英语三级语法

语法一．Conjunction (连词)表时间的连词1. 表同时进行when, while, as , the instant, the moment, the time, each time, every time…e.g : You see the lightening the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later.注：while 和 as 有表示对比的意思While/As I am reading，he is listening to the music.2. 表时间先后after，before，not…until表示原因的连词as, because, so, in that(因为)，since表条件的连词as long as (只要), if, unless,e.g.: As long as live, I will help you.Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.表让步（虽然…)的连词although, though, but, as,注：as 表让步时通常要用倒装e.g.: Yong as he is, he shows great potential.表示目的的连词in order that （为了），lest（以免，唯恐), in case (以防)，for fear that (以免)，所连接的从句常用虚拟语气即谓语动词用should或原形动词的形式I was afraid lest the new bike should be stolen.二.虚拟语气1. 条件句的虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反，if 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用should, would, could, might 等加动词原形。

I wouldn’t buy the book if I were you.表示与过去事实相反，if 从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用should, would, could, might 等加动词完成时。

If I had been without you, I should never have got a ticket.表示与将来事实相反，if从句的谓语动词用were to ＋ V，主句的谓语动词用would等加动词原形。

If she were to try harder, she would pass the examination.2. 用在表示提议、要求或命令等意义的动词后跟的that从句中。

从句中的谓语动词常要求用should加动词原形，或用动词原形。

这一类动词有ask, suggest, demand, order, propose, recommend, require, advise等。

He ordered that the house (should) be sold.3. 用在“It is + adj.+ that…”句型中。

从句中的谓语动词常要求用 should 加动词原形，或用动词原形。

这一类形容词有 important, necessary, essential, advisable, urgent, vital, desirable等。

It is important that she (should) understand what her decision means.4. 用在动词wish后的从句中，表示不能实现或与现实相悖的愿望。

与现在事实相反从句用过去时，与过去事实相反用过去完成时。

I wish that I could afford a new car.I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.5.用在“It is (about/high) time (that)…”的句型中。

从句要用过去时。

It’s time she told the truth about what she knows.6. 暗含在with, without, but for (要不是)，or(否则), otherwise(否则)，except for(除了), under the condition, 等介词中We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.7. in order that （为了），lest（以免，唯恐), in case (以防)，for fear that (以免)，引导的目的状语从句，所连接的从句常用虚拟语气即谓语动词用should或原形动词的形式（见连词部分）1. only 置于句首时Only by shouting at the top of his voice, was he able to make himself heard.2. 否定词置于句首，如never, not, little, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, no sooner, under no circumstances, by no means四．分词1. 分词对于逻辑主语而言，如果是主动发出时，需用动词的-ing形式Seeing from the hill（When we see from the hill）, we can find our city is very beautiful.2. 分词对于逻辑主语而言，是被动发出时，需用动词的过去分词done形式Seen from the hill (When our city is seen from the hill), our city looks very beautiful.3. 分词动作与主句动作相比，明显先于主句动作之前发出时，则需用动词的having done 形式Having done the homework（After he had finished the homework）, Tom went to bed.注： with结构中分词的选择与以上所讲内容相同五.时态1. 完成时完成时的标志：since(自从)，for+时间段, by( 加过去，将来时间分别用过去完成，将来完成)， recently, up to present, so far等句子中又表示已经…时要用完成时By the end of this month, we surely will have found a satisfactory solution to the problem.2.一般现在时表将来:下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, live, fly的一般现在时表将来。

这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.在时间或条件句中(when, before, if, unless….) 。

When Bill comes ask him to wait for me.I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.被动态，注意与过去分词区分句子中缺乏谓语动词要用被动即be+done的形式This book is written by Shakespeare.过去分词done不能充当为谓语, 在句中起修饰作用I like the book written by Shakespeare.注意填写被动态时的时态，be动词要相应变化was doneis/am/are donewill be donehave/has been done七.从句中关系词的选择1. 同位语从句的关系词用that，同位语从句的识别(从句中不缺少成分，从句所知内容与先行词内容相同，先行词为message，news，word，fact )The news that l have passed the exam is true．2. 当句子中缺少先行词和关系词是要用what。

When she sees what you have done she will be furious3. where 表示地点，when 表示时间，how表示方式，都用于从句中不缺成分时 Shanghai is the city where I was born.I still remember the day when I first came to the school.4. 有介词的情况下只能用which，且which前的介词要根据先行词判定Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?5. 先行词只人时可用who, whom, whose. 从句中缺主语时只能who，The boys who are playing football are from Class One.缺少宾语是既可以用who也可用whom，关系词前有介词的情况下只能用whom，The man with whom you talked is my friend.whose表示修饰意为谁的…可代指人也可代指物He has a friend whose father is a doctor.Do you like the book whose color is yellow?八.比较级最高级1. 比较级的标志than，2. 比较级最高级的变化1）单音节词末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）【例】原级比较级最高级great greater greatestsmall smaller smallest2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r（比较级），-st（最高级）【例】 fine finer finestnice nicer nicest3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er （比较级），-est（最高级）【例】 big bigger biggesthot hotter hottest4）少数以-y，-er，ow，-ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）。

以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为-i，再加-er和-est。

以-e结尾的词只加-r和-st。

【例】 clever——cleverer——cleverestnarrow——narrower——narrowestable——abler——ablesteasy——easier——easiest5）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。