Energy Saving Potential Using Active Networking

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模块七第二单元单词表词汇详解u2

The hospital tried out a new tablet on the patient with diabetes. 这家医院在患糖尿病的那个病人身上试用了一种新药片。
These teams are going to try out for the Olympic Games. 这些队伍要参加奥林匹克运动会的选拔赛。
15. approval n．[U，C]批准，通过；[U]赞成，同意 disapproval n. 不同意 approve v. 赞成；批准 disapprove v. 不同意 approve of ( one’s doing) sth. 赞成(做)某事 approve sth. 批准某事
I'm afraid uncle Tom would not quite approve of your moving out of his house. 恐怕汤姆叔叔不太同意你搬出去住。
He is in possession of many good qualities. 他具有很多优良品质。
You cannot legally take possession of the property until three weeks
after the contract is signed. 合同三周以后，你才能合法取得这份产业的所有权。
高二英语M7U2知识点清单
第一部分
词汇
1.chemist n.药剂师，药商；化学家 → chemical adj.化学的；n. 化学品、化学物质 → chemistry n.化学 chemical reaction 化学反应 chemistry teacher/lab 化学老师/化学实验室
2.surgeon n.外科医师 → surgery n.外科，外科手术，手术室，诊所

能源短缺的原因及措施英语作文

能源短缺的原因及措施英语作文The world is facing a growing energy crisis as the demand for energy continues to outpace the supply. This energy shortage is a pressing global issue that requires immediate attention and action. The causes of this crisis are multifaceted and complex, but understanding them is crucial in order to implement effective solutions.One of the primary drivers of the energy shortage is the rapid industrialization and economic growth of developing countries. As these nations strive to improve their standard of living and expand their economies, their energy consumption has skyrocketed. Countries like China and India, with their large populations and rapidly developing manufacturing sectors, have seen a significant increase in their energy demands. This surge in energy consumption, coupled with the reliance on traditional fossil fuels, has put a significant strain on the global energy supply.Another contributing factor to the energy shortage is the depletion of non-renewable energy sources, such as oil, natural gas, and coal. These resources, which have long been the backbone of the world'senergy production, are finite and are being consumed at an unsustainable rate. As these reserves become increasingly scarce, the cost of extracting and processing them has risen, further exacerbating the energy crisis.The overreliance on fossil fuels is also a major contributor to the energy shortage. Fossil fuels, while abundant and relatively inexpensive, are not a sustainable long-term solution. The burning of these fuels releases large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation. This has led to increased pressure to transition to more renewable and sustainable energy sources, but the process of shifting away from fossil fuels has been slow and challenging.Furthermore, the lack of investment and infrastructure development in the energy sector has also played a role in the energy shortage. Many countries have failed to invest in the necessary infrastructure and technology to harness alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This has limited the ability to diversify the energy mix and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.In order to address the energy shortage, a multifaceted approach is required. One of the most important measures is to increase the use of renewable energy sources. This includes investing in the development and deployment of solar, wind, hydroelectric, andgeothermal power. These clean energy sources not only reduce the reliance on fossil fuels but also have the potential to provide a sustainable and long-term solution to the energy crisis.Another key measure is to improve energy efficiency and conservation efforts. This can be achieved through the implementation of energy-efficient technologies, such as LED lighting, high-efficiency appliances, and improved insulation in buildings. Governments and policymakers can also implement policies and regulations that encourage energy-saving practices among businesses and households.Improving energy storage and distribution infrastructure is also crucial in addressing the energy shortage. The development of advanced battery technologies and the expansion of the electric grid can help to store and distribute energy more efficiently, reducing the risk of supply disruptions and ensuring a more reliable energy supply.Additionally, investment in research and development of new energy technologies is essential. This includes the exploration of alternative energy sources, such as fusion power, as well as the improvement of existing renewable energy technologies to make them more cost-effective and efficient.Finally, international cooperation and collaboration are crucial inaddressing the global energy crisis. Governments, industry leaders, and policymakers must work together to develop and implement comprehensive strategies to address the energy shortage. This may involve the sharing of best practices, the harmonization of regulations, and the facilitation of cross-border energy trade and investment.In conclusion, the energy shortage is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive and coordinated response. By addressing the root causes of the crisis, such as the overreliance on fossil fuels, the depletion of non-renewable energy sources, and the lack of investment in renewable energy infrastructure, we can work towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future. Through the implementation of a range of measures, including the increased use of renewable energy, improved energy efficiency and conservation, and international cooperation, we can overcome the energy shortage and ensure a secure and reliable energy supply for generations to come.。

energy的用法 -回复

energy的用法-回复Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and is crucial for all aspects of human life. From powering our homes to fueling our vehicles, energy is the driving force behind countless activities. In this article, we will explore the different forms and sources of energy, as well as their various applications and importance.To begin with, let's define energy. In physics, energy refers to the ability to do work or cause change. It exists in different forms, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, thermal energy, and chemical energy. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion, while potential energy is the energy stored within an object based on its position or state. Thermal energy, on the other hand, is the energy associated with the temperature of a substance, and chemical energy is the energy stored within chemical bonds.One of the most common sources of energy is the Sun. Solar energy is obtained from harnessing the Sun's radiation, which is converted into electricity through solar panels. Solar power is renewable, sustainable, and a clean source of energy. Due to its unlimited supply, it has gained popularity as an alternative to fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change and environmentaldegradation.Another significant source of energy is fossil fuels. These include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Fossil fuels are used extensively in power generation, transportation, and manufacturing. However, their non-renewable nature and harmful emissions have highlighted the need for transitioning to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources.Nuclear energy is yet another form of energy. It is harnessed through nuclear reactions, specifically nuclear fission, where the nucleus of an atom is split into two smaller nuclei, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Nuclear power plants use this energy to generate electricity. While nuclear energy is a reliable and efficient source, concerns regarding safety and the disposal of radioactive waste persist.Renewable energy sources have gained momentum in recent years. Wind energy, for instance, is derived from the movement of air masses caused by solar heating. Wind turbines convert this kinetic energy into electricity. Similar to wind energy, hydropowerharnesses the energy of moving water to produce power. It relies on the gravitational force acting upon water, such as rivers or dams, to generate electricity through turbines.Geothermal energy utilizes the heat from the Earth's core and is obtained through geothermal power plants. These plants tap into naturally occurring steam or hot water reservoirs, converting the geothermal energy into electricity. Geothermal energy is highly sustainable and environmentally friendly.Additionally, biomass energy is obtained from organic matter, such as agricultural waste, wood, or dedicated energy crops. Biomass can be burned or converted into gas or liquid through processes like anaerobic digestion. This energy source provides an alternative to traditional fossil fuels and helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Energy plays a vital role in our daily lives. It powers our homes and businesses, propels vehicles, and supports industrial processes. Electricity, in particular, is an indispensable form of energy that enables us to operate electronic devices, illuminate our surroundings, and run appliances.Efficient energy usage is crucial to conserve resources and reduce our carbon footprint. Energy conservation involves adopting energy-saving practices, such as using energy-efficient appliances, insulating buildings to minimize heat loss, and optimizing transportation systems. Conservation efforts help reduce energy demand and promote sustainability.In conclusion, energy is an essential component of our existence. Understanding the various forms and sources of energy allows us to make informed decisions about how we produce and consume it. By embracing renewable and sustainable sources, optimizing energy usage, and promoting energy efficiency, we can work towards a cleaner, greener future.。

