CommonMethodsofParagraphDevelopment
有关于段落展开的方式英语有范文
有关于段落展开的方式英语有范文英文回答：Paragraph development is a crucial aspect of writing that enhances the coherence, clarity, and overall effectiveness of a text. There are several strategies employed to develop paragraphs, each serving a specific purpose and contributing to the writer's intended message.Topic Sentence:A topic sentence is the central idea or main point of a paragraph. It often appears at the beginning, although it can also be placed strategically elsewhere. The topic sentence sets the direction for the paragraph, guiding the reader's understanding of the subsequent sentences.Supporting Sentences:Supporting sentences provide evidence, examples, orexplanations that support the topic sentence. Theyelaborate on the main point by providing specific details, anecdotes, data, or analysis. These sentences work together to build a coherent and well-supported paragraph.Transitions:Transitions are words or phrases that connect sentences and paragraphs smoothly. They indicate relationships between ideas and help readers follow the logical flow of the text. Transitions can show cause and effect, comparison, contrast, addition, or conclusion.Parallelism:Parallelism is a stylistic technique that uses similar grammatical structures or formats to create balance and emphasize key points. It can be achieved through the use of parallel phrases, clauses, or sentences. Parallelism enhances readability and makes the text more memorable.Emphasis:Writers employ various techniques to emphasize important points within a paragraph. This can be done through the use of italics, bold, underlining, or placement within the text. Additionally, using strong verbs, vivid imagery, or sensory details can draw the reader's attention to specific ideas.Paragraph Length:Paragraph length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the writer's purpose. However, it is generally recommended to keep paragraphs concise and focused. Long paragraphs can be difficult to read and may lose the reader's attention.Paragraph Unity:Paragraph unity ensures that all the sentences within a paragraph are related to the topic sentence and contribute to the overall meaning. Irrelevant or tangential information should be avoided, as it can distract thereader and disrupt the flow of ideas.Conclusion:Paragraph development is an essential skill foreffective writing. By employing the strategies outlined above, writers can create coherent, well-supported, and engaging paragraphs that effectively convey their intended message to the reader.中文回答：段落展开的方式。
Lecture 3(Paragraph Development 1)
look
glance: take a quick look peek: look quickly and often secretively peer: look closely
stare: look for a long time without blinking
gaze: look for a long time, without realizing it gape: stare with an open mouth squint: look with eyes half shut or turned
Lecture 3
Development by time
Development by time
Narration (叙述法)
(Chronological development)
Process (过程描述法)
Narration
The selection of details
The organization of details
P8 grab: take suddenly splash around: hit or disturb (the water) in a noisy way scrub: rub hard tug: quick and strong pull glide: move silently and in a smooth way jerk: move a short distance quickly and suddenly yell: shout loudly whimper: cry weakly or softly
actions or operations in a chorological
how to develop a paragraph(1)段落的展开法1
To avoid “transitions for transitions” sake
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Example
We enjoyed our visit to Dr. Hassan’s house.The
house was perched high up on a hill. First, we
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2.Order of space
Details are arranged according to their location & their relationship to each other.
Suitable to describe a limited interior, such as a classroom or the inside of submarine; also effective to write about a very broad area, such as the continent of Asia or the solar system.
6. develop by cause and effect
7. develop by classification
8. develop by definition
20199/12./2d8 evelop by a combined way
3
He(the King) got up and stepped out of
one inevitable duty-the duty of prayer-
the daily recognition of the Unseen and
Eternal. His daily devotions were more
3.2 英语文章段落发展模式
When writing a topic sentence, you must bear three points in mind:
1. The topic sentence must be a complete sentence, e.g.
- The process of learning is essential to our lives. - The British attitude towards food is quite different from ours.
• According to the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, every person’s personality can be placed somewhere on a scale running from extreme extroversion (an outgoing personality) to extreme introversion (a withdrawn personality). • The typical extrovert is particularly fond of people and people-oriented activities: he or she is sociable, likes parties, has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like reading or studying alone.
• While there are minor differences between American English and British English, the two varieties of the English language have much in common. The meaning of most words are, of course, exactly the same. The pronunciation of the consonant sounds, the rhythm, stress, and intonation systems in both American and British English closely resemble each other. In grammar, the similarities are numerous. British English makes a distinction between count and mass nouns, and so does American English. They both have the same verb and tense systems. The grammar of both languages is similar in that they both form and compare adjectives and adverbs in the same way. In fact, the similarities between the two forms of the same language—are such that there is rarely any serious breakdown in communication between an American speaker and a British speaker.
Paragraph Development II
•
•
Examples
Passive Voice: I was a manager of a group of people. Active Voice: I managed a group of people.
Passive Voice: Teachers are accused by many parents of treating students unfairly. Active Voice: Many parents accuse teachers of treating students unfairly.
In the winter, I can bundle up, put on scarves, and wear my favorite sweater.
Best of all, in the winter I can do a lot of activities.
Winter is my favorite season because I like the clothes, the snow, and the activities.
Paragraph Development
Paragraphs
The purpose of a paragraph is to express one topic, idea, or opinion
Example
Topic: Students need free time in order to better focus on lessons in class. • Your paragraph should only talk about this topic and nothing else (unity)
段落发展和衔接
Ways of Developing Paragraphs and the Most Common Connectives段落发展手段和常用衔接词Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a paragraph (构思)Paragraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence )topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Arrange then in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.On outline may be helpful to beginners. You can list the major points one by one.(1)(2)…..Now you can begin to write.2. Development by timeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.3. Development by processWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention then in a haphazard way.5. Development by ExampleSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. An illustration is a case, a specimen, an instance. Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two persons or things of the same class, while a contrast, the differences between them. In practice, however, comparison and contrast often appear together, because people generally compare two things that are similar in certain ways and different in others.By comparing and contrasting we may get a clearer picture of things.There are two major ways of comparison and contrast.Refer to text book page 29-307. Development by Cause and EffectCausal analysis (因果分析) is very common. Sound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. But it is not always easy to explain causes and effects clearly and logically. One reason for this is that an effect may have many causes and a cause may have many effects. So we must be thorough in our discussion and careful in our selection of details.There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things: trees, rivers, cities, companies, college students. We group things according to their similarities and differences. If we classify rivers, we separate them into wide ones, narrow ones, long ones, short ones, deep ones, shallow ones. Apples may be classified according to size, place of origin, color, price, or quality.9. Development by DefinitionSometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open or various interpretations.There are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay. We are using the first method when we say, for instance, “To mend means to repair.” Ink may be defined in a sentence: “Ink is colored water which we use for writing.”But a synonym or a sentence cannot give a satisfactory definition of an abstract term whose meaning is complex. We have to write a paragraph or an essay with example or negative examples ( what the term does not mean), with analogies or comparisons, with classification or cause-and-effect analysis.We should avoid circular definition (Democracy is the democratic process.), long lists of synonyms, or loaded (另有用意的) definitions. Definition should be clear and objective.10. Development by a Combination of Methodswe have discussed quite a few methods for developing paragraphs. Sometimes only one of them is used in a paragraph, but often two or three of them are used in the same paragraph. Writers may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.常用衔接词（语义标记词）1.AdditionAnother point / A further point I want to / I’d like to emphasize add/mention/discuss is …In addition, …/Moreover,…/Similarly,…/Apart from …What’s more,…/Furthermore,…/…,too./…as well as …/…, and …2. Comparison and contrastInstead,…/Conversely,…/On the contrary,…/In comparison,…/By comparison, …/However,…/By contrast,…/Then,..…,whereas…/…, however,…/(on the one hand), … on the other hand, …3. ConcessionAlthough …/ Nevertheless …/ Despite the fact that …/ In spite of …/Still …/ Yet …/Of course…/ Naturally/ Granted (that)即便Even if /though…4. Order (in order of time, procedure or importance)first, … furthermore, … finally, …one, … two, … three, … , etc.first(ly), … second(ly), … third(ly), … , etc.to begin/start with, … in the second place, … moreover,… and to conclude, …next, … then, … afterwards, … lastly/finally5. Cause and effectThe cause/reason for X is Y.The/One effect/consequence/result of X is Y.Because/As/Since/Now (that) X, Y.X causes/results in/leads to/produces Y.Y as a result of/on account of/owing to/through X.When /If X, (then) Y.cause Therefore/so/as a result/accordingly effectConsequently/because of thisThus/Hence/For this reason/Now6. ConditionIf /Assuming that …Unless …… on condition that …… provided/providing that。
4.段落的发展方法
A． chronological arrangement
• We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o’clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o’clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. • Signal words for time ＂rose“,＂not to miss breakfast＂, ＂ closing at nine o’clock＂)，then ＂close to noon＂，and＂ By nine--“.
新编商务英语写作The Development ot the Paragraph
Sample 1:
The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 300 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U.S. per capita income will increase from $3,400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $8,500 (assuming a 1967 price level ) in the year 2000, 2.5 times as much as that of 1969.
This sample gives readers a specific figure of the seven biggest petroleum consumers.
In both cases, the cited statistics help make the essays much more convincing.
Assignments: Ex1 & Ex2
Key
4.Development by Citing Statistics
The technique of developing a paragraph by citing statistics is commonly used in research papers or similar writings .When properly used, statistics will lend credibility to our arguments.
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Listing: Presenting facts one by one
Reading and Reciting Studies have indicated a number of values to reading and reciting, as opposed to reading alone. For one thing, when you read something with the knowledge that you must soon recite what you have read, you are more likely to be motivated to remember and less likely to become inattentive. For another, recitation provides immediate knowledge of results, so that you can see how well you are doing and adjust and modify your responses accordingly. Finally, recitation provides active practice in recalling the material you wish ultimately to retain.
B What Is Language? A language is a signaling system which employs symbolic vocal sounds. Let us take a closer look at this definition, for it is language above all else which serves to distinguish humans from other animals. Other animals, it is true, can communicate by means of cries. (For example, dogs may bark at intruders, cats hiss at rivals, lambs bleat for attention of their mothers.) Such cries, nevertheless, lack a number of the central attributes of language that enables us to divide a human utterance into words. Humans through their capacity replace one word with another to form an infinite variety of utterances capable of conveying far more information than the cries of animals.
Transitions for Listing
for one thing for another to begin with first second also besides moreover finally one another still another …
Exemplification: Demonstrating our ideas
Common Methods of Paragraph Development
Common Methods of Paragraph Development
---Listing ---Exemplification ---Cause and Effect ---Comparison and Contrast ---Classification ---Definition
Television Television presents a vivid world in front of us. For example, TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world. For another example, with a TV set at home, we can visit a great many tourist attractions in different countries. Besides, TV brings various forms of entertainments to our homes such as sports competitions, concerts. The pictures on TV look so real that we feel as if the events were taking place right before o passages about the same topic and decide which is better and explain why.
A What Is Language? A language is a signaling system which employs symbolic vocal sounds. Let us take a closer look at this definition, for it is language above all else which serves to distinguish humans from other animals. Other animals, it is true, can communicate by means of cries. Such cries, nevertheless, lack a number of the central attributes of language. Humans through their capacity replace one word with another to form an infinite variety of utterances capable of conveying far more information than the cries of animals. The number of utterances available through speech is limitless. In contrast, those of animals are confined to a fixed number of set sequences.