Assignment_1-_Research_Essay_offshore_Semester_1Shandong_J_Uni_2013
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题14气候变化与珊瑚礁
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (14)Climate change and coral reefs气候变化与珊瑚礁主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：自然生态【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Human beings have been altering habitats—sometimes deliberately andsometimes accidentall y—at least since the end of the last Ice Age. Now, though, that change is happening on a grand scale. Global warming is a growing factor. Fortunately, the human wisdom that is destroying nature can also be brought to bear on trying to save it.Some interventions to save ecosystems are hard to imagine andsucceed. Consider a project to reintroducesomething similar to a mammoth(猛犸象)to Siberiaby gene-editing Asian elephants. Their feeding habits could restore the grassland habitat that was around before mammoths died out, increasing the sunlight reflected into space and helping keep carbon compounds(碳化合物)trapped in the soil. But other projects have a bigger chance of making an impact quickly. As we report, one example involves coral reefs.These are the rainforests of the ocean. They exist on vast scales: half a trillion corals line the Pacific from Indonesia to French Polynesia, roughly the same as the number of trees that fill the Amazon. They are equally important harbor of biodiversity. Rainforests cover18% of the land’s s urface and offer a home to more than half its vertebrate(脊椎动物的)species. Reefs occupy0.1% of the oceans and host a quarter of marine(海洋的)species.And corals are useful to people, too. Without the protection which reefs afford from crashing waves, low-lying islands such as the Maldives would have flooded long ago, and a billion people would lose food or income. One team of economists has estimated that coral’s global ecosystem services are worth up to $10trn a year. reefs are, however, under threat from rising sea temperatures. Heat causes the algae（海藻） with which corals co-exist, and on which they depend for food and colour, to generate toxins（毒素）that lead to those algae’s expulsion（排出）. This is known as “bleaching（白化）”, and can cause a coral’s death.As temperatures continue to rise, research groups around the world are coming up with plansof action. Their ideas include identifying naturally heat-resistant（耐热的）corals and moving themaround the world; crossbreeding（杂交）such corals to create strains that are yet-more heat-resistant; employing genetic editing to add heat resistance artificially; transplantingheat-resistant symbiotic（共生的）algae; and even repairing with the bacteria and other micro-organismswith which corals co-exist—to see if that will help.The assisted evolution of corals does not meet with universal enthusiasm. Without carbon reduction and decline in coral-killing pollution, even resistant corals will not survive the century. Some doubt whetherhumans will get its act together in time to make much difference. Few of these techniques are ready for action in the wild. Some, such as gene editing, are so controversial that it is doubtful they will be approved any time soon. scale is also an issue.But there are grounds for optimism. Carbon targets are being set and ocean pollution is being dealt with. Countries that share responsibilities for reefs are starting to act together. Scientific methods can also be found. Natural currents can be used to facilitate mass breeding. Sites of the greatest ecological and economical importance can be identified to maximise benefits.This mix of natural activity and human intervention could serve as a blueprint （蓝图）for other ecosystems. Those who think that all habitats should be kept original may not approve. But when entire ecosystems are facing destruction, the cost of doing nothing is too great to bear. For coral reefs, at least, if any are to survive at all, it will be those that humans have re-engineered to handle the future.【课标词汇精讲】1.alter （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化We've had to alter some of our plans.我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。
如何平衡海洋开发和海洋环境保护英语作文
如何平衡海洋开发和海洋环境保护英语作文The Ocean: A Delicate BalanceThe ocean is one of the most amazing places on Earth. It's huge, covering about 70% of our planet's surface! The ocean is filled with an incredible variety of life, from tiny plankton to giant whales. It provides food and jobs for billions of people. The ocean regulates our climate and produces much of the oxygen we breathe. Simply put, the ocean makes life on Earth possible.However, the ocean is also facing many threats from human activities. Overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change are putting the health of the ocean at risk. If we're not careful, we could permanently damage this invaluable resource that we all depend on.So how can we develop and use the ocean's resources in a sustainable way while also protecting the ocean environment? It's a difficult balance to strike, but I think it's one of the most important challenges facing humanity. As a kid who loves learning about and exploring the ocean, I want to share my thoughts.Developing Ocean Resources ResponsiblyThe ocean provides us with many valuable resources like food, energy, minerals, and more. Developing and using these resources is important for humanity's prosperity and technological progress. However, it has to be done in a way that doesn't permanently damage the ocean environment.Fishing is one of the biggest ways we utilize the ocean's resources. Fish provide food and jobs for millions of people around the world. But overfishing has become a huge problem. We've depleted many major fish populations to dangerously low levels. If we want to keep being able to harvest fish from the ocean, we need to let fish populations recover through measures like catch limits, protecting breeding areas, and preventing illegal fishing.The ocean is also an increasingly important source of energy, especially oil, gas, and wind power. As we run out of fossil fuels on land, more and more offshore drilling rigs are being built. While drilling at sea reduces impacts on land environments, it creates new risks like oil spills that are catastrophic for marine life. Strict safety standards are critical. We also need to rapidly develop renewable offshore energy like wind farms which are much cleaner than drilling for oil and gas.In addition, valuable minerals are found on the ocean floor, including metals like copper, zinc, and cobalt that we need for many modern technologies. Mining the deep sea floor could supply enough minerals to meet humanity's needs for centuries. But it also poses risks of damaging poorly understood ecosystems. We must study these environments first before mining them so we understand the impacts. Mining should only be done in limited areas using technologies that minimize damage.We're still discovering many potential new uses for ocean resources in areas like biotechnology, where