既有建筑节能改造和对策研究04-外文翻译

外文翻译1外文原文出处：Silvia Banfi,Mehdi Farsi,Massimo Filippini,Martin Jakob,Willingness to pay forenergy-saving measures in residential buildings,Energy Economics,Volume30,Issue2, March2008.愿意为节能措施买单由于大多数工业化国家处在温带地区，所以在瑞士，建筑能耗在全社会能源中占有很大比例。

因此提高建筑领域的能源利用效率对全国总能耗，为实现二氧化碳排放目标起到重要影响。

一座建筑的整体能源效率主要是通过建筑维护结构的保温性能和空气交换系统实现，以此来提高能源更有效的利用率。

这些措施产生了两种好处。

首先它减少了建筑能源能耗的成本。

其次，它们具备舒适的感受，改善了室内的空气质量，增强了热舒适性和阻隔外界噪声的能力。

在瑞士，虽然建筑能耗相关的装修存在比较长的周期，但是建筑业节能措施的实施率仍然很低。

每年只有1%到2%的既有建筑的围护结构有进行维护或改造。

在这种情况下，也只有30%到50%的改造措施是包括保温性能的，其可减少50%到70%的能源消耗。

只有很小的一部分是通过提高能源效率的方式彻底挖掘保温性节能的潜力。

后者措施制定的建筑满足Minergie要求。

瑞士联邦政府和州政府通过补贴或降低利率的方式支持既有建筑改造或者新建建筑达到Minergie要求。

然而，相对只有较少的房屋构造达到（5%到10%新住宅和不到5%新公寓楼），除此之外几乎没有任何装修是达到Minergie规定的。

在最近的一项研究中，奥特等人（2005年）确定了法律和社会因素，以及市场的结构性障碍，缺乏节能意识是作为瑞士住宅建筑节能系统使用率低情况可能的解释。

为了确定有效的政策措施，吸引更多的在建筑物能源效率的投资，至关重要的要有详细的信息，因为它是业主投资决策和支付投资的重要因素。

能源保护措施英文作文

能源保护措施英文作文英文：Energy conservation is an important issue that we should all pay attention to. There are many measures that we can take to protect energy resources and reduce our energy consumption. One effective way to save energy is to use energy-efficient appliances and equipment. For example, we can replace our old incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs, which use much less energy and last longer. We can also choose appliances with the Energy Star label, which means they meet strict energy efficiency guidelines.Another way to save energy is to reduce our energy usage in our daily lives. We can turn off lights and electronics when we're not using them, adjust our thermostats to save energy, and use public transportation or carpooling instead of driving alone. These small changes can add up to significant energy savings over time.In addition, we can also use renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to generate electricity. This not only reduces our reliance on fossil fuels but also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.Overall, energy conservation is a collective effortthat requires everyone's participation. By taking simple steps to save energy, we can protect our natural resources and create a more sustainable future.中文：能源保护是一项重要的问题，我们都应该关注。

