Deformation at Room and Low Temperatures and Martensite Transformation in Resistance Spot Weldin
科技英语
1. Iron and SteelThe earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Mod ern industry needs consid erabl e quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel. A certain number of non-ferrous metals (非铁金属）, including aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn), are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties（磁性）, which have mad e the d evel opment of electrical power possibl e.地球上含有大量的金属,是有用的。
其中最重要的之一是铁。
现代工业需要大量的这种金属,铁的形式或形式的钢。
一定数量的有色金属(非铁金属),包括铝(Al)和锌(锌)也很重要,但即使在今天大多数的工程产品的铁或钢。
此外,铁具有磁性(磁性),使电力的发展成为可能。
The iron ore which we find on earth is not pure. It contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting（熔炼）. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace （高炉）with coke and limestone（石灰石）, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and provid e the oxygen that is necessary for the reduction of the ore. The ore becomes molten, and its oxid es combine with carbon from the coke. The non-metallic constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag（渣）. This floats on top of the molten iron, and passes out of the furnace through a tap（口）. The metal which remains is pig iron（生铁）.铁矿石,我们发现地球上不纯。
紧固件专业英语
紧固件专业英语词汇(04)从美标书上摘抄的名词解(2008-08-05 15:55:45)1. Scale [skeil n. 刻度,衡量,比例,数值范围,比例尺,天平,等级vt. 依比例决定,攀登,测量vi. 剥落,生水垢,重,攀登,衡量2. Temper。
Temper is the state of metal or alloy involving its structure and mechanical properties . (Tamper): 回火：是金属或合金状态，包含着它的结构和机械性能。
(钢等)韧度, 回火, 性情, 脾气, 情绪, 心情, 调剂, 趋向(冶金)回火、锻炼, 调和, 调节3．Passivating : 钝化。
passivating is the process of dissolving ferrous particles and surface impurities from stainless steel by chemical means (nor—mally a nitric acid dip ) and to produce a passive film on the surface .the purpose is to improve the corrosion resistance of he surface .以下是有关紧固件制造术语：3. Shaving . Shaving is a cutting operation in which thin layers of material are removed from the outer surfaces of the product.锈皮：它是氧化铁，有时成形在紧固件热顶锻或锻件头部的表面。
(Shaving ) 刮削加工：是切削工艺，在工件外表面切削稀薄的一层金属。
6．Sliver . Sliver is an irregular shaped piece of metal clinging loosely to the finished fastener .毛刺（Sliver ）: 是一种不规则的金属粘附在精加工的紧固件上。
Failure modes&failure theories_Mechanics of Materials
Theories of FailureFailure is generally perceived to be fracture or complete separation of a member. However, failure may also occur due to excessive deformation (elastic or inelastic) or a variety of other reasons.Failure Modes 3Excessive elasticdeformationYielding Fracture•stretch, twist, or bending •buckling •vibration •plastic deformation atroom temperature•creep at elevatedtemperatures•yield stress is theimportant design factor•sudden fracture of brittlematerials•fatigue (progressivefracture)•stress rupture at elevatedtemperatures•ultimate stress is theimportant design factorDuring the latter part of the 19th century and continuing up to the present, a number of basic failure theories were proposed and tested on a few materials.1Most of the theories were based on the assumption that failure occurs when some physical variable such as stress, strain, or energy reaches a limiting value.Deformation:•Elastic deformation is temporary (reversible) and involves bond stretching.•Plastic deformation is permanent (irreversible), and involves bond breaking.•Fracture is catastrophic./matse81/Spring%202003/LectureNotes/ Classification System for Mechanical Failure Modes 4Manifestations of Failure elastic deformationplastic deformationrupture or fracturematerial change Failure-Inducing AgentsCommonly Observed Mechanical Failure Modes Force and/or Temperature-Induced Elastic DeformationYieldingBrinnellingDuctile RuptureBrittle FractureFatigueforcetimetemperaturereactive environmentFailure Locationsbody typesurface type CorrosionWearImpactFrettingCreepThermal RelaxationStress RuptureThermal ShockGalling and SeizureSpallingRadiation DamageBucklingCreep BucklingStress CorrosionCorrosion WearCorrosion Fatigue Combined Creep and FatigueStress TheoriesMaximum Principal Stress Theory (Rankine, Lamé)Applied satisfactorily to many brittle materials, the theory is based on a limiting normal stress. Failure occurs when the normal stress reaches a specified upper limit.1Failure is predicted when either ofthe principal stresses, σ1or σ2,equals or exceeds the yield strength,σyp , of the material.3σ1< σypσ2< σypExamplesClick on image for full size.Maximum Shear Stress Theory (Tresca, Guest, Coulomb)Applied satisfactorily to ductile materials, the theory is based on the concept of limiting shearing stress at which failure occurs.1Failure by yielding in a more complicated loading situation is assumed to occur when the maximum shearing stress in the material reaches a value equal to the maximum shearing stress in a tension test at yield.This yield criterion gives good agreement with experimental results for ductile materials; because of its simplicity, it is the most often used yield theory.2The main objection to this theory is that it ignores the possible effect of the intermediate principal stress, σ2. However, only one other theory, the maximum distortional strain energy theory, predicts yielding better than does the Tresca theory, and the differences between the two theories are rarely more than 15%.Failure is predicted when any of the three shear stresses corresponding to the principal stresses, σ1,2, equals or exceeds the shear stresscorresponding to the yield strength, σyp , of the material in uniaxial tension or compression.3Maximum Octahedral Shearing Stress TheoryFailure by yielding in a more complicated loading situation is assumed to occur when the octahedral shearing stress in the material reaches a value equal to the maximum octahedral shearing stress in a tension test at yield.Plane stress caseUniaxial stress caseNote: This theory gives the same results as the maximum distortion energy theory.Strain TheoriesMaximum Principal Strain Theory (Saint-Venant )The theory is based on the assumption that inelastic behavior or failure is governed by a specified maximum normal strain.1 Failure will occur at a particular part in a body subjected to an arbitrary state of strain when the normal strain reaches a limiting level.Failure is predicted when either of the principal strains, resulting from the principal stresses, σ1,2, equals or exceeds the maximum straincorresponding to the yield strength, σyp , of the material in uniaxial tension or compression.3 σ1 - ν(σ2 + σ3) < σypTotal Strain Energy Theory (Beltrami-Haigh)Applicable to many types of materials, the theory predicts failure or inelastic action at a point when the strain energy per unit volume exceeds a specified limit.1Failure is predicted when the total strain energy associated with the principal stresses, σ1,2, equals or exceeds the total strain energy corresponding to thatfor the yield strength, σyp , of the material in uniaxial tension or compression.3 σ12 + σ22 +σ32 -2ν(σ1σ2 + σ2σ3 + σ1σ3) < σyp 2Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (Huber-Henky-von Mises )The theory is based on a limiting energy of distortion, i.e. energy associated with shear strains.1Strain energy can be separated into energy associated with volume change and energy associated with distortion of the body. The maximum distortion energy failure theory assumes failure by yielding in a more complicated loading situation to occur when the distortion energy in the material reaches the same value as in a tension test at yield.This theory provides the best agreement between experiment and theory and, along the Tresca theory, is very widely used today.2Note: This theory gives the same results as the octahedral shear stress theory.Failure is predicted when the distortional energy associated with the principal stresses, σ1,2, equals or exceeds the distortional energy corresponding to thatfor the yield strength, σyp , of the material in uniaxial tension or compression.3 0.5 ( (σ1 - σ2)2 + (σ2 - σ3)2 + (σ3 - σ1)2) < σyp 2SummaryOf the failure criteria, the Tresca is the most conservative for all materials, the von Mises the most representative for ductile materials, and the Rankine the best fit for brittle materials.3Laminated-Composite Failure EnvelopesMore on failure theoriesBelow is a summary of two of most popular theories of failure applied to a simple uniaxial stress state and to a pure shear stress state.Failure CriteriaReferences1. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites, by J. Bodig & B.A. Jayne, KriegerPublishing, 1993, pp. 314-5.2. The Science and Technology of Civil Engineering Materials, by J.F. Young, S.Mindess, R.J. Gray, & A. Bentur, Prentice Hall, 1998, pp. 115-7.3. "Failure Prediction and Avoidance," Experimental Stress Analysis Notebook,Issue 22, Dec. 1993, Measurements Group, pp. 6-11.4. Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design - Analysis Prediction Prevention, byJ. A. Collins, John Wiley and Sons, 1981, pp. 6-8.。
铁的氧化物的热膨胀系数及导热系数
Physical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-Containing Steelsat High TemperatureMikako Takeda1,Takashi Onishi1,Shouhei Nakakubo1and Shinji Fujimoto21Materials Research Laboratory,Kobe Steel,Ltd.,Kobe651-2271,Japan2Graduate School of Engineering,Osaka University,Suita565-0871,JapanThe mechanical properties of oxide scales at high-temperature were studied in order to improve the surface quality of commercial Si-containing high strength steels.Specific oxides of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4were synthesized by powder metallurgy.The Vickers hardness,thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured at high-temperatures.A series of measurements confirmed that the physical properties of the synthesized oxides were different each other.From the Vickers hardness measurements,it was verified that the hardness of each synthesized oxide was identical with the naturally-formed iron oxide,as observed in the cross-section of oxide scales on steels. The influence of the Fe2SiO4formed on Si-containing steels on the scale adhesion at high temperature and the surface property is discussed on the basis of the physical properties of the oxides.[doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2009097](Received March18,2009;Accepted June4,2009;Published August25,2009)Keywords:high-temperature oxidation,oxide hardness,oxide thermal expansion coefficient,oxide thermal conductivity,silicon-containing steel,FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Fe2SiO4,adhesion,surface property1.IntroductionThe iron oxide scales that form on billets and slabs of hot-rolled steels are usually detached using a hydraulic descaling process.However,residual primary scales or secondary scales that form after the descaling process remain on the steel surface through subsequent hot-and cold-working,then influence the surface quality of thefinal products by modifying its mechanical properties,such as deformation, fracture and spalling.The residual scales may induce non-uniform surface temperature,which affects thefinal scale structure and mechanical properties of the steel.Hence,it is of great importance to examine/understand the physical and mechanical properties of iron oxide scales in order to control their formation and properties,and ultimately to improve the quality of steels.The oxide scales that form on steels include Fe2O3,Fe3O4, FeO,which form in lamellar strata from the substrate towards the outer layer.In the case of Si-containing steels,which are widely used for automobile bodies and frames in the form of high-tensile steel sheets,the inner-most layer,mainly composed of fayalite(Fe2SiO4)and FeO,can form at the interface between scale and steel.1–4)Therefore,the high-temperature physical properties such as hardness,thermal expansion coefficient,thermal conductivity,etc.of each oxide species need to be clarified in order to understand the deformation and fracture behaviour of scale and its influence on the surface properties after rolling.The high-temperature deformation and fracture behaviour of these oxide species are not yet well summarised in the literature.Amano et al.5)reported the Vickers hardness of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4at RT(room temperature) and at1000 C,as measured by employing micro-indenta-tion.6)In this study,5)Vickers hardnesses were measured for the lamellar constituent oxides in cross-sections of Si-containing steels.In terms of the deformation behaviour of oxides,Hidaka et al.reported on the deformation of Fe2O3, Fe3O4and FeO at600–1250 C by measuring stress-strain curves.7,8)In these studies,tensile-test specimens of pure iron were completely oxidized underfixed conditions and tensile tests atfixed strain rates were conducted to obtain the deformation and fracture behaviour.Although knowledge of such high-temperature mechanical properties of oxide scales is beneficial,their mechanical properties have been less extensively studied because high-purity specimens of specific iron oxides are required in order to measure these parameters with sufficient accuracy.This paper focuses on the hardness,thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities at high-temperatures of Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4which were prepared by powder metallurgy and oxidation under a controlled atmo-sphere.Furthermore,the influence of the Fe2SiO4formed on the Si-containing steel on the scale adhesion at high-temperature,and surface property were investigated.2.Experimental2.1Preparation of specific oxide specimensIn this study,pure high-density FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3and Fe2SiO4were prepared by powder metallurgy and oxidation under a controlled atmosphere.Sintered compacts of each oxide were used as test specimens to measure the physical properties at high temperature.Each synthesized specific oxide of iron-oxide was prepared using the following process.FeO forms on Fe under limited oxygen partial pressures, ranging from2:8Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe2SiO4/FeO at850 C)to2:6Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of FeO/Fe3O4at850 C).FeO is the stable phase at temperatures of570 C and above,but is not stable below570 C.9)Therefore,FeO may decompose into Fe and Fe3O4at RT.FeO that is formed at high temperature can be ‘frozen-in’by quenching,but this type of material is not suitable for measuring the mechanical properties in the high-temperature phase because numerous pores are present in such FeO specimens.Materials Transactions,Vol.50,No.9(2009)pp.2242to2246 #2009The Japan Institute of MetalsIn order to prepare an FeO specimen,finely-powdered Fe and Fe3O4were mixed in the ratio8:10by weight,and were then formed into blocks,55mm square by8mm thick.The shaped blocks were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of150MPa,and then sintered at 1100 C for3.6ks in an Ar atmosphere.The sintered blocks were pressed in a graphite mould at900 C for3.6ks in vacuum,under a constant load of50MPa.Dense sintered compacts of pure FeO werefinally obtained.On the other hand,Fe3O4forms on Fe over a wide range of oxygen pressures from2:6Â10À13Pa(equilibrium oxy-gen pressure of FeO/Fe3O4at850 C)to4:1Â10À3Pa (equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe3O4/Fe2O3at850 C). Fe3O4is relatively stable,but can be oxidized to Fe2O3 under high partial pressures of oxygen,and is reduced to FeO under low oxygen partial pressures.In addition,Fe2O3 forms on Fe under limited partial pressures of oxygen above 