molecules from marine organisms could lead to new medicines and industrial materials. Research and careful management will be key to developing these ocean resources sustainably.Overall, using the ocean's resources is important for human development and economic growth. But it absolutely must be done in a responsible, well-regulated way that preserves the integrity of the ocean environment. Short-term thinking for profits cannot be allowed to rob future generations of a healthy ocean.Protecting the Ocean EnvironmentAt the same time that we develop ocean resources, we have to protect the ocean environment itself through conservation and fighting pollution and other threats. Ensuring a healthy ocean ecosystem benefits everyone, whether you live inland or on the coast.One of the biggest threats to the ocean is plastic pollution. Tons of plastic waste like bags, bottles, and packaging make their way into the ocean every year, harming marine life that mistakes it for food or gets entangled in it. We need to reduce plastic waste at the source by using less single-use plastics and improving waste management systems globally. Cleaning up existing plastic patches in the ocean is helpful but very difficult. Preventing plastic pollution in the first place is most critical.Another major issue is nutrient pollution from sources like sewage, fertilizers, and industrial waste. This creates "dead zones" in the ocean where there is too little oxygen for most marine life. Careful control of what we allow to run off into the ocean, better sewage treatment, and reducing fertilizer use in agriculture can help turn this around.Protecting marine habitats like coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds is also vitally important, as they provide food and shelter for a huge variety of species. Creating more marineprotected areas that restrict activities like fishing, construction, and mining is one approach, but these areas are difficult and expensive to effectively enforce on the high seas.Climate change is also taking a huge toll on the ocean by increasing temperatures, acidifying the water, causing sea level rise, and driving more intense storms. While the ocean helps lessen climate change by absorbing much of the excess heat and carbon dioxide humans produce, we have to drastically reduce our greenhouse gas emissions to stop making the problem worse.Everyone Can Make a DifferenceMaking sure humanity can sustainably develop and use the ocean's resources while protecting ocean health is maybe the biggest environmental issue facing the world today. It's a complicated challenge with no easy solutions.Part of the solution involves international cooperation. Since the ocean is a global resource, countries have to agree on rules and regulations like fishing quotas, shipping laws, marine protected areas, andpreventing pollution. This is difficult because maritime laws vary between different nations. We need updated international agreements to better manage the high seas, which make up most of the world's ocean.Governments also need to invest much more in scientific research to understand ocean systems, species, and habitats better. Good data on the effects of human activities on the ocean is essential for making wise, evidence-based policy decisions.But ocean conservation and sustainability isn't just up to world leaders and scientists. Everyone can take action through our individual choices and voices. We can reduce our use of plastics and support bans on wasteful plastic items. We can choose sustainable seafood by checking what fish is sourced from well-managed fisheries. We can demand corporations and brands use environmentally-responsible practices and packaging. Speaking up and rallying for change can push governments and businesses to do better.Those of us who live near the ocean can join local conservation efforts like beach cleanups. Those inland can reduce their energy use and carbon footprint to help fight climate change. Making smart, ocean-friendly choices in our careers and daily lives adds up to make a huge difference.I may only be a kid, but protecting the ocean is one of the most important issues I'll face as I grow up. The ocean has given humanity so much throughout history, yet we've damaged it severely in recent decades. We have to change course soon andfind the right balance between developing the ocean's resources and preserving its long-term health. With committed efforts by everyone, I'm hopeful we can create a better future for both people and the ocean we all depend on.。
STROBE_checklist_cohort
STROBE Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of cohort studiesItemNo RecommendationTitle and abstract 1 (a) Indicate the study’s design with a commonly used term in the title or the abstract(b) Provide in the abstract an informative and balanced summary of what was doneand what was foundIntroductionBackground/rationale 2 Explain the scientific background and rationale for the investigation being reported Objectives 3 State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypothesesMethodsStudy design 4 Present key elements of study design early in the paperSetting 5 Describe the setting, locations, and relevant dates, including periods of recruitment,exposure, follow-up, and data collectionParticipants 6 (a) Give the eligibility criteria, and the sources and methods of selection ofparticipants. Describe methods of follow-up(b)For matched studies, give matching criteria and number of exposed andunexposedVariables 7 Clearly define all outcomes, exposures, predictors, potential confounders, and effectmodifiers. Give diagnostic criteria, if applicableData sources/ measurement 8* For each variable of interest, give sources of data and details of methods of assessment (measurement). Describe comparability of assessment methods if there is more than one groupBias 9 Describe any efforts to address potential sources of biasStudy size 10 Explain how the study size was arrived atQuantitative variables 11 Explain how quantitative variables were handled in the analyses. If applicable,describe which groupings were chosen and whyStatistical methods 12 (a) Describe all statistical methods, including those used to control for confounding(b) Describe any methods used to examine subgroups and interactions(c) Explain how missing data were addressed(d) If applicable, explain how loss to follow-up was addressed(e) Describe any sensitivity analysesResultsParticipants 13* (a) Report numbers of individuals at each stage of study—eg numbers potentiallyeligible, examined for eligibility, confirmed eligible, included in the study,completing follow-up, and analysed(b) Give reasons for non-participation at each stage(c) Consider use of a flow diagramDescriptive data 14* (a) Give characteristics of study participants (eg demographic, clinical, social) andinformation on exposures and potential confounders(b) Indicate number of participants with missing data for each variable of interest(c) Summarise follow-up