冷却水热泵系统回收利用废热浅析

节能减排与综合利用冷却水热泵系统回收利用废热浅析∗林梦圆1㊀伍培2㊀夏磊1㊀杨嘉2㊀龚宝钐2(1.北京电子科技职业学院㊀北京100176;㊀2.重庆科技学院㊀重庆401331)㊀㊀摘㊀要㊀结合工程实例,通过介绍一个回收利用生产工艺热废水㊁改善工作环境的污水源热泵应用方案,分析了利用工业冷却水废热供应生活热水和供热的优势和节能潜力,并对在工业园区进一步推广应用该热泵技术实现节能提出建议㊂㊀㊀关键词㊀企业节能㊀污水源热泵㊀热水供应㊀工艺废热Analysis of Heat Energy Recovery and Utilization in Cooling Wastewater Heat Pump SystemLIN Mengyuan 1㊀WU Pei 2㊀XIA Lei 1㊀YANG Jia 2㊀GONG Baoshan 2(1.Beijing Polytechnic ㊀Beijing 100176)Abstract ㊀This paper introduces an application scheme of sewage source heat pump for recovering and utilizing thermal waste water from production process and improving working environment,analyzes the advantages and energy saving po-tential of using industrial cooling water waste heat to supply domestic hot water and heating,and puts forward some sug-gestions for further popularizing and applying the heat pump technology to realize energy saving in industrial parks.Key Words ㊀energy saving in production㊀sewage source heat pump㊀hot water supply㊀industrial waste heat0㊀引言工业生产用水量最大的是冷却用水,冷却水冷却工艺设备带出大量的废热,这些废热多为低品位的热能,并不能直接被使用㊂而热泵技术仅耗损不多的逆循环净功,就可以有效地把热能从低品位转化为高品位㊂这样一来,不仅可以更少地用水㊁更少地耗费能源,还能改善和提高环境品质,提高人们的工作和生活效率㊂这样的工作,需要给排水专业和热能工程专业㊁建环专业紧密合作,进行协同化设计,努力完善工业水系统回收利用热能的设计方法和技术细节㊂这种多专业在能源开发利用上的协同,是实现企业生产节能和建筑节能的重要手段㊂冷却废水热泵以开发利用冷却水所含的废热为目标,利用热力学原理,借助少量电能,驱动制冷机实现卡诺循环,制冷剂蒸发阶段吸收冷却企业生产工艺所产生的废热㊁余热,然后在冷凝阶段释放出来,尤其是在冬季能够提取低位热能满足用户采暖需求,可节省单独取暖的热能㊁降低电能消耗,而且会让室内环境更加舒适,并明显减少或不使用局部电㊁燃气取暖装置或设备,更加安全㊂利用冷却废水热泵实现局部区域供热对冬季缺乏集中供暖却长期阴冷的长江沿线地区有着很实用的价值㊂本文针对重庆某化工厂循环冷却水系统,进行现场数据的采集,分析了职工浴室及工艺控制室和值班宿舍采用冷却废水热泵系统供暖的优势及其节能潜力㊂1㊀冷却废水热泵系统的工作过程冷却废水热泵使用蒸发器吸收污㊁废水中的热能,通过冷媒(制冷剂)的卡诺循环,把热能从蒸发器处转移至冷凝器处释放出来,其工作流程如图1所示㊂整个系统由废热水池㊁冷媒循环管道㊁蒸发器㊁冷凝器㊁压缩机㊁热水箱(池)以及循环泵等组成㊂冷媒(制冷剂)在热泵机组内在压缩机的驱动下不断地进行卡诺循环:即冷媒(制冷剂)首先在蒸发器处吸收冷却水从工艺生产装置带出来的废热蒸发,然后进入压缩机受到压缩,变成高温高压的蒸汽,蒸汽在流经冷凝器时受到水的冷却,从而在冷凝器处变为高温高压的制冷剂液体㊂在冷凝器处,冷媒(制冷剂)将热量传递给前来冷却使制冷剂冷凝的水,因此在冷凝器处的水受热,达到一定温度后用于卫生洗浴或供地暖用热水等㊂后期还考虑在热水箱再设置一个热泵系统,吸收热水箱中水的热量,生产高温热水供有关工艺段㊁∗基金项目:北京电子科技职业学院建筑节能技术团队项目(CJGX2018-SZJS -009/002)㊂㊃401㊃㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀工业安全与环保㊀㊀㊀㊀Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀2019年第45卷第8期August 2019食堂等使用㊂通过这样的一个过程,只用少量电能,就把污㊁废水中的低位热能转化为高位热能而使其被直接利用[1]㊂图1㊀冷却废水热泵系统回收热能示意将冷却废水热泵系统应用于回收企业工业冷却水所携带的废热时,从理论上分析,整体效果也应该会比较好㊂因为在制热工况下,只要作为热源的冷却后废热水温度不变,但流量增大时,相当于增加了蒸发器处的传热系数,促使热泵机组的蒸发压力变大,制热量增大㊂当废热水流量稳定不变,但水温提高时,热泵机组蒸发压力也会增加,制热量和机组COP 都会相应变大㊂制热量增大之后,热水箱里的水的温升也会变快,更能迎合热水制取要求㊂因此,将稳定的有一定流量的冷却废热水作为系统的热源,非常有利于冷却废水热泵系统的运行工作,而且由于针对工业冷却水会进行水质稳定处理,防腐㊁灭菌㊁过滤等,水质可控,不容易出现普通污水源热泵系统在换热部分常见的腐蚀㊁结垢与堵塞问题㊂2㊀冷却工艺废热水的潜力某厂循环冷却水系统循环水水量为1200m3/h,在生产期间从生产工艺各蒸馏段带出余热,进水塔前的水温38~42ħ,经冷却塔冷却后水温≦32ħ㊂循环水泵房设有水泵吸水池一座,吸水池长宽为8mˑ5 