观察是什么Observation

Observation
Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source. In living
beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the recording of data via the use of instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity.
Contents
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∙ 1 Observation in science
∙ 2 Observational paradoxes
∙ 3 Biases
o 3.1 Confirmation bias
o 3.2 "Cargo cult" science
o 3.3 Processing bias
o 3.4 Observational bias
∙ 4 Observations in philosophy
∙ 5 See also
∙ 6 References
In some specific fields of science the results of observation differ depending on factors which are not important in everyday observation. These are usually illustrated with "paradoxes" in which an event appears different when observed from two different points of view, seeming to violate "common sense".
"collapse" the wave function into a single state. So any interaction between an
isolated wave function and the external world that results in this wave function
collapse is called an observation or measurement, whether or not it is part of a
deliberate observation process.
The human senses do not function like a video camcorder, impartially recording all observations. Human perception occurs by a complex, unconscious process
of abstraction, in which certain details of the incoming sense data are noticed and remembered, and the rest forgotten. What is kept and what is thrown away depends on an internal model or representation of the world, called by psychologists a schema, that is built up over our entire lives. The data is fitted into this schema. Later when events are remembered, memory gaps may even be filled by "plausible" data the mind makes up to fit the model; this is called reconstructive memory. How much attention the various perceived data are given depends on an internal value system, which judges how important it is to the individual. Thus two people can view the same event and come away with entirely different perceptions of it, even disagreeing about simple facts. This is
why eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable.
Several of the more important ways observations can be affected by human psychology are given below.
Confirmation bias
Human observations are biased toward confirming the observer's conscious and unconscious expectations and view of the world; we "see what we expect to see".[4] In psychology, this is called confirmation bias.[4] Since the object of scientific research is the discovery of new phenomena, this bias can and has caused new discoveries to be overlooked. One example is the discovery of x-rays. It can also result in erroneous scientific support for widely held cultural myths, for example the scientific racism that supported ideas of racial superiority in the early 20th century.[5] Correct scientific technique emphasizes careful recording of observations, separating experimental observations from the conclusions drawn from them, and techniques such
as blind or double blind experiments, to minimize observational bias.
"Cargo cult" science
"Observe always that everything is the result of a change, and get used to thinking that there is nothing Nature loves so well as to change existing forms and to make new ones like them."。