1.2Principle of accounting
财务管理课程名英语
微观经济学Microeconomics宏观经济学Macroeconomics会计学原理Principle of Accounting财务管理Managerial Finance统计学原理Statistics货币银行学Monetary and Banking税法Taxation中级财务会计Intermediate Financial Accounting成本会计学Cost Accounting审计学Auditing管理会计Management Accounting高级会计学Advanced Financial Accounting财会专业英语Professional English for Accounting中级财务管理Intermediate Financial Management高级财务管理Advanced Financial Management财务管理专业英语Professional English for Managerial Finance国际金融市场营销International Finance金融学Finance税务策划Taxation Planning企业投资学Princinple of Investment财务理论Finance Theory财务报表分析Analysis of Financial Statement证券投资理论与实务Theory and Application of Security Investment 资产评估Valuation of Assets企业资源计划概论Introduction to ERP会计理论Accounting Theory金融企业会计Banking Accounting非盈利组织会计Non-profited Organization Accounting会计制度设计Accounting System Design国际会计准则International Accounting Standard保险精算Insurance Measure期权期货Options信用风险管理Credit Risk management信托与租赁Trust and Lease生产实习会计学Professional Practice生产实习财务管理Professional Practice毕业实习会计学Graduating Practice毕业实习财务管理Graduating Practice学年论文（设计）会计学Junior Paper Design学年论文（设计）财务管理Junior Paper Design财务管理信息系统课程设计Course Design for Financial Information System 会计学原理课程设计Course Design for Principle of Accounting毕业论文会计学Graduating Paper Design 毕业论文财务管理Graduating Paper Design。
会计基本准则英文版
会计基本准则英文版The first principle is the economic entity assumption. This principle states that the financial activities of an entity should be kept separate from the personal finances of its owners or other entities. This ensures that the financial information is solely related to the specific entity and can be used for evaluating its performance.The fourth principle is the cost principle. It states that accounting for assets should be based on their original cost rather than their current market value. This principle ensures objectivity and reduces the possibility of subjective valuation of assets.The fifth principle is the full disclosure principle. It requires that all significant information relevant to the financial statements be disclosed. This includes not only the financial statements themselves but also supplementary information in the form of footnotes, management's discussion and analysis, and other disclosures.The sixth principle is the going concern assumption. It assumes that the entity will continue to operate in the foreseeable future. This allows for the recognition and measurement of assets and liabilities based on their long-term usefulness to the entity.The seventh principle is the matching principle. It states that expenses should be recognized in the same accounting period as the revenues they help generate. This principle ensures that expenses are matched with the revenues they help to generate, providing a more accurate representation of the entity's financial performance.The eighth principle is the revenue recognition principle. It states that revenue should be recognized when it is earned and the related expenses can be reasonably estimated. This principle prevents the manipulation of revenue recognition to improve short-term financial performance.The ninth principle is the materiality principle. It states that financial information should be disclosed if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users. This allows for a focus on the relevant and significant information in financial statements.The tenth principle is the conservatism principle. It states that when there are uncertainties or doubts regarding the recognition and measurement of assets and liabilities, a more conservative approach should be taken. This principle ensures that financial statements do not overstate assets or revenues and understate liabilities or expenses.。
会计学原理英文版
会计学原理英文版Accounting Principles。
Accounting is the language of business. It is the process of recording, summarizing, analyzing, andinterpreting financial information. The principles of accounting provide the framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. These principles ensure that the financial information is relevant, reliable, and comparable.The basic principles of accounting include the following:1. Accrual Principle: This principle states thatrevenue and expenses should be recognized when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid. This means that revenue is recorded when it is earned, and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is exchanged.2. Matching Principle: This principle states that expenses should be matched with the revenues they help to generate. This ensures that the financial statements accurately reflect the results of operations for a specific period.3. Cost Principle: This principle states that assets should be recorded at their original cost, rather than at their current market value. This provides a reliable and objective basis for valuing assets.4. Full Disclosure Principle: This principle requires that all relevant information that could affect the decisions of financial statement users should be disclosed in the financial statements or in the accompanying notes.5. Going Concern Principle: This principle assumes thata business will continue to operate indefinitely. This allows for the use of historical cost in valuing assets and liabilities, as well as the use of the accrual basis of accounting.6. Materiality Principle: This principle states that information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users of financial statements. Materiality is based on the nature and size of the item.7. Conservatism Principle: This principle states that when in doubt, accountants should choose the method that will result in the least favorable financial statement. This helps to ensure that financial statements are not overstated.These principles form the foundation of accounting and are essential for the preparation of accurate and reliable financial statements. By adhering to these principles, accountants can ensure that the financial information they provide is useful for decision-making purposes.In addition to these basic principles, there are also specific accounting standards and regulations that must be followed, such as the Generally Accepted AccountingPrinciples (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). These standards and regulations provide further guidance on how to prepare and present financial statements in accordance with the principles of accounting.In conclusion, the principles of accounting areessential for the preparation and presentation of financial information. By following these principles, accountants can ensure that the financial statements are relevant, reliable, and comparable. This in turn provides valuable information for decision-making purposes and helps to maintain the integrity and transparency of the financial reporting process.。