m,池顶面标高1.5m,池底标高-1.00m㊂冷媒循环管路上的蒸发器置放在吸水池中,通过热泵系统回收热量,传热温差控制在5ħ以内㊂此处根据式(1),按照5ħ温差计算得到回收的热量Q为7000kJ/s,相当于860kg标准煤1h的发热量㊂因为从生产工艺设备带出余热的冷却废水温度较高,后期拟增加二次换热以制取高温热水,按5ħ温差进行计算是保守的,冷却废水的回收温差可达到10ħ,回收的热量可达到2ˑ7000=14000kJ/s㊂Q=cˑmˑәt(1)式中,c为水定压比热容,取4.2kJ/(kg㊃K);m为污水的质量流量,厂方提供的运行数据为1200t/h,即333.34kg/s;Δt为冷却废水的回收传热温差,取5ħ㊂根据以上数据,算得厂区生产工艺中央控制室和职工值班宿舍在冬季的供暖设计负荷为450kW㊂这部分回收的热量,除了满足三班倒上班职工的洗浴㊁卫生用热水外,还可以满足厂区工艺中央控制室和职工值班宿舍在寒冷天气时的取暖问题㊂3㊀常见热水制备方式的比较现通过能耗及能耗费用列表对照冷却废水热泵与空气源热泵热水系统㊁燃气锅炉㊁电热水锅炉㊁燃油锅炉生产热水系统之间的差异,观察利用冷却废水热泵回收企业生产废热的优势㊂冷却废水热泵本质上是一种污水源热泵,污水源热泵在有温度和流量稳定的条件下,系统综合平均能效比在5左右,取5,热效率计为500%[2-4];而采用空气源热泵加热水时,COP取值一般为3.5,则取热效率为350%;根据相关数据统计[5],天然气锅炉热效率一般取90%,电热水锅炉热效率一般取90%,而燃油锅炉的热效率较低,取70%㊂根据生活热水供应和热水地暖供应要求,生活的热水供水温度设定为50ħ[6],当地最冷月平均自来水温度为10ħ㊂为方便比较,先假设生产50ħ热水1000kg,计算将1t自来水水温平均升高40ħ,所需的热量为:Q=1000ˑ4.2ˑ1000ˑ40=1.68ˑ105kJ㊂每吨热水耗能源量M为M=QQ0ˑηˑm(2)每吨热水耗能费用N为N=nˑM(3)式中,Q0为某种被使用能源的燃烧值;η为系统的热效率;m为自来水质量;n为某种被使用能源的单价㊂根据上述计算式计算的结果,将不同供应热水形式的能源消耗量与耗能费用列入表1所示㊂从表1可以看出,在相同条件下,生产1000kg 的50ħ热水,冷却废水热泵系统所耗费用最小(6.54元),燃油锅炉系统耗费最高(46.35元),而在企业常见的直接用电加热水的费用仅次于燃油锅炉系统㊂空气源热泵系统所耗费用明显高于冷却废水热泵系统,而燃气锅炉耗费则比冷却废水热泵系统高出近一倍;用电加热水和使用燃油锅炉加热水的费用则明显高于污水源和空气源热泵系统㊂空气源热泵的能源利用率较其他供热方式相对高一点,但其制热效率很容易受到环境空气温度㊁湿度和风速的影响,蒸发器换热管(片)在低温高湿情况下容易结霜而导致机组制热效率和效果急剧下降[7]㊂相比之下,冷却废水热泵热水系统的热源侧凭借污水温度和流量的稳定, COP数值将会维持在一个较高的水平,节能效果在系统持续运行时,将会更加稳定突出㊂㊃501㊃表1㊀不同热水方式的费用比较指标冷却废水热泵空气源热泵燃气锅炉电加热燃油锅炉能源电电天然气电柴油(轻质)热值3600kJ/(kW㊃h)3600kJ/(kW㊃h)36000kJ/m33600kJ/(kW㊃h)38800kJ/kg 热效率/%500350909070能源价格0.7元/(kW㊃h)0.7元/(kW㊃h)2元/m30.7元/(kW㊃h)7.5元/kg 加热每吨水能耗9.34kW㊃h13.34kW㊃h 5.2m351.85kW㊃h 6.18kg 加热每吨水费用/元 6.549.3410.4036.3046.35年运行费用/元596788522894900331238422944㊀㊀企业生产需要三班倒连续运转,生活和洗浴热水的供应时间为365天㊂冷却废水热泵热水供应系统投入运行后,平均每天生产热水25m3,据此计算的各加热水方式全年运行费用见表1最末一行㊂从表1可以看出,在相同的运行时间下,冷却废水热泵的年运行费用明显少于空气源热泵,相当于燃气锅炉年运行费用的一半,约只有电热水锅炉的1/5~1/6㊂另外,从一次性投资看,这几种加热水的方式费用相当,但由于系统年运行费用的差异,冷却废水热泵较其他形式的加热水方式更节省费用,投资回收期更短且更有利于节能㊂使用污水源热泵系统常见的杂物堵塞㊁沉淀㊁腐蚀问题,由于工业冷却水仅受到热污染,在循环冷却废水热泵系统中基本不存在,因而在冷却循环水余热回收上推广应用污水源热泵技术不存在技术和管理上的阻碍㊂4㊀结论与分析(1)冷却废水热泵热水系统与空气源热泵热水系统㊁天然气锅炉系统㊁电锅炉加热㊁燃油锅炉系统加热水的方式相比,首先费用节省明显:在相同运行时间内,冷却废水热泵热水系统的耗能费用比燃气锅炉系统节省一半㊂其次,由于系统热水产量较大,在非寒冷季节冷却废水热泵热水系统还可供应工业园区集中浴室和食堂热水;回收冷却循环水的废热较其他方式相比,经济效益和环保效益显著㊂(2)石油化工类企业冷却废水温度较高,水量较大且稳定,水质较好易控制,决定了推广应用冷却废水热泵技术的良好基础㊂这种条件下的水源热泵系统COP值高,在工业园区有广阔的前景,可集中生产热水供应园区生产㊁生活所需,甚至外供,不仅能明显改善工作和生活环境的舒适程度,也能达到节能减排㊁提高经济效益的目的㊂(3)节能环保是一项需要整体协调的综合性工作,不能因为某种技术节能效果明显,就只关注其开发和应用㊂在采用污水源热泵回收利用水的余热㊁废热时,根据不同的电价区间辅以燃气冷热电三联供系统并联的三联供模式,有可能效果最好㊂不同专业能源系统间的协调㊁合作在一个大企业内部或工业园区有益于整体节能,根据各地的能源供应价格,协调冷热电三联供甚至更多类型的能源联供,可得到很好的节能效益,若在整个工业园区根据各个生产企业的实际情况,扩大装机容量,优化系统调度,会更节能㊂(4)在水系较发达或水余热㊁废热较多的工业园区,在设计上宜采用靠近供热(能)集中区域的分布式水源热泵系统,在建设上视当地情况灵活采用能源合同管理㊁BT㊁BOT㊁TOT㊁TBT和PPP等多种建设模式,能够在整体上取得更好的节能综合效益㊂参考文献[1]伍培,付祥钊,林真国,等.重庆地区污水源热泵系统的可行性分析与方案设想[J].给水排水,2007(5):174-181. [2]吴荣华,孙德兴.污水及地表水热泵技术与系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.[3]刘馨,尹泽开,梁传志,等.寒冷地区某绿色建筑污水源热泵供暖季实际应用效果研究[J].建筑科学,2018,34(8): 10-17.[4]贾欣,端木琳,舒海文.污水源热泵系统运行性能实测与节能潜力分析[J].制冷学报,2017,38(6):66-72.[5]张昌.热泵技术与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015.[6]伍培,李仕友.建筑给排水与消防工程[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2017.[7]张毅,张冠敏,张莉莉,等.空气源热泵结霜机理及除霜/抑霜技术研究进展[J].制冷学报,2018,39(5):10-21,46.作者简介㊀林梦圆,男,1977年生,硕士,副教授,从事建筑节能方向的教学与科研工作㊂(收稿日期:2018-08-06)㊃601㊃。

