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介绍猫咪英语作文十句话

介绍猫咪英语作文十句话

介绍猫咪英语作文十句话Cats are fascinating creatures that have captured the hearts of humans for centuries. Their independent nature, playful antics, and affectionate companionship make them beloved pets. Here are ten interesting facts about catsthat will further enhance your appreciation for thesefeline friends:1. Cats have excellent night vision. Their eyes containa layer of cells called the tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back to the retina, allowing them to see in dim light. This adaptation helps them hunt at night, when their preyis most active.2. Cats' sense of smell is 14 times stronger than humans. They have approximately 200 million scent receptors in their noses, compared to our 5 million. This keen senseof smell helps them detect prey, identify potential mates, and navigate their environment.3. Cats can jump up to five times their height. Their powerful hind legs and flexible spines allow them to make incredible leaps. This ability helps them escape danger, reach high places, and chase after prey.4. Cats purr for various reasons. While oftenassociated with contentment, purring can also indicate stress, pain, or hunger. The vibrations produced by purring are thought to have therapeutic effects, promoting bone growth and healing.5. Cats have an average lifespan of 12 to 15 years. However, some cats have been known to live for over 20years with proper care and nutrition. Factors such as breed, genetics, and lifestyle can influence their longevity.6. Cats are carnivores and obligate meat-eaters. Their digestive systems are designed to process meat, and they require specific nutrients found in animal tissues. A vegetarian or vegan diet can be harmful to cats.7. Cats are very social animals. While they may appearindependent, cats enjoy interacting with their human companions and other cats. They form strong bonds withtheir owners and often exhibit affectionate behaviors such as headbutting, grooming, and purring.8. Cats are meticulous groomers. They spend asignificant amount of time licking their fur to keep it clean and free of debris. This behavior helps regulatetheir body temperature, remove parasites, and promote healthy skin and coat.9. Cats have a unique vocal repertoire. In addition to meowing, cats can communicate through hissing, chirping, trilling, and growling. Each vocalization conveys aspecific message or emotion, allowing them to express their needs and intentions.10. Cats are curious and playful creatures. They loveto explore their surroundings, chase toys, and engage in interactive games. Providing them with enrichmentactivities, such as scratching posts, cat trees, and puzzle feeders, helps keep them mentally and physically stimulated.Understanding the unique traits and behaviors of cats will enhance your ability to provide them with the care and companionship they need. By appreciating their fascinating nature, you can deepen your bond with these beloved feline friends and enjoy their company for many years to come.。

狗不会出汗作文英语

狗不会出汗作文英语

狗不会出汗作文英语下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!ChatGPT:1. Furry Friends Without Sweat: Unveiling the Canine Mystery。

微信的10个优点英语作文

微信的10个优点英语作文

酒吧营销的技巧和方法
酒吧营销,那可是一门相当有讲究的艺术啊!要想在竞争激烈的酒吧界脱颖而出,就得有独特的技巧和方法。

咱先说氛围打造,这就好比给人穿上一件超级酷炫的外衣!音乐得嗨起来,让人一进来就忍不住跟着节奏摇摆。

灯光呢,得变幻莫测,一会儿神秘,一会儿热烈,就像给酒吧施了魔法一样。

再把装饰布置得别具一格,让顾客感觉仿佛走进了一个独特的世界,这不比那些千篇一律的酒吧吸引人多啦?
然后是活动策划。

时不时来个主题派对,什么复古风啦、海滩风啦,让大家都穿上特定风格的服装,那场面,多有意思!或者搞个比赛,比如喝酒比赛、唱歌比赛,胜者有奖品,谁不想试试身手呢?这就像给平淡的生活加了一把火!
还有服务,那可得贴心到骨子里。

调酒师得像个艺术家,调制出的酒不仅好喝,还得好看,让人舍不得喝掉。

服务员要眼观六路耳听八方,顾客一个眼神就得知道他们要啥。

这就像朋友之间的默契,能不暖心吗?
别忘了社交媒体的力量。

把酒吧的精彩瞬间都拍下来,分享到网上,让更多的人看到。

大家看到这么好玩的地方,能不想来吗?这就跟口碑传播一样,威力无穷啊!
再说说酒水优惠。

偶尔来个特价酒水,让大家觉得占了大便宜,谁不喜欢实惠呢?这不就是吸引顾客的妙招吗?
想想看,如果酒吧没有这些技巧和方法,那会怎么样?肯定冷冷清清,无人问津啊!所以说,做好酒吧营销,那就是打开成功大门的钥匙啊!让酒吧充满活力,让顾客流连忘返,这才是真正的酒吧营销之道!。