4:1Â10À3Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure of Fe3O4/Fe2O3 at850 C).Fe2O3is stable in high partial pressures of oxygen,but is unstable and can be reduced to Fe3O4under low partial pressures of oxygen,e.g.,in an inert atmosphere. The blocks offinely-powdered Fe3O4and Fe2O3were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of300MPa,and then sintered at1100 C for3.6ks.The Fe3O4and Fe2O3were sintered in atmospheres of Ar and air,respectively.Si-containing steels promote the formation of lamellar fayalite:Fe2SiO4forms between the FeO layer and the steel substrate.Fe2SiO4forms in a narrow range of oxygen pressures between2:7Â10À14Pa(equilibrium oxygen pressure for SiO2/Fe2SiO4at850 C)and2:8Â10À13Pa (equilibrium oxygen pressure for Fe2SiO4/FeO at850 C), and therefore it is difficult to obtain pure Fe2SiO4by the oxidation of Si-containing steels.Therefore,Fe2SiO4was prepared by the sintering of fayalite powder.The natural fayalite minerals were powdered and classified into the appropriatefineness(below150mesh),then formed into blocks.The shaped blocks were compacted by cold isostatic pressing under a constant load of150MPa,and were sintered at1130 C for3.6ks in vacuum.2.2Quantitative analysis of purity and sintering densityof synthesized specific oxide specimensThe synthesized oxide specimens were identified and were quantitatively analyzed by X-ray diffraction.In the quanti-tative analysis of the synthesized oxides,the main peaks of the X-ray diffraction spectra werefitted to Gaussian curves, and the intensities of the main peaks were obtained.The relative concentrations of the synthesized specific oxide were calculated by substitution in the following equation for the peak intensity.C n¼A nÂY nÆðA iÂY iÞð1Þwhere C n is the relative concentration of component n,A n is the relative sensitivity coefficient of component n,and Y n is the peak intensity of component n.The synthesized oxide specimens were machined and their densities were obtained at room temperature by measuring the volume-to-weight ratio.2.3Measurements of physical properties2.3.1HardnessThe synthesized oxides,Fe2O3,Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4, were machined into work-pieces with dimensions of 10Â20Â3mm3,and then polished with a series of emery papers up to1500grit,buffed,finally degreased in acetone. The hardnesses of the work pieces were measured by a high-temperature micro indenter(Nikon MQ type)at temperatures up to1000 C using square-based diamond and sapphire pyramids.A load of50g was applied for30s,and3 impressions were recorded for each sample.Oxide scales that were formed on iron and steel substrates were also prepared as reference standards,and the hardnesses of these scales were also measured similarly.10mmÂ20mmÂ2mm work-pieces of high-purity Fe(99.99%)and an Fe-3.0mass%-Si alloy were oxidized at1000 C for1.8ks in an O2atmosphere.Oxide scales of about600m m in thickness were formed under the oxidation condition.The hardnesses of oxide scales were measured using the square-based diamond and sapphire pyramids as indenters for the lamellar oxides in a cross section.5)2.3.2Thermal expansion coefficientThe synthesized oxides were formed into3:5mmÂ3:5mmÂ18mm blocks,and were degreased in acetone. The thermal expansion coefficients of the work pieces were measured between room temperature and1000 C using a thermo-mechanical analyzer(Rigaku TMA8140type)at a heating rate of5 C/min.A fused quartz bar was used as a reference in this measurement.The thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized oxides were measured in the air for Fe2O3,in an Ar atmosphere for Fe3O4and FeO,and in a He atmosphere for Fe2SiO4.2.3.3Thermal conductivityThe synthesized oxides were machined into work pieces with dimensions of 10mmÂ1:5mm,and were degreased in acetone prior to measurements.The thermal conductivities were measured at up to1000 C using a laserflash analyzer (ULVAC-RIKO TC-7000type).The specific heats were measured by differential scanning calorimetry in an Ar atmosphere.The thermal conductivities of the synthesized oxides were calculated using the thermal diffusion coeffi-cient,the specific heat and the sintering density.3.Results and Discussion3.1Purity and sintering density of iron oxide specimens The synthesized oxides were identified from X-ray diffraction spectra.Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesised oxides are shown in Figs.1to4.It was confirmed that the synthesised Fe2O3,Fe3O4and Fe2SiO4were composed of a pure single phase.Although,slight inclusions of residual -Fe and Fe3O4were indicated for the synthesized FeO as shown in Table1,FeO was the predominant compound because the concentration of Fe3O4was below 2.0mass%.From these results,we could assume that the synthesized oxides were essentially composed of single oxide species.The densities of the synthesized oxides of Fe2O3, Fe3O4,FeO and Fe2SiO4were4.69gÁcmÀ3,5.08gÁcmÀ3, 6.27gÁcmÀ3and4.08gÁcmÀ3,respectively.Considering thatPhysical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-containing Steels at High Temperature2243the densities of Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4,FeO and Fe 2SiO 4noted in the literature are 5.27g Ácm À3,5.18g Ácm À3,5.70g Ácm À3and 4.34g Ácm À3respectively,the sintering density of our synthesized Fe 2O 3was slightly low and that of the synthesized FeO was slightly high compared with the values available in the literature.10)3.2HardnessThe hardnesses of synthesized iron oxides at room-and high-temperatures are shown in Fig.5.The hardnesses of all of the oxides decrease with increasing temperature,with the magnitude of the decrease occurring approximately in the following order:Fe 2SiO 4,Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4and FeO.In particular,the hardnesses of Fe 2SiO 4and Fe 2O 3are remarkably high at room temperature,but are equivalent to the other oxides above 400 C.The hardness of FeO is lower than the other oxides in the range between room temperature and 1000 C.The hardness of Fe 2SiO 4can not be exactly measured at 1000 C because the melting point of Fe 2SiO 4is 1170 C and the material begins to soften at 1000 C.In order to confirm the validity of these results,they were compared with the hardnesses of oxide scales formed on steels.The hardnesses of the synthesized iron oxides and of cross-sectional oxide scales on pure Fe and a Fe-3.0mass%Si alloy are listed in Table 2.Variation of hardness of the synthesized oxides is similar to that of scales formed on steels.Furthermore,the order of magnitude of thehardnessFig.1X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 2O 3specimen.Fig.4X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 2SiO 4specimen.Fig.2X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe 3O 4specimen.Fig.3X-ray diffraction pattern of FeO specimen.Table 1Concentration of oxide phase in FeO specimen (vol%).Fe 2O 3Fe 3O 4FeO -Fe 01.986.811.3Fig.5Hardness of the synthesized iron oxides at high-temperature.Table 2Comparison of Vickers hardness (GPa)of the respective iron oxide scales and the cross-sectional oxide scales on iron.TemperatureSample formSintered specimenScale formed on ironFeO RT 1.67 3.501000C 0.04360.05Fe 3O 4RT 1.64 4.001000 C 0.05050.08Fe 2O 3RT 3.27 6.701000 C 0.07340.53Fe 2SiO 4RT 3.29 5.501000 C—0.632244M.Takeda,T.Onishi,S.Nakakubo and S.Fujimotoof the synthesized oxides is consistent with that formed on the steels.However,the hardness of Fe 2O 3formed on the steel is much larger than synthesized Fe 2O 3at 1000 C.It is considered that the hardness of Fe 2O 3formed on the steel could not be measured precisely because its thickness is a few or several tens of m m .Therefore,it is concluded that the properties of synthesized iron oxides that had been fabricated with high purity and density