A Comparative Study of Name Cultures between Chinese and English
专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE USAGE 4. TRANSLATION 5. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Good morning, everyone. Today, I will focus on a specific field of education, namely, multicultural education. First of all, I would like to ask you a question. Are you familiar with the term multicultural education? What does it mean? First, multicultural education is a field of study and an emerging discipline whose major aim is to create equal educational opportunities for students from diverse racial, ethnic, social-class, and cultural groups. One of its important goals is to help all students acquire the knowledge and communicate with peoples from diverse groups in order to create a civic and moral community that works for the common good. So, we may define multicultural education as a field of study that is designed to increase educational equity for all students. After we have explained the definition of multicultural education, then we need to figure out the way to teach students multiculturalism. But how? When a child opens his (or her) first puzzle and the pieces fall to the ground, it may seem very confusing. What are they to do with this pile of shapes in front of them? It often takes a parent to explain to them that all the different pieces fit together into one whole picture. Although every piece is different and unique, when they are all put into their place they form one whole picture. In the same way, teachers can teach multiculturalism in the classroom. By adding a multicultural component to their curricula, teachers can help students see how each individual fits into the big picture. Although every member of our society is unique, with different cultural backgrounds, we all fit together to form one unit. Actually, understanding our own identity and the culture of our community requires knowledge and recognition of our cultures and communities and how they have shaped us. I hold the firm belief that multicultural education should be part of the curriculum that all students should experience. There are, however, arguments against multicultural education. For example, some critics believe that multicultural education is directed toward only minority groups, thus discriminating against middle class, white, heterosexual males. Others believe that multiculturalism is against Western and democratic ideals. A final argument is the claim that multiculturalism will divide our presumably united nation.Although critics of multicultural education may feel they have valid arguments against the issue, I feel that the goals of multicultural education make it an important part of the curriculum that will benefit every student. Furthermore, as is well acknowledged, awareness is a key component to multiculturalism. Students must become aware of their own culture and how they are similar and different from others. Awareness also involves an understanding of issues involving differences in culture and a knowledge of which of these issues are present in their community. After becoming aware of these issues, students often react emotionally. With an awareness of the richness and variety of cultures in their community and a personal emotional reaction, students can take social action aimed at positive multicultural change. I feel that these goals are proof that the arguments against multicultural education are invalid. Multiculturalism promotes positive change for persons of all cultures. It involves not only teaching majority groups about minorities, but also teaching minority groups about the majority groups. It has its base in democratic ideals such as equality, freedom, and justice. Multiculturalism will unite our divided nation into one unit which will have no mainstream culture, but many diverse subcultures which will cooperate for the good of everyone, not just the majority or the minority. So, I’d like to emphasize that multiculturalism should be included in all curricula. My school experience (until college) didn’t include multicultural perspectives and I feel as if I missed out on some important things. I often feel a little clueless when confronted with situations involving people different from me. Without some knowledge of our surroundings, how can we be expected to survive in society? This question reveals one of the purposes of education, survival. Learning about the other people who share our community is an essential part of this survival in modern society. Multiculturalism becomes increasingly important as our society becomes more diverse. In the past, efforts to provide multicultural content to students have, as critics feared, created more diversity and tension among groups. However, more recent methods are aimed at creating relations based on commonalities. Lynch suggests providing basis of common knowledge, skills, and insights about the things that all human societies should hold in common. Stressing similarities will unify groups with differences. We can define the goals of multicultural education as: educational equity; empowerment of students and their parents; cultural pluralism in society; understanding and harmony in the classroom, school, and community; an expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups; and the development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an informed and inquisitive multicultural perspective. Just as the goals stated by other crusaders for multiculturalism, the afore-listed goals follow a specific order and stress knowledge, understanding, and equality. Finally, I believe that it is very necessary and completely conceivable for our education systems to move toward a multicultural curriculum. By following the goals I have mentioned, we can finally understand how the many pieces of our society fit together into one big picture.Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Today, we’ll discuss a new field of education—multicultural education. I 【T1】______of multicultural education: a field of study that is designed 【T1】______ to increase educationalequity for all students. Major aim is to: a. Create 【T2】______for students from diverse groups; 【T2】______ b. Help all students 【T3】______and communicate with peoples 【T3】______ from diverse groups. II How to teach multiculturalism. a. Add 【T4】______to the curricula; 【T4】______ b. Let students learn we can fit members of different 【T5】______ 【T5】______ together to form one unit. III Arguments against multicultural education. a. Multicultural education is directed toward 【T6】______; 【T6】______ b. Multicultural education discriminates against middle class; c. Multicultural education is against Western and democratic ideals; d. Multiculturalism will 【T7】______. 【T7】______ IV The key component to multiculturalism—【T8】______. 【T8】______ a. Students know how they are similar and different from others; b. Students can take social action aimed at 【T9】______. 【T9】______ V Foundation and purpose of multicultural education. a. Foundation: 【T10】______ideals of equality, freedom, and justice 【T10】______ b. Purpose: 【T11】______in modern society 【T11】______ VI Methods of multicultural education a. Old methods: created more 【T12】______among groups 【T12】______ b. New methods: creating relations based on commonalities VII Goals of multicultural education. a. Educational equity b. 【T13】______of students and their parents 【T13】______ c. 【T14】______in society 【T14】______ d. Understanding and harmony in the classroom e. An expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups f. The development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an 【T15】______multicultural perspective 【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：Definition解析：归总题。
自然篇 中西方的差异 英文版
Different views of moon in English and Chinese poetry
views of moon in English poetry
THE SADNESS OF THE MOON
Tonight the moon dreams with more indolence, Like a lovely woman on a bed of cushions Who fondles with a light and listless hand The contour of her breasts before falling asleep; On the satiny back of the billowing clouds, Languishing, she lets herself fall into long swoons And casts her eyes over the white phantoms That rise in the azure like blossoming flowers. When, in her lazy listlessness, She sometimes sheds a furtive tear upon this globe, A pious poet, enemy of sleep, In the hollow of his hand catches this pale tear, with the iridescent reflections of opal, and hides it in his heart afar from the sun's eyes.
2. Cultural background
• 1.) The cradle of western culture is the places along the Mediterranean coast. Therefore people’s living space for development is relatively narrow. In order to find more opportunities for development, they fully utilize Marine conveniences with personnel exchange and frequent flowing to promote commercial activities. It is environmental and economic activity that gives westerners open and forthright character. 2.) In Chinese mainland, the survival and development of environmental space is relatively broad. What’s more, thousands of years of selfsufficient national economy has made people more mature and implicative. Besides, people are inclined to be easily contented and hate to leave a place where one has lived long.
中西文化下的礼貌用语分析
A Comparative Study of Polite Discourses betweenChinese and Western Cultures闫晶 2010103010231摘要：礼貌的表现方式在不同的文化中是达不相同的，它与某一特定社会群体的典型行为密切相关。
总的来说，礼貌用语中的称呼语、问候语与告别语、致谢语、抱歉语以及赞扬语在人们的日常生活中扮演着重要角色。
本文对中西礼貌用语进行了具体而详尽的比照与分析，并概括了不同文化之间的礼貌用语存在差异的原因，即是由于不同的历史文化背景和不同的价值取向造成的。
通过分析比较中西文化下的礼貌用语差异，人们可以更好的学习英语，同时对于跨文化交际有一个更深层次的了解。
关键词：礼貌用语；文化；价值取向Abstract:The expressive ways of politeness are different from culture to culture and are closely associated with the typical behaviors of some particular social groups. Generally, politediscourses such as address, greeting and leave-taking, thanks, apology and compliment play avital role in people’s daily life. This paper makes a detailed contrast and analysis to the politediscourses between Chinese and English cultures, and summarizes the reasons for thedifferences of the polite discourses— different historical and cultural background and differentvalue orientation. According to the analysis, people can learn English better as well as have adeeper understanding of cross-cultural communication.Key words:polite discourses; culture; value orientationIntroductionPeople all communicate with others all the time. No matter how well they understand each other, communication is hard. “Culture” is often at the root of communi cation challenges. The culture influences how people approach problems, and how they participate in groups and in communities. When they participate in groups they are often surprised at how differently people approach