抽油机采油节能潜力分析及节能方案设计

目前，某采油厂共有10230口井，其中系统效率低于30%的井有3069口，占比48.76%，这一部分井由于传动效率低、供采关系不完善、大马拉小车等原因导致系统效率低于30%。

进行技术改造后，抽油机井系统效率提高2%，年可节电2000×104kWh 以上，提高机采系统效率是目前亟待解决的问题。

对于节约生产成本投入，缓解电力紧张具有重要意义。

通过分析现有机采技术应用现状及能耗，研究节能潜力并设计节能技术改造方案，提高电动机及传动效率并优化供排关系，对节能改造技术的应用效果和经济效益进行评价，从系统效率入手，以节能降耗为目标，通过科学管理，达到控本增效的目的[1-3]。

抽油机采油节能潜力分析及节能方案设计张董磊闫静（大庆油田有限责任公司第二采油厂）摘要：抽油机井机械举升是目前常规采油的主要方法，常规抽油机举升能耗高、系统效率低是节能技术改造的重点。

针对电动机和传动系统效率低及供排关系调整问题进行分析，应用双速双功率电动机提高电动机效率，采用永磁半直驱拖动装置提高传动效率，运用多功能调速配电箱优化供排关系。

评价节能改造技术的应用效果和经济效益，共改造1268口井，年节电约1828.6×104kWh，直接经济效益1191.6万元，系统效率提高2.71%。

现场应用为节能降耗、控本增效提供有效技术指导。

关键词：抽油机采油；节能改造；方案设计；经济评价DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2022.07.018Analysis of energy -saving potential of pumping unit and design of energy-saving schemeZHANG Donglei，YAN JingNo.2Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Co.，Ltd.Abstract：Though mechanical lifting of pumping wells is the main method of conventional oil pro-duction，the energy consumption and efficiency of mechanical oil production have always been the prominent contradiction in the process of energy-saving technical transformation.In this paper，the low efficiency of motor and transmission system and the adjustment of supply and discharge relationship are analyzed.The double speed and double power motor is used to improve the motor efficiency and the permanent magnet semi-direct drive driving device is used to improve the transmission efficiency.The multi-functional speed regulation distribution box is used to optimize the supply and discharge re-lationship.The application effect and economic benefit of energy-saving transformation technology are evaluated，which saves about 1828.6×104kWh in the annual power，directly gets 11.916million yu-an in economic benefit and increases by 2.71%in the system efficiency.Field application provides effec-tive technical guidance in saving energy，reducing resource consumption，controlling cost and raising efficiency.Keywords：pumping unit production；energy-saving transformation；schematic design；economic evaluation第一作者简介：张董磊，工程师，2007年毕业于黑龙江科技学院（信息与计算科学专业），从事采油工程工作，181****8958，****************，黑龙江省大庆市红岗区第二采油厂第三作业区，163414。

解决能源短缺问题的英语作文

解决能源短缺问题的英语作文The world is facing a critical energy crisis as the demand for energy continues to rise while the supply of traditional fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, and coal, is dwindling. This energy shortage has far-reaching consequences, affecting everything from economic growth and development to the environment and quality of life. Addressing this pressing issue is of paramount importance, and we must explore a range of innovative solutions to ensure a sustainable energy future.One of the most promising solutions to the energy shortage is the development and widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power, offers a clean, sustainable, and inexhaustible alternative to fossil fuels. These technologies have advanced significantly in recent years, making them more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible to both individuals and communities.Solar energy, in particular, has emerged as a frontrunner in the renewable energy revolution. The cost of solar panel technology has dropped dramatically, making it an increasingly viable option forhouseholds, businesses, and even large-scale power generation. Solar energy is particularly well-suited for regions with abundant sunlight, and the installation of solar panels on rooftops and in solar farms can significantly reduce the strain on traditional energy grids.Wind power is another renewable energy source that has gained traction in recent years. Wind turbines, which convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy, can be installed both on land and offshore, providing a reliable and renewable source of power. The development of larger and more efficient wind turbines has made wind power a more attractive and cost-effective option, particularly in areas with consistent wind patterns.Hydroelectric power, which harnesses the energy of flowing water, is another renewable energy source that has long been utilized. Hydroelectric dams and run-of-river hydroelectric projects can provide a steady and reliable source of electricity, with the added benefit of being a renewable and environmentally friendly option. However, the construction of large-scale hydroelectric projects can have significant environmental and social impacts, and it is essential to carefully consider these factors when developing new hydroelectric projects.Geothermal energy, which taps into the heat generated within the Earth's crust, is another renewable energy source that holds greatpromise. Geothermal power plants use the heat from the Earth's interior to generate steam or hot water, which can then be used to power turbines and generate electricity. Geothermal energy is a particularly attractive option in regions with high geothermal activity, such as volcanic or seismically active areas.In addition to the development of renewable energy sources, another key component of solving the energy shortage is improving energy efficiency and conservation. This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as the implementation of more energy-efficient building codes, the promotion of energy-efficient appliances and technologies, and the development of smart grid infrastructure to better manage and distribute energy resources.Governments and policymakers have a crucial role to play in addressing the energy shortage crisis. By implementing policies and regulations that incentivize the development and adoption of renewable energy sources, as well as measures to improve energy efficiency, governments can drive the transition towards a more sustainable energy future. This could include tax incentives, subsidies, and investment in research and development to support the growth of the renewable energy sector.Moreover, international cooperation and collaboration will be essential in tackling the global energy crisis. Sharing best practices,technology, and resources across borders can accelerate the development and deployment of renewable energy solutions, while also promoting equitable access to energy resources worldwide.At the individual level, there are also numerous steps that can be taken to contribute to the solution. Adopting energy-efficient habits, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transportation or electric vehicles, and supporting the use of renewable energy sources, can have a significant impact when multiplied across millions of households and communities.In conclusion, the energy shortage crisis is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By harnessing the potential of renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing supportive policies and regulations, we can work towards a sustainable energy future that meets the growing global demand for energy while mitigating the environmental and social impacts of traditional fossil fuels. This transition will not be easy, but it is a necessary and urgent step to ensure the long-term prosperity and well-being of our planet and its inhabitants.。