corresponds to that of oxide scales formed on steels.3.3Thermal expansion coefficientAs shown in Fig.6,the thermal expansion coefficients of all of the synthesised oxides increase with increasing temperature,with magnitudes approximately in the following ascending order:FeO,Fe 3O 4,Fe 2O 3and Fe 2SiO 4.In particular,FeO exhibits the highest thermal expansion coefficient in the temperature range below 400 C.The thermal expansion coefficient of FeO abruptly increases at 600–700 C.This phenomenon may be caused by a stabiliza-tion of FeO,because FeO is becomes stable above 570 C.3.4Thermal conductivityThe temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of the synthesized iron oxides is shown in Fig.7.The thermal conductivity is reduced approximately in the following ascending order:FeO,Fe 2O 3,Fe 3O 4and Fe 2SiO 4.A prominent feature is that FeO has the highest conductivity and Fe 2SiO 4shows the lowest in the temperature range between room temperature and 1000 C.The following is also noteworthy.The thermal conductivity of Fe 2O 3is the highest at RT,but changes remarkably smaller at high-temperature,while Fe 2SiO 4exhibits extremely reduced thermal conduc-tivity compared with FeO.3.5Influence of the physical properties of iron-oxide scales at high temperature on the surface properties of the Si-containing steelIt was shown in section 3.1–3.4that the high-temperature physical properties,such as hardness,thermal expansion coefficient,and thermal conductivity,are significantly differ-ent for each oxide species.The scale structure and oxidation behaviour on the Si-containing steel have been described in many literatures.1–4)On the Si-containing steel,inner-most layer consisting of FeO–Fe 2SiO 4mixture is formed beneath the outer FeO layer.1–4)However,Fe 2SiO 4in the inner-most layer,the amount of which increases as the Si content increases,suppresses the outward diffusion of Fe ions from steels and hence the inner diffusion of oxygen ions predominates in the oxide growth.11)Therefore,as the Si content increase,the composition of outer scale layer changes from FeO to Fe 3O 4and Fe 2O 3.11)These results show that the fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4)affects the structure of the outer and inner scale layers on Si-containing steel.In the following section,the influence of the fayalite (Fe 2SiO 4)formed on the high-Si steel on the scale adhesion at high temperature and surface properties are discussed on the basis of physical properties of iron-oxide scale.3.5.1The scale adhesion at high temperature of theSi-containing steelThe thermal stress generated by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between inner-most layer and steel causes a spalling and cracking of the scale during the hot-rolling process.As described above,the inner-most layer on the high-Si steel is mainly composed of Fe 2SiO 4.Therefore,the scale adhesion of high-Si steel is influenced by the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the Fe 2SiO 4and steel.As shown in Fig.6,the thermal expansion coefficient of Fe 2SiO 4increases as the temperature increases.The thermal expansion coefficient of Fe 2SiO 4at 1000 C is nearly equal to that of Fe(14:6Â10À6/ C at 800 C).12)By contrast,the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient of FeO and Fe is large at 1000 C.It is also reported that the scale adhesion of Fe 2SiO 4on steel at high temperature is greater than that of FeO.11)Therefore,the Fe 2SiO 4might strongly adhere to the substrate steel and is not detached by the descalingprocess.Fig.6Thermal expansion coefficients of the synthesized iron oxides athigh-temperature.Fig.7Thermal conductivities of the synthesized iron oxides at high-temperature.Physical Properties of Iron-Oxide Scales on Si-containing Steels at High Temperature 22453.5.2Surface property of the Si-containing steel afterrollingAs described above,the Fe2SiO4strongly adheres to the substrate steel,resulting in the deterioration of the descal-ability.The remaining Fe2SiO4suppresses the outward diffusion of Fe ions from the steel and hence the inner diffusion of oxygen ions predominates in the oxide growth.11) It is also shown in Fig.7that the thermal conductivity of Fe2SiO4is lower than that of other oxides.This result suggests that the remaining Fe2SiO4on the substrate steel brings about a reduction in the cooling rate and a rising of the surface temperature.As a result,the thick Fe2O3,which is a higher order oxide,is formed as the outer-most scale layer on the Fe2SiO4-coated substrate steel.Therefore,the fracture and deformation behaviour of Fe2O3may directly affect the surface properties of high-Si steel.It is shown in Fig.5that the hardness of Fe2O3is greater than that of the other oxides at800 C.It is also reported that the ability to deform Fe2O3is lower than that of FeO.7,8)As a result,the outer-most scale surface,mainly composed of Fe2O3,is crushed because of its hardness and stiffness at 800 C,corresponding to the hot-rolling temperature.Finely-ground Fe2O3is often observed on high-Si steels,which frequently form red scales on their surfaces and degrade the surface property of the high-Si steel.4.ConclusionIn the present study,we measured the high temperature physical properties of various iron oxides,constituents of oxide scales on steels,in order to clarify the dynamic behavior of the oxide scales that occur on practical steels. We selected FeO,Fe3O4,Fe2O3and Fe2SiO4as typical oxide species that formed on Si-containing steels,and synthesized artificial specimens of each type of oxide.The specimens were composed of a single oxide species,and were used to measure the hardness,the thermal expansion coefficient and the thermal conductivity over the temperature range between RT and1000 C.As a result,it was found that the physical properties of the synthesized iron oxides differed significantly from each other.The hardness of the synthe-sized iron oxides was identical with the naturally-formed corresponding iron oxide observed in cross-sectional oxide scales on practical steels.The experimental results from this study are confirmed as reflecting the physical properties of the oxide scales that form on practical steels. Moreover,we discussed the relationship between the physical properties of oxides at high temperature and surface property after rolling the Si-containing steel.It is possible that Fe2SiO4affects the high-temperature adhesion,surface temperature,and surface property of the Si-containing steel after rolling.REFERENCES1) C.W.Tuck:Corros.Sci.5(1965)631–643.2)W.W.Smeltzer,L.A.Morris and R.C.Logani:Can.Metall.Quart.9(1970)513–519.3)R.C.Logani and W.W.Smeltzer:Oxid.Met.3(1971)15–32.4)K.Yanagihara,S.Suzuki and S.Yamazaki:Oxid.Met.57(2002)281–296.5)T.Amano,M.Okazaki,Y.Takezawa,A.Shino,M.Takeda,T.Onishi,K.Seto,A.Ohkubo and T.Shishido:Mater.Sci.Forum522–523 (2006)469–476.6)G.R.Anstis,P.Chantikul,wn and D.B.Marshall:J.Am.Ceram.Soc.64(1981)533–538.7)Y.Hidaka,T.Anraku and N.Otsuka:Mater.Sci.Forum369–372(2001)555–562.8)Y.Hidaka,T.Anraku and N.Otsuka:Oxid.Met.59(2003)97–113.9)L.S.Darken and W.R.Gurry:Physical Chemistry of Metals,(McGrow-Hill Book Company,New York,1953)p.351.10)K.H.Hellwege ed.:Landolt Borstein numerical data tables,Group3,12,(Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1980)p.8.11)M.Takeda and T.Onishi:Mater.Sci.Forum522–523(2006)477–488.12)Metals Data Book,4th Edition,(Maruzen)p.14.2246M.Takeda,T.Onishi,S.Nakakubo and S.Fujimoto。
GR5,TC4钛合金十大性能
This property of titanium shows that its yield ratio (tensile strength / yield strength) is soaring, indicating that the metallic titanium material has poor plastic deformation upon forming. Due to the titanium yield strength and elastic modulus of the ratio of fat, the resilience of titanium molding large.