time (eg, average and total amount)Outcome data 15* Report numbers of outcome events or summary measures over timeMain results 16 (a) Give unadjusted estimates and, if applicable, confounder-adjusted estimates andtheir precision (eg, 95% confidence interval). Make clear which confounders wereadjusted for and why they were included(b) Report category boundaries when continuous variables were categorized(c) If relevant, consider translating estimates of relative risk into absolute risk for ameaningful time periodOther analyses 17 Report other analyses done—eg analyses of subgroups and interactions, andsensitivity analysesDiscussionKey results 18 Summarise key results with reference to study objectivesLimitations 19 Discuss limitations of the study, taking into account sources of potential bias orimprecision. Discuss both direction and magnitude of any potential bias Interpretation 20 Give a cautious overall interpretation of results considering objectives, limitations,multiplicity of analyses, results from similar studies, and other relevant evidence Generalisability 21 Discuss the generalisability (external validity) of the study resultsOther informationFunding 22 Give the source of funding and the role of the funders for the present study and, ifapplicable, for the original study on which the present article is based*Give information separately for exposed and unexposed groups.Note: An Explanation and Elaboration article discusses each checklist item and gives methodological background and published examples of transparent reporting. The STROBE checklist is best used in conjunction with this article (freely available on the Web sites of PLoS Medicine at /, Annals of Internal Medicine at/, and Epidemiology at /). Information on the STROBE Initiative is available at .。
2022全国甲卷英语作文海洋保护
2022全国甲卷英语作文海洋保护The Importance of Ocean Conservation in 2022The ocean is the lifeblood of our planet, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface and playing a crucial role in sustaining life on our blue marble. However, the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem is under constant threat from human activities, ranging from overfishing and pollution to climate change and habitat destruction. As we enter the year 2022, it is more important than ever to prioritize the conservation of our oceans and take decisive action to protect this invaluable resource.One of the most pressing issues facing our oceans is the problem of overfishing. Driven by the growing demand for seafood and the use of unsustainable fishing practices, overfishing has depleted many of the world's fish stocks, threatening the livelihoods of coastal communities and disrupting the fragile food web of the marine environment. In 2022, it is essential that we implement stricter regulations and enforcement measures to ensure the sustainable management of our fisheries, limiting catch quotas, banning destructive fishing methods, and promoting the recovery of depleted species.Another major threat to the health of our oceans is the issue of pollution. From plastic waste to chemical runoff, the oceans are inundated with a wide range of pollutants that can have devastating effects on marine life and the overall ecosystem. In 2022, we must take bold steps to address this problem, implementing comprehensive waste management systems, promoting the use of biodegradable and recyclable materials, and investing in innovative technologies that can help to clean up and prevent further pollution of our waterways.Climate change also poses a significant threat to the health of our oceans, with rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and sea level rise all contributing to the degradation of marine habitats and the disruption of delicate ecological balances. In 2022, we must prioritize the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, support the development of renewable energy sources, and implement strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on our oceans, such as the restoration of coastal ecosystems and the protection of vulnerable marine species.Habitat destruction is another major challenge facing our oceans, with activities such as coastal development, mining, and oil and gas extraction leading to the loss and degradation of critical marine habitats. In 2022, we must work to establish and enforce strictenvironmental regulations, promote sustainable practices in these industries, and invest in the restoration and protection of vital ocean ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds.To address these complex and interconnected challenges, it is essential that we adopt a comprehensive and collaborative approach to ocean conservation in 2022. This will require the involvement of governments, businesses, non-profit organizations, and individuals from around the world, working together to develop and implement effective policies, technologies, and educational initiatives that can help to protect and restore the health of our oceans.One key aspect of this effort will be the need to raise awareness and inspire action among the general public. In 2022, we must work to educate people about the importance of ocean conservation, highlighting the critical role that the oceans play in sustaining life on our planet and the urgent need to take action to protect them. This can involve the development of educational programs, the creation of public awareness campaigns, and the promotion of individual actions that can contribute to the conservation of our oceans, such as reducing plastic waste, supporting sustainable seafood choices, and participating in beach cleanups and other conservation activities.Another critical component of our ocean conservation efforts in 2022 will be the need to support and empower the communities andindividuals who are on the frontlines of these efforts. This includes supporting the work of indigenous communities and local organizations that are working to protect and restore their local marine environments, as well as providing resources and funding to help these groups develop and implement effective conservation strategies.Overall, the conservation of our oceans in 2022 will require a multi-faceted and collaborative approach that addresses the diverse range of threats facing our marine ecosystems. By working together to implement effective policies, support innovative technologies, and inspire collective action, we can help to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our oceans, safeguarding this invaluable resource for generations to come.。
参考译文（textfurtherreading）
Unit 3参考译文［1组成――主共和国和中华人民共和国的云南省。
［2大湄公河次区域资源［3近乎自给自足的农耕生活方式。
［4方式。
例如，超过75%［5上开发和利用。
［6保护人们一直以来赖以生存的环境。
大湄公河次区域规划［7］自1992有冲突。
事实上，东盟和大湄公河次区域都具有高度互补性，都朝着同一个目标迈进，只是在一些计划和安排上有些许的不同。
［9］再次是战略和目标差异。
东盟在提高生活水平以及缩短最初的成员国与较新加入（相对较平穷）的成员国之间的贫富差距方面有着清晰的目标。
东盟的框架设定了合作的目标和原则，也划分出了优先发展的领域：基础设施、贸易和投资活动、农业、林业和矿产、工业、旅游、人力资源开发、科学和技术。
大湄公河次区域合作的领域是运输、电信、能源，环境、旅游、人力资源开发、贸易便利、投资和农业。