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Energy Saving Potential Using Active Networkingon Linux Mobile PhonesKasper RevsbechElectronic SystemsAalborg University Email:revsbech@es.aau.dkJanus HeideElectronic SystemsAalborg UniversityEmail:speje@es.aau.dkKim Højgaard-HansenElectronic SystemsAalborg UniversityEmail:kimhh@es.aau.dkGian Paolo PerrucciElectronic SystemsAalborg UniversityEmail:gpp@es.aau.dkFrank H.P.FitzekElectronic SystemsAalborg UniversityEmail:ff@es.aau.dkAbstract—This work investigates the deployment of active networking on mobile devices.The objective is to determine the possibility of decreasing energy consumption on mobile devices accessing Internet services,by use of active networking.The approach is to move the TCP/IP stack from the mobile device onto an access point.To enable this a light-weight protocol based on Bluetooth has been implemented to facilitate the link between the mobile device and the access point.A design and implementation that is transparent to user applications and runs on the mobile device is presented.The performed tests indicate a decrease in the energy consumption of25%.I.I NTRODUCTIONToday mobile devices ship with an increasing number of features in terms of complex software and hardware such as Global Positioning System(GPS),Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN),high resolution camera and/or color dis-play.This extra functionality results in increased energy consumption and a higher heat dispatching.As the battery technology has not undertaken the same rapid development as the mobile devices in general the time between recharges is reduced.Because of the heat generation and the limited energy resources the mobile device manufacturers and research projects are looking into mechanisms to provide the same services but with a reduced energy consumption.The focus of this work has been energy optimizations in the network stack,speciﬁcally the TCP/IP stack used to connect to the Internet,since applications utilizing the Internet are moving to the mobile devices.Two wireless technologies that are often supported by mobile devices are WLAN and Bluetooth.Bluetooth however is still the most used on mobile devices.It is possible to access the Internet through a Blue-tooth link to a gateway if the Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol(BNEP)is used.As the name states BNEP provides an encapsulation of network packets enabling TCP/IP trafﬁc on a Bluetooth link[1].BNEP utilizes the complex TCP/IP stack which is executed on the mobile device.This increases the workload on the application processor and generates a transmission overhead due to the TCP/IP encapsulation which increases the power consumption.As proposed in[2]we follow the idea to move the functionality of the TCP/IP from the mobile device onto the gateway to which the mobile device is connected.The concept is shown in Figure1.As shown the functionality associated with the TCP/IP protocols is moved to a gateway if possible.Instead application datais Fig.1.The concept of a TCP/IP stack moved from the mobile device to a gateway substituted with a light-weight protocolexchanged between the mobile device and the gateway via a new lightweight protocol.Thus data from an application on the mobile device is forwarded to the gateway where it is converted to TCP/IP trafﬁc,before the packet is transmitted to the external service.In the presented approach a new layer is added to the network stack on both the mobile device and gateway.Both devices still work as expected with regular network devices but is able to use the improved protocol if this is present at the gateway.To make this possible the mobile device and the gateway need to be able to react according to the type of device connected effectively making the modiﬁed network devices cognitive[3].Cognitive devices are aﬁrst step towards the broader term Active Networking where the nodes in the network performs computations on and modify the packet contents[4].Research in Active Networking is re-surfacing whenever improvements in terms of safety and efﬁciency within active technology have happened and is currently receiving attention again to enable network devices to adapt moreﬂexible to their environment[3].In this case the context awareness andﬂexible adaption of Active Networking means a scenario where the mobile device is able to sense if an access point capable of using a light-weight protocol,as illustrated in Figure1,is present and if so use this instead ofEuropean Wireless 2009the traditional TCP/IP protocol.As shown in Figure1a light-weight protocol stack will substitute the TCP/IP stack on the line between the mobile device and the gateway.The Nano IP project[5]has designed a light-weight protocol to use on a Local Area Network(LAN) and shows that the communication overhead of a full TCP/IP stack can be reduced implementing a light-weight protocol. In this paper we present an approach to decrease the energy consumption when accessing the Internet via Bluetooth.We present an implementation of a light-weight protocol stack based on a GNU/Linux system.The implementation is tested on the Nokia N810Internet tablet and it is shown that the power consumption can be reduced by approximately25% depending on the scenario.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.In Section II necessary background knowledge is introduced and technical aspects of the proposed solution is outlined.In Section III the test setup and obtained results are presented. Theﬁnal conclusions are drawn in Section IV.II.M ETHODAs described the motivation behind this work is to inves-tigate the potential of saving energy on a mobile device by relocating the mechanisms of TCP/IP to a gateway that does not suffer from limited battery.This is done by introducing a light weight protocol between the mobile device and the gateway.The reasoning of moving the functionality of the TCP/IP stack from the mobile device to a gateway is that the TCP/IP stack provides complex functionality to facilitate communication on a large scale network e.g.ﬂow control. This functionality is needed in order to utilise services on the Internet but can be performed by a gateway instead of by the mobile device.A light-weight protocol between the mobile device and the gateway can result in energy saving on the mobile device because the computational complexity of executing the protocol stack is reduced and thereby less energy is consumed by the processor.Secondly a simpler protocol can reduce the header size and thereby decrease the amount of data that must be transmitted.Letting the gateway handle the transaction between the light-weight protocol stack and the TCP/IP protocol stack can be seen as a one-hop Active Networking approach.The use of Active Networking,the design of the light-weight protocol and the functionality added on the mobile device and the gateway to implement the protocol is explained in the following.A.Active NetworkingActive networks are networks where the nodes can perform computations on and/or modify the content of packets.This processing can be customised on a per-user or per-application basis which differs from the traditional networks where a router can change packet headers but not the user data and where routing is independent of the user process or application generating the packets.Two approaches are common in Active Networking(AN),the programmable switch approach and the capsule approach[4].The programmable switch approach separates the packet processing from the mechanism to down-load new programs for processing of the packets.The capsule approach