Titanium is a chemically very reactive metal that reacts with many elements and compounds at elevated temperatures. Titanium suction mainly refers to elevated temperature and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen reaction.
6, non-magnetic, non-toxic
Titanium is non-magnetic metal that cannot be magnetized in a large magnetic field. It is non-toxic and has excellent compatibility with human tissues and blood. Therefore, titanium is employed in the medical field.
材料科学专业英语词汇（D）
材料科学专业英语词汇(D)d-nickeld 镍(含4-5%mn 之镍合金)dacite 石英安山石dacron polyester fibers 达克隆聚脂纤维daetwyler-schiltknecht abrasion machine 戴许磨耗机dairy bronze 奶罐青铜(20%ni, 8%zn, 4%sn, 其余为cu)dairy products 乳酪产品dam bar 堵住杆，纬dam block 水闸方块damage line[ 疲劳]损害比例damage ratio 达马新法(熔接高低碳钢而形成多层材料装饰品之一种方法)damascene 金属镶嵌法damascening 大马森合金(含10%sn 之青铜)damaxine alloy 制振能dammar 达玛脂dammar gum 达玛胶damp proofing and permeability reducing agent 防水剂damper 风门damping capacity damping test 制振族验dancer roller 上下跳动滚轮dandelion metal 登德耐易金属(含18%sb,10%sn, 其余为pb 之轴承合金)dapple 不匀darcy's law 达西定律dark condition 黑暗条件dark field 暗视野dark field microscopy 暗场显微法dart-drop testing 双轴弯曲试验darwin's concept 达尔文观念dash etching 达斯蚀刻dash's neck 达斯（缩细）颈部dashpots 缓冲筒data interpretation 数据阐明data level source 数据位阶电源data logging memory 资料记录记忆器data logging/data log 数据记录/数据记录表data memory 数据记忆器data scramble function 数据打散功能data topological function 数据拓扑功能datolite 矽钙硼石daubing[ 耐火砂]自补，涂抹day tank 日量熔槽daylight 净距(压机)daylight fastness 色耐阳光度dc diode sputtering system 直流二极管溅镀系统dc measurement 直流测量单元dc parameter test system 直流参数测试系统dc parametric test/dc testdc 参数试验/直流测试dc test 直流测试de broglie law 德波格里定律(现代电子绕射技术基础) de-airing 除气法de-aluminification 脱铝作用(铝青铜)de-emulsification 解乳化de-enamelling 去珐琅de-lavaued process 德拉瓦[离心铸管]法de-skew 相位或时间偏差之补偿deacetylated chitin 去乙醯卖质deactivation 反活性化deactivators 去活化剂dead clay 僵土dead plate 静板dead soft cast iron 极软铸铁dead soft steel 极软钢dead spots 僻区dead weight type/natural weight type 净重式dead-burned 僵烧dead-burned dolomite 全烧白云石dead-burned magnesite 全烧镁石dead-end polymerization 终端聚合deaeration 脱气deags 脱气debiteuse 浮标砖debranching enzymes 脱支梅debugger 除错程式deburring 去满边debye characteristic temperature 戴比特性温度debye circles 狄拜圈debye equation 狄拜等式debye's concept 狄拜观念debye-huckel approximation 狄胡近似法debye-huckel theory 狄胡理论debye-scherrer camera 戴薛氏照相机debye-scherrer diagrams 狄拜图谱decaborane 十硼十四氢decaborane polymers 十硼十四氢聚体decal 印花decalcomania 印花decalescence 减辉decalescence point 减辉点decanedioic acid 癸二酸decanning 去套管decanoic acid 癸酸decarboxylation 去羧基作用decarburization 脱碳decarburized depth 脱碳深度decarburized layer 脱碳层decarburized structure 脱碳组织decay 衮变decay time 衮变时间deceleration mode 减速模式dechlorination equipment 除氯设备decibel 分贝decoloration 消色decolorizer1 去色剂 2 脱色剂decomposition 分解decompression section 去压部位decor paper 装饰纸decor sheet 装饰板decorating 装饰decorating kiln 红炉；彩烧窑decorative coating 装饰护膜decorative concrete 装饰混凝土decorative effects 装饰效应decorative laminates 装饰层板decorative ribbon 装饰带条decoring 砂心清除decorvtive backcoat 回布装饰decyl acrylate 丙烯酸癸酯decyl alcohol (1-decanol)癸醇deep eltch 深蚀deep forming 深成形deep hardening steel 深硬化钢deep level 深能阶deep level transient spectroscopy 深能阶暂态光谱学deep submicron design 深态次微米设计deep-drawing steel 深冲[用]钢deep-submergence system 深浸系统deep-submergence vehicles 深浸媒体deerskins 廘皮dee[-pile fabrics 长毛织物defasher 塑模溢料残渣去除装置defect 瑕疵，缺陷defect lattice 缺陷格子defect semiconductor 瑕疵半导体defect structure 缺陷组织defects 缺点deflagration 爆燃(燃烧)deflashing 去毛边deflocculant 反凝剂deflocculants 反凝剂deflocculation 反凝defoaming agents 去泡剂deformability 变形度deformable particles 可变形粒子deformation 变形deformation band 变形带deformation eutectic 变形共熔物deformation mechanisms 变形历程deformation properties 变形性质deformation rate 变形率deformation structure 变形组织deformation temperature 变形温度deformation texture 变形织构deformation twin 变形双晶deformation velocity 变形速度deformation width of wire 变形线宽deformation, reversible 可逆变形deformation-stress dependencies 随应力变形deformation-time dependencies 随时间变形deformations, infinitesimal 极微变形deformed ball diameter 变形球径defroster 除霜器，防结冰装置degadation 败坏，降级degasification 脱气degassing 放气degassing flux 脱气熔剂degassing rate 去气率degating 去浇口degaussing 去磁degermination 去芽deghdrogenation 脱氢degradation 退解degradation of plastics 塑胶退解degradation of styrene polymers 苯乙烯聚合物退解degradation, latent 潜伏退解degradative processes 退解过程degreaser 去油剂degree of branching 分支度degree of crosslinking 交连度degree of crystallinity 结晶度degree of cure 硬化度degree of degradation 退解度degree of fatique 疲劳程度degree of freedom 自由度degree of hydration 水合度degree of isomerization 异构度degree of