国际短视频app排行榜前十名

国际短视频app排行榜前十名

国际短视频app排行榜前十名随着智能手机的普及,短视频app成为了现代人生活中不可或缺的一部分。

它们不仅让我们轻松快捷地获取各种信息和娱乐,还让我们能够随时随地和朋友分享我们的生活点滴和创意灵感。

那么,哪些短视频app在全球范围内最受欢迎呢?下面,我们就来看一下国际短视频app排行榜前十名。

1. TikTokTikTok是目前全球最受欢迎的短视频app,它的用户数量已经超过了20亿。

TikTok拥有丰富的音乐、特效和滤镜,让用户能够轻松地制作出有趣、创意的短视频内容。

同时,TikTok的内容也非常多样化,涵盖了舞蹈、搞笑、美食、旅游等各种主题,吸引了众多用户的关注。

2. InstagramInstagram是一个非常有名的社交媒体平台,它也拥有自己的短视频功能——Instagram Reels。

用户可以在Reels中制作15秒的短视频,添加音乐、特效和滤镜,与朋友分享。

Instagram Reels的内容也非常多样化,从美妆、时尚到旅游、美食都有涵盖。

3. YouTube Shorts作为全球最大的视频分享网站,YouTube也加入了短视频制作的行列。

它推出的短视频功能叫做YouTube Shorts,用户可以制作15秒的短视频,与全球的YouTube用户分享。

YouTube Shorts的优势在于它有着强大的视频制作和编辑功能,可以让用户制作出更加专业的短视频内容。

4. KwaiKwai是中国本土的短视频app,它的用户数量已经超过了1亿。

Kwai以搞笑、萌宠、美食等内容为主,让用户在快乐和轻松的氛围中享受短视频的乐趣。

Kwai还推出了很多有趣的活动,吸引了众多用户的参与。

5. SnapchatSnapchat是一个非常有名的社交媒体平台,它的短视频功能名为“Snapchat Stories”。

用户可以制作10秒的短视频,添加文字、表情和滤镜,与朋友分享。

Snapchat的短视频内容以搞笑、萌宠、时尚为主,让用户在轻松的氛围中享受短视频的乐趣。

AICE人工智能等级考试 三级考前冲刺

AICE人工智能等级考试  三级考前冲刺

AICE人工智能等级考试三级考前冲刺1.以下场景中,使用了自然语言处理技术的是?() [单选题] *A:智能家居控制系统识别语音指令(正确答案)B:机器人在工厂中搬运货物C:无人机根据预设轨迹完成航拍任务D:超市购物车上的自动计费系统答案解析:自然语言处理技术是一种机器学习技术,使计算机能够解读、处理和理解人类语言。

它会将人类语言转化为计算机可理解的形式,并对其进行计算处理。

A 选项中智能家居系统,会识别语音指令并将语音信号转化为文本,再对文本进行处理以完成指令功能,其中使用的就是自然语言处理技术。

所以正确答案选A。

2.1TB 等于?() [单选题] *A:1024BB:1024KBC:1024MD:1024GB(正确答案)答案解析:计算机存储数据单位的大小顺序是:bit<Byte(B)<KB<MB<GB<TB,除1B=8bit 外,其他单位的换算关系是:(2 的 10 次方)1TB=1024GB1GB=1024MB1MB=1024KB1KB=1024Byte所以选项 D 正确3.运行下方程序打印的结果是?()animal='8l8phant'foriinanimal:ifi=='8':animal=animal.replace(i,'e')breakprint(animal) [单选题] *A:8l8phantB:iliphantC:elephant(正确答案)D:Elephant答案解析:这段程序的功能是将字符串中的某个字符替换为另一个字符,最终输出替换后的字符串。

程序使用 for 循环遍历字符串'8l8phant'中的每个字符,当遍历到字符'8'时,使用replace()方法将该字符串中所有字符'8'替换为字符'e',并结束程序。

最后,输出替换后的字符串为"elephant"。

如何正确利用chatgpt英语作文

如何正确利用chatgpt英语作文

如何正确利用chatgpt英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Today I want to talk to you about how to use ChatGPT to write English essays. It's super cool and can help you with your homework or just have fun chatting with a virtual friend. Here are some tips on how to use it effectively:1. Start by introducing yourself and the topic you want to write about. For example, "Hi, I'm Lily and I want to write an essay about my favorite animal, the elephant."2. Ask ChatGPT for ideas and suggestions. You can say something like, "Can you help me come up with some interesting facts about elephants?"3. Use ChatGPT to help you organize your ideas and write a rough draft. You can ask for help with sentence structure or grammar if you need it.4. Once you have a rough draft, ask ChatGPT to help you revise and improve it. You can ask for synonyms or suggestions on how to make your essay more interesting.5. Finally, read through your essay and make any final edits. ChatGPT can also help you with proofreading and checking for errors.Remember to have fun and be creative when using ChatGPT. It's a great tool to help you improve your English writing skills. Happy chatting!篇2Hey guys, today I'm gonna teach you how to use ChatGPT to write English essays. ChatGPT is like a super smart computer friend that can help you with your writing. Here are some tips on how to use it correctly:1. Start by asking ChatGPT a question or giving it a topic to write about. For example, you can say "Can you help me write an essay about my favorite animal?"2. Be clear and specific in your instructions. ChatGPT works best when you give it detailed information to work with. So instead of saying "Write me an essay about dogs", try saying "Write me an essay about why I love my pet dog, Spot."3. Don't be afraid to ask for help. If you're stuck or unsure about something, ChatGPT is there to assist you. Just ask itquestions like "Can you help me come up with a strong introduction for my essay?"4. Use ChatGPT's suggestions as a starting point. While ChatGPT can generate ideas and sentences for you, it's important to read through them and make sure they make sense. You can always edit and revise the content to fit your own style.5. Practice, practice, practice! The more you use ChatGPT, the better you'll get at writing English essays. So don't be afraid to experiment and try out different topics and prompts.By following these tips, you'll be able to write amazing English essays with the help of ChatGPT. So go ahead and give it a try! Happy writing!篇3Hey guys! Do you want to know how to use ChatGPT to write awesome English essays? Well, you've come to the right place! ChatGPT is a super cool tool that can help you with your writing skills. Here are some tips on how to use it correctly:1. Choose a topic: First, think of a topic you want to write about. It can be anything you are interested in, like your favorite hobby, a fun trip you took, or a cool science experiment.2. Input your ideas: Once you have your topic, start typing your ideas into ChatGPT. You can ask ChatGPT questions or give it prompts to help generate more ideas for your essay.3. Use the suggestions: ChatGPT will give you suggestions on how to improve your writing. Pay attention to the grammar and spelling tips it gives you, and try to incorporate them into your essay.4. Revise and edit: After ChatGPT helps you write your essay, make sure to read it over and revise any parts that don't sound quite right. You can also ask ChatGPT for more suggestions on how to improve your essay.5. Practice, practice, practice: The more you use ChatGPT to write essays, the better you will get at writing in English. Keep practicing and you'll become a writing pro in no time!So there you have it, guys! Now you know how to use ChatGPT to write amazing English essays. Have fun writing!篇4Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you how to use ChatGPT to improve your English writing skills. ChatGPT is asuper cool tool that can help you generate ideas, correct grammar mistakes, and even provide you with writing prompts.First of all, let's talk about generating ideas. Sometimes it can be hard to come up with ideas for your writing assignments. That's where ChatGPT comes in! You can ask it questions or give it a topic, and it will generate ideas for you to use in your writing. It's like having a brainstorming buddy right at your fingertips!Next, let's talk about grammar. ChatGPT can help you with grammar mistakes in your writing. If you're not sure if a sentence is correct or if you're using the right word, you can ask ChatGPT for help. It will give you suggestions on how to fix the mistake and improve your writing.Lastly, ChatGPT can provide you with writing prompts. If you're stuck and don't know what to write about, ChatGPT can give you a prompt to get your creative juices flowing. You can use these prompts to practice your writing skills and come up with new ideas.In conclusion, ChatGPT is a great tool to help you improve your English writing skills. It's like having a virtual writing tutor right at your fingertips! So next time you're struggling with a writing assignment, don't forget to turn to ChatGPT for help. Happy writing!篇5ChatGPT is super cool and can help us write essays in English! Here are some tips on how to use it correctly:1. First, make sure to choose a topic that you want to write about. It can be anything, from your favorite animal to a book you read recently.2. Next, start by asking ChatGPT a question related to your topic. For example, if you want to write about dogs, you can ask "Can you tell me some interesting facts about dogs?"3. ChatGPT will then generate a response based on the information it has been trained on. You can use this response as a starting point for your essay.4. Remember to edit and revise the content generated by ChatGPT. While it can help you get started, it's important to ensure that the grammar and structure of your essay are correct.5. Don't forget to add your own ideas and opinions to make the essay more personalized and unique. ChatGPT is a great tool, but it's important to make sure that your voice shines through in your writing.6. Finally, practice using ChatGPT regularly to improve your writing skills. The more you use it, the better you will become at generating well-written essays.In conclusion, ChatGPT can be a helpful tool for writing essays in English, but it's important to use it correctly and supplement its responses with your own ideas. Happy writing!篇6Hey guys! Do you know how to use ChatGPT to write English essays like a pro? Well, let me tell you all about it! ChatGPT is a super cool tool that can help you with your writing by giving you suggestions and ideas. But remember, it's just a tool, so you still need to do your best and put in your own thoughts and ideas.First things first, when you start using ChatGPT, make sure you have a clear topic in mind. It's like telling ChatGPT what you want to write about. If you're not sure, ChatGPT can help you brainstorm ideas too! Once you have your topic, start by asking ChatGPT for some help with your introduction. Maybe you can ask for a cool hook or a catchy sentence to start off your essay.Next, ask ChatGPT for some tips on how to organize your ideas. You can ask for help with topic sentences for each paragraph, or even ask for suggestions on how to transitionbetween ideas. ChatGPT is like having a writing buddy who can give you advice and feedback!As you're writing your essay, don't forget to ask ChatGPT for help with grammar and vocabulary. Maybe you're not sure how to spell a word, or you need a synonym for a certain word –ChatGPT can help with that too!Finally, when you're done with your essay, ask ChatGPT for some feedback. It's always good to get a second opinion, even if it's from a computer program!So there you have it, guys – how to use ChatGPT to write English essays like a boss! Just remember to have fun and be creative with your writing. ChatGPT is here to help you, but your ideas and thoughts are what make your essay unique and awesome. Happy writing, everyone!。

chat的过去式和用法例句

chat的过去式和用法例句

chat的过去式和用法例句chat做动词有闲谈;谈天等意思,那么你知道chat的过去式是什么吗?下面小编为大家带来的chat的过去式和用法例句,供大家参考学习!chat的过去式和其他时态:过去式: chatted过去分词: chatted现在分词: chattingchat的用法:chat的用法1:chat的基本意思是轻松、无拘无束地、愉快地、语流松散地、不假思索地谈话,一般作聊天,闲谈解。

chat的用法2:chat只用作不及物动词,闲谈的内容常由介词about引出,闲谈的对方常用介词to或with引出。

chat的用法3:chat与over连用,表示一边一边聊天。

chat的过去式例句:1. They would flap bath towels from their balconies as they chatted.他们聊天时会在阳台上抖搂浴巾。

2. At first we chatted agree-ably about his trips to London and Paris.一开始,我们愉快地聊起他的伦敦和巴黎之行。

3. She chatted to them about the show and praised them fulsomely.她和他们聊起了演出,把他们捧上了天。

4. The couple chatted briefly on the doorstep before going inside.夫妇俩进去之前在门阶上简短地说了几句.5. We chatted amiably about old friends.谈及老朋友,我们聊得非常愉快。

6. We chatted over tea and scones.我们一边喝茶吃烤饼一边聊天。

7. We chatted about old times.我们聊到过去的时光。

8. The two friends chatted away to each other about the weather.两个朋友谈论着天气.9. They chatted about the good old days at school.他们在闲聊着在学校时的美好时光.10. Mary and Nancy chatted away across the room.玛丽和南茜一个在房间这一端,一个在房间那一端闲聊着.11. I chatted with his father for a while.我与他父亲聊了一会儿.12. We sat by the fire and chatted.我们坐在炉火旁聊天.13. The two men chatted about such trivia as their favourite kinds of fast food.这两个男人闲聊了些诸如彼此最喜欢的快餐这样的琐事。

chatgpt的应用场景及案例

chatgpt的应用场景及案例

chatgpt的应用场景及案例ChatGPT是一种基于人工智能技术的自然语言处理模型,它可以用于各种应用场景。

下面列举了十个ChatGPT的应用场景及相应案例,展示了它的广泛应用。

1. 在线客服ChatGPT可以作为在线客服的一部分,为用户提供实时的帮助和解答。

例如,当用户在网站上遇到问题时,他们可以与ChatGPT进行对话,获取相关信息、解决问题或获得建议。

2. 个人助手ChatGPT可以作为个人助手,帮助用户管理日程安排、提醒重要事项、回答问题等。

例如,用户可以向ChatGPT发送消息,让它帮助他们安排会议、查找信息或提供建议。

3. 学习辅助ChatGPT可以作为学习辅助工具,为学生提供答疑解惑、提供学习资料、给予学习建议等。

例如,学生可以向ChatGPT提问关于课程内容的问题,它可以给出相应的解答或指导。

4. 语言学习ChatGPT可以作为语言学习的伴侣,帮助用户提高外语水平。

例如,用户可以通过与ChatGPT对话来练习听说读写,获取语言学习资料和建议。

5. 智能导游ChatGPT可以作为智能导游,为旅游者提供旅行建议、推荐景点、解答问题等。

例如,当旅游者在陌生城市中需要旅行建议时,他们可以与ChatGPT对话,获得相关信息和建议。

6. 营销推广ChatGPT可以用于营销推广,为客户提供个性化的产品推荐、解答疑问、提供购买指导等。

例如,在电商平台上,ChatGPT可以与顾客对话,根据顾客的需求和偏好,推荐适合的产品或提供购买建议。

7. 医疗咨询ChatGPT可以作为医疗咨询的一部分,为患者提供医疗建议、解答健康问题等。

例如,在线医疗平台上,患者可以与ChatGPT对话,获取关于疾病诊断、治疗方案、健康生活方式等方面的信息。

8. 智能家居控制ChatGPT可以与智能家居设备集成,通过语音或文字进行家居设备的控制。

例如,用户可以通过与ChatGPT对话,控制家里的灯光、温度、音乐等,实现智能化的家居体验。

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–大多数动物细胞继代培养后会转换成有限细 胞系和永久细胞系两类
3.有限细胞系和永久细胞系
有限细胞系(finite cell line):即使培养条件均能满足细
胞繁殖生长,它们也只能在有限的时间内生存,经过运动
世代后细胞将逐渐死亡。 有限细胞系的存活时间的长短因细胞来源的年龄和种族不同 而有差异。年龄越大继代次数越少。人胚成纤维细胞约可 以培养50代,而成年人的成纤维细胞则不能继代50次,同 样是成纤维细胞,取自鸡胚的成纤维细胞可继代培养30代, 而小鼠的只能培养8代。
动物干细胞研究概况
第一节 动物细胞工程的主要领域及意义
单克隆抗体与现代医学 动物胚胎工程与畜牧业
动物细胞规模化培养与现代医药业
动物克隆的有益应用
一. 单克隆抗体技术与现代医学
单克隆抗体技术是用骨髓瘤细胞 (myeloma cell)与经特定抗源免疫 刺激的B淋巴细胞(antigen
stimulated B lymphoblast)融合
G1 8h 10.5h 5.7h 4.7h 1~10d
S 8.0h 7.6h 8.5h 4.1h 20h
G2 4.0h 3.2h 3.8h 2.8h 2~3d
M 0.8h 0.8h 1h 0.8h 1.0h
2.接触抑制(contact inhibition)现象
除少数悬浮培养细胞外,大多数正常二倍体细胞的生长都需要
促红细胞生成素、促间质细胞激素、绒膜促性腺激素、促黄体激素、 促滤泡激素、生长激素 白细胞活化因子、转移抑制因子、胸腺素、白细胞介素、干扰素、血 清胸腺因子、巨噬细胞毒力因子、β-细胞生长因子
激素 免疫调节因 子
四. 动物克隆技术的有益应用
动物克隆技术至少在以下几个方面具有广阔
的应用前景: 保存优良的动物品种; 拯救濒临灭绝的珍惜动物; 利用克隆动物工厂生产蛋白质药物,发
MRC-5 英国国立医学研究所Jacobs等人1966年从14周的正常男性 胚肺组织中获得,2n=46,属成纤维细胞,培养基采用BME附加10% 的小牛血清。其倍增时间比WI-38短,对不良环境的敏感性比WI-38 低,用于生产人体疫苗。
Namalwa 它是上个世纪70年代由Singh从肯尼亚患有Burkitt淋巴 瘤的病人体中获得,后在瑞典Katolinska研究所建成的一株类淋巴 母细胞,该细胞系具有2.8%的高倍体率,多数细胞有12-14条标记 染色体,单个X染色体,无Y染色体。培养基采用RPMI1640附加7%的 胚牛血清。已被大规模用于生产α-干扰素。
4.动物细胞的环境敏感性
动物细胞与微生物和植物细胞相比,其培养难度要大一些,
其主要原因是动物细胞只有细胞膜,而没有细胞壁的保护。
动物相比对培养环境十分敏感,一切影响细胞膜变形的因素 都会影响动物细胞存活。 动物细胞培养对营养条件的要求也十分复杂。
第三节 动物细胞培养的环境与营养要求
动物细胞培养 的环境要求
3.有限细胞系和永久细胞系
永久细胞系或称连续细胞系:有限细胞系转换成永久细胞系的过度期 称为转换期(crisis)。 永久细胞系有如下特征:细胞形态变化,如细胞变小,黏附性减少, 具有较高的核质比;生长速率增加,倍增时间缩短;对血清的依
赖性减小;贴壁依赖性降低;细胞异倍体和非整倍体增加,细胞
接种到体内后,生癌率上升。永久细胞系的建立是动物细胞规模 化培养的前体。
二. 培养条件下动物细胞生长特性
在活体内,动物细胞在胚胎期即已高度分化,而且这种分化 是不可逆转的。 活体内的动物细胞按照分裂能力可以分为三大类:
第一类是能保持继续分裂能力的细胞-干细胞,可以继续不断地 分裂,如骨髓干细胞、各类前体细胞; 第二类细胞群是永久失去分裂能力的细胞,如各类高度特化的 细胞; 第三类是静止细胞群,即所谓的G0细胞,在正常情况下,它们 不分裂,也不合成DNA,但在受到刺激后,则重新进入细胞分 裂。如人的肝脏细胞等。 第一类和第三类细胞在适当条件下可进行离体培养。
移植、性别控制和基因导入,可望工厂化生
产遗传性稳定、生产性能优良的家畜,以加 快农畜良种化。
三. 动物细胞规模化培养与现代医药
动物细胞培养的产物
类 型 产 物
人疫苗
小儿麻痹症、狂犬、风疹、脑炎、乙肝表面抗源、疱症、某些癌症
动物疫苗

口蹄疫、鸡痘病、猪霍乱、马脑炎、牛痢疾、犬瘟、草鱼出血病、犬 瘟病、 尿激酶、细胞色素P450、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、纤维蛋白溶酶原激活 剂、胶原酶、酪氨酸脱羧酶、
植物细胞外面有细胞壁,而细胞之间有一层胶状物即胞间层
(middle lamella)将两个细胞粘合在一起,在两个相邻细胞之
有胞间连丝(plasmadesma)使细胞间相互流通。
动物细胞的细胞质中溶酶体 (lysosomes)较发达,同时还 含有许多酶原粒。
而植物细胞中则含有较多的质
体(plastid),包括叶绿体 (chloroplast)、白色体 (leucoplast)和杂色体 (chromoplast)。
常用人工合成培养基组成及含量(mg/)
成 分 氨基酸 L-精氨酸 L-精氨酸•HCl L-天门冬氨酸 L-光氨酸 L-谷氨酸 L-谷氨酰胺 292 534 24 48 126 84 20 50 20 300 200 MEM DMEM RPM1640 成 分 VB12 VB6 VB1 盐酸吡哆醛 烟酰胺 异肌醇 叶酸 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 7.2 4.0 1.0 35 1.0 MEM DMEM RPM1640 0.005 1.0 1.0
2. 合成培养基
合成培养基是根据天然培养基的成分,用化学物质对细胞体 内生存环境中已知物质在体外人工条件的模拟,经过反复 试验筛选、强化和重新组合后形成的培养基。这种培养基 在很多方面有天然培养基无法比拟的优点,它既能给细胞 提供一个近似于体内的生存环境,又便于控制和提供标准 化体外生存环境。
目前用于动物细胞培养的合成培养基种类很多,一般均包
得到杂交瘤细胞(hybridoma cell), 杂交瘤细胞既能象骨髓瘤细胞那样
在体外无限增殖,又具有B淋巴细
胞产生特异性抗体的能力。因此, 单克隆抗体技术又称为杂交瘤技术
(hybridoma technology)。
单克隆抗体具有高度的特异性与灵敏性,可提高疾病诊
断准确性。
单克隆抗体疫苗,可增加疫苗安全性。
单克隆抗体用于某些肿瘤治疗。
单克隆抗体技术还可广泛用于各种基础医学研究。
二. 胚胎工程与畜牧业
利用胚胎技术可以以工厂形式大批量生产优质胚胎,从而可以
降低胚胎成本,扩大移植胚的来源,使农畜动物胚胎移植的推 广应用成为可能。 体外受精可以准确地确定受精的时间和胚胎 发育阶段,因此,利用体外受精技术进行核
2. pH
动物细胞培养适宜的pH一般在7.2-7.4,低于6.8或高于7.6都 不利于细胞生长,严重时会导致细胞死亡。
培养细胞对pH的要求因培养时间长短有关,一般原代细胞要求
较严格,而永久细胞系对pH具有较强的忍耐性。
3. 溶氧及气体环境
一般细胞在培养初期要求较低的溶氧水平,而在对数生长期 或培养后期,对溶氧水平要求增加,如果供氧不足,将导
含氨基酸、维生素、糖类、无机离子和其它辅助成分。
尽管各种合成培养基给细胞培养带来极大方便,但许多实 验表明,单纯使用合成培养基细胞的贴壁、增殖效果常常
不理想。因此,在使用时通常仍然需要加入一定量的动物
血清,常用的动物血清有小牛血清、鸡血清等。 常用的人工培养基MEM,DMEM,RPM1640
甘氨酸
L-组氨酸 L-组氨酸•HCl L-羟脯氨酸 L-异亮氨酸 L-亮氨酸 L-亮氨酸•HCl L-甲硫氨酸 L-苯丙氨酸 L-脯氨酸 L-丝氨酸 L-苏氨酸 L-色氨酸 L-酪氨酸 L维生素 VB2 生物素 D-泛酸钙 1.0 0.1 43 10 36 47 52 52 73 15 33 42
30
动物细胞培养 的营养需求
一. 动物细胞培养的环境要求
1. 温度
温度是细胞体外生存的基本条件之一,来源不同的细胞, 其最适生长温度不尽相同
如昆虫细胞培养温度一般是25~28℃ 哺乳动物细胞的培养温度一般是37℃。 总体上讲,动物细胞忍受低温的能力比忍受高温的能力强。如哺乳 低温细胞在45℃下只能存活1小时,但在25℃条件下仍然能慢速生 长,并维持长时间不死,甚至在4℃下数小时后,再臵于适宜温度 下细胞仍然可以正常生长。
二. 培养条件下动物细胞生长特性
离体培养的动物细胞可分为:
贴壁依赖型:包括成纤细胞型、上皮细胞型
非贴壁依赖型:悬浮型细胞,如血液、淋巴组 织的细胞
兼性贴壁细胞:如中国地鼠卵巢细胞、小鼠 L929细胞
三. 培养条件下动物细胞的生理特点
1. 动物细胞的分裂周期长
动物细胞分裂周期一般为12~48小时,它不仅随细胞种属的
0.25
第四节 动物细胞培养技术简述
原代培养
细胞克隆选择 细胞系增殖与放大培养
大规模培养体系建立
常用克隆细胞系
WI-38 由美国人Hayflick等1961年从一女性高加索人的正常胚肺 组织中获得。2n=46,属成纤维细胞,培养基采用BME附加10%的小 牛血清,是最早被认为可安全传代的细胞系,在20世纪60年代广泛 用于制备疫苗。
10
15
氯化胆碱
对氨基苯甲酸 无机盐
1.0
4.0
3.0
1.0
42 20 105 105 146 30 66 50 50 40 15 15 20 42 95 16 72 94 30 20 5 20 20
CaCl2 Fe(NO3)39ּH2O KCl MgSO47ּH2O NaCl NaHCO3 NaH2PO4ּH2O Na2HPO47ּH2O (CaNO3)24ּH2O 其它成分 D-葡萄糖 KI 亚油酸
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