embeds code to be executed at each active node in the packets along with the user data.In this work the programmable switch approach is used and thus new rules of processing packets are downloaded to both the gateway and the mobile device beforehand.B.Light-weight protocol stackThe goal is to replace the traditional TCP/IP stack on the ﬁrst hop,by providing only a subset of the functionality in order to achieve a TCP/IP like behaviour.This means that the protocol must provide the following functionality:•Guaranteed data delivery•Data integrity•Data ordering•Multiple simultaneousﬂows•Establish and terminate a TCP/IP connection to an Inter-net server on demand from an application on the mobile deviceAs described in the introduction the focus of this paper is on the Bluetooth stack and the TCP/IP stack interface provided by BNEP.Therefore the Bluetooth protocol stack has been investigated to determine if any existing protocol provides the needed functionality.Guaranteed data delivery,data integrity and data ordering can be ensured by using Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol(L2CAP)with Asynchronous Connectionless link(ACL)which is designed for packet trafﬁc [6].L2CAP also provides functionality for multipleﬂows as it multiplexes multiple logical connections onto the same physical connection.Thus by using the L2CAP protocol on top of an ACL1[6]the only functionality that must be provided by the light-weight protocol,is to establish and terminate TCP/IP connections to an Internet server,from the gateway. This can not be done by existing Bluetooth protocols,however a protocol supporting this can be used on top of the L2CAP layer.One such protocol that allow clients to create and terminate TCP/IP connections on a Internet gateway is the Socks V.5protocol[7].By combining these existing protocols as shown in Figure2a light-weight protocol stack supporting the needed subset of functionality is provided.As seen in the ﬁgure using the light-weight protocol the user-space data only has to pass the Socks layer before it reaches the L2CAP layer which is common for both stacks.This means that the header of the data packages is reduced.As the Socks protocol do not add any header to data packages the header size of the light-weight protocol is only4B from L2CAP compared to40B +4B for the full TCP/IP on top of L2CAP.C.ImplementationAn implementation based on the light-weight protocol stack has been created to identify the potential energy saving.The implementation is used to enable measurements on the Nokia 1L2CAP can only be used on top of an ACLponents of the light-weight protocol stack where socks V.5 forwards the TCP connection functionality to the gateway and the L2CAP/ ACL handles delivery,integrity,ordering and multipleﬂows to the gateway. Similarly the for the components in the TCP/IP stack where the link to the L2CAP/ACL layer is handled by BNEPN810Internet tablet.The N810is based on a GNU/Linux platform where a lot of open source software is available. This software can be modiﬁed and used to facilitate the implementation.The implementation provides the following functionality:•On the mobile device:–A client side implementation of the light-weight protocol–A TCP/IP compatible interface towards user-space applications•On the gateway–A server side implementation of the light-weight protocol–A bridge between the light-way protocol and the TCP/IP protocol1)Mobile device implementation:The purpose of the mo-bile device implementation is to present an interface to the light-weight protocol stack that is compatible to that of the TCP/IP interface.In this way unmodiﬁed network applications can be executed by using the light-weight protocol stack for communication.The Nokia N810includes the Bluetooth stack Bluez[8]and therefore Bluez is used to provide the baseband L2CAP functionality.In Linux the interface from applications to the network stack is provided by the POSIX socket interface and is provided as a part of the Linux kernel functionality by offering the API as system calls.In order to use standard applications on the light-weight protocol stack,the implementation must providea socket interface to the applications.The tsocks application[9]with some modiﬁcations can provide such an interface as the tsocks application works by capturing socket systems calls and change the behaviour to comply with the socks V.5RFC. The tsocks application works as a wrapping application that translates the relevant system call.As an example when an application calls connect on a TCP/IP socket tsocks translates this and uses the Socks V.5protocol to let the gateway call connect.From the applications point of view it is connected to the requested server but in reality it is only connected to the gateway which is connected to the requested server. Thereby the tsocks application fulﬁlls the requirement of providing the same interface to the application which insures that applications can be used without rewriting or relinking. The tsocks application does not provide a L2CAP connection to the gateway and have therefore been modiﬁed to do so. 2)Gateway implementation:The purpose of the gateway implementation is to provide a socks V.5compliant server,that can establish and terminate a TCP/IP connection to an Internet service and forward the data between the mobile device and the Internet service.This is the standard functionality of a standard Socks server that implements Socks V.5,therefore such and server is used in this case the SS5server[10]was chosen.The SS5server has been altered from using a TCP/IP connection to use the light-weight protocol between the mobile device and the socks server.III.R ESULTSThe goal is to compare the energy usage on the mobile device for the light-weight protocol setup and the TCP/IP protocol stack setup.To achieve this trafﬁc generated by the packet generator Packgen[11]is transmitted using both protocol stacks.The setup consists of the following software and hardware.•Mobile device:HW Nokia N810SW Operating System RX-44DIABLO4.2008.23-14SW Modiﬁed tsocks based on tsocks-1.8SW Bluez utils dist3.23-1SW Packgen-0.2as client•Gateway:HW IBM x31SW Operating System Ubuntu Linux8.04.1HW Belkin USB Bluetooth Adapter model F8T013SW Modiﬁed socks server based on ss5-3.6.4•Internet server:HW IBM R51SW Operating System Ubuntu Linux8.04SW Packgen-0.2as server•Measurement equipmentHW Agilent66319D DC power sourceHW Modiﬁed Nokia N810batteryPackgen is running on the N810and generates packets of 640B as this is near the standard Bluez[8]Maximum Transfer Unit(MTU)of L2CAP2.To investigate the impact of multiple simultaneous connections Packgen is conﬁgured to generate packets distributed equally on one to seven connections,which is namedﬂows in Packgen.The total data rate is set to 15KB/s.Theﬂows are transmitted from the mobile device 2L2CAP allows control of the MTU offered to the higher layersFig.3.Test setup where the energy consumed by the N810can be measure in the DC-Sourceto the gateway via Bluetooth.On the gateway the trafﬁc from the mobile device is forwarded through an Ethernet interface to an Internet service.To determine the energy usage,the voltage and current are sampled from an Agilent66319D that acts like a power source for the N810.The Agilent samples at4.096kHz and calculates the mean for each second by applying a Hamming windowing function[12].The test setup is illustrated in Figure3,as shown the Nokia N810is powered by an Agilent DC-source where the energy usage of the N810can be measured while it transmits trafﬁc to the Internet service on the Internet server by use of the Bluetooth capable