Doctors who meet certain standards for clinical
家庭医生健康驿站设置标准
家庭医生健康驿站设置标准As a patient, I believe that setting standards for family doctor health stations is essential for ensuring quality healthcare services for individuals and families. By establishing clear guidelines and requirements for these facilities, patients can receive consistent and reliable care from their family doctors. This helps to build trust and confidence in the healthcare system, ultimately leading to better health outcomes for patients.作为一个患者，我相信为家庭医生健康驿站设立标准是确保个人和家庭获得优质医疗服务的关键。
通过为这些设施建立明确的指导方针和要求，患者可以从他们的家庭医生那里获得持续而可靠的护理。
这有助于在患者中建立信任和信心，最终导致患者获得更好的健康结果。
From a healthcare provider's perspective, having standards in place for family doctor health stations can help ensure that healthcare professionals are operating in a safe and effective manner. These standards can outline best practices for patient care, infection control, medication management, and other key areas of healthcare delivery. By following these standards, healthcare providers canenhance the quality of care they provide to their patients and improve overall health outcomes in the community.从医疗服务提供者的角度看，为家庭医生健康驿站制定标准可以帮助确保医务人员以安全有效的方式运作。
医学类职业英语技能比赛(职场应用练习题1)
医学类职业英语技能比赛(职场应用练习题1)问题1请简要描述下面医学术语的含义：1. CPR2. MRI3. HIPAA4. FDA问题2请列举并解释以下职业术语的含义：1. Telemedicine2. Medical coding3. Pharmacist4. Clinical trial问题3请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Informed consent2. Malpractice3. Telehealth4. Pharmaceutical______ refers to the act of providing patients with all necessary information about a medical procedure or treatment before obtaining their agreement to proceed.问题4请根据下面的描述，选择最合适的医学术语填入空白处：A diagnostic procedure using magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body is called _______.问题5请简要解释以下缩写的含义：1. EKG2. ICU3. ER4. CT问题6请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Anesthesiologist2. Radiologist3. Surgeon4. OncologistA doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer is called an _______.问题7请解释下面医学术语的含义：1. HIPAA2. MRSA3. EHR问题8请根据下面的描述，选择最合适的医学术语填入空白处：The ____ is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of foodsafety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, cosmetics, animal foods and feed, and veterinary products.问题9请解释以下职业的含义：1. Nurse practitioner2. Physical therapist3. Medical assistant4. Radiologic technologist问题10请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Diagnosis2. Treatment3. Cure4. Prevention问题11请解释下面医学术语的含义：1. CPR2. CT scan3. HIPAA问题12请列举并解释以下职业术语的含义：1. Pathologist2. Optometrist3. Clinical nurse specialist4. Pharmacy technician问题13请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Radiography2. Cardiology3. Neurology4. NephrologyThe medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain and nervous system is called _______.问题14请解释下面医学术语的含义：1. FDA2. AMA3. PPE问题15请列举并解释以下职业术语的含义：1. Medical transcriptionist2. Registered dietitian3. Respiratory therapist4. Clinical social worker问题16请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Prescription2. Vaccine3. Antidote4. AntisepticA substance that can prevent or neutralize the effects of a poison is called an _______.问题17请解释下面医学术语的含义：1. ICU2. MRI3. EKG问题18请根据下面的描述，选择最合适的医学术语填入空白处：问题19请解释以下职业的含义：1. Geriatrician2. Medical laboratory scientist3. Occupational therapist4. Speech-language pathologist问题20请从下面选项中选择最适合的词填入空白处：1. Acute2. Chronic3. Terminal4. PreventableA disease or condition that is expected to result in death within a relatively short period of time is called _______.。
academic qualification不符合要求 -回复
academic qualification不符合要求-回复Academic Qualifications: What Happens When You Don't Meet the Requirements?In today's world, academic qualifications are a must-have for almost any profession, especially those that require a certain level of expertise and knowledge. Unfortunately, not everyone meets the requirements for higher education, leaving them with limited prospects in terms of career growth and job opportunities.This article will explore the following questions: What are academic qualifications, and why are they important? What happens when someone fails to meet the requirements for higher education? What are the alternative options available for individuals who can't attain academic qualifications?What are academic qualifications?Academic qualifications refer to the certification and recognition of the knowledge, skills, and competencies that an individual has acquired through formal education. These qualifications are usually awarded by accredited institutions after fulfilling certainrequirements, such as passing grades in exams, completing assignments, and meeting attendance requirements.In most countries, there are two types of academic qualifications: primary and secondary qualifications and tertiary (higher) qualifications. Primary and secondary qualifications refer to basic education, including elementary and high school level. On the other hand, tertiary qualifications are higher education qualifications, including undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.Why are academic qualifications important?Academic qualifications are essential for many reasons. Firstly, they demonstrate an individual's commitment to learning and developing skills in a specific field. Employers generally value individuals who have academic qualifications because they have demonstrated their dedication and capacity to work hard.Secondly, academic qualifications are often a requirement for many professions. For instance, certain positions, such as doctors, engineers, and lawyers, require specific degrees and certifications. Without these qualifications, one may not be eligible to apply orwork in these fields.Finally, academic qualifications often provide individuals with greater earning potential and job security. Research shows that individuals with higher education qualifications earn more and have more stable careers compared to those without.What happens when someone fails to meet the requirements for higher education?It can be disheartening to not meet the requirements for higher education due to financial, academic, or personal reasons. Those who fail to meet the requirements may feel restricted in terms of job prospects and career growth. Fortunately, there are alternative options available for individuals who cannot attain academic qualifications.One of the options is vocational training. Vocational training refers to education and training that provides individuals withindustry-specific skills and knowledge. Vocational training is usually provided by trade schools, community colleges, and vocational institutions and certificates after completion. Thisoption may be particularly useful for individuals who want to pursue careers in skilled trades such as carpentry, automotive repair, or welding.Another option is to seek employment in a field that doesn't require specific academic qualifications. Many jobs, such as retail sales, customer service, and administrative work, do not require higher education degrees. Individuals can gain experience in these fields and work their way up the career ladder.Lastly, self-education through books, online courses, and other resources can also be an option. This method allows individuals to learn at their own pace and focus on topics they're interested in. However, it is important to note that self-education does not provide formal certification.ConclusionAcademic qualifications are important and can often lead to greater career prospects and earning potential. However, not meeting the requirements of higher education does not mean anend to career aspirations. Alternative options such as vocational training, employment in fields that don't require degrees, and self-education can provide viable career paths for individuals who are unable to attain academic qualifications.。
中等生·高考英语专题18：阅读理解-说明文类
中等生�高考英语专题18：阅读理解-说明文类学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇×5＇sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment zxxk out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.1．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A．It’s delicate. B．It’s expensive.C．It’s complex. D．It’s portable.2．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．The tube. B．The still.C．The hole. D．The cup.3．What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?A．Dig a hole of a certain size. B．Put the cup in place.C．Weight the sheet’s center down. D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 4．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form ________.A．the plastic tube B．outside the holeC．the open air D．beneath the sheetTerrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administr ation’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.5．What is the first paragraph mainly about?A．The basic data of the Transition.B．The advantages of flying cars.C．The potential market for flying cars.D．The designers of the Transition.6．Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A．It causers traffic jams.B．It is difficult to operate.C．It is very expensive.D．It burns too much fuel.7．What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?A．Cautious B．Favorable.C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.8．What is the best title for the text?A．Flying Car at Auto ShowB．The Transition’s First FlightC．Pilots’ Dream Coming TrueD．Flying Car Closer to RealityWhen a leafy plant is under attack, it do esn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the firstplant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.9．What does a plant do when it is under attack?A．It makes noises. B．It gets help from other plants.C．It stands quietly D．It sends out certain chemicals.10．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A．The attackers get attacked.B．The insects gather under the table.C．The plants get ready to fight back.D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.11．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ________.A．predict natural disastersB．protect themselves against insectsC．talk to one another intentionallyD．help their neighbors when necessary12．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．The world is changing faster than ever.B．People have stronger senses than beforeC．The world is more complex than it seemsD．People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations— major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 13．What is the text mainly about?A．Wildlife research in the United States.B．Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C．The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D．The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.14．What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂in paragraph 2 mean?A．Tested. B．Separated.C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.15．What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?A．Damage to local ecology.B．A decline in the park’s income.C．Preservation of vegetation.D．An increase in the variety of animals.16．What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?A．Doubtful. B．Positive.C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring.The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into amobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particula rly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and th is often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.” Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”17．What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?A．To explore new means of transport. B．To design new types of cars.C．To find out older driver’s problems.D．To teach people traffic rules.18．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A．It keeps them independent. B．It helps them save time.C．It builds up their strength. D．It cures their mental illnesses.19．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A．Improve their driving skills. B．Develop driver-assist technologies.C．Provide tips on repairing their cars. D．Organize regular physical checkups. 20．What is the best title for the text?A．A new Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic ProblemC．Driving Service for elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the RoadMeasles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work.But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.That’s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.21．The first two paragraphs suggest that ____________.A．a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trendB．the outbreak of measles attracts the public attentionC．anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasonsD．information about measles spreads quickly22．Herd immunity works well when ____________.A．exemptions are allowedB．several vaccines are used togetherC．the whole neighborhood is involved inD．new regulations are added to the state laws23．What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?A．The overuse of vaccine.B．The lack of medical care.C．The features of measles itself.D．The vaccine opt-outs of some people.24．What is the purpose of the passage?A．To introduce the idea of exemption.B．To discuss methods to cure measles.C．To stress the importance of vaccination.D．To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is notin-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with itstask. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of th at possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshi ne.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.25．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A．run out of human controlB．satisfy human’s real desiresC．command armies of killer robotsD．work faster than a mathematician26．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .A．prevent themselves from being destroyedB．achieve their original goals independentlyC．do anything successfully with given ordersD．beat humans in international chess matches27．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .A．help super intelligent machines work betterB．be secure against evil human beingsC．keep machines from being harmedD．avoid robots’ affecting the world28．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A．It will disappear with the development of AI.B．It will get worse with human interference.C．It will be solved but with difficulty.D．It will stay for a decade.Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horrors and burn with shame.What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.Clicking “send” too soonDon’t waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.Writing the wrong timeThe sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(I.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).Clicking “reply all” unintentionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when ever yone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.Sending an offensive message to it’s subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkindmessage about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you’re discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity tic hear up any difficulties you may have with this person.29．After realizing an email accident, you are likely to feel _______.A．curious B．tiredC．awful D．funny30．If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________. A．apologise in a serious mannerB．tell the receiver to ignore the errorC．learn to write the name correctlyD．send a short notice to everyone31．What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email? A．Try offering other choices.B．Avoid further involvement.C．Meet other staff members.D．Make a light-hearted apology.32．How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?A．By promising not to offend the receiver again.B．By seeking support from the receiver’s friends.C．By asking the receiver to control his anger.D．By talking to the receiver face to face.33．What is the passage mainly about?A．Defining email errors.B．Reducing email mistakes.C．Handling email accidents.D．Improving email writing.CHRONOLOGICA——The Unbelievable Years that Defined HistoryDID YOU KNOW…In 105 AD paper was invented in China?When Columbus discovered the New World?The British Museum opened in 1759?CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time, from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the Internet. Along the way are tales of kings and queens, hot air balloons…and monkeys in space.Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasn’t always as good as it sounds, how the Hundred Years’ War didn’t actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record.CHRONOLOGICAis an informative and entertaining tour into history, beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts. While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great, this book also gives an account of the lives of lesser-known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum.This complete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old, and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with something new!34．What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text?A．A biography. B．A travel guide.C．A history book. D．A science fiction.35．How does the writer recommend CHRONOLOGICA to readers?A．By giving details of its collection.B．By introducing some of its contents.C．By telling stories at the beginning.D．By comparing it with other books.Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?＂Kleindorfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂36．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂.A．be the worst B．be the bestC．be the as bad D．be just as good37．What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C．The data collected fro m Queensland’s locals.D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.38．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____________. A．can receive quality signalsB．are in need of trainingC．fit the environment betterD．make the loudest callDo you wear your school uniform in your school life? Believer it or not, there are quite a few advantages of wearing school uniforms. The idea may seem disagreeable at first, but considering all the positive effects coming from wearing uniforms you would be more likely to enjoy them.Teachers love school uniforms because it helps provide an orderly learning environment. Having students dressed in uniforms may teach them how to present themselves in a neat and professional manner. It gives students the opportunity to learn how to dress like young ladies and gentlemen. And they can focus their attention on academies rather than style.Purchasing school uniforms is easy and needs less hesitation and consideration. No matter what the school’s pol icy is, there are only specific essential pieces to the wardrobe(服装)that are necessary, so it won’t break the bank. A few wardrobe items can last a long time. Parents could also enjoy an easy morning, as it will take less time to chose a set of clothes for the school day.Students wearing uniforms will feel less pressure about what to wear or not to wear when their classmate are dressed similarly. Getting dressed before school becomes less of a chore when students are limited in their choices, so there shou ldn’t be any trouble about choosing an outfit for the day and getting ready quickly. Some students may not like the lackof individuality(个性)with a uniform, but some school dress code policies may offer them the opportunities to show their unique styles.Uniforms today are also becoming trendier and can be seen in many areas of pop culture. Celebrities and fashion designers are using uniforms as inspiration for new looks which also appeal to students.39．Teachers think that wearing school uniforms___________.A．is just a tradition that students should followB．makes students feel less pressure in studyC．helps students put more effort into their studiesD．makes students lose their independence and identity40．The underlined part “it won’t break the bank” in Paragraph 3 probably means“_________”.A．a school uniform doesn’t cost a lot of moneyB．a school uniform should be worn every dayC．parents will have to go to the bank many timesD．parents who work in a bank can afford the uniform41．We can infer from the text that school uniforms______________.A．are not popular with fashion designersB．were not accepted by parents in the pastC．will be designed by students themselvesD．will be more fashionable in the future42．The author’s attitude towards students’ wear ing school uniforms is _________. A．negative B．supportiveC．doubtful D．unclearWhen most of us hear the word chocolate, the verb that comes to mind is probably “eat”, not “drink”, and the most proper adjective would seem to be “sweet”. But for about 90 percent of chocolate’s long history, it was strictly a beverage(饮料), and sugar didn’t have anything to do with it.The Origin of ChocolateMany modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years, but recent research suggests that it may be even older. In the book The True History of。
研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译
Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。
美国医疗系统（AmericanMedicalSystem）
美国医疗系统（American Medical System）Medical system in the United States--------------------------------------------------------------------------------There is a course on medical policy that describes the structure and functioning of the American health care system, the interaction between patients and health care providers, and the role that they play in the health care system. The United States does not currently have a national health care system, and only two Medicare and Medicaid are federally managed medical organizations. Although they are part of social welfare, the former belongs to the elderly medical care, the latter to the disabled and low-income families.The medical administration is closely related to the daily lives of the American people, affecting the patterns of medical referral, the extent of physician prescribing, and the chances that patients will receive appropriate care. In the 90s, the American Medical System plunged into a dilemma of medical waste and unequal allocation of medical resources. Some have a complete health care who accept unnecessary medical services; while others have no insurance (1996, more than 40 million Americans without health insurance or medical insurance), is not perfect, they receive the necessary medical services were deprived of their rights. Over the past few years, however, there has been a landmark change in the health care system in the United states. This major reform stems from a new concept, "Managed care"". Managed care has developed new interactions between American patients, insurance companies, and healthcare workers.Traditionally, employers for their employees to pay the medical insurance premium to the insurance company, the insurance company (the insurer) payment for medical service providers (including physicians, hospitals, home - care, nursing, home institutions or pharmacy). Under the system, the doctor decides what kind of treatment, treatment, and who should provide medical care. Medical costs are usually decided unilaterally by providers of medical services, and insurance companies simply pay medical bills. If the cost is too high, the insurance company will increase the premium for the following year (premium). Under the Managed care system, institutions that settle patient health costs will play the role of managing patient care. Employers and insurance companies don't just pay medical bills. They also decide how much medical care they should give to patients, what medical services, and who should provide them with treatment. In other words, employers and insurance companies will determine the way health care providers receive income and how they pay. Therefore, managed care can be said to be a major change in the American Medical system. In the past, medical professionals, especially physicians, decided that the rights of medical behavior were no longer. Doctors and employers, as well as insurance companies, share their decisions. This profoundly changed the doctor's role in the medical system.Payment system for medical careThere are four kinds of payment system in American Medical care:1) out - of - pocket payment,2) individual, private, insurance,3) employment - based group private insurance4) government financingThe first is the simplest payment system - just as consumers buy goods and services directly. However, based on several characteristics, medical care is different from the general consumer behavior. For example, medical care is the basic human needs, and not a luxury; so if the patient is unable to bear the medical expenses, there must be a different from the out - of - Pocket payment system to help patients to pay for medical expenses and medical needs; and expenditure cannot advance estimates and selection; and when patients receive treatment, often lack these treatment knowledge; not to mention the people do not know what time they will be hit by illness or injury.The second is private insurance - in addition to patients and medical staff, the insurance company is on the one hand to collect premiums, on the other hand, pay the patient's medical expenses to the medical institutions.The third is Employment--based group private insurance - the employer pays all or part of the medical premium for the employer. Health insurance provides a mechanism for allocating medical resources to people who really need it, not on their ability to pay medical bills. In other words, the premium fund is redistributed from the healthy person to the patient, whilethe health care system helps the person who cannot pay the medical expenses to share their expenses. However, the positive significance of health care in this respect has sometimes become its fatal injury. The original is to solve the Out - of - Pocket payment system, the patient can not afford the high medical costs will lead to control medical expenses, but the dilemma. Because under this system, patients don't have to pay for their own medical bills themselves, so virtually everyone will increase the number of visits. Together with medical institutions turning to insurance companies, they can easily raise medical costs. Therefore, based on the consideration of business competition, insurance companies have to lower their premiums to attract young, healthy or low-risk groups. By contrast, the elderly and the sick are becoming less and less able to pay high premiums. In order to cope with the new problems, there are fourth kinds of payment systems, namely Tax - financed government health insurance: Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare's services are for the elderly, funded from social security taxes, federal taxes, and premiums paid by beneficiaries. The Medicaid is run by the state government, targeting low-income people, with federal taxes and state taxes.In our impression, the United States is a country with a sound social welfare system, and the medical care system should be no exception. But in 1996, nearly 1/6 of Americans had no medical insurance. The main reason is that in the employment--based system, some employers are reluctant to insure their employees (the reason is rising year by year reduced premium and enterprise scale makes the employer cannot afford); or some people belong to non employees, or is in a state of temporary unemployment. Although these people could notafford the premiums for private health insurance, they failed to meet standards that could benefit from Medicare and Medicaid.As a result of the recent economic downturn, many people have been forced to change jobs, divorce or retire early because they have been forced to retire by lay off,Suspension or even permanent loss of coverage. But even with health insurance, most insurance companies now restrict access to the care they need. The reason is that in order to reduce expenditure, the insurance company does not cover certain treatments or examinations, such as injection prevention and mammograms. They also reject the cover pre-existing disease, and limit the amount of benefit (benefit), or adopt the co payment system.Reimbursement for medical expenses (reimbursements)We mentioned different medical payment systems and the problem of high medical costs. The main reason for this problem stems from the high costs of medical and medical reimbursement (reimbursements) for physicians and hospitals. As a result, new approaches to reimbursement are being developed to stem the growth of medical costs. And these new methods are the main features of managed care. These methods include:Fee-for-service, episode, of, illness, Diem, payment, capitation, salary (or, global, budget). In the form of reimbursement for the first fee-for-service, the medical unit is paid on the basis of individual visits, EKG checks, or treatment procedures. Under the Payment per procedure system,physicians will have more perform examinations and treatment programs in order to obtain more payment. As a result, medical costs are rising and waste of medical resources. The second way is according to the Diagnosis-related group (DRGs) classification, during a disease, regardless of the amount of medical service, medical service is a sum of all payments to hospitals, such as global surgical fees and Hospital DRGs. The unit of payment is not individual treatment or examination, but case or episode. Under this system, physicians will perform more surgery and limit the number of patients postoperative visits. Because they don't get extra payment from the patient's extra visits, the risk of a rise in medical costs is partly transfer. In third Diem payment way, to accept all patients according to the sum of the day hospital service is payment unit is the number of days (i.e. whether the hospital a day for examination and treatment of patients number, it gets payment is a fixed number). The fourth is capitation, the unit is individual. Regardless of the number, degree, or degree of medical treatment each patient receives in one month or year, payment is given to the head. The reimbursement system is very close to managed care.Because you've already mentioned managed care plan, so let's explain its meaning here. Traditionally, physicians and hospitals charge fees based on individual services. In order to control costs, people joined managed care plan to change the way medical units were paid. In the Managed care organization, three main forms are: Fee-for-service, practice, with, utilization, view, preferred, provider, organizations (PPOs),和健康维护组织（HMO）。
去瑞士申请安乐死的流程
去瑞士申请安乐死的流程Applying for assisted suicide in Switzerland is a complex and highly regulated process. One must fulfill certain criteria in order to be eligible for this option. The first step in the process is finding a medical professional in Switzerland who is willing to assist with the procedure. This can be challenging, as not all doctors are comfortable or willing to participate in assisted suicide.在瑞士申请安乐死是一个复杂且高度受管制的过程。
为了有资格选择这种选择，必须满足一定的条件。
这个过程的第一步是在瑞士找到一个愿意协助进行这个程序的医生。
由于并非所有医生都愿意或愿意参与安乐死，这可能具有挑战性。
Once a medical professional has been found, the next step is to undergo a series of assessments to determine if the individual meets the criteria for assisted suicide. These assessments typically include evaluating the person's mental capacity to make an informed decision, assessing their medical condition, and ensuring that they are experiencing unbearable suffering with no prospect of improvement.一旦找到了一位医生，下一步是进行一系列的评估，以确定个人是否符合安乐死的标准。
医生的公民责任英语作文
医生的公民责任英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Doctors have always played a crucial role in society, not only as healthcare providers but also as advocates for public health and wellbeing. As such, they have a significant civic responsibility to the communities they serve.First and foremost, doctors have a duty to provide quality medical care to all patients, regardless of their background or financial status. This means treating every individual with respect and empathy, and making decisions based on medical necessity rather than financial gain. Doctors must also stay up-to-date on the latest medical research and guidelines to ensure they are providing the best possible care to their patients.In addition to providing medical care, doctors also have a responsibility to educate the public about health issues and promote healthy behaviors. This includes participating in community health fairs, giving talks at schools and community centers, and working with local organizations to improve access to healthcare services. By sharing their knowledge and expertise,doctors can help prevent disease and improve overall public health.Furthermore, doctors have a duty to advocate for policies that promote public health and address social determinants of health. This may include supporting legislation to improve access to healthcare, advocating for policies to reduce health inequities, and speaking out on issues such as gun violence, climate change, and other factors that impact public health. By using their voice and influence to advocate for change, doctors can help create a healthier and more equitable society.Finally, doctors have a responsibility to engage in lifelong learning and professional development to continuously improve their skills and knowledge. This includes participating in continuing medical education, staying current on best practices in their field, and collaborating with colleagues to share knowledge and expertise. By committing to ongoing learning and improvement, doctors can provide the highest quality care to their patients and contribute to the advancement of medicine as a whole.In conclusion, doctors have a wide range of civic responsibilities that go beyond simply treating patients. By providing quality care, educating the public, advocating forpolicies that promote public health, and engaging in continuous learning and professional development, doctors can make a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of their communities. Ultimately, by fulfilling their civic responsibilities, doctors can help create a healthier and more equitable society for all.篇2Doctors play a crucial role in society by providing healthcare and saving lives. With this important role comes certain responsibilities towards the community they serve. It is essential for doctors to understand and fulfill their civic duties in order to contribute positively to society and uphold the principles of their profession.First and foremost, doctors have a responsibility to provide high-quality medical care to their patients. This includes accurately diagnosing and treating illnesses, as well as communicating effectively with patients and their families. Doctors must stay current on the latest medical research and best practices in order to provide the best possible care for their patients. They must also take the time to listen to their patients and address their concerns in a compassionate and respectful manner.In addition to providing medical care, doctors also have a duty to promote public health and educate the community about preventive measures. This can include advocating for vaccinations, promoting healthy lifestyles, and raising awareness about common health issues. By educating the public about ways to stay healthy and prevent illness, doctors can help reduce the burden on the healthcare system and improve overall population health.Furthermore, doctors have a responsibility to advocate for their patients and ensure that they receive the care they need. This may involve advocating for access to affordable healthcare, speaking out against discrimination or bias in the healthcare system, and standing up for patients' rights. Doctors must also be aware of the social determinants of health that can impact their patients' well-being, such as poverty, housing insecurity, and lack of access to nutritious food.Beyond their individual responsibilities, doctors also have a broader civic duty to contribute to the overall well-being of society. This can include participating in medical research, volunteering their time and expertise to underserved communities, and engaging in public health initiatives. By using their skills and knowledge to benefit the community at large,doctors can make a meaningful impact and improve the health and well-being of society as a whole.In conclusion, doctors have a range of civic responsibilities that extend beyond their role as healthcare providers. By providing high-quality care to their patients, promoting public health, advocating for their patients, and contributing to the well-being of society, doctors can make a positive impact and uphold the values of their profession. It is essential for doctors to recognize and fulfill these responsibilities in order to fulfill their role as trusted healthcare providers and valued members of the community.篇3As a medical professional, doctors have a significant role to play in society. Aside from their medical expertise, they also have a civic responsibility to uphold ethical standards, contribute to public health initiatives, and advocate for the well-being of their patients and communities. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of a doctor's civic responsibility and the impact they can have on society.One of the key responsibilities of doctors is to maintain high ethical standards in their practice. This includes upholdingpatient confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding conflicts of interest. Doctors are expected to prioritize the well-being of their patients above all else, and to provide them with the best possible care based on their medical knowledge and expertise.In addition to providing medical care to individual patients, doctors also have a responsibility to contribute to public health initiatives that benefit the wider community. This can include participating in vaccination campaigns, educating the public about healthy lifestyle choices, and advocating for policies that promote public health and safety. By taking an active role in public health initiatives, doctors can help prevent the spread of disease, reduce healthcare costs, and improve the overall health and well-being of the population.Doctors also have a responsibility to advocate for thewell-being of their patients and communities. This can involve speaking out against injustices in the healthcare system, advocating for better access to healthcare services for underserved populations, and supporting policies that promote health equity. By using their expertise and influence to advocate for positive change, doctors can help create a more just and equitable healthcare system for all.Furthermore, doctors have a responsibility to educate the next generation of healthcare professionals. By serving as mentors and role models for medical students, residents, and other healthcare professionals, doctors can help shape the future of healthcare and ensure that ethical standards and best practices are passed down to the next generation.Overall, the civic responsibility of doctors extends beyond their individual practices and has a profound impact on society as a whole. By upholding ethical standards, contributing to public health initiatives, advocating for the well-being of their patients and communities, and educating the next generation of healthcare professionals, doctors can make a significant difference in the lives of their patients and the health of society as a whole. It is essential that doctors recognize and embrace their civic responsibility, as they have the knowledge, skills, and influence to effect positive change in the world around them.。
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Doctors who meet certain standards for clinical performance and efficiencySpecialists with the Aexcel® designationLook for doctors in the Aetna performance networkWhen you do, you get access to some high-performing specialty doctors and doctor groups.These doctors:■A re part of the Aetna network of health care providers■H ave met certain industry-accepted practices for clinical performance■Have met Aetna’s efficiency standards No referrals, lower costsWhen you visit one of these doctors, you can eliminate referrals. You may also be able to lower the costs you pay out of pocket.12 specialty areasVisit doctors in these 12 areas:■Cardiology (heart and blood)■Cardiothoracic (heart and chest) surgery ■Gastroenterology (digestive system)■General surgery■Neurology (nervous system)■N eurosurgery (spinal column, spinal cord, brain and nerves)■O bstetrics and gynecology (pregnancy and women’s reproductive system)■Orthopedics (bones and joints)■O tolaryngology/ENT (the ears, nose,throat (ENT), and head and neck)■Plastic surgery■U rology (urinary tract and urogenitalsystem)■Vascular (veins and arteries) surgeryGet the detailsHere are answers to some of yourfrequently asked questions.How are specialists chosen forAexcel designation?We review clinical quality and efficiency.For clinical quality, we track:■Hospital readmission rates after 30 