋白污染和去除核酸污染注：1.包含尿素的样品可直接进行SDS-PAGE分析，若样品中包含盐酸胍，在SDS-PAGE前则需先用含有尿素的buffer进行透析2.除利用咪唑洗脱蛋白，其它方法，如低pH值法等可被应用，详见说明书Binding buffer 中咪唑的浓度在洗涤时所用的Binding buffer 中咪唑浓度越大，重组蛋白纯度越高。
但过高的咪唑浓度将导致蛋白的洗脱。
合适的咪唑浓度需要优化。
Buffer 的准备所用的水及化学物质须是高纯度的。
Buffer 在使用前需经0.45μm滤膜过滤。
所用高纯度的咪唑需在280nm 处无吸光度或吸光度极低。
推荐 buffer （使用前用0.45 μm filter过滤）Binding buffer：20 mM 磷酸盐0.5 M NaCl20- 40 mM 咪唑 pH 7.4 （咪唑浓度是蛋白依赖的，可变！）Elution buffer ：20 mM 磷酸盐0.5 M NaCl500 mM 咪唑 pH 7.4 （咪唑浓度是蛋白依赖的，可变！）1. 样品准备样品需被充分溶解。
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Transient Response IV
Sean Brennan
Dept. of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Penn State University sbrennan@
© 2002 PSU, 2000 UIUC BOT, All Rights Reserved
Experimental Time Response
Step steer input
Ref. Heydinger GJ. Garrott WR. Chrstos JP. Guenther DA. “The dynamic effect of tire lag on simulation yaw rate predictions,” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement & Control, 116(2):249-256, 1994
Frequency by frequency determination of magnitude and phase.
A*sin(wt) input
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Linear System output
B*sin(wt+f)
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 3 of 19
Frequency Response
Lateral velocity
Yaw rate
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 6 of 19
Frequency Response
Lateral velocity
Yaw rate
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
aCf Cf Cr L s Iz mUIz
s Cf Cr L2 aCf bCr
mI zU 2 Iz
The lateral velocity transfer function can be found similarly.
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 2 of 19
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 16 of 19
Scaled Test Vehicle
We can accurately monitor the input steer angle and the output variables
20 15
magnitude dB
Results reasonably mimic those predicted by the 2-DOF bicycle model.
Ref. Heydinger GJ. Garrott WR. Chrstos JP. Guenther DA. “The dynamic effect of tire lag on simulation yaw rate predictions,” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement & Control, 116(2):249-256, 1994
10 5 0 -5 bicycle model experimental data
e.g. yaw rate
phase degrees
-10 0 10
10
1
20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 10 10
1
frequency rad/s
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 17 of 19
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 4 of 19
Frequency Response
Lateral velocity
Yaw rate
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 10 of 19
Frequency Response
Manual swept sine procedure
Ref. Heydinger GJ. Garrott WR. Chrstos JP. Guenther DA. “The dynamic effect of tire lag on simulation yaw rate predictions,” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement & Control, 116(2)otive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 12 of 19
Scaled Test Vehicle
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 14 of 19
Scaled Test Vehicle
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 5 of 19
Frequency Response
Notice ….less damped
Lateral velocity Yaw rate
Higher magnitude
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 9 of 19
Experimental Time Response
Compares favorably with simulated yaw rates from the 2 DOF bicycle model.
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 15 of 19
Frequency Response
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Lecture 24 – Transient Response 4 Slide 11 of 19
Frequency Response
Ref. Heydinger GJ. Garrott WR. Chrstos JP. Guenther DA. “The dynamic effect of tire lag on simulation yaw rate predictions,” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement & Control, 116(2):249-256, 1994
Computer-interfaced Mechatronic testbed.
Can do more precisely reproducible testing.
ME 452 - Automotive Vehicle Dynamics © 2004 Sean Brennan, PSU, © 2000, Andrew Alleyne, UIUC
Frequency Response
We can also look at the transfer function between steering angle and yaw rate.