［10］正如在《东盟宣言》中规定的东盟的目标和目的是：（2）本着平等和合作的精神，共同努力加速该区域经济的增长、社会的进步和文化的发展，为东南亚国家拥有一个繁荣、和平的大家庭而夯实基础。
［11］该区域的国家遵循联合国宪章章程，持久地遵守司法的公正和法律规定以促进区域的和平与稳定；为促进经济、社会、文化、技术、科学和行政领域内的共同利益而积极合作和相互援助；在教育、职业、技术和行政领域以提供培训和研究设备的方式相互援助；为更大地利用他们的农业和工业、扩大贸易（包括对国际商品贸易问题的研究）、改善交通运输和通信设施、以及提高人们的生活水平等方面进行更有效地合作；加强东南亚研究、对拥有相同目标和目的的现有的国际和地区组织保持密切和有利的合作，并在他们中寻求所有进一步密切合作的途径。
［12］到2012年，大湄公河次区域将要发展五个战略目标：加强基础设施联接；促进跨境贸易、投资和旅游；增加私营部门的参与和竞争；发展人力资源和技能；保护环境、促进对共享自然资源的可持续性利用。
［13］（3）到2012年要达到四个目标：加速可持续性经济的增长；减少贫困和收入的悬殊；提升生活的质量；加强对环境和自然资源的可持续性管理。
第7单元A课文翻译 研究生英语
参考译文伴生物种1. 伴生物种是指不被计算在上岸渔获量中的，但是受到捕捞影响的物种。
跨界鱼类种群，高度洄游鱼类和公海鱼类种群因受到如下因素的影响而影响其他物种：（1）丢弃，（2）未被捕捞上来的生物与渔具发生身体接触，（3）间接过程。
2. 渔业通过很多种机制来影响伴生物种，丢弃是目前人类获取知识最多的一种，尽管人类所知有限。
关于丢弃的全球最新信息是一份粮农组织的报告。
该报告估计全球海洋渔业的丢弃率约为百分之八，丢弃率会根据不同的国家，齿轮类型，目标物种和统计区发生改变。
3. 虾类拖网作业的平均丢弃率最高，为百分之六是二点三。
不同渔业的丢弃率差别很大，在零到百分之九十六之间变化。
尽管有一些跨界的或其他公海中的虾类种群的捕捞，大多数虾类拖网作业仍然限于对专属经济区中虾类种群的捕捞。
专属经济区中虾类的捕捞目标很有可能是生活在较深水域或冷水水域的物种。
冷/深水水域捕虾业的总丢弃率是百分之三十九，但在使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）后（比如在格林兰岛），丢弃率相对较低，在百分之五左右。
混获的有各种长须鲸和无脊椎动物物种，也包括其他渔业中目标物种的幼鱼。
对于虾类拖网作业中丢弃的长须鲸物种（尤其是比目鱼）的关注促使一些渔业强制使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）。
4. 延绳钓捕捞高洄游鱼种（主要是金枪鱼和类金枪鱼属物种）具有仅次于虾类拖网作业的丢弃率（平均丢弃率为百分之二十八，并且在零百分之四十范围内浮动）。
延绳钓中最常见的丢弃物种是蓝鲨。
其他鲨鱼，受到鲨鱼和海洋哺乳动物损害的目标物种，扁舵鲣，鲔，印度洋国王鲭鱼，和土魠鱼也在被捕获后丢弃。
5. 跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群主要采用底层拖网捕捞。
目标为底栖鱼类的拖网渔船丢弃率百分之九点六（所有渔业）。
没有根据来判断跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群的丢弃率与专属经济区鱼类种群的丢弃率孰高孰低。
专属经济区鱼类种群的捕捞量在总捕捞量中所占的比例如此之高以至于研究者估计目标为底栖鱼类的底层拖网捕捞所导致的1，700，000吨丢弃物大多来源于专属经济区渔业。
ocean engineering的under review
ocean engineering的under review Ocean engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles and techniques from various branches of engineering to design, construct, and maintain structures and systems in the ocean environment. It encompasses a wide range of applications, including offshore oil and gas exploration, marine transportation, coastal protection, and renewable energy generation.In this article, we will explore the different aspects of ocean engineering, its importance, and the challenges faced by engineers working in this field. We will also discuss some of the recent advancements and ongoing research in ocean engineering.Firstly, let's delve into the significance of ocean engineering. With more than 70 of the Earth's surface covered by water, the ocean plays a crucial role in our daily lives. It is a vast source of untapped energy, minerals, and food. Ocean engineering enables us to harness these resources and explore the vast potential of the ocean.One of the main areas of focus in ocean engineering is offshore oil and gas exploration. Engineers design and construct offshorestructures, such as drilling platforms and pipelines, to extract oil and gas reserves deep beneath the ocean floor. These structures must withstand extreme weather conditions, corrosion, and the constant movement of the ocean.Another important aspect of ocean engineering is marine transportation. Engineers design and build ships and other marine vessels that can efficiently and safely navigate through the ocean. They also develop technologies to improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, and enhance the safety of maritime operations.Coastal protection is another significant application of ocean engineering. Rising sea levels and increased coastal erosion pose significant threats to coastal communities. Engineers work on developing innovative solutions, such as seawalls, breakwaters, and beach replenishment techniques, to protect these vulnerable areas from the destructive forces of the ocean.Renewable energy generation is gaining momentum in the field of ocean engineering. Engineers are exploring various methods to harness the power of ocean currents, waves, and tides to generate electricity. These technologies have significant potential to reduceour reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of climate change.However, ocean engineering also comes with its fair share of challenges. Working in the ocean environment presents unique difficulties due to factors such as corrosive saltwater, extreme temperatures, strong currents, and remote locations. Engineers must develop innovative materials and techniques to overcome these challenges and ensure the longevity and reliability of their designs.Additionally, the vastness and complexity of the ocean make data collection and monitoring a challenging task. Ocean engineers use advanced sensors and technologies to gather data on ocean temperature, salinity, currents, and marine life. This information is crucial for understanding and predicting ocean behavior, which in turn aids in the design and operation of offshore structures and systems.In recent years, there have been significant advancements in ocean engineering. For example, the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) has revolutionized the way we exploreand study the ocean. These unmanned vehicles can be deployed for long durations, collecting data and performing tasks in areas that are difficult or dangerous for humans to reach.Furthermore, ongoing research in ocean engineering focuses on sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. For instance, researchers are investigating the use of biodegradable materials for offshore structures to reduce the impact on marine ecosystems. They are also exploring the potential of underwater acoustic technologies to monitor marine life and prevent collisions between marine mammals and human activities.In conclusion, ocean engineering is a critical field that combines various engineering principles and techniques to address the challenges and harness the opportunities presented by the ocean environment. It plays a vital role in offshore oil and gas exploration, marine transportation, coastal protection, and renewable energy generation. Despite the challenges posed by the ocean's dynamic nature, engineers continue to innovate and develop sustainable solutions to preserve the health of our oceans and unlock their vastpotential.。
DNV-rp-b101_2007-04