isotacticity 整排度degree of orientation 定向度degree of polymerization 聚合度degree of saturation 饱和度degree of substitution 取代度degydration 脱水dehardening 减硬dehydration 脱水dehydration bake 脱水烘烤dehydrochlorination 脱氯化氢dehydrogenated rosin 脱氢松香dehydrogenation 脱氢dehydrogenation processes 脱氢法deionization 去离子作用deionized water cooling 去离子水冷却deiron demanganese equipment 除铁除锰装置delay model 延迟模型delay time 延迟时间delayed elasticity 延迟弹性delayed fracture 延迟破断delayed queching 延迟火delayed transformation 延迟变态delayed yield 延迟降伏delayed-tack adhesives 迟固黏着剂deleterious substance 有害物质delft ware 德弗特陶器dellusterauts 褪光剂delta brassδ 黄铜delta bronzeδ 青铜delta ironδ 铁delta metalδ 合金delta solid solutionδ 固溶体delustering 褪光demagnetizer 去磁器demagnetizing curve 消磁曲线，去磁曲线demounting machine/demount station 晶圆卸装机denaturation 变性dendrite 树枝状结晶；树状突dendritic powder 树枝状粉未dendritic segregation 树枝状偏析dendritic spherulites,fibrous 纤维状桠球dendritic structure 树枝状组织denier 丹尼值denitriding 脱氮dense1 致密(陶) 2高折射率(玻)dense flint 重火石玻璃densener 冷铁densificatiokn 压紧density 密度density crystallinity 密度结晶density defect 密度缺点density measurements 密度测量density method 密度法density ratio 密度比density-gradient column 密度坡柱density-gradient sedimentation 密度坡沈积density-theoritical 理论密度dental gold 牙科用金(含5-12%ag, 4-10%cu, 其余为au 之合金) dental porcelain 牙用瓷denuded zone 无缺陷领域deoxidation (deoxidization)脱氧，去氧deoxidized copper 脱氧铜deoxidizer 脱氧剂deoxidizing 去氧，脱氧deoxidizing agent 脱氧剂deoxigenation 脱氧dependence of life time on current density plot 寿命与电流密度之依存性关系图dependence of life time on temperature plot 寿命与温度之依存关系图dephosphorization 脱磷depleted uranium 耗竭铀，耗乏铀depolarization 去极化作用depolarizer 去极化剂deposite attack 沈积侵蚀deposite protection 沉积防蚀deposition 沉积deposition chamber 沉积室，蒸镀室deposition rate 蒸镀速率depressed die pad 下凹晶片焊垫depth of chill 冷硬深度depth of focus 聚焦深度derby[ 金属]圆饼(特指铀金属饼又名biscuit) descale 去锈design automation conference 自动设计学术研讨会design automation（da）设计自动化design for testability 可测试性程式design kit 设计套组design rule check 设计法则查验desilverizing 去银destructive testing 破坏性试验desulphurization 脱硫deval abrasion test 戴佛磨损试验developer 显影机developer temperature control 显影液温度控制developing rate 显影速率developing uniformity 显影均质性development environment 研发环境device 装置，元件device model 装置模型，元件模型device program 装置程式device simulator 装置模拟器device under test 被测试装置devitrification 失透；反玻化devitrified glass 失透玻璃devitrite 失透物dew point 露点dewaxing 脱蜡dewpoint indicator 露点计dextrin 糊精dezincification 脱锌dh degassing processdh 去气法dhp copper dhp 铜sofg di-vacancies 双空位dialysis 透析；渗析diamagnetic substance 反磁性体diamagnetism 反磁性diamond 金刚钻，钻石diamond cubic 钻石立方diamond cvd 金钢钻cvd diamond electrodeposition wire 电解金钢砂沉积线diamond lattice 钻石[型]格子diamond polishing 钻石[细粉]抛光diamond pyramid hardnessdph diamond pyramid hardness test 钻石[角]diamond structure 金钢石锯diamond waw 锥硬度试验diamond wheel 金刚石磨轮diaphram pump 隔膜泵diaspore 水铝石diatomaceous earth 钻石[型]组织diatomitediatomaceous earth diatomite filter 珪藻土过滤器dic cavity 型腔，模槽dicalcium silicate 矽酸二钙dichromate treatment 金普(pr, 59),金女(nd,60)之通称dicing 切割dicing saw network management 切割锯刀网路管理dicing saw/dicer 切割锯刀/切割机dickite 二重高岭土didymium 麦藻土die 模die alignment 晶片调准die block 模die bonding 晶片接合，晶片焊接die bottom 模块die cast 铸模die cast alloy 压铸die casting 压铸合金die casting machine 压铸法die cavity 晶片固定腔die clearance 压铸机die cushion 模垫(压机)die dropping rate 晶片掉落率die electric 电介质，电介体die forging 模锻die impression 模型die insert 模嵌块die layout 模布置die life 模寿命die lock 模锁die lubricant 模具润滑剂die making 制模die mismatch 模错位die obnder 晶片接合机die opening 模距die pad/island 晶片焊垫/孤岛die plate 印刷版，铅版die press quenchiong 模压卒火die pressing 模压die proof 验模件die quench 夹模卒火die seat 模底die set 模组die setting 装模die shank 模柄die shear strength 晶片抗切强度die shear tester 晶片切变强度测试机die shift 模移量die shoe 模托(压机)die sinking 刻模die sinking machine 刻模机die slide 模滑条(压机)die sorter 晶片分选机die space 模面大小die steel 模用钢die temperature 模温die tray 晶片托盘die upper 上模die, cast 下模die, composite 组合模die, compound 复序模die, conterlocked 对锁模die, continental 样板模die, drop-through 下穿模die, finishing 完成模die, flat 平模die, floating 浮动模die, gripper 夹持模die, inserted 嵌型模die, inverted 倒置模die, lower 下模die, moving 动模die, multiple 多件模die, multiple cavity 多内模die, multiple-impression 多型模die, multiple-part 多件模die, plate 样板模die, progressive 顺序模die, push-through 穿通模die, return 返回模die, roll 滚筒模die, single-covity 单内模die, single-impression 单型模die, single-operation 单序模die, sizing 挤准模die, slidikng 滑动模die, solid 整体模die, split 分开模die, stationary 定模die, steel-rule 钢条模die, subpress 模架模die, swage 型锻模die, template 样板模die, top 上模die, transfer 自送连制模die, trimming 自边模die-by-die alignment 