财务会计专业英语 (1)
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives-Conceptual
C1: Explain the purpose and importance of accounting in the information age C2: Identify users and uses of accounting C3: Identify opportunities in accounting and related fields C4: Explain why ethics are crucial in accounting C5: Explain GAAP, and define and apply several key accounting principles
Introduction
Textbook
Principles of Accounting (Nineteenth Edition), by John J. Wild, Ken W. Shaw, Barbara Chiappetta, 崔学刚，饶菁改编，中国人民大学出版 社，2009年7月出版
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
©2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives-Analytical
A1: Define and interpret the accounting equation and each of its components A2: Analyze business transactions using the accounting equation
会计学主要知识点英文
会计学主要知识点英文Accounting is a field of study that revolves around the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information. It plays a crucial role in providing information that enables decision-making, resource allocation, and performance evaluation for individuals, organizations, and governments. In this article, we will delve into the key concepts and principles of accounting.1. Fundamental Principles of AccountingIn order to understand accounting, one must first grasp its fundamental principles. These principles serve as the foundation for accurate and reliable financial reporting. The four main principles of accounting are:(a) Going Concern: This principle assumes that a business will continue to operate indefinitely, and its financial statements should be prepared on that basis.(b) Consistency: Consistency ensures that accounting practices and methods remain unchanged over time, allowingfor comparisons across different periods.(c) Materiality: Materiality refers to the significance of an item or transaction to a business's financial statements. Material items should be disclosed separately to provide accurate and relevant information.(d) Prudence: Also known as conservatism, this principle guides accountants to be cautious when recording assets, liabilities, income, and expenses. It encourages understating assets and income, while overstating liabilities and expenses, to avoid overstating profits.2. Accounting Standards and FrameworksTo ensure consistency and comparability in financial reporting, accounting standards and frameworks are established. The two main frameworks are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).GAAP is mainly followed in the United States, while IFRS is adopted by more than 120 countries worldwide. These frameworks provide guidelines on how financial statements should be prepared, presenting a common language forfinancial reporting.The standards cover various aspects of accounting, such as revenue recognition, depreciation, inventory valuation,and financial statement presentation. The adoption of these standards allows for accurate and fair reporting across different companies and countries.3. Financial StatementsFinancial statements are the end result of accounting processes. They provide a snapshot of a company's financialposition, performance, and cash flows. The three main financial statements are:(a) Balance Sheet: The balance sheet displays a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time. It helps to assess a company's financial health and its ability to meet its obligations.(b) Income Statement: The income statement summarizes a company's revenues, expenses, gains, and losses over a given period of time. It outlines the company's profitability and performance during that period.(c) Cash Flow Statement: The cash flow statement tracks the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents during a specific period. It discloses the cash generated from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.4. Types of AccountingAccounting can be broadly classified into three main types:(a) Financial Accounting: This branch of accounting focuses on the preparation and presentation of financial statements for external users, such as investors, creditors, and regulators. It aims to provide reliable information for decision-making and assessing a company's financial health.(b) Management Accounting: Management accounting isconcerned with providing information to internal users, specifically management, for planning, controlling, and decision-making purposes. It involves the preparation of budgets, cost analyses, and performance reports.(c) Auditing: Auditing involves the examination of financial statements and records to ensure they are accurate and comply with accounting standards. It is carried out by independent professionals called auditors, who provide an objective opinion on the fairness and reliability of financial statements.In conclusion, accounting is a multifaceted discipline that encompasses various principles, frameworks, and practices. It is essential for businesses, governments, and individuals to understand these key concepts and principles to ensure accurate financial reporting, informed decision-making, and transparency in the world of finance.。
英文会计知识点总结归纳
英文会计知识点总结归纳IntroductionAccounting is a fundamental aspect of any business, as it involves the recording, analyzing, and reporting of financial transactions. It provides businesses with essential information to make informed decisions, assess their financial health, and comply with regulatory requirements. In this article, we will summarize and consolidate key accounting knowledge points that are crucial for understanding the principles and practices of accounting.1. Basics of Accounting1.1. Definition of AccountingAccounting is the process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions of an organization. It provides a systematic and comprehensive record of all financial activities and enables the preparation of financial statements.1.2. Accounting EquationThe accounting equation, also known as the balance sheet equation, is a fundamental principle of accounting that states:Assets = Liabilities + EquityThis equation represents the relationship between a company's assets, liabilities, and equity, and must always remain in balance.1.3. Types of AccountingThere are several types of accounting, including financial accounting, management accounting, cost accounting, and tax accounting. Each type serves a specific purpose and audience, such as external stakeholders, internal management, and regulatory authorities.2. Financial Statements2.1. Balance SheetThe balance sheet is a financial statement that provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a specific point in time. It lists the company's assets, liabilities, and equity, and is used to assess its solvency and liquidity.2.2. Income StatementThe income statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, summarizes a company's revenues and expenses over a specific period. It provides insights into the company's profitability and performance.2.3. Cash Flow StatementThe cash flow statement tracks the inflow and outflow of cash within an organization. It categorizes cash flows into operating, investing, and financing activities, and helps assess the company's ability to generate cash and meet its obligations.3. Principles of Accounting3.1. Accrual Basis vs. Cash Basis AccountingAccrual basis accounting recognizes revenues and expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is exchanged. Cash basis accounting, on the other hand, records transactions only when cash is received or paid. Accrual basis accounting provides a more accurate representation of a company's financial performance.3.2. Matching PrincipleThe matching principle requires that expenses be recognized in the same period as the revenues to which they relate. This principle ensures that a company's financial statements accurately reflect its profitability.3.3. Revenue RecognitionRevenue recognition dictates when and how revenue should be recorded in a company's financial statements. It is crucial for determining a company's financial performance and must adhere to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).4. Assets and Liabilities4.1. Types of AssetsAssets are resources owned by a company and can be categorized into current assets (e.g., cash, inventory) and non-current assets (e.g., property, plant, and equipment). Understanding the nature and value of an organization's assets is vital for assessing its financial health.4.2. Types of LiabilitiesLiabilities represent an organization's obligations to outside parties and can include accounts payable, long-term debt, and accrued expenses. Managing and tracking liabilities is crucial for maintaining financial stability.5. Internal Controls5.1. Importance of Internal ControlsInternal controls are processes and procedures that a company implements to safeguard its assets, ensure accuracy in financial reporting, and comply with regulations. They help prevent fraud, errors, and mismanagement of funds.5.2. Segregation of DutiesSegregation of duties involves dividing responsibilities among different individuals to prevent the occurrence of fraud and errors. It ensures that no single individual has control over critical financial processes.6. Auditing6.1. Purpose of AuditingAuditing is the process of examining a company's financial statements and accounting records to ensure accuracy, integrity, and compliance with laws and regulations. It provides independent assurance to stakeholders regarding the company's financial performance.6.2. Types of AuditsThere are different types of audits, such as external audits conducted by independent accounting firms, internal audits performed by a company's internal audit department, and government audits carried out by regulatory agencies.7. Taxation7.1. Tax PlanningTax planning involves the structuring of financial activities to minimize tax liabilities within the boundaries of the law. It requires an in-depth understanding of tax laws, regulations, and incentives.7.2. Tax Deductions and CreditsUnderstanding tax deductions and credits is essential for businesses to optimize their tax positions and reduce their tax burden. Deductions lower taxable income, while credits directly reduce the amount of tax owed.8. Financial Analysis8.1. Ratio AnalysisRatio analysis involves the use of financial ratios to evaluate a company's performance, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency. Common ratios include profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, and leverage ratios.8.2. Trend AnalysisTrend analysis involves comparing financial data over different periods to identify patterns, changes, and potential areas for improvement. It helps in assessing a company's financial health and predicting future performance.ConclusionAccounting is a critical aspect of business that provides insights into an organization's financial performance, health, and compliance. Understanding the basics of accounting, financial statements, principles, assets and liabilities, internal controls, auditing, taxation, and financial analysis is essential for business owners, managers, and financial professionals to make informed decisions and ensure the financial success of their organizations. By consolidating and summarizing these key accounting knowledge points, individuals can gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of accounting.。
accounting principle 中文版
accounting principle 中文版
会计原则是指在会计实践中所遵循的一系列规则和准则，它们为会计工作提供了基本的指导和约束。
会计原则的制定旨在保证会计信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性，从而为企业的决策提供有力的支持。
会计原则的核心是会计基本假设，即企业实体假设、会计期间假设、货币计量假设和会计核算方法假设。
企业实体假设指企业应该被视为一个独立的经济实体，与其所有者和其他企业区分开来。
会计期间假设指企业的财务报表应该按照一定的时间间隔进行编制，通常是每年一次。
货币计量假设指企业的财务报表应该以货币为计量单位，以反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。
会计核算方法假设指企业应该采用一定的会计核算方法，如成本法、市场价值法等，来计量和报告其财务信息。
除了基本假设外，会计原则还包括会计核算原则、会计确认原则、会计计量原则和会计披露原则。
会计核算原则指企业应该按照一定的程序和方法进行会计核算，以保证财务信息的准确性和可靠性。
会计确认原则指企业应该在实际发生时确认其收入和费用，而不是在收到或支付现金时确认。
会计计量原则指企业应该按照一定的计量方法来计量其资产、负债、收入和费用。
会计披露原则指企业应该按照一定的规定和要求，对其财务信息进行披露，以便外部利益相关者了解企业
的财务状况和经营成果。
总之，会计原则是会计工作的基础和核心，它们为企业提供了一套完整的会计体系和标准，以保证财务信息的准确性、可靠性和一致性。
在实践中，企业应该严格遵守会计原则，加强内部控制，提高财务报告的透明度和可信度，以满足外部利益相关者的需求和期望。
会计英语 Accounting English
1.3 Fundamental Concepts
1. Qualitative characteristics (qualitative requirements) of accounting information
2. Basic elements 3. Basic equation
10
Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information
Continued
2
Learning Objectives
4. Figure out the basic elements of financial statements and equations. 5. Comprehend the basic accounting assumptions. 6. Understand the important accounting principles.
8
Financial accounting measures an enterprise’s performance over time and its position (status) at a point in time, and does so in Canadian dollars, US dollars, yen, euros, or whatever currency is judged relevant to the enterprise. This measurement of financial performance and financial position is done for all sorts of enterprises: large and small businesses, governments from local to national levels, universities, charities, churches, clubs, international associations, and many others. The financial statements, which are financial accounting’s reports, summarize the measurements of financial performance and position in standard ways thought to be useful in evaluating whether the enterprise has done well and is in good shape. These financial statements include notes (sometimes dozens of pages) that contain many words of explanation and interpretation in addition to the numbers. For companies listed on stock markets, the financial statements and notes are included in a package of more words and numbers called the annual report. (Listed companies report more often than annually, in quarterly reports or other “interim” reports.) (from Financial Accounting, Fifth Canadian Edition, P12)
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Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information
Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics
Relevance
Faithful
Representation
Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics
Accounting Information System
3
The Process of Providing Information
Internal: Owners, managers, employees
STAKEHOLDERS
External: Customers, creditors, government
business entities, including its owner.
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 1
Business
Entity Principle Going-Concern Principle Time period principle Monetary Unit Principle Now
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Accounting Standards
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
/ International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 1
Business
Entity Principle Going Concern Principle Time period principle Monetary Unit Principle
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 1
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 2
Objectivity principle Consistency principle Revenue recognition principle A company should use the same Matching principle accounting methods period after period. Cost principle Prudence principle Materiality principle Full-disclosure principle
The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information Principle of GAAP Basic of financial statements The accounting equation
After studying this chapter, you should understand:
The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information Principle of GAAP Basic of financial statements The accounting equation
2
Assess stakeholders’ informational needs.
The Process of Providing Information
Design the accounting information system to meet stakeholders’ needs.data about business activities and events.
Comparable Verifiable Timely Understandable
1.2 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
STUDY OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should understand:
The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting
The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity
Future
Going-Concern Principle Reflects assumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold.
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 1
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 2
Objectivity principle Consistency principle Revenue recognition principle Matching principle Objectivity Principle Cost principle Accounting information is supported by Prudence principle independent, unbiased evidence. Materiality principle Full-disclosure principle
1.2 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
STUDY OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should understand:
The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information Principle of GAAP Basic of financial statements The accounting equation
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
/
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Concepts Statement
Concepts Statement is intended to set forth objectives and fundamental concepts that will be the basis for development of financial accounting and reporting guidance
Fundamental Principles of Accounting 2
Objectivity principle Consistency principle Revenue recognition principle Matching principle Cost principle Prudence principle Materiality principle Full-disclosure principle
1.2 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
STUDY OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should understand:
The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information Principle of GAAP Basic of financial statements The accounting equation
Business
Entity Principle Going-Concern Principle Time period principle Monetary A business’ activities are identified Unit Principle during a specific time period
5
Prepare accounting reports for stakeholders.
Accounting Information System
Information about a Financial Reporting
Economic Resources and Claims Changes in Economic Resources and Claims Changes in Economic Resources and Claims Resulting from Financial Performance • Reflected by accrual accounting • Reflected by past cash flow Changes in Economic Resources and Claims Not Resulting from Financial Performance