their work together.People’s histori es are a critical piece of their culture. Historical experience—whether offive years ago or of ten generation back—shape who they are. Knowledge of your history can help you understand yourself and one another better. Exploring the ways in which various groups with our society have related to each other is the key to opening channels for cross-cultural communication. This thesis is intended to compare different expressive ways of politeness in Chinese culture with that in English culture to have a better understanding of the polite discourses with different cultures. Through the brief analysis, it can be concluded that it is the historical and cultural background and different value orientation that determines the dissimilarities of polite discourses under different cultural contexts. Learning the relationship between language and culture and how that influences communication and understanding will help people participate in groups in an easy and friendly way.1. The different expressive ways of polite discoursesThere are various languages with different meanings in the world. People from different cultures might misunderstand each other because they don’t have a good knowledge of the differences of politeness. Here are some detailed examples of polite discourses to analyze the behaviors in different cultures by which people can improve their ability to communicate with others.1.1 AddressThe forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, of the relationship between them. As far as English and Chinese forms of address are concerned, each has a system of its own due to the different cultures they have derived from. Generally speaking, there three noticeable differences between Chinese and English address systems which are likely to cause problems for intercultural communication.First, a proper Chinese name is arranged in the order of surname plus given name(s). An English name, however, is arranged in reverse order from the Chinese. The English first name (equivalent to the Chinese given name), is a non-kin public address term. So, in English, the usual forms of address for the English teacher are as follows: Mr. Lewis, or Andrew. (not: Teacher Lewis, Mr. Andrew, etc )Second, some Chinese kinship terms have extended and generalized usage. This is not thecase of English counterparts. For example, a child may call a policeman 警察叔叔(police uncle), a young street peddler may address a middle-aged female customer as 大姐. Yeye (grandpa), nainai (grandma) can be used to address people who have no familiar relation with the addresser. We may say that in Chinese culture kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people, with the appropriate use of kin terms reflecting a person’s politeness, respectfulness, and friendliness.The third difference is that most occupational titles can be used as address terms in Chinese, but their English equivalents are not necessarily used in the same manner. Look at a talk exchange which actually occurred between a Chinese student (C) and an English teacher (E): C: Teacher, how do you do?E: How do you do? Where do you teach?C: No, I’m not a teacher. I’m a student.Here, C was using “teacher”as an address term, which was interpreted by E as a self-introduction.The three differences also reveal the Chinese system of forms of address has been dominated by status and politeness norms for many years. In contrast, with the gradual rise of domestic ideology, and equality increasingly become prevalent in forms of address in English.1.2 Greeting and leave-takingPeople of different cultures have different ways of greeting and leave-taking. One can’t start a talk without greeting, and one can’t keep on the relationship without bidding farewell at leave-taking.Giving regards to others directly, this is characterized in English. English has “Good morning” and “Good afternoon”. In Chinese culture there are similar structures, such as “你身体好吗?”(How are you?) and “近来怎么样”(How are you keeping recently?). Commenting weather is the most often used in English, but when Chinese friends meet on street, they greet one another by saying “去哪呀?”(Where are you going?) around meal time, a common greeting is “吃过了吗?”(Have you had your meal?). These greetings, encoded as greeting in Chinese culture, are often decoded in Western culture, as preliminary to a requestfor information in the first case and to an invitation to a meal in the latter.In Western culture, it is common to indulge in a couple of minutes’ talk, as preparation for leaving. This maybe the along the lines of: “Well, it’s been lovely to see you again, but I must be going soon. I hope we’ll be able to get together again before long. While it is customary for the Chinese guest to say “慢走”, “走好”, etc. The host usually insists on seeing his guest off, while the guest tries to decline. Here again, what is considered as an act of politeness in Chinese culture might be regarded as a face-threatening act in Western culture. To Westerners,a smile and a gesture of farewell would be enough.1.3 ThanksHow to respond to thanks is also associated with cultural norms. Below is an example showing how Chinese native speakers and English native speakers may respond to thanks differently in the same situation.Chinese Customer: Thank you for your excellent service.English waiter: Don’t mention it.Chinese waiter: This is what I should do.The above example demonstrates that the Chinese response is associated with a sense of duty, which to the Chinese is a moral obligation. To say that what you have done is what you should do shows that you are modesty and courteous, since the response indicates that one need not to be thanked for what one should do. In comparison, the modesty and courtesy that the English native speaker’s response reflect is not linked with moral obligation. English may feel upset and offended since English’s interpretation of Chinese’s response is that Chinese is obliged to do so rather than do it willingly.1.4 ApologiesApologizing is a speech act addressed to the offended person’s face-needs and intended to remedy an offense and thus to restore the friendship between the two. However, people in different cultures have different ways of expressing apology.For the Chinese, apology most often occurs between people of unequal social status and it is usually the person with less power apologizes to the person with more power, e.g. students to their teachers, employees to employers. But for the native English speakers, an apology isnecessary whenever inconvenience or offence is made with little consideration of the status or social power of the people concerned. For example, a manager will say sorry if s/he has to answer a phone call during a conversation with his or her clerk.In responding to an apology in both English and Chinese, one can reject the need for apologizing. But in English society, what the hearer can not do is to accept the apology; whereas in Chinese society, it is perfectly polite to accept the apology by saying “我接受你的抱歉”。
英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译
英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译[Abstract] As carriers of cultures, Chinese and English names are full of cultural connotations, and result in cultural gap between English and Chinese. Personal names are not only symbols that distinguish one person from others, but also soc ial symbols. It is ―a mirror of culture‖. Through comparative study on anation‘s history, religion, concepts of moral and value, we can see different cultural connotations between English and Chinese names. And then suggest some translation principles and methods. There are some similarities between English and Chinese names, such as totemism, consciousness of root-seeking, specializing points. In Chinese names, we can find the culture of religious concepts, Confucian-worship, hierarchy. And the religion, personal-orientation, individualism can also be found in English names. In the translation of Chinese and English names, translators should follow the pronunciation of the owner‘s language and adopt the established popular translated names, use transliteration and paraphrase so as to reflect the real meaning of English and Chinese names.[Key Words] English names and Chinese names; cultural connotation; translation principle; translation method[摘要] 姓名，作为一种文化载体，蕴涵着极其丰富的文化内涵，英汉姓名因而存在着巨大的文化差异。
跨文化交际复习unit 1
Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication
celiadan22@
1. Warm-up Exercises
1) Proverbs and sayings 2) Questions 3) A Comparative study
c. How: How should the communicators deal with the differences so as to communicate with each other effectively or successfully?
影响跨文化交际的三个变项： 一是观察事物过程：其中包括信念、价值观念、态度、 世界观及社会组织。 二是语言过程：其中包括语言及思维模式。
?从人类活动范围看可专门研究不同文化中家庭成员的关系的关系师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主的关系熟人朋友之间陌生人之间的交际方式等等
Intercultural Communications
2012-2013
Contents
Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercultural Adaptation
A Comparative Study of Chinese and American Cultural Context and the Influence on Communication
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE TEACHINelves as member of a close-knit, tightly interdependent family, religious group, tribe, nation, or other activities. The Americans see themselves as separate human beings who have their own opinions and who are responsible for their own decisions. This perhaps is derived from the early American life and the later development. In early times in America, there was relatively much more land than the population, and the large areas in the west needed many pioneers to work at. People‟s work and value became mo re important than that in other countries in terms of individual wisdom and effort. The American western movement was a great opportunity to individuals, for in that period of relatively open society, individuals could improve or change their social positions through
中英姓氏对比研究(英语)
A Comparative Study on the Origin of Surnames between Chinese and English Culture中英姓氏起源的文化比较Abstract: Culture is the sum of the material wealth and spiritual wealth in the development of human and every nation has its own unique culture. Surnames, created by people’s cultural creation, which are also a special part of culture, have rich cultural connotat ion and can reflect a nation’s cultural characteristic in history, language, philosophy, ethics, morality, religions, customs, social customs, psychology and value system. A surname is a family name and many dictionaries define "surname" as a synonym of "family name". In the UK and the US, it is commonly synonymous with "last name", since it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name. But in Chinese culture, the surname is a very important part in