days■R ates of health complications duringhospital care■O ther treatments, by specialty, shownto help improve outcomesDoctors must have a certain minimumnumber of Aetna cases in order to bereviewed on these measures.The measures are based on recognizedstandards from groups like the NationalQuality Forum (NQF), AQA, NationalCommittee for Quality Assurance(NCQA), American Board of MedicalSpecialties, American OsteopathicAssociation, American Heart Association,American College of Obstetricians andGynecologists, Agency for HealthResearch and Quality, Society of ThoracicSurgeons, and Centers for Medicare &Medicaid Services.In addition, doctors may pass theclinical quality criteria if:■A t least 50% of specialists in a groupare recognized by either Bridges toExcellence (BTE) or the NCQA in theareas of diabetes, cardiac/stroke, lowback/spine, high blood pressure,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,congestive heart failure, asthma,patient Centered Medical Home orcoronary artery disease; or■A t least 50% of specialists in a groupcompleted requirements for updatingtheir medical specialty boardcertifications; or■A t least 50% of specialists in a grouphave earned BTE or NCQA PhysicianOffice Link recognition or applyNQF-endorsed measures on usinghealth information technology; or■T he doctor practices at an AetnaInstitutes of Quality® (IOQ) facilityand his/her primary specialty is thespecialty for which the facility isrecognized as an IOQ.Health insurance plans are underwritten and/or administered by Aetna Life Insurance Company (Aetna).38.03.302.1 H (8/11)Check your doctor’s Aexcel status before making an appointment.©2011 Aetna Inc. 38.03.302.1 H (8/11)EfficiencyWe also review the costs of treating members in each of the 12 Aexcel areas of care.We try to include all costs — not just visits to the doctor’s office. We review inpatient, outpatient, diagnostic, lab and pharmacy claims.Then, we compare the total costs of care from each doctor to the costs of other doctors in the same region. Doctors who best meet these qualifications are chosen to receive the Aexcel designation.How can I find an Aexcel-designated doctor?Look in your printed Aetna directory. Aexcel-designated doctors have an asterisk (*) next to their name.Or visit our online DocFind® directory at . Aexcel-designated doctors have a blue star next to their name.More information is available on your secure Aetna Navigator® member website, at . Just log in and search for a specialist. Then look under “Provider Details.” You can see if the doctor meets standards for Aexcel designation.You also can find more information in our Understanding Aexcel brochure. For a complete description including performance measures, evaluation process and details about the evaluation procedure, such as data sources, statistical significance and other technical information, see the Aexcel Methodology guide. It’s available online on . Just search for “Aexcel” to find it.Do I need a referral to see an Aexcel-designated doctor? Usually not. Please check the back of your member ID card for referral requirements.Will I pay extra?No. In fact, your health plan may require you to use Aexcel-designated doctors to pay the least out of pocket. This means that, for some health plans with an Aexcel network, any care you receive from non-designated doctors may be paid at the out-of-network benefit level or may not be covered at all.In other health plans with an Aexcel network, you may be allowed to visit non-designated specialists. But yourout-of-pocket expenses will be higher than if you saw an Aexcel-designated doctor in that same specialty. Check your health plan for more information. What if a doctor is part of a group?If a doctor is part of a group, we evaluate the whole group. In this case, performance-measurement results of other doctors in the group affect each individual doctor’s evaluation.This material is for information only and is not an offer or invitation to contract. Providers are independent contractors and are not agents of Aetna. Provider participation may change without notice. Aetna does not provide care or guarantee access to health services. Aexcel designation is only a guide to choosing a physician. Members should confer with their existing physicians and the specialists they’re selecting before making a decision. Designations have the risk of error and should not be the sole basis for selecting a doctor. Not all health services are covered. See plan documents for a complete description of benefits, exclusions, limitations and conditions of coverage. Health insurance plans contain exclusions and limitations. Information is believed to be accurate as of the production date; however, it is subject to change. For more information about Aetna plans, refer to .Policy forms issued in Oklahoma include: GR-23 and/or GR-29/GR-29N.NCQA backgroundThe NCQA is an independent non-profit group. It accredits and evaluates many health care organizations and recognizes physicians in key clinical areas. Its mission is to improve the quality of health care. NCQA serves as an independent examiner for Aetna, reviewing how the Aexcel program meets criteria required by the state of New York and national principles of the Patient Charter established by the Consumer-Purchaser Disclosure Project.The New York report is availableon the NCQA website at.If you want to register a complaint about Aexcel and/or doctor measurement activities with Aetna:■C all Member Services using the phone number on your member ID card, or■S end a request in writing to the Appeals Resolution Team address shown on your explanation of benefits (also called an EOB) or the Member Complaint and Appeal form.You can also register your complaint with NCQA. Send it in writing to customersupport@ or to NCQA Customer Support, 1100 13th Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20005.。