RECOMMENDED PRACTICED ET N ORSKE VERITASDNV-RP-B101CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATING PRODUCTION AND STORAGE UNITSAPRIL 2007Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at http :// , or can be obtained from DNV, Veritas-veien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including pho-tocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in NorwayIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)SystemsE)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Wind TurbinesAmendments and CorrectionsThis document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October).For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /technologyservices/, “Offshore Rules & Standards”, “Viewing Area”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.Recommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Introduction – Page 3 MotivesUntil now, the common corrosion protection requirements used on FPSOs are based on guidelines used for trading vessels (i.e. coating and cathodic protection). While traditional trading vessels will dock at regular intervals, an FPSO will be in con-tinuous operation during its entire service life. Consequently, there is a need for guidelines covering corrosion protection for the next generation of stationary, floating vessel with a 10 year or longer service life.ScopeThis Recommended Practice (RP) is a new document, address-ing cost effective corrosion control design for newbuilding FPSO specifically focusing on:— identifying and quantifying the dominating factors relatedto corrosion control— how to select a cost effective corrosion protection system based on a combination of corrosion margins, coating sys-tems and cathodic protection— fabrication inspection related to the desired corrosion pro-tection system.This RP also points out the importance of defining inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR) strategies for an extended serv-ice life of the FPSO, in fact having an IMR strategy is a prereq-uisite for achieving optimal life cycle costs for the corrosion protection.The intent of the RP is to ensure that FPSO will attain a service life of 10 years or longer, avoiding curtailing this because the corrosion protection measures were based on that used for trading "tankers" and periodical drydocking.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Page 4 – IntroductionD ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Contents – Page 5 CONTENTS1.GENERAL (7)1.1Introduction (7)1.2Scope (7)1.3Application and use (7)1.4Document structure (7)1.5Relation to other DNV documents (7)2.REFERENCES (7)2.1ASTM (American Society for testingof materials) (7)2.2DNV (Det Norske Veritas) (7)2.3EN (European Standards) (7)2.4ISO (International Organisationof Standardisation) (8)2.5NACE International (8)2.6NORSOK (8)2.7Tanker structure co-operative forum (8)3.TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS (8)3.1Verbal forms (8)3.2Definitions (8)4.ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (10)4.1Abbreviations (10)4.2Symbols for CP design parameters (10)5.CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATINGOFFSHORE STRUCTURES -WITH COATINGS (11)5.1General (11)5.2Corrosion protection with coatingsand the environmental impact (11)5.3Unpainted surfaces (12)5.4Coating materials (12)5.5Type of paints (12)5.6Surface with shop primed steel ..........................125.7Metal coating.. (13)5.8Thermally sprayed coatings (13)5.9Surface preparation (13)5.10Painting schedule (14)5.11Coating quality control tests for coatings (14)5.12Repair procedure for coated items (15)5.13Handling and shipping of coated items (15)5.14Documentation (15)6.CORROSION PROTECTION OF FLOATINGOFFSHORE STRUCTURES -WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION (15)6.1General (15)6.2Protection criteria (16)6.3Detrimental effect of cathodic protection (16)6.4Design approach (16)6.5Cathodic protection systemsfor the underwater hull – SACP versus ICCP..17 6.6Electrical continuity and current drain (17)6.7Surface area calculation (18)6.8Calculation of mean current demandfor cathodic protection (18)6.9CP design with sacrificial anodes -Calculation of total anode net massto meet current demand (19)6.10CP design with sacrificial anodes -Calculation of total anode current outputto meet current demand (20)6.11Calculation of anode resistance (20)6.12Sacrificial anodes: distribution of anodes (21)6.13Installation of anodes - sacrificial anodes (21)6.14Underwater hull: CP with an impressedcurrent system (21)APP. A COATING TABLES (24)APP. B CP DESIGN (26)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-B101, April 2007Page 6 – ContentsD ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 71. General1.1 Introduction1.1.1 It is a challenge to provide more than 10 years service life for the corrosion protection of an FPSO. While traditional trad-ing vessels will dock regularly (every 5th year), the FPSO will be in continuous operation for its service life. The basic corro-sion protection systems used for the FPSO are those used on the trading vessels (coating and cathodic protection). Consequently, for the FPSO the service life of the coating system and cathodic protection system have to be extended to more than 10 years, while the experience from the trading vessels are for the protec-tion systems with about 5 years service life. The corrosion pro-tection specifications used for trading vessels are not adequate for an FPSO. There is therefore a need to develop a specification for the corrosion protection of an FPSO with the service life of 10 years or longer. The present approach to the development of such a specification for an FPSO is to utilise the experiences from corrosion protection of fixed offshore platforms and the state-of-the art technology for marine corrosion protection. 1.1.2 The main objective of this RP is to achieve a long serv-ice life (10 years or longer) for the corrosion protection sys-tems of FPSOs with minimal maintenance during service. The basic approach for the CP design is to use coating in combina-tion with the cathodic protection. There are several advantages for a combination of CP with coatings:—reduced total CP current demand (e.g. reduced weight of sacrificial anodes)—even CP current distribution—rapid polarisation to the protective potential.Guidance note:A possible negative synergism of the use of CP with coatings isaccelerated coating breakdown due to cathodic disbonding. This concern is eliminated by the requirement of a pre-qualification of the coating products.---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---1.2 Scope1.2.1 The scope of this Recommended Practice (RP) concerns the corrosion protection of the hull of floating production and storage units with a service life of 10 years or longer. The cor-rosion protection measures covered by the RP are based on a combination with cathodic protection on a coated steel surface.1.2.2 The RP covers protection of the steel hull structures against seawater and the marine atmosphere. Ballast tanks and other tanks exposed to seawater as well as oil cargo are known to be most susceptible to corrosion and are thus of prime con-cern. External areas such as decks and superstructure will also be susceptible to corrosion and other areas subjected to corro-sion are also considered.1.2.3 The aspects of Inspection, Maintenance and Repair are outside the scope of the present RP. However, in the case that corrosion protection is applied in a manner which does not comply with the requirements in the present RP (e.g. corrosion protection systems with a service life shorter than 10 years) this will lead to increased total life cycle costs of Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) tasks as compared to total life costs based on the present RP.1.2.4 Detailed design of anode fastening devices for structural integrity is not included in the scope of this RP. Considerations related to safety and environmental