one’s life, as saying “A man never changes his na me wherever he goes, nor his surname whenever he sits”. In both Chinese and English, there are a great number of diverse and interesting surnames. The article mainly expounds the origin of surnames, comparison of vocabulary of the two kinds of surnames, their similarities and differences between Chinese and English culture and their relationship with given name. Here I need to make the definition of the title. In this article, the “Chinese” means the Han nationality which uses Chinese as their mother tongue in the mainland, other minorities excluded. The “English” means the nations like the UK and the USA where English is used as a mother tongue, the other countries like Australia, New Zealand excluded. This article mainly uses comparative method to distinguish the two kinds of surnames. On the basis of this comparative study, we can reveal the internal cultural characteristics of Chinese and English deeply and thoroughly which is helpful for improving the understanding of and intensify the respect for other cultures. And it also promotes cross-cultural communication and deeply research into language rules.Key words: surname; culture; similarities and differences; cross-cultural communicationI. IntroductionSurname is not only a kind of symbols to distinguish one from another or one family from another, but also it is a high-density information symbol indicating the messages of a nation’s language, history, geography, religion and socialdevelopment. The communicators between different cultural backgroundscontacted each other initially by the change of surnames. The famous cross-cultural communication experts, Scollon and Scollon said that the surname is the beginning of the cross-cultural communication which is also the window ofunderstanding social culture and evaluation. (cited in Gao and Ren 2003)In Wangjun’s research (2004:44), she gave an example of the importance ofsurnames. One American businessman, writer and social observer called Robert.L. Shook(1977) conducted an experiment in which he asked 20 male friendswhether they wanted to date with a secretary called Harriett Finkelstein. 18friends out of 20 said that they did not have time. After one month, he askedthem again, but the girl’s name was Jill Conner. 16 of them wanted to date with the girl. Although they did not meet the girl, the first girl lost her chance only by her surname. Because the surname includes aesthetic value and religion value, it gives people the first emotional reaction by primacy effect. For the westerners, this can stir different response. But to the Chinese people, we will regard them as symbols because of diverse culture background.Because of various history and culture factors, different surname systems are formed by people at all times and in all over the world. The origins of surnames and the cultural meanings are discussed and analyzed in this paper to promote the cross-cultural communication.II. The origin of Chinese and English surnamesA.The origins of Chinese surnames1.The background information and reasons of theemergence of Chinese surnames.Chinese culture is extensive and profound so the Chinese surnames have unique formation and cultural connotation. Chinese people attach great importance to surnames and see them as a symbol of family heritage and family line. Wealways hear people who have a same surname say that we have the sameancestors, in which we can see the importance of surnames for Chinese people.The surname in China which began in matriarchal society represents the blood relationship of a race to distinguish the blood kinship when people got married.Fu Xi, the first of the Three Sovereigns of ancient China, wanted to avoid incest and have a better-birth so he set up the institution that people who had a same surname could not get married. This is a significant symbol of the progress of Chinese nation civilization. With the development of the society, the maledominated main position in the life and labor work. So the clan was man-centric and members of a clan had their surnames according to the male’s surname.(Zhou Deyuan, 1-3)Referring to Chinese traditional culture, the surnames are of great importance in people’s life and people even pay more attention to surnames than names.Because of the deep influence of Confucianism, people stress three principles and five virtues and the concept of family being supreme, so the surname is prior to name.(Zhou Deyuan, 2-5) In daily communication, if one asks another how to address, actually the one asks the other’s surname. This is totally different from English culture.2.The origins of Chinese surnamesOn the whole, there are 14 origins of Chinese surnames :(Zhou 3-10)1.In matriarchal society, people have their surnames following their mother.Because the Shennong Clan’s mother called Nudeng, so there are manysurnames in Chinese with Chinese character component with the Nu, like Ji,Jiang, etc.2.Form their surnames by fief. Ancient emperors and the feudal princes alwaysaward fiefs to their ministers and nobles so these offsprings would take the name of fief as their surname. For example, a son of King Zhao of Zhou got a fief called Weng and his offspring took Weng as their surname. In all thesurnames in China, the surname coming from fiefs is the largest part,reaching more than 200. Nowadays, these surnames break away from their genetic relationship of bloodline.3.Take the country’s name as one’s surname directly. For example, in Shangdynasty, there was a small country called Ruan where the surnames of the offspring were Ruan. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring-statesPeriod, there were many kingdoms like Qi, Lu, Jin, Song, Zheng, Wu, Yue, etc.All the names of these kingdoms became common surnames in later ages. e the birth places and the living places of families as surnames. In ancienttimes, Shun was born in Yao so his posterity used Yao as surname. Somefamiliar surnames like Pei, Lu, and Li have relations with living places.5.The official position and profession could be used as surnames. The officialpositions like Sima and Situ are also the surnames of a family. The familywhose surname is Chu always had an ancestor taking cook.6.Surnames that are given by the monarch. It is said that the name of theemperor in Xixia Dynasty was Li, which is given by the emperor of TangDynasty.7.Take the style of the ancestor as the surname. The son of Lu emperor’s stylewas Ziyou, so his offspring took You as a surname.8.Decide a surname by myths and legends. An official in Shun dynasty said thathe was the offspring of the dragon, so he took Long(dragon) as his surname.9.Take the names of metal as surnames. In China, there are surnames like Jin,Yin, Tong, Tie, etc. which are coming from metal names.10. Take the names of plants or animals as surnames. There are many surnameslike Mei(plum blossom) , Hua(flower), Xiong(bear), etc.11.Change a surname because of taboo or other reasons. The Ming emperor inHan Dynasty tabooed Zhuang, so the people who used Zhuang as a surname changed to Yan.12. Take the artistry or occupation as a surname. The surnames such as Wu,Tao, etc. are the example of occupation.13. According to the sequence of the brothers in a family, people decided theirsurnames. We all know the statement of “Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji”, which is the sequence of a family, can be used as a surname.14. The minority invading in China or its fusion brought in many surnames whichChinese people did not have before.To sum up, these 14 conditions comprise almost all the origins of Chinese surnames and we can find that the sources of surnames in Chinese culture are extensive.B. The origins of English surnames1.The background information and reasons of theemergence of English surnamesIf we want to trace the origin of English surnames, we must talk about thedevelopment track of English history. After the ancient Romans, the Angles,Saxons and Jutes invaded in England and made themselves as domination. They set up tribal society but the level of productive forces was low so the people did not have surnames. (Song Rongchao 2008) In 1066, the Normans’ conquerstimulated the process of English feudalism and brought in the advancedlanguage and culture, in which it terminated the times of no surnames. Because of the sharp increase of the population, the duplication of names was serious, so people needed to identify by having a surname. They used addition such asoccupation, living places, etc. after their names to identify. In 1538, the lawstipulated that the newborn infants must register their names after the baptism, and this movement promoted the stationary use universal access of surnames.Because only the nobility had surnames at first, so it was spelled as “sir name”and then evolved into “surname”. (Wang Ying 2001)2.The kinds of origins of English surnamesAccording to the origins of English surnames, there are 13 kinds of differentorigins:(Wang 2001)1.The surnames come from fathers’ names. This method is adding –son or –safter the father’s name, for example, Jackson and Williams.2.The surnames come from the ancestor’s physiological characteristics such asappearance and figure or lifestyle. For example, if a person called peter whois a strong man, people may call him “Peter the strong” and then his namemay become Peter Strong.3.Take the occupation or artistry as the surnames. The word “carter” is the cartdriver and it is also used as a surname. There are other surnames like Smith, Cook, etc.4.Take the place they live in as surnames. The surnames like Brook, Hill, Lake,etc. are coming from the natural areas they live.5.Surnames come from animals, like Bull, Fox, etc.6.The surnames that come from colors, like White, Black, etc. If one has redhair, he may be called Tom Red.7.The people’s names in the Bible or the names of believers in Christianity canbe used as surnames, such as John, James, etc.8.Take the nation as surnames, such as Angles, German, etc.9.Take the natural phenomenon as surnames such as Rain, Frost, etc.10.Take the plants as surnames such as Flower, Rose, etc.11.Take the body parts as surnames like Arms, Temple, etc.12.Take the weapons or currency as surnames such as Pound, Sword, etc.13.Take the official rank as surnames such as Judge, King, etc.There are 35000 surnames in the UK and US, and 200 of them are frequently-used. The top ten include Smith, Jones, Williams, Brown, Davis, Johnson,Anderson, Taylor, Thom and Evans which occupy almost half of the Englishpeople.III.The comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in English and Chinese surnamesA.The similarities of Chinese and English surnames1.The similarity of the reasons of emergenceWith the development