晶片间对准die-by-die leveling 晶片间调平die-by-die tilting 晶片间倾斜转动dielectric 介电dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric insulator 介电绝缘体dielectric strength 介电强度differential aeration corrosion 氧差腐蚀differential dc measurement 差动直流测试differential dilation curve 示差膨胀曲线differential gear 差速齿轮differential heating 差别加热differential micrometer 差动分厘卡differential pressure gauge 差压计differential quenching 示差卒火differential thermal analysis 示差热分析differential thermocouple 示差热电偶differential thermogravimetry 示差热重量法diffraction 绕射diffraction (x-ray)绕射线（x 射线）diffractometer 绕射仪diffused wafer 经扩散晶圆diffusion 扩散diffusion activation energy 扩散活化能diffusion annealing 扩散退火diffusion bonding 扩散接合diffusion boundary laver 扩散境界层diffusion coating 扩散护膜diffusion coefficient 扩散系数diffusion coefficient (d)扩散系数diffusion constant 扩散常数diffusion hardening 扩散硬化diffusion hole 扩散孔diffusion internal friction 扩散内耗diffusion normalizing 扩散正常化diffusion process 扩散法diffusion pump 扩散帮浦diffusion sintering 扩散烧结diffusion transformation 扩散变态diffusion zone 扩散带diffusion-controlled precipitation 扩散控制沉diffusion-controlled transformation 扩散控制变态(转换)diffusionless transformation 无扩散变态diffusivity1 扩散性2扩散率digital (control bonding)head 数位控制压接头dilatation curve 膨胀曲线dilatometer 热膨胀仪dimension1 尺寸2因次3维，度dimension change 尺寸变化dimensional instability 尺寸不稳定性dimensional stability 尺寸安定性dimensional tolerance 尺寸公差dimethylglyoxime test 定性试验dimming test 耐朦试验dimple 凹坑，表面微凹din (deutsche industrie normen)德国工业标准dinas brick 矽砖dings-crockett separator 丁一式分离机diode parallel plate plasma enhanced cvd system 二极管平行板等离子增强型cvd 系统diode sputtering system 二极管溅系统diopside 透辉石diorite 闪长岩dip brazing 热浸硬焊dip developer 浸渍式显影机dip transfer 浸送(熔接时金属由电极至熔池)dipcoat 浸涂，浸覆dipole 偶极，双极dipole materials 偶极性材料dipping 浸渍direct arc furnace 直接电弧炉direct arc heating 直接电弧加热direct chill casting 直接冷铸direct displacement type cleaning equipment 直接置换式洗涤装置direct extrusion 顺挤，直接挤制direct firing1 直接喷燃(泥) 2敞烧法(陶)direct heat method 直接加热法direct index function 直接索引功能direct interchange diffusion 直接交换扩散direct pick up 直接拾取direct quench aging 直接卒火时效direct redrawing 顺向再拉延direct reduction process 直接还原法direct stress 正交应力direct teemingtop pouring direct tempering 直接回火direct transformation 直接变态direct writing 直接描画direct-arc furnace 直热电弧炉directional properties 方向性directional solidification 方向性凝固directionality 方向性dirt 渣dirt inclusion 夹灰dirt trap 集灰阱disappearing filament pyrometer 隐丝[光学]高温计disappearing-filament pyrometer 隐丝光测高温计discaloy 迪卡洛(耐热钢之一种)discard 去锭头discontinuous eutectic 不连续共晶discontinuous precipitaion 不连续析出discontinuousdiscontinuous yielding 不规则降伏discrete component test system 离散元件测试系统dishing 凹状扭曲研磨dishing press 碟压机disintegration 崩解disintegration index 散解指数disintegrator 散解机disk feeder 盘饲机dislocation 差排dislocation climb 差排爬登dislocation density 差排密度dislocation free crystal 无位错结晶dislocation line 差排线dislocation locking 差排楔梢dislocation strength 差排强度disordered solid solution 无规律固溶体disordering 非规律化dispenser 配料机，点胶机dispenser nozzle 配料机喷嘴dispering agent 播散剂dispersed shrinkage 分散缩孔(铸疵)dispersion 播散dispersion effect 播散效应dispersion hardening 播散硬化dispersion strengthening 播散强化dispersion type fuel 分散型[核子]燃料dispersoid 散播物displacement energy 移位能displacement spike 原子移位区disposable carbide tip 弃换式碳化物刀尖块disruptive strength 破裂强度dissimilar metal corrosion 异极[金属]腐蚀dissociation pressure 解离压力distance hardness 端距硬度distillate 馏出物distilled water 蒸馏水distortion 歪变，畸变distributed processing 分散式处理distribution coefficient 分配系数diver method 潜取[样]法divergent lens 发散透镜division wall 隔墙divorced cementite 分离雪明碳铁divorced pearlite 粒状波来铁dns 碳金目钢dobbin 转盘乾燥器doctor blade 刮刀片document glass 文件玻璃dog house 进料口；浮标砖入口doloma 白云石灰dolomite 白云石dolomite brick 白云石砖domain 域domain wall 磁[区]壁dome 窥窿(圆题室)dome brick 圆顶砖dome jig 圆顶夹具dome plug 炉顶塞砖donor annihilation 消除氧气施体donor impurity 施素不纯物donor killer 氧气施体杀手donor level 授素准位dopant 掺杂剂doping 掺杂doping defect 掺缺缺陷doping system 掺杂系统doppelduro process 杜氏火焰硬化法dore bullion 多尔锭(金银锭)dore metal 多尔金属(金银合金) dore silver 多尔银(含少量金)dorr agitator 杜尔搅动器dorr mill 道尔磨机dorr thickener 杜尔浓稠槽dorrco filter 杜柯过滤机dose 剂量dot logging 点纪录dotwelding 点熔接double annealing 双重退火double carbide 复碳化物double contraction 双重收缩double crucible method 双重坩埚法double draining 再排浆(搪瓷)double equilibrium state 复平衡状态double extra deuse flint 双超重火石玻璃double normalizing 霸重正常化double oriented silicon iron sheet 双向性矽钢片double pass preheater 双程预热器double quenching 双重卒火double side lapping machine 双面磨光机double side polishing machine 双面抛光机double sided aligner 基板上下两面对准曝光器double skin 夹层(锻铸件外层瑕疵)double telecentric lens 双重远心透镜double tetrahedral unit 双四面体单元double thermochemical treatment 双重热化常处理double-arch hammer 双拱鎚double-end upset forging 双端锻粗double-end upsets 双端锻粗件double-end upsetting 双端锻粗法double-faceware 双面搪瓷器double-frame hammer 双架鎚double-frit glaze 双玻料釉double-stage nitriding 双重氮化法dow metal 陶氏金属(一种镁合金)dow process 陶氏法dowel1 合钉，定位销2双尖钉down and up cut 同方向及逆方向交互切割，反覆切割down cutting 下行切割down flow asher/down stream asher 下游灰化机down hand welding 水平焊接down set 下移安置down sizing 小型化down sprue 下浇道down stream plasma etching system 分离型等离子体蚀刻系统down-draught kiln 倒焰窑down-draw process 下拉法(玻)dph (diamond pyramid hardness)dph 硬度(同维氏硬度)draft1 拔模斜度2绘图3通风，通气4吃水(船)drag 落砂（铸疵）drag flask 下砂箱drag-ladledragade drag-line 拖索挖掘机dragline 拖索drain box 废液回收箱drain castinghollow casting drain tile 排水瓦管(从土木) draw bar 拉引棒砖draw bend 抽丝珠draw bending 拉延曲面draw ring 拉延环drawability 拉延性，可拉性drawebench 拉制机台drawing1 回火2拉制，抽制3绘图drawing chamber 拉引间drawing deep 深拉延，深度引长drawing die 拉模drawing wet 湿拉延drawing, dry 乾拉延drawing, shallow 浅拉延dressing 修整dressing carriers /conditioning carriers 修整/条理用承载齿轮drift1 冲销2轻敲drift test 顶进定量变形试验driop hammer forming 落鎚成形driver 驱动器driver/comparator 驱动比较器drop 落砂(铸疵)drop arch 低拱drop cutting 下穿切割drop feed carburizing 滴注渗碳drop forging 落鎚锻drop hammer 落鎚drop test1 坠重试验2坠落试验drop-through die 下穿模dross 浮渣drude-lorentz law 朱罗式定律(金属高导电率)drum mixer 鼓形拌合机dry battery 乾电池组dry body 乾坯dry cell 乾电池dry cleaning equipment 乾式洗涤设备dry copper 乾铜(含多量氧化亚铜之脆性铜)dry corrosion 乾蚀dry cyaniding 乾式氰化法dry developing 乾式显影dry etching system 乾式蚀刻系统dry ice 乾冰dry mixing 乾混法dry pan 乾辗盘dry permeability 乾砂通气性dry powder honing machine 乾式溢料残渣喷砂清除机dry pressing 乾压dry process 乾式法dry process enameling 乾法搪瓷dry quenching 乾式卒火dry sand 乾沙dry sand molding 乾模法dry shrinkage 乾燥收缩dry spray 乾喷dry strength 乾强度(陶)dry tempering 乾式回火dry vacuum pump 乾式真空泵dryer1 乾燥器2乾燥剂drying 乾燥drying agent 乾燥剂drying equipment 乾燥设备dual cut 双加工切割dual damascene 双道金属镶嵌法dual drum mixer 双鼓形拌合机dual scan 双重扫描dual timing generator 双向定时信号产生器ductile crack 延性破裂ductile fracture 延性断口ductile rupture 延性破坏ductile to brittle transition temperature 延脆性过渡温度，延性转脆温度ductile [cast] iron 延性铸铁(琅状石墨化铸铁)ductile-to-brittle transition temperature 延脆性过渡温度，延性转脆温度ductility 延性ductility test 延性试验ductility transition 延性转变due in-out sequence control 装载卸载最适当顺序控制due, locked 互锁模dulling 失泽(釉)dumet wire 杜梅线(包铜之镍铁合金线)dummy dispense 假配药dummy wafer 仿真晶圆，虚设晶圆dumortierite 蓝线石dump1 炉座2废弃物dump test 压丹试验dunting 冷裂duoskop 袖珍型摆动及弹硬度试验计duplex grain 混粒duplex process 双重熔解法duplex steel 双重[精炼]钢durability 耐久性dural plat 杜拉夹层板（被覆轻合金，杜拉铝心，1-3%mg-al 被覆）duralumin 杜拉铝duranel 杜拉耐（al-coa 之产品商业名，不锈钢与铝之复合材料片）duranickel 杜拉镍（一种时效硬化镍合金）durenhete 杜拉钢（抗湿度钢，含1%cr, 0.3%mo） durex 杜拉铜(含45%石墨, 10%锡之多孔青铜)durilium 杜拉系铝（杜拉铝型合金）duriron 杜拉铁(含15%si,0./75%c 之铁合金)duronze 土拉铜(一种矽青铜)durville casting 堆维铸造法dust 微尘dust coat 粉涂dust collector 集尘器dust proof 防尘；粉尘(水泥)dusting 粉解(水泥)；撒粉(法)(陶)dut board 被测试基板dut ground relay 被测试装置接地线切断继电器dut interface 被测试装置介面dut power supply 被测试装置电源dutch gildig 荷兰镀金漆dutch gilding 荷兰金(含15%-20%锌之铜箔)dwell 暂停(压机)dwight-loyd machine 维一劳氏煆烧机dye absorption 吸色；染料吸入(陶)dye penetrant 染色浸夜dye penetrant check 染料透入检查法dye penetration 渗色；染料渗入(陶)dynamic burn-in system 动态老化测试系统dynamic clamp 动态钳位（制）dynamic functional test 动态功能试验dynamic hardening 动态硬化dynamic load 动态负荷dynamic modulus of elasticity 动弹性模数dynamic pattern tracer 动态图案追踪除错程式dynamic power current measurement 动态电源电流测试dynamic quenchikng 动态卒火dynamic strength 动力强度dynamic test 动态试验dysprosium (dy, 66)镝。
中间退火对孪晶结构Mg-Nd合金组织演变的影响
中文摘要摘要镁合金室温下绝对强度低和塑性变形能力较差是阻碍其广泛应用的瓶颈问题。
滑移和孪生是镁合金重要的塑性变形机制，由于室温下只能开启有限的滑移系，所以孪生对塑性变形的协调变得十分重要。
孪晶结构镁合金中的退火强化是近年来发现的一个有趣的现象，即，通过预变形和中间退火处理可以让固溶原子偏聚在孪晶界上产生钉扎作用，使孪晶在后续变形过程中的长大受到抑制，从而起到强化作用。
然而，孪晶界被钉扎后，合金在后续变形过程中的组织演变规律尚缺乏研究。
对孪晶结构镁合金组织演变规律的探讨有助于更深入的理解孪生变形机制，为调控孪生行为提供科学依据。
本课题选取了Nd原子百分比为0.03%（1#）和0.18%（2#）的两种Mg-Nd 合金，研究对比中间退火后孪晶在进一步变形过程中的演变规律。
对上述合金挤压棒材先进行预压缩得到预变形样品，然后对一部分样品在200℃下退火6h后做再压缩实验，另一部分样品不进行退火直接做再压缩实验。
采用电子背散射技术（EBSD）原位观察研究孪晶的演变，统计分析了孪晶的特征参量，包括孪晶的数量和体积分数、孪晶形核和长大的施密特因子，以及孪晶形核和长大对孪生过程的贡献等，并探讨了中间退火和合金元素对孪晶演变的影响规律。
研究结果表明：①对于经过中间退火的1#合金孪晶演变过程，再压缩后孪晶的体积分数增加量为14%，其中形核的贡献为14%，长大的贡献为86%。
再压缩过程中孪生变形由孪晶长大主导。
孪晶形核的数量分数为24%，孪晶长大的数量分数为38%。
孪晶形核的平均施密特因子（SF）为0.35，孪晶长大的平均SF为0.47。
孪晶形核的SF主要分布在0.4-0.3范围内，孪晶形核的SF等级主要是R1和R2等级（R1~R6分别对应于孪晶六个变体中最大~最小的等级），孪晶长大的SF主要分布在0.5-0.4范围内，孪晶长大的SF等级主要是R1和R2等级。
②对于不经中间退火的1#合金孪晶演变过程，再压缩后孪晶的体积分数增加量为22%，其中形核的贡献为59%，长大的贡献为41%。
建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。
周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。
这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。
熵措施分子系统紊乱。
更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。