hazards associated with galvanic anode manufacture and installation are also beyond its scope.1.2.5 The requirements to manufacture of galvanic anodes are not addressed in this RP. For this item, reference is made to the more detailed recommendations in DNV-RP-B401.1.2.6 The present document does not include any considera-tion of possible effect of CP on the fatigue life of the hull. 1.3 Application and use1.3.1 This RP has two major objectives. It may be used as a guideline to owner’s or their contractors’ execution of concep-tual or detailed coating and CP design, and to the specification of coating systems and galvanic anode manufacture and instal-lation. It may also be used as an attachment to an inquiry or purchase order specification for such work. If purchaser has chosen to refer to this RP in a purchase document, then con-tractor shall consider all requirements in Section 5-6 of this document as mandatory, unless superseded by amendments and deviations in the specific contract. Referring to this docu-ment in a purchase document, reference shall also be made to the activities for which DNV-RP-B101 shall apply; i.e. Coat-ing quality control in Section 5.11, CP design in Section 6.1-6.12, Anode installation in Section 6.13 or 6.14.1.4 Document structure1.4.1 The RP is divided into two main sections: “Specification for surface protective coatings for floating offshore structures”and “Cathodic protection of floating offshore structures”. The recommendations provide specification for corrosion protec-tion systems for a new building with a service life of 10 years or longer.1.4.2 Tabulated data for coating are complied in Appendix A.1.4.3 Tabulated data for CP design are complied in Appendix B.1.5 Relation to other DNV documents1.5.1 Cathodic protection design for CP of permanently installed offshore structures is covered in DNV-RP-B401.2. References2.1 ASTM (American Society for testing of materials)2.2 DNV (Det Norske Veritas)2.3 EN (European Standards)ASTM D1212Test methods for measurement of wet filmthickness of organic coatingsDNV-RP-B401Cathodic protection designGuidelines /RP No. 20Corrosion protection of shipsDNV Rules forClassification ofShips.Pt.3 Ch.1: Hull structural design of shipswith length ≥100 m(Table D1)DNV notations for COAT-1 and COAT -2EN- 3173Cathodic protection of steel offshore floatingstructures (2001)EN- 4628-3Paints and varnishes- Evaluation of degrada-tion of paint coatings- Designation of inten-sity, quantity and size of common defectsPart 3: Designation of degree of rusting(1982)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 82.4 ISO (International Organisation of Standardisa-tion)2.5 NACE International2.6 NORSOK2.7 Tanker structure co-operative forum3. Terminology and Definitions 3.1 Verbal forms 3.2 DefinitionsISO 1461Hot dipped galvanized coatings onfabricated iron and steel articles-Specifications and test methods” (1999) ISO 8501-1Preparation of steel substrate before appli-cation of paints and related products- Visualassessment of surface cleanliness-Part 1:Rust grades and preparation grades ofuncoated steel substrate and of steelsubstrates after overall removal of previouscoatingsISO 8501-3Preparation of steel substrates before appli-cation of paints and related products- visualassessment of surface cleanliness- Prepara-tion grades of welds, cut edges and otherareas with surface imperfections (2001) ISO 8502-06Preparation of steel surfaces before applica-tion of paints and related products-Test forassessment of surface cleanliness-Samplingof soluble impurities on surfaces to bepainted- The Bresle methodISO 8503-1Preparation of steel substrate before appli-cation of paints and related products- Sur-face roughness and characteristics ofblast-cleaned steel substrate- Part 2: Methodfor grading of surface profile of abrasiveblast-cleaned steel- Comparator procedure ISO 12944Paint and varnishes-Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems ISO-20340Paints and varnishes- Performance require-ments for protective paint systems foroffshore and related structures (2003)“Surface preparation and cleaning of steel andother hard materials by high- and ultrahigh-pressure water jetting prior to recoating”.Item No. 21076. Joint surface preparationstandard NACE No. 5/SSPC-SP 12M-501Surface preparation and protective coating(2004)Note: The coating qualification requirementsfor a given environmental service is nowsuperseded by the requirements in ISO-20340“Guidelines for ballast tank coating systemsfor surface preparation”. Appendix 3.“Testing and qualification of ballast tankcoatings” (1999).Owner Party legally responsible for design,construction and operation of the structure. Purchaser Party (owner or main contractor) issuinginquiry or contract for the corrosion protec-tion (CP design, anode manufacture or anodeinstallation or coating supply or applicationwork) or the nominated representative. Contractor Party to whom the work has been contracted. Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement.Should Indicates a preferred course of action.May Indicates a permissible course of action. Agreed/agreementRefers to a written arrangement betweenpurchaser and contractor(e.g. as stated in a contract).Report andnotifyRefers to an action by contractor in writing.AcceptedAcceptanceRefers to a confirmation by purchaser inwriting.CertificateCertifiedRefers to the confirmation of specifiedproperties issued by contractor or supplier ofmetallic materials according to EN10204:3.1.B, ISO 10474:5.1-B or equivalent. Purchasedocument(S)Refers to an inquiry/tender or purchase/contract specification, as relevant.Alkyd Alkyds are synthetic resins of polyestertype used as binders in paints or coatings.The name "alkyd" is derived from theparent chemicals alcohol + acid ester.Alkyd paints cure by air-drying and oxi-dation.Anode The corroding part of an electrochemicalcorrosion cell (or term for sacrificialanode or impressed current anode used incathodicprotection).Anti-foulingpaintPaint for use on seawater submerged areason hulls to prevent growth of livingorganisms, usually containing toxic agents(e.g. tin or other biocides).Binder The component in paint or coating bind-ing its constituents together and fixed tothe surface. Common binders are epoxy,chlorinated rubber, vinyl, and alkyd. Cathode The non-corroding or protected part of anelectrochemical cell.CathodicprotectionProtecting a metal surface from corrosionby making it a cathode in anelectrochemical cell. Cathodic protectionof a steel surface is obtained by installingsacrificial anodes or impressed currentanodes. Protective current passes fromthe anode through the electrolyte (seawa-ter) to the steel surface.Coat A continuous layer of a coating materialresulting from a single application. Coat-ing is often synonymous with painting,i.e. a protective film of thickness usuallyabout 0.2 - 0.5 mm. Coatings or paints areusually sprayed on the metal surface. Coating system(protective coatingsystem)The total sum of the coats of paints (ormaterials) which are applied to thesubstrate to provide corrosion protection. Conductivity The inverse of the Resistivity (ohm cm).In these guidelines: Conductivity, i.e.specific electrical conductance, of anelectrolyte, usually seawater. Corrosion Chemical degradation of solid materialby influence from its environment.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 9Corrosion rate The rate, usually in mm/year, at which thecorrosion process proceeds. Thecorrosion rate is always to be calculatedfrom metal loss on one surface, evenwhen occurring on both sides of a steelplate, etc. (Corrosion rate is not to beconfused with "steel thickness reductionrate".)Dew point The temperature at which air is saturatedwith moisture.Electrochemical-cellSee electrolytic corrosion.Electrolytic corrosion Corrosion occurring in an electrolyte, i.e. an electrically conductive liquid such as seawater. Anodes and cathodes formed on the steel surface, together with the electrolyte, constitute electrochemical cells.Epoxy Common binder type in paints or coatingsfor marine use. Epoxies are normally oftwo component type, epoxy resin (Acomponent) chemically cured with ahardener (B component, e.g. amine),resulting in a relatively hard film.Epoxy coal tar (coal tar epoxy)Epoxy mixed with coal tar, constituting a part of the binder in paints or coatings for marine use. Chemical curing is accom-plished by means of a hardener, as for pure epoxy. The tar component acts as pigment and influences the flexibility and water resistance of the cured coating film.Film thickness The thickness of a coating layer or amulti-layer coating system. Dry filmthickness DFT is measured for curedcoatings, in shipbuilding some timesspecified as average thickness. Minimumand maximum thickness can also be spec-ified. Wet film thickness is usually con-trolled only during application by thecoating applicator.FPSO or FSO The terms FPSO (floating production andstorage offshore) and FSO (floating stor-age offshore) are used as synonyms forthe term floating structure offshore in thisguidelineGeneral corrosion Relatively evenly distributed corrosion attacks on a steel surface.Hard coating Chemically cured coating normally used for new construction, or non-convertible air drying coating such as used for main-tenance purposes, organic or inorganic (according to IMO (12)). The hard coat-ing concept covers typical marine coat-ings such as those based on epoxy, coal tar epoxy, polyurethane, chlorinated rubber, vinyl, zinc epoxy, zinc silicate.Inhibitor Chemical having an inhibiting effect oncorrosion, usually added to a closed liquidor gaseous system.Localised corrosion An attack comprising various kinds ofmore or less concentrated or spot-wisecorrosion attacks: Typically pitting, cor-rosion in way of welds, crevice corrosion,stress corrosion cracking, etc. Localisedcorrosion can proceed rapidly and can bedangerous, e.g. in case of loss of weldmetal or penetration of a pressure vesselby pitting.MechanicalcleaningPower tool (not necessarily) cleaning, bymeans of grinding disc, wire brush, orsimilar.MarineenvironmentIn this context used in its widest sense,comprising basically sea water andmarine atmosphere, including contami-nants from cargoes, industry, harbours,wave and weather actions, and opera-tional factors specific for each ship.Paint Pigmented coating materials in liquid,paste or in powder form that, whenapplied to a substrate, forms an opaquefilm having protective, decorative or spe-cific technical properties.Pigments Powders added to the coating in liquidcondition to obtain colour. Pigments alsoinfluence the coating's viscosity, applica-tion and protective properties.PrimercoatingFirst layer of a coating system applied inthe shipyard (also called touch up primer,to differentiate from shop-primer).Resin Material used as a binder constituentforming a non-crystalline film when driedor cured.Resistivity Specific electrical resistance (ohm cm).Sa 1Light blast cleaning. Loose mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removed.The appearance shall correspond to thestandard photos designated Sa 1. (Thisoriginally Swedish standard SIS 055900-1967 is adopted as ISO standard 8501-1.It is a pictorial surface preparationstandard for painting steel surfaces. Thepictures showing the surface appearanceare not reproduced in this guideline.Grades Sa 1 - Sa 3 describe blast-cleanedsurfaces.)Sa 2Thorough blast cleaning. Almost all millscale, rust and foreign matter shall beremoved. Finally, the surface is cleanedwith a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry com-pressed air or a clean brush. It shall thenbe greyish in colour and correspond inappearance to standard photos designatedSa 2. (See parenthesis, Sa 1.)Sa 2,5(Sa 2 1/2)Very thorough blast cleaning. Mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removedto the extent that the only traces remain-ing are slight stains in the form of spots orstripes. Finally, the surface is cleanedwith a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry com-pressed air or a clean brush. It shall thencorrespond to standard photos designatedSa 2,5. (See parenthesis, Sa 1. It should benoted that Sa 2,5 is closer to Sa 3 than toSa 2. Sa 2,5 corresponds to NACE gradeNo. 2 (near white) and SSPC grade SP 10(near white).)Sa 3Blast cleaning to pure metal. Mill scale,rust and foreign matter shall be removedcompletely. Finally, the surface iscleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean, drycompressed air or a clean brush. It shallthen have a uniform metallic colour andcorrespond in appearance to standardphotos designated Sa 3. (See parenthesis,Sa 1. Sa 3 corresponds to NACE gradeNo. 1 (white metal) and SSPC grade SP 5(white).)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASD ET N ORSKE V ERITASPage 104. Abbreviations and Symbols4.1 Abbreviations4.2 Symbols for CP design parametersShop-primerThin (approximately 15 - 25 microns) primer coating applied by steel manufac-turer for temporary protectionSoft coat Coating that remains soft so that it wearsoff when touched; often based on oils or sheep wool grease (Soft coatings are not recommended for use on floating off-shore structures)Semi hard coating Coating which dries in such a way that it stays soft and flexible although hardenough to touch and walk upon.St 2Thorough scraping and wire brushing -machine brushing - grinding - etc. The treatment shall remove loose mill scale, rust and foreign matter. Finally, the sur-face is cleaned with a vacuum cleaner, clean, dry compressed air or a clean brush. It should have a faint metallic sheen. The appearance shall correspond to standard photos designated St 2. (This originally Swedish standard SIS 055900-1967 is adopted as ISO standard 8501-1. It is a pictorial surface preparationstandard for painting steel surfaces. The pictures showing the surface appearance are not reproduced in this guideline. Grades St 2 - St 3 describe mechanically cleaned surfaces.)St 3Very thorough scraping