of productive forces, the population is increasingand this needs the emergency of surnames. Both in the UK and US or inChina, the surnames did not emerge until feudalism began. After the sharpincrease of people, the society needed to use surnames to identify people.This is the inevitable trend of historical development.At the beginning of surnames, both in China and the UK, they were thesymbols of nobles, but they gradually went into plain citizens after a longtime.2.The similarity of the origins from culture perspectiveAlthough there are a lot of differences in culture, the origins of surnameshave many similarities.e the living place as surnames. The surnames in all the nations inthe world are closely linked to the places’ names. In Xia, Shang andZhou Dynasty, they carried out patriarchal clan system which mainlyperformance in the fiefs. So there are many surnames coming fromstates of fiefs. In the UK, the surnames come from the names of placeswhich are usually the birth places or living places including state, town,village, river, lake, forest, prairie, island, etc.2.Take occupations and skills as surnames. In ancient China, the mainroute to pass on the skills is transferring the skill from fathers to sons.So many surnames come into being because of the occupation. Thishappens to coincide with the UK. The most common surnames likeSmith, Carpenter, Carte, etc.3.Take the names or styles of the elder generation as surnames. Acousin of Confucius had a style called Qinlao, so the later generationstook Lao as surnames. In English culture, the surname “Johnson” iscoming from “John”, getting a surname by adding –son.4.Take colors as surnames. In the book Hundred Family Surnames, itincludes the surnames like Hong, Huang, Bai, etc. At the time,choosing colors as surnames in English are more common thanChinese. The surnames such as Red, Grey, Brown, White, etc. arecoming from colors to show the preference of the ancestors or thecolor of skin.5.Take the metals’ name as surnames. We can find the surnames like Jinand Tie very common in China. There are many surnames such as Gold,Silver, etc. used as surnames in English.6.Take the official positions or titles as surnames. The offspring ofofficials in Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasty took the official position astheir surnames, like Sima, Situ, etc. In English culture, the surnamessuch as King, Queen, etc. come from titles.7.Take the names of plants or fruits as surnames.e the names of animals as surnames. There exists many surnamessuch as Ma (horse), Niu (ox) coming from animals. So does Englishsurnames.9.Get the surnames from religion. There are surnames such as Pangu,which comes from a mythological figure called “Pangu”. In Englishculture, the surnames like James, Peter, etc. are the typical examplesof religion.3.The reason of the similaritiesFirst, the reason of the surnames is because all the surnames are thesocial culture development of human beings, so the Chinese and Englishsurnames are similar to some extent. The emergency of surnames is aninevitable trend of society and the human civilizations are familiar witheach other. Although in different parts on the earth, the people’sdevelopment and social progress are the same.Second, with the emerging of agricultural society, the productivity leapedforward. And we all know that the civilization is gradually developed withthe productivity, so the surnames, which are typical examples, developedin different countries.B.The differences between Chinese and English surnames1.The difference between the reasons of emergencyThe English surnames’ emergency is mostly depended on the foreignaggression and it did not appear until 11th century. But the Chinesesurnames are quite different from English surnames. We have a time-honored history with 5000 years and we have surnames as early as XiaDynasty. The Chinese surnames’ emergency mainly depended on owndevelopment rather than the invasion (Guan Yongli 59).2.The difference between origins from culture perspectiveFirst, the Chinese surnames which come from fiefs and states take a largepart in all the surnames and have little relationship with people’s givenname. But in the UK, surnames have a lot to do with the original names.Second, the Chinese will not alter their surnames only if they needed totaboo or had other peculiar reasons. On the contrary, the English peopleare glad to change their surnames and there are specialized agencies tochange surnames in European countries.3.The reason of differenceThese differences show the diverse culture backgrounds and individualvalue orientation. The English people wanted some symbols to identifyindividuals so that they created the surnames, which reveals theindividualism in western culture and represents their desire to pursuepersonal rights. However, due to collectivism and patriarchal clan system,the Chinese surnames serve as a tool of making a distinction betweendifferent families and will not alter optionally.IV.The conclusionThe surnames of a nation are restricted by many aspects such as culture, history and society and to some extent we can say the surname is a culture, a historyand a nationality. From the comparative study, we can find some of the origins of surnames are same in two cultures. We also can realize that the reason ofemergency of surnames is similar. However, on the other hand, these two kinