Itinerary Of German official Group 1
chapter9psycholinguistics
Chapter 9 ： PsycholinguisticsI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.The linguistic ability of human beings depends primarily on the structure of the vocal cords.2.Human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the lefthalf of the brain is larger than the corresponding part of the right half.3.The case of Phineas Gage suggests that if our language ability is located in the brain, it is clear that it is not situated right at the front.4.In general, the right side of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the left side of the body, whereas the left side controls voluntarymovements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.5.L a nguage functions are believed t o b e lateralized p rimarily in the left hemisphereof the brain.6.The language we speak determines the way we perceive the world a nd t hereforethe nature of thought.7.Human beings can not think without language, just as they can not speak without thinking.8.If a language lacks a word, its speakers will not be able to grasp its concept.9.Generally speaking, left hemisphere is responsible for language and speech, analytic reasoning, associative thought, etc., while the right hemisphere is responsible for perception of nonlinguistic sounds, holistic reasoning, recognition of musical melodies, etc.nguage by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its c onvenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of humanbeing.II.Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:11.P is the study of language in relation to the mind.12.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral c , which is the decision-making organ of the body.13.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one onthe right and one on the l eft.14.The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular side of thebrain is called l .15.Brain lateralization is g programmed, but takes time to develop.16.In addition to the m_____________area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area,Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus.17.The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quitea .18.When language and t hought are identical or closely parallel to e ach other, we m ayregard thought as s speech and speech as o thought.19.Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background.This notion is called linguistic r .20.The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period fromabout age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.21.The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic d_______ and linguistic relativism.III.There are four choices following e ach statement. Mark the choicethat can bestcomplete the statement:22.Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human23.Psychologists, neurologists and lingui sts have concluded that, in addition to themotor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the leftbrain are vital to language, namely, .A.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and t he angular gyrusB.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and c erebral cortexC.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and n euronsD.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and E xner's area24.The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period o brain lateralization.A. youngestB. flexibleC. optimumD. relevant25.Linguistic is the brain's neurological specialization for language.A. fossilizationB. performanceC. competenceD. lateralization26.Our linguistic ability is a gift of the species' gene p rogram.A. chemicalB. physicalC. scientificD. biological27.s hows that if our language ability is located in the brain, it is clear that it isnot situated right at the front of the brain.A.The case of GenieB. The case of Phineas GageC. The componential analysisD. The contrastive analysis28.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortex d. sensory organs29.A c c ording t o l ateralization theory, which of the following i s not the primary functionof the left hemisphere of the brain?A. analytic reasoningB. temporal orderingC. associative thoughtD.visual and spatial skills30.is commonly held to be an evolutionary precondition of the development of superior intelligence as well as a precondition of language acquisition.A. LateralizationB. MaturationC. Brain separationD. Memory capacity31.The dichotic listening research shows that the left hemisphere is not superior f or processing all sounds, but only for those that are in nature.A. non-linguisticB. musicalC. linguisticD. natural32.is responsible for physical articulation of utterances.A. The motor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. The angular gyrusnguage disorder resulting from a damage toin the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. the m otor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. the angular g yrus34.In 1874, the young German physician Carl Wernicke published his discovery in a paper which contributed to the hypothesis that .A.there was only one language area in the left brainB.there was no language area in the left brainC.there was one language area in the right brainD.there was more than one language area in the left brain.35.is the language center primarily responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa.A. The motor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. The angular gyrus36.The neurobiologist Eric Lenneberg is a major proponent of the idea that .A.there is a distinction between acquisition and learningB.there is a critical period for language acquisitionnguage influences thinkingD.there is interrelationship between language and thinking37.The case of Genie s hows that .nguage can not be acquired at all after the critical period.B.Cerebral plasticity after puberty is still high enough to for a successful mastery of a new language.C.the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical periodD.the language learning should be done as early as possible.IV Explain the following terms:38.psycholinguistics 39. brain lateralization40. dichotic listening 41. Broca's area42. angular gyms 43. cerebral plasticity44. linguistic determinism 45. sub vocal speech46. cerebral cortex 47. linguistic lateralization48. right ear advantage 49. critical period hypothesis50. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 51. linguistic relativism52. overt thought 53. intrapersonal communication54.interpersonal communicationV. Answer thefollowingquestions:55.What are the biological foundations of language?56.What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere?57.What can we do by means of dichotic listening tests?58.What is the safe conclusion from Genie's case?59.How are language and thought related to each other?Chapter 9 PsycholinguisticsI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. F2.T3.T4.T5.T6. F7.F8.F9.T 10.TII.II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Psycholinguistics 12. cortex 13. hemispheres 14. lateralization15. genetically 16. Motor 17. arbitrary 18. sub-vocal, overt 19.relativism20. critical 21. determinismIII.There arefour choices following e ach statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement:22.A 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.D 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.A31.C 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. D 36. B 37. CIV Explain the following t erms:38.Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.39.brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphere of the brain is called brain lateralization.40.dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls h earing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear. Dichotic listening research makes use of the generally established fact that anything experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere of thebrain, andvice versa. A basic assumption, thus, would bethat a signal coming in the right earwill go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphere.41.Broca's area : It refers to the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere, whichis vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca, a French surgeon and anatomist.42.angular gyms:The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke's area.The angular g i syrus the language center responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form a ndvice versa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, forthe naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written language , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.43.cerebral plasticity: According to L enneberg, p rior to the end o f the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to s ome extent in language and o ne c an take o ver if the otheris damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .44.linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined bythe structure of their native language.45.subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language areidentical or closely parallel to each other.46.cerebral cortex : the outside surface of the brain which receives messages fromall thesensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.47.linguistic lateralization: It refers the brain's neurological specialization for language.48.right ear advantage: The speech signals presented i n the right ear goes directly to theleft brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go to the right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals inthe left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguisticsignal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.49.critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one' slife e xtendingfrom ab o ut age t wo t o p uberty, during which the h uman brain is most ready toacquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.50.S apir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.51.linguistic relativism: Whorf believed t hat speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .52.overt thought: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, wemay reg ard s peech as "overt thought.”53.intrapersonal communication: It means that language users use language to facilitates thinking, speech behavior and action for the individual.54.i nterpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings fromone person to another, or to control each other' sbehavior.V. Answer thefollowingquestions:55.What are the biological foundations of language?Of all organisms, human beings are the only spontaneous creators and users of highly sophisticated languages that permit the communication of a wide range of knowledge and ideas. Evidently, our linguistic ability does not depend primarily on the structure of our vocalcords, for other mammals also h ave vocal cords. Human linguistic ability largely depends,instead, on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. As far as is currently known, human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the left half of the brainis larger than the corresponding part of the right half. This has led to the belief that human language is b iologically, or moreexactly, neurologically, based.56.What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere?Psychological research suggests that both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemi spheremore analytically.Brain lateralization for major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere isgiven as follows:(1)Left hemisphere Right hemispherelanguage and speech perception of nonlinguistic s oundsanalytic reasoning holistic reasoningtemporal ordering visual and spatial skillsreading and writing recognition of p atternscalculation recognition of musical melodiesassociative thoughtBecause each cerebral hemisphere has unique functional superiority, it is accurate to think of the hemispheres as complementarily specialized .57.What can we do by means of dichotic listening tests?Dichotic listening research makes use of the generally established fact that anything experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere of thebrain, andvice versa. A basic assumption, thus, would bethat a signal coming in the right ear will go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphere. By means of dichotic listening tests, we can analyze the characteristics of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.Dichotic listening test canshow that the left hemisphere is not superior for processing allsounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support ofthe view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that it is where language centers reside.58.What is the safe conclusion from Genie's case?A safe conclusion from Genie' s case is that the language faculty of an average humandegenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.59.How are language and thought related to each other?Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without theother. When language and t hought are identical or closely parallel to each other,we may regard thought as "subvocal speech”,and speech as "overt thought. In such a case,speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.。
希特勒的英文简介
Dictator of Nazi Germany
from 1934 to
Early yearsu am Inn( 勃 劳 瑙 镇 ), Austria, a town borders Bavaria( 巴 伐 利 亚 ),
Germany. H i t l e r ' s
Entry into politics
In
1923,Hitler attempted an unsuccessful armed uprising in Munich and was imprisoned for nine months , during which time he dictated his book My Struggle( 我 的 奋 斗 ) outlining his political ideology. After his release in 1924,Hitler rapidly regained support by promoting Pan-Germanism , antisemitism ,and anti-communism[`kɔmjunizəm] ( 日 耳曼主 义，反 犹太主 义和反 共产主 义 ) with charismatic [,kærɪz`mætɪk](有魅力的) oratory and propaganda [,prɔpə`ɡændə](宣传).
Something Admirable
Concerned about the National Health
Hitler
paid much attention to the health the citizen. He made a nationwide law ban smoking and recruited a large number scientists to study the dangers nicotine(尼古丁).
高考英语阅读理解(时文广告)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)
高考英语阅读理解(时文广告)解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)一、高中英语阅读理解时文广告类1．阅读理解Good education is expensive. Some countries today have proven that belief to be wrong, though. If you're dreaming of having your university education in a country outside your motherland, do not be afraid to apply to study in the below-listed countries, as every thing about your education can be achieved with little or nothing.GermanyAll the public universities in German do not ask for any education fees except administration fees which are quite affordable, no matter what your status. The English language is common in Germany and most of these universities teach with English so it will be easier to get along as an international student.NorwayWikipedia. orgWant to achieve your post-graduate degrees Even if you aim to achieve an undergraduate, Norway in a good option because you will not have to send a penny to anyone. This is possible because of the government's financing of the education from tax income. The only problem is that most of the top universities in the country teach with their mother tongue and as a foreigner, you have to familiarize with the language enough to pass a requited test.TurkeyTurkey discoverthepotential. comPublic univ ersities, called ‘Devlet Universiteleri' in Turkish are totally free of tuition costs, After payment of an affordable basic fee, the rest is free absolutely. Some of these institutions each in English while some in French and German.ItalyItaly offers almost free education to international students. When you have to pay as little as ￡850 per year for quality education, then it is quite cheap. Besides, Italy has so much cultural heritage and history that students can learn about.（1）Which website can you visit if you tend to apply for a country free of charge?A.Kenznow.cmB.Wikipedia. orgD.Turkey discoverthepotential. com（2）Which country could be suitable for a Chine student skilled in French?A.GermanyB.Norway,C.Turkey.D.Italy.（3）whom is the passage intended for?A.International students on tight budget.B.Teachers encouraged to study abroad.C.Panels with adequate education funds.D.Native students with good performance.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）A【解析】【分析】本文为一篇应用文，介绍了大学学费低的四个国家。
2014世界杯中英文介绍
2014巴西世界杯介绍
2014世界杯 即 2014年巴西世界杯 。
The 2014 World Cup in 2014 World Cup in Brazil.
2014年巴西世界杯（英语：2014 FIFA World Cup）是第20届世界杯足球赛。比赛于2014年6月12日至7月13日在南美洲国家巴西境内12座城市中的12座球场内举行。[1]这是继1950年巴西世界杯之后世界杯第二次在巴西举行，也是继1978年阿根廷世界杯之后世界杯第五次在南美洲举行。[2]
2014世界杯32强之法国队
Four years ago in South Africa definately a tournament for the 1998 winners to forget, in-fighting and arguments raged as Les blues were eliminated in the first round. Now in 2014 they've qualified again and are determined to make up for last time. And the team taking the spotlight today is France.
意大利专注坑德国70年
作为今夏世界杯夺冠热门的德国队最不希望在争冠过程中碰到哪支球队？答案想必只有一个：意大利队。过去70年期间，意大利在战场、经济、足球等方面把德国坑的太惨太惨，意大利简直犹如为了坑德国而存在。 As this summer's World Cup favourites Germany the most don't want to run into any team in the league in th
德国Ernst恩斯特钢琴马来西亚原装进口
德国Ernst恩斯特钢琴恩斯特•克拉德尼Ernst Chladni钢琴恩斯特•弗洛伦斯•弗里德里希•克拉德尼（德语：Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni，1756年11月30日－1827年4月3日），德国物理学家、音乐家。
恩斯特•克拉德尼1756年11月30日出生于维滕贝格,1827年4月3日卒于西里西亚（现波兰的弗罗茨瓦夫）的布雷斯劳,自小已懂得斯洛伐克、匈牙利、德三语。
1782年，克拉德在莱比锡和维滕贝格攻读法律及哲学，1782年毕业于莱比锡大学。
在他父亲死后，克拉尼能更自由地考虑个人的兴趣。
他的兴趣是在科学方面。
由于他对音乐感兴趣，所以他于1786年开始从数学方面研究声波，他是算出有关声音传播的数量关系的第一个人，因此被誉为声学之父。
克拉尼让覆盖著一层沙子的薄板振动。
薄板以复杂的方式振动，有一些部分（波节线）保持不动，因此留住了由附近振动区域抖来的沙子。
这样，薄板上便出现一幅独特的沙子图形，由此能作出有关振动的许多推断。
自1738年乐器称为“Glassspiel”或“Verillon”填充不同数量的水是在欧洲流行的18个啤酒杯创建。
啤酒杯被形状像汤匙的木槌敲产生“教会和其他庄严的音乐”。
本杰明•富兰克林留下了足够深刻的印象由的verillon性能在访问伦敦，在1757年，他创建了自己的工具，在1762年的“谐波”。
富兰克林谐波的灵感来自一些其他工具，包括两个克拉尼。
在1791年，克拉尼发明的乐器称为“Euphon”（不被混淆与铜管乐器上低音号），不同的音高组成的玻璃棒。
克拉尼euphon是现代音乐被称为[[Cristal Baschet]]的直接祖先。
在1799年克拉尼也改进胡克的“音乐圆筒”产生的另一个项工具“Clavicylinder”克拉尼走遍了欧洲向人们展示他的乐器, 取名Ernst Chladni恩斯特•克拉德尼钢琴，开始钢琴的生产制作。
Ernst Chladni恩斯特•克拉德尼古钢琴现存于亚洲唯一的钢琴博物馆----鼓浪屿钢琴博物馆，鼓浪屿作为中国钢琴之岛，博物馆保存着110个台来自世界各地的古钢琴品牌。
ppt爱因斯坦
• Albert Einstein(1979-1955) • He is a well-known theoretical physicist, founder of the theory of • relativity. • Einstein is the greatest physicist. He loves physics, devoted his life to theoretical physics research. People called him the 20th century, Copernicus, Newton 20th century.
谢谢观赏
Thank you for viewing
班级:会计1124班 学号：A08111334 姓名：关笑然
• The most important contribution in his life is the theory of relativity. • In 1938, his movement in general relativity made significant progress • in this issue reveals the deeper space, matter, motion, and the unity • between gravity. Research on General Relativity and Gravitation, • 60 since, due to experimental techniques and the development of • astronomy‘s great attention. In addition, the Einstein cosmology （宇宙 • 论 ）, with a unified gravity and electromagnetic field theory（引力 和电磁 • 统一理论）, quantum theory（量子论） of all the contributions to the • development of physics. • 1938年，他在广义相对论的运动问题上取得重大进展由此更深一步地 • 揭示了空时、物质、运动和引力之间的统一性。广义相对论和引力论的 • 研究，60年代以来，由于实验技术和天文学的巨大发展受到重视。 另 • 外，爱因斯坦对宇宙学、用引力和电磁的统一场论、量子论的研究都为 • 物理学的发展作出了贡献。
列夫托尔斯泰英文简介
列夫托尔斯泰英⽂简介 列夫托尔斯泰，19世纪中期俄国批判现实主义作家、思想家，哲学家。
代表作有《战争与和平》、《安娜·卡列尼娜》、《复活》等。
下⾯是店铺给⼤家整理的列夫托尔斯泰英⽂简介，供⼤家参阅! 列夫托尔斯简介 Leo Nicholas Yević Tolstoy (Лев Николаевич Толстой, September 9, 1828 - November 20, 1910) In the mid-19th century, Russia criticized realist writers, thinkers, philosophers. Representative works are "war and peace", "Anna Karenina", "resurrection" and so on. Tolstoy was born in the aristocratic family, in 1840 into the Kazan University, 1847 returned to his hometown in his territory for the reform of serfdom attempt. 1851 ~ 1854 in the Caucasian army in service and began writing. 1854 ~ 1855 to participate in the Crimean War. November 1515 to Petersburg into the literary world. In 1857 Tolstoy went abroad to see the contradictions of capitalist society, but could not find a way to destroy social evil, had to call people in accordance with the "eternal religious truth" life. 1860 ~ 1861, to study the European education, Tolstoy once again go abroad, meet Hertzen, listen to Dickens speech, meet Proudhon. 1863 ~ 1869 Tolstoy created a long historical novel "War and Peace". 1873 ~ 1877 he changed 12 times to complete its second landmark masterpiece "Anna Karenina". In the late 1970s, Tolstoy's world view changed dramatically and was written as "confession" (1879-1882). (1891), the novel "The Devil" (1911), "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" 1886), "The Klein Sonata" (1886), "The Dark Power" (1886), "The Fruit of Education" (1891), "Haze Murat" (1886 ~ 1904); short story "after the dance" (1903), especially the 1889 ~ 1899 creation of the novel "resurrection" is his long-term thinking, art exploration to sum up. Tolstoy tried to live a simple civilian life in his later years, and ran from home in October 1910. He died at a small station on August 7 at the age of 82. 列夫托尔斯⼈物经历 Early experience Tolstoy origin aristocrat, 1 year old and half maternal, 10-year-old father died, he was raised by the relatives of the family. In 1845 admitted to Kazan University Oriental language department, studying in Turkey, Arabic, mid-term exam failed, the second year to the law department. He does not concentrate on his studies, but also has a strong interest in philosophy, especially philosophy of morality, loves Rousseau's doctrine and its man, and reads literature extensively. In April 1847 the school was set up for the children of the peasants. November in the name of the administrative office in the province of Tula, the following year in December was promoted to fourteen civilian. In 1851 Tolstoy and his brother went to the Caucasian soldier. In 1852 he participated in a battle, the performance of brave, and published the novel "childhood". In 1853 Tolstoy read Turgenev's "hunter notes", very admired. In 1854 Tolstoy was transferred to the Danube front, and participated in the Crimean war in the Sevastopol city siege war, written as "juvenile", "youth" and "Sevastopol story set." In November 1855 Tolstoy left the army back to St. Petersburg, re-enter the entertainment circle, alcoholism gambling. The extreme personality led him to a 17-year break with Turgenev. Early creation Tolstoy began writing in the Caucasus, in the "modern" magazine on the "Sevastopol story" and other novels. In November 1855 he came to Petersburg and was welcomed by Turgenev and Niek Lausov and others, and met Gonzalov, Fett, Ostrovsky, Druidin, Kov, Bautenge and other writers and critics. Tolstoy tends to Drew Rinin and others, but that any art can not be divorced from social life. In 1859, he broke with the "modern" magazine. At the end of 1856, the lieutenant was retired. The following year to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany travel. In 1856 he drafted the plan, ready to lease the landlord and other methods to liberate the farmers, and in their own manor trial. 