gateway.Both the light-weight protocol and the TCP/IP protocol are tested with one to seven simultaneousﬂows resulting in seven test scenarios,one for each number of simultaneousﬂows.For each test scenario30tests have been conducted.One test has a duration of300seconds resulting in4.5MB transferred data. For each test run the mean power per second and the total mean power is calculated.To isolate the power used for transmission,the idle power of the N810is subtracted. The idle power has been measured while the device was not running any applications,and with Bluetooth switched off.The idle power is measured to328mW.This power used for transmission is multiplied with the test duration in seconds to determine the total consumed energy during the test run.The total consumed energy is divided with the total transmitted data,to determine the amount of energy consumed per transmitted KB.The consumed energy per KB for both the TCP/IP protocol and the light-weight protocol is plotted in Figure4and is calculated with a95%conﬁdence interval in Table I.From Figure4it can be seen that both protocols both have an increased energy usage when there is more than oneﬂow. This observation holds for a conﬁdence interval of95%,see Table I.Furthermore it can be seen that the difference between the energy usage of the light-weight protocol stack and the TCP/IP protocol stack is nearly constant.plexity reductionIn order to quantify the reduction of complexity we have conducted measurements of the CPU utilisation ofkernel Fig.4.The mean energy usage for different number ofﬂows,all with a bandwidth of15KB/SecTABLE IL OWER AND UPPER BOUND GIVEN BY A95%CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE ENERGY USAGE IN JOULE PER TRANSFERRED KILOBYTE FORDIFFERENT NUMBERS OF SIMULTANEOUS FLOWS FOR THE TCP/IPPROTOCOL STACK AND THE LIGHT-WEIGHT PROTOCOL STACKTCP/IP protocol stackNumber ofﬂows Lower bound Mean Upper Bound10.011018830.011121940.0112250620.012104260.012247740.0123912230.012644280.012889540.0131347940.012636020.012756940.0128778650.012263590.012391010.0125184360.012314680.012470000.0126253170.012722260.012838300.01295433Light weight protocol stackNumber ofﬂows Lower bound Mean Upper Bound10.008195460.008279010.0083625620.008937440.009036810.0091361930.009463430.009585930.0097084240.008762450.008891590.0090207350.008870790.008972300.0090738060.009118850.009313390.0095079270.009540070.009649480.00975888TABLE IIE NERGY SAVING PER KILOBYTE FOR THE LIGHT-WEIGHT PROTOCOLCOMPARED TO TCP/IP FOR DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF SIMULTANOUSFLOWSFlows1234567 Saving[%]25.626.225.630.327.625.324.8processes during transmission.It has been chosen to measure the kernel usage as the protocol stacks are hosted in the kernel in Linux.The scenario is identical with the measurement of the energy consumption for a singleﬂow.In addition to the CPU utilisation of BNEP and L2CAP,the idle CPU utilisationFig.5.CPU usage of kernel operations in%for the TCP/IP protocol and the Light-weight protocolTABLE IIICPU USAGE OF KERNEL OPERATIONS IN%WITHIN A95%CONFIDENCEINTERVALProtocol Lower bound Mean Upper BoundTCP/IP 3.26 3.31 3.37Light-weight 2.27 2.36 2.44None(idle) 1.52 1.58 1.65is also measured.In this way it is possible to determine any reduction in CPU utilisation due to network transmission only. The CPU utilisation was measured with sar,which is a part of the sysstat utilities for Linux[13],at a frequency of1Hz. BNEP and L2CAP was measured during a transmission of 300s and the idle cpu utilisation was measured over a period of300s,all measure repeated30times.The Upper and Lower bounds with a95%conﬁdence interval along with the mean can be see in Table III.It is assumed the CPU utilisation in idle mode is constant and due to system tasks that are not related to network transmission.Therefore the idle CPU utilisation is subtracted from the CPU utilisation in BNEP and L2CAP in order to identify the CPU utilisation that is due to executing the network stack,see Figure5.The left column indicate the total CPU utilisation during a BNEP transfer and the right column indicate CPU utilisation during a L2CAP transmission.The lower portion of the columns indicate the CPU consumed in idle state and the upper section thus indicates the CPU utilisation due to the transmission.If the idle consumption is subtracted it can thus be seen that the CPU utilisation has been reduced to approximately a third using the light-weight protocol instead of the TCP/IP protocol.IV.C ONCLUSIONAs seen in Figure4and Table I it can be concluded that by using a light-weight protocol instead of TCP/IP between the mobile device and the gateway,energy can be saved.If for example the scenario with oneﬂow is considered, transmission of1KB consumes25.6%less energy via the light-weight protocol than by the TCP/IP protocol(The saving in percentage can been seen for all the number ofﬂows in Table II).The overhead for the light-weight protocol is reduced with 40B,from640+40+4=684B to640+4=644B which is a reduction of5.8%.This reduction is signiﬁcantly lower than the reduction in energy consumption which indicates that the reduced use of baseband is not the only contributor to the energy saving.The reduction in CPU utilisation is signiﬁcant, see Figure5,which indicates that reduction in complexity can signiﬁcantly reduce energy consumption.The results and energy saving potential presented in this paper are all based on measurements where the mobile device uploads data to the Internet service.Because of the dissimilar-ity in the task of sending and receiving in the TCP/IP stack we can not conclude that a saving of the same level on download can be obtained.A CKNOWLEDGMENTAuthors would like to thank Nokia for providing technical andﬁnancial support as well as mobile phones to carry out the measurement campaign.Special thanks to Mika Kuulusa, Gerard Bosch,Harri Pennanen,Nina Tammelin,and Per Møller from Nokia.Also a thanks to Ben Krøyer for the support in setting up the measurement equipment.This work was partiallyﬁnanced by the X3MP project granted by Danish Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation.R EFERENCES[1]Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol(BNEP)Speci-ﬁcation,Bluetooth SIG Inc.,2001.[Online].Available: /groups/802/15/Bluetooth/BNEP.pdf[2]M.Schl¨a ger,B.Rathke,A.Wolisz,and S.Bodenstein,“Advocating aremote socket architecture for internet access using wireless lans,”Mob.Netw.Appl.,vol.6,no.1,pp.23–42,2001.[3]T.Arildsen and F.H.Fitzek,“The c-cube concept-combining cross-layer protocol design,cognitive-,and cooperative network concepts,”in Cognitive Wireless Networks,F.H.Fitzek and M.D.Katz,Eds.P.O.Box17,3300AA Dordrecht,The Netherlands:Springer,2007.[4]T.D.et al.,“A survey of active network research,”CommunicationsMagazine,IEEE,vol.35,no.1,pp.80–86,jan.1997.[5]Z.Shelby,P.Mahonen,J.Riihijarvi,O.Raivio,and P.Huuskonen,“Nanoip:the zen of embedded networking,”Communications,2003.ICC ’03.IEEE International Conference on,vol.2,pp.1218–1222vol.2, May2003.[6]BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION Version2.1+EDR,Bluetooth SIG Inc.,2007.[7]M.Leech,M.Ganis,Y.Lee,R.Kuris, D.Koblas,and L.Jones,“SOCKS Protocol Version5,”RFC1928(Proposed Standard),Mar.1996.[Online].Available:/rfc/rfc1928.txt[8]“Bluez,ofﬁcial linux bluetooth protocol stack.”[Online].Available:[9]“Tsocks.”[Online].Available:/[10]M.Ricchetti,“Ss5.”[Online].Available:/[11]“Packgen.”[Online].Available:/[12]USER’S GUIDE,Model66319B/D,66321B/D,Mobile CommunicationsDC Source.[Online].Available:[13]Sysstat.[Online].Available:http://pagesperso-orange.fr/sebastien.godard/。