and wire brush-ing - machine brushing - grinding - etc.Surface preparation as for St 2, but much more thoroughly. After removal of dust, the surface shall have a pronounced metallic sheen and correspond to standard photos designated St 3. (See parenthesis, St 2.)Steel:In these guidelines, if not a more precisedefinition is given; "steel" means carbon steel including hull structural steel.Stripe coating Application, normally by brush, of one or more coating layer on edges, welds orsimilar to build up adequate total dry film coating thickness at the actual locations.Target useful life Is the expected useful life/durability for the given coating system. The usefulcoating life is considered to be until 3 to 10% of the surface has rust or blisters. The useful target life is based on experi-ence and the uncertainty in the specified useful target life may be +/- 3years.Vinyl Binder in paints or coatings based on dis-solved or emulsified vinyl chloride orvinyl acetate polymers (Vinyl chloride: CH 2 = CHCl). Vinyl paints are of one-component, air drying type.Zinc rich paint or coating or primer Products containing usually > 85% of metallic zinc powder in the dry film. The binder usually is on epoxy or (inorganic)silicate basis.CP Cathodic ProtectionCRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy DC Direct CurrentDFT Dry Film ThicknessNDFT Nominal Dry Film Thickness HAZ Heat Affected ZoneHISC Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking HV Vickers’s HardnessNDT Non-Destructive TestingPQT Production Qualification Test ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle RP Recommended PracticeSCE Standard Calomel ElectrodeSMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength UNS Unified Numbering System YSYield StrengthA c (m²)surface areaa constant in coating breakdown factor bconstant in coating breakdown factorC (Ah)current charge associated with quality control testing of anode materialsc (m)anode cross sectional periphery C a (Ah)(individual) anode current capacity E a º (V)design closed circuit anode potential E c º (V)design protective potential ΔE c º (V)design driving voltage E'c (V)global protection potentialE'a (V)(actual) anode closed circuit potential E º (V)design driving voltageε (Ah/kg)anode electrochemical capacity f c coating breakdown factorf ci initial coating breakdown factor f cm mean coating breakdown factor f cf final coating breakdown factor I a (A)(individual) anode current outputI ai (A)(individual) initial anode current output I af (A)(individual) final anode current output I a tot (A)total anode current output I a tot i (A)total initial current output I a tot f (A)total final current output I c (A)current demandI ci (A)initial current demand I cm (A)mean current demand I cf (A)final current demand i c (A/m²)design current densityi ci (A/m²)design initial current density i cm (A/m²)design mean current density i cf (A/m²)design final current density。
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COURSE Diploma of Business & Enterprise (3113C0207) UNIT OF STUDY Management (3113C0207U07)
SITE: Shandong JianZhu University ASSESSMENT TITLE Research Essay
GROUP HC4
Instructions
▪Weighting This assessment is worth 30% of your final result for this unit of study
▪Due Date Week 12
▪If you do not pass this assignment (i.e. if you do not achieve a mark of 15) you will be able to do it again and resubmit it, but you will only be able to achieve a mark of 15 or a pass for this second attempt ▪If your assignment is late it will be marked as a resubmission.
Resources required
▪Student Manual
▪At least four (4) other sources
Description of Task
∙1500-2000 word essay based on one of the topics using theory, models, concepts relevant to the topic and at least four references (texts; journal articles; management articles) in addition to the student manual.
∙The Harvard referencing system must be used for both in-text citations and reference list
∙The essay must have:
-An introduction
- A well organised body with in-text referencing
- A conclusion that brings together all the main points in the body of the essay
- A case study or organisation that you can refer to provide examples for your discussion of the management concepts, terms and models in your answer. Please do not refer to the case study only at the end of the
essay as this would mean that you have not applied the theory, concept and terms for the topic in the
body of the essay.
Research Essay topics:
1.Identify the four leadership styles of path-goal theory. Explain when and how each style can be appropriately used
in an organisation.
a.Explain the four path-goal leadership styles
b.Discuss how each style can be appropriately applied in an organisation
e an organisation that you are familiar with to provide examples for your discussion throughout the
research essay, beginning to end. (chapter 9)
2.Describe the two types of environments that organisations have to deal with, the external which is constantly
changing and the internal that the organisation can influence. How can organisations manage environmental uncertainty and how can the culture within the organisation assist in this process?
a.Describe the two types of business environments that organisations deal with
b.Discuss environmental uncertainty and managing environmental uncertainty
c.Discuss adaptive and non-adaptive cultures
e an organisation that has an adaptive culture and is able to do manage environmental uncertainty to
provide examples for your argument. (Chapter 2)
3.Describe the management process. Explain how managers use their roles and skills to carry out their
management functions?
a.Describe the basic management process
b.Discuss manager roles and skills used in performing management functions
e an organisation to provide examples for your discussion. (Chapter 1)
4.Describe the group development process. Explain how managers who understand the roles team members play
in teams use this understanding to create effective and productive teams?
a.Describe the five stages group development process
b.Explain the three role categories
c.Analyse the facilitating role managers play in creating effective and productive teams
d. Use an organisation to provide examples for your discussion. (Chapter 7)
5.Define motivation and outline the basic model of motivation. Describe the main employees needs and
expectations managers have to take note of in order to motivate their employees to achieve company goals. In your answer outline:
a.The basic model of motivation
b.Three motivation theories one for each of the three areas – needs, cognitive activities, reward/reinforcement-
highlighting strengths and weakness of each
e work-based examples to support discussion of the theories of motivation (Chapter 8)
Mark breakdown-Research Essay
Your assessment will be graded according to the following breakdown. Please enter your name, VU student number, Group number and signature in the spaces provided and return the sheet below with your submission.。