1860 due to the death of the long brother Nicholas, more deep pessimism. Between 1859 and 1862, almost half of the school was created, and more than 20 schools were run for the peasant children in the suburbs of Aznaya Poliana and the nearby villages. They studied the educational system in Russia and Western Europe. In 1860-1861, they also went to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Belgium and other countries to study schools. And then founded the "Yasneria Poliana" andother educational journals. When he went out in July 1862, he was searched by the gendarmerie for two consecutive days. Soon he closed the school. In 1862 Tolstoy married the 17-year-old Sofia Andreiyevna Tolstoya (СофьяАндреевнаТолстая), and Sonia was the daughter of the Czar's physician, who had 13 children before and after. His relationship with his wife is still controversial, it can be confirmed that most of the time they live well, his wife to help him manage the manor, which makes Tolstoy can be used for the full time of literary works of carved, Here, Tolstoy left mankind for "war and peace", "Anna Karenina" and other handed down for. Each of his works has to be modified many times, and his wife has also carried out the work of transcribing and preserving the manuscript. After the wedding, the revolutionary situation gradually into a low tide, he gradually overcome the ideological crisis. He is divorced from social, living in the estate, the purchase of industry, living a frugal, quiet, harmonious and happy life. From 1863 he was written in six years as a masterpiece "war and peace". In 1866 he attended the military court to defend the soldier Sibinin. Hebron was slap in the face of an indecisive officer's abuse, and although it was run by Tolstoy, Hebron was finally shot. This incident made him begin to form a view against the court and the death penalty. Change of mind September 1869 due to the way through the Arzanas, late at night in the hotel suddenly felt a never had sadness and terror. This is the so-called "Alzanas horror". In the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he was interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was affected. From the early 1970s, he began a new ideological crisis and a new period of exploration. He studied various philosophical and religious books and could not find the answer. These thoughts and emotions in the creation of the "Anna Karenina" in a clear reflection. He visits the priests, the bishops, the monks and the monks, and acquiesns the peasant, the independent believer, He finally denied the official church, accepted the patriarchal peasant faith. Finally, under the influence of the new revolutionary situation and the famine of the whole nation in the 1970s and 1980s, the class was rejected, and the transformation of the world outlook, which began in the 1960s, was completed and transferred to the position of the patriarchal peasants. In the "Confessions" (1879 ~ 1880) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of their ideological transformation. However, he opposed the violent revolution, to promote Christian love and self-cultivation, from the religion, ethics to find a solution to social contradictions. Torres is rich in originality. From then on Tolstoy to abandon their own and the surrounding aristocratic life, from time to time to engage in physical labor, their own land, sewing shoes, farmers for the house, exclusion of luxury, vegetarian vegetarian. He also changed the view of literature and art, denounced his past works of art, including "war and peace" and other masterpiece as "master-style game", and the focus shifted to the thesis and political theory to directly promote their own society, philosophy, religion Point of view, exposing the sovereign bourgeois society of all kinds of evil. At that time writing the script, short stories and folk tales, the same for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: in 1881 the daughter of the family moved to Moscow, he visited the slums, to participate in the 1882 Moscow census, in-depth understanding of the city's lower life; in 1881 he went to Alexander III, asked to forgive the throne of Alexander II revolutionaries The 1891 wrote to the editorial office of the Russian News and the New Era, declaring that the copyright of the works he wrote after 1881 was abandoned; in 1891-1893 and 1898, the victims of the relief of Liangzan and Tula provinces were organized He also tried to uphold the murder of the Morocho and Duhobauers by the official churches, and in 1898 decided to revive the "resurrection" of all royalties to the Duhuo Bauer moved to Canada. From the mid-1990s onwards, Tolstoy has enhanced the critical attitude towards social reality, and has often been skeptical about his propaganda of fraternity and anti-evil thoughts. This is reflected in the works of "Haze - Murat". The tsarist government had long attempted to imprison or exile with his "famine" article, but was deterred by his reputation and public opinion. At this point because of "resurrection" published, accused him against God, do not believe in the world, in 1901 to the Russian Orthodox Church in the name of the Holy Spirit to remove his teachings. This decision caused the protests of the world, Tolstoy was at ease. In the same year he wrote "to the tsar and his assistants" by the tsarist government crackdown on the student movement; the following year sent a letter to Nicolas II calling for the freedom of the people and the abolition of the private ownership of the land. In 1904, he was opposed to the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the coming of the revolution, but did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. And after the failure of the revolution, he opposed the tsarist government to kill the revolution, write "I can not be silent" article. Old age Tolstoy in the world view after the transformation, in 1882 and 1884 years have never wanted to run away from home. This intention is reflected in his creation in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized that the awakening of the peasantry, because of their distance from their emotions and can not help but pessimistic disappointment; on their own landlord manor lifestyle is not consistent with the belief and feel uneasy. The dispute between his believers, Tolstoyism and his wife, made him so deep. Before Tolstoy left home, his break with his wife was well known. One night, the couple had trouble. After that, Tolstoy's wife had knelt down and pleaded with Tolstoy for her to read the poems and essays she had created herself for her early years to find the sweetness of herself, but Tolstoy was dead. Finally, he left secretly from Yasneria Poliana on October 28, 1910. In the way of suffering from pneumonia, November 7 (Gregorian calendar on November 20) died at the Astapalo station. In accordance with his last words, the body buried in the forest of Azayana Poliana. There is no tombstone and cross on the grave. 列夫托尔斯创作特点 Theme of the work Tolstoy in the novel on the human nature of a lot of thinking, from these thinking can be seen in the real world of Tolstoy's spiritual world, Tolstoy's thinking of human nature by the Russian history and reality inspired by the time On the one hand, the traditional Russian is the patriarchal society, the Orthodox determines the way people thought and feelings, Tolstoy is also affected by the Orthodox, regardless of his attitude is accepted or retained; the other hand, the European The spirit of the Enlightenment also deeply influenced Russia, which largely shook the foundation of the Russian tradition, and the influence of the Enlightenment on Tolstoy was remarkable, which made Tolstoy suspicion of the basic doctrines of the Orthodox Church , He does not think about believing as a general believer. However, Tolstoy did not completely move towards the European individualistic enlightenment position, so his thinking about human nature is often free between the two, sometimes like a believer, sometimes like a humanist. Tolstoy's works have utopian ideas, mainly for the anti-Hangzhou violence and enslavement, against the land private system, against the advocacy of capitalist material and "evolution", requires the pursuit of legitimate life obligations and reasonable laws of life, return to health Of the farming life, through all the labor and moral practice to establish a brotherhood, equality, harmony, fraternity belongs to the whole human world "heaven". Artistic characteristics Tolstoy created epic novels. The fact of history combines the imagination of art, unrestrained brushwork and delicate description; in the huge group of images show a personal face, epic solemnly interspersed with lyrical monologue, change thousands of wonders. He is good at harnessing the structure of the multi-clue, a multitude of things, convergence seamless; but also break through the novel "closed" form, magnificent, like life without beginning or end. Tolstoy's artistic charm, not only to reproduce the macro world, but also to describe the microscopic world. In the world literature in an unprecedented grasp of the dialectical development of the mind, meticulous description of the psychological changes in the outside world under the influence of the process; and deep subconscious, it is expressed in the relationship between mutual understanding and harmony. Tolstoy's artistic power is real, it is manifested in character shaping. Truthfully depicting the multifacetedness, abundance and complexity of the inner heart, not only to write a prominent state or predominant state of mind. Not conceal the shortcomings of the characters, do not choke the eyes of the people exposed the flash of light. Not exaggerated, not exaggerated, not idealized or comic, always with the real objective of the description, to show its true colors, which in the ordinary see great, or on the contrary, in the ordinary phenomenon shows its terrible. Depict the development and change of character, natural muddy and not reveal the traces of ax. Tolstoy's style is characterized by simplicity. And strive to the most full and most true reflection of the real life or expression of their own ideas, therefore, although the art of demanding, but not simply to win the skills, not the pursuit of formal exquisite, do not avoid the lengthy compound sentence, The greatest expressive force. In his later years, in the psychological analysis to make concise, do not write the whole process of experience, only to write the psychological process of the various stages of the main link; sometimes take the play method, through action and dialogue to show. Do not write the order of the development process, and write a sudden change caused by a sudden accident. In the structure, in order to show the awakening of characters, often using flashback method; in order to focus, the novel is no longer with more clues, andgradually expand the way with a single clue. In the language, then strive to simple and concise and easy to understand, close to folk tales.。
维京航海公司的卢布尔古道тура说明书
Cruises August 19 – 27, 2022Budapest Parliament BuildingITINERARYFriday, August 19: Depart for HungaryMotorcoach from Central PA to local International Airport for an overnight flight to Budapest, Hungary.Saturday, August 20: Budapest, HungaryWelcome to Budapest, capital of Hungary. Your adventure begins with a group transfer to the Viking Egil. After boarding, the afternoon is yours to relax or do a bit of exploring. Tonight, return to your ship for a traditional Hungarian dinner. (Dinner)Sunday, August 21: Budapest, HungaryYour morning begins with a panoramic tour of the Pest side of the city. Journey alongside Andrássy Avenue and see the 19th and 20th century mansions, national Opera House, Parliament Building and Chain Bridge. Drive through Heroes’Square and learn more about Hungarian history, then cross the Danube to Buda Castle District. Visit Matthias Church and enjoy brilliant views of the Danube and the beautiful Hungarian parliament building from Fisherman’s Bastion. Rejoin your ship in Visegrád for lunch as we cruise along the scenic Danube River. Enjoy a midafternoon Viennese coffee workshop, complete with apple strudel. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Monday, August 22: Vienna, AustriaToday, we'll tour the Austrian capital of Vienna. Ride along the Ringstrasse, which replaced the city walls in the mid-19th century. See some of the city’s baroque architecture, including the world famous Opera House, St. Stephen’s Cathedral and Hofburg Palace. Return to your ship for lunch. The rest of the day is yours to further explore. As always, your Program Director can help you plan your free time. Or, you may choose to join us for an optional excursion to visit Schönbrunn Palace, erected in 1778 and admired as the “Versailles of Vienna.” This evening, you might celebrate the bottling of this year’s wine vintage among the locals at a high-spirited optional Heurigen dinner. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Tuesday, August 23: Vienna, AustriaToday, spend time exploring Vienna. You may choose to join one of our many optional excursions, including a panoramic tour of Vienna by bike or an all-day optional excursion to the Slovakian capital of Bratislavia, filled with lovingly restored baroque city palaces and leafy squares. Perhaps venture to the local Farmers Market with a local chef. This evening, enjoy dinner on your own or on board, after which you may choose to join us for a Mozart & Strauss concert. We are docked here overnight. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Wednesday, August 24: Krems, AustriaAfter breakfast, disembark in Krems and set off for Göttweig, a working Benedictine Abbey that owns many of the vineyards along the Danube. See the splendid ceiling fresco in its imperial stairwell, one of the largest in the world. Visit the abbey church, a masterpiece of baroque architecture. Alternately, you may instead choose to explore by bicycle, enjoying a ride along a riverside bike path considered one of Europe’s most scenic. Afterward, rejoin your ship and cruise leisurely through the captivating Wachau Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Taste some local Austrian specialties during lunch on board, taking in views of attractive towns and castle ruins along the way. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Thursday, August 25: Passau, GermanyArrive this morning in Passau, at the confluence of the Inn, Ilz and Danube Rivers. Your guided walk along the town’s narrow streets takes you through old Town and past traditional patrician houses. See the New Bishop’s Residence and view the impressive baroque St. Stephen’s Cathedral. Enjoy lunch on board your ship, and return to the city for further exploration on your own before departing. Alternately, you may instead journey into the countryside on an optional excursion to a local farm where you will have the opportunity to join a festive Bavarian party, experiencing traditional German music and food and tasting locally brewed beer. Or, you may choose a full-day optional excursion to explore glorious Salzburg; visit the Italianate Old Town, see settings from the film The Sound of Music and enjoy lunch at Austria’s oldest restaurant. We cruise through the night. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Friday, August 26: Regensburg, GermanyAfter breakfast, meet your local guide for a walking tour through the scenic town of Regensburg, considered one of Europe’s best-preserved medieval cities. See one of the largest groupings of 13th-and 14th-century church spires, towers and patrician houses north of the Alps. You also encounter the 12th-century Old Stone Bridge, St. Peter’s Cathedral and a number of idyllic courtyards. Take time to stroll the streets, shop, or visit Germany’s oldest restaurant, the Alte Würstküche. Lunch is served on board your ship. This afternoon, take an optional excursion to visit Weltenburg Abbey and experience a short cruise through a stunning mountain pass, one of the most breathtakingly scenic bends in the Danube Narrows. Alternately, you may choose a full-day optional excursion to see the highlights of the grand city of Munich or a full-day optional excursion to Nuremberg, one of Germany’s most renowned and intriguing cities. (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)Saturday, August 27: Depart for USAAfter breakfast, disembark and proceed to the airport for your flight home and transportation to Central PA. (Breakfast)Hotels and itinerary are subject to change at any time without notification and/or compensation.Tour Activity Level: 3This tour includes moderate physical activity. The itinerary blends some longer days with shorter days and more leisure time. Walking tours, as well as walking slightly longer distances, up stairs, or on uneven walking surfaces, should be expected.GENERAL INFORMATIONTravel DocumentsOriginal, signed passport valid for 6 months beyond stay, and with at least one blank visa page for visa stamp(s). As of the printing of this brochure all guests are required to obtain an ETIAS (European Travel Information and Authorization System) travel authorization for travel to Europe’s Schengen Zone (not included in the price of the trip). Please see your travel professional for more information.PaymentDeposit of $500 per person will confirm your reservation. Final Payment is due to AAA by August 5, 2021.Solo Travelers Rewards Club maximum voucher redemption: $100Cancellation/PenaltiesDeposit date to day of departure $25 per person, plus...From Deposit date-August 4, 2021-$500 per person, plus additional suppliers’ feesFrom August 5, 2021-day of departure -Non-Refundable*Airfare is non-refundable after final payment.FlightAir arrangements are handled by the tour operator. Seat assignments cannot be confirmed until the tour operator releases names to the airlines 30 days prior to departure. Specific seat requests cannot be guaranteed. Some flight schedules may contain share agreements.InsuranceFor your protection AAA recommends travel insurance. Pre-existing medical conditions may be waived with proper coverage if travel insurance is purchased within 14 days of initial deposit only. Other conditions may apply; ask your travel agent. AAA recommends Allianz.Clothing/ClimateTemperatures for this region in August average in the 80s with cooler evenings. Pack for a variety of temperatures. Casual clothes that can be layered work best. Comfortable walking shoes and a small umbrella are recommended. For evening dining, elegant casual wear is suggested.BaggageOne suitcase per person will be allowed. You may also bring a carry-on bag small enough to fit under your seat. Baggage fees are not included in the price of the trip. Baggage fees and other charges may be directly assessed by airlines or airport.Travel AssistanceFor personal comfort, group participants who need assistance are required to have a traveling companion who is capable of and totally responsible for providing the needed assistance.GRP1322Consumer Disclosure Notice - Part of Contract of Service.Please read this notice, it constitutes part of your contract for travel-related services.AAA TRAVEL is acting as a mere agent for SUPPLIERS in selling travel-related services, or in accepting reservations or bookings for services that are not directly supplied by this travel agency (such as air and ground transportation, hotel accommodations, meals, tours, cruises, etc.). This agency, therefore, shall not be responsible for breach of contract or any intentional or careless actions or omissions on part of such suppliers, which result in any loss, damage, delay or injury to you or your travel companions or group members. Unless the term "guaranteed" is specifically stated in writing on your tickets, invoice, or reservation itinerary, we do not guarantee any of such suppliers’ rates, bookings, reservations, connections, scheduling, or handling of personal effects. Travel agent shall not be responsible for any injuries, damages, or losses to any traveler in connection with terrorist activities, social or labor unrest, climatic conditions, abnormal conditions or developments, or any other actions, omissions, or conditions outside the travel agent’s control. Traveler assumes complete and full responsibility for, and hereby releases the agent from any duty of, checking and verifying any and all passport, visa, vaccination, or other entry requirements of each destination, and all safety or security conditions at such destinations. For information concerning possible dangers at international destinations, contact the Travel Advisory Section of the U.S. State Department. For medical information, call the Public Health Service. By embarking upon his/her travel, the traveler voluntarily assumes all risks involved in such travel, whether expected or unexpected. Traveler is hereby warned of such risks, and is advised to obtainAAA Reading-Berks 920 Van Reed Road PO Box 7049Wyomissing, PA 19610610-374-5600appropriate insurance coverage against them. Traveler’s acceptance and retention of tickets, reservations, or bookings after issuance shall constitute a consent of the above, and an agreement on his/her part to convey the contents hereto to his/her travel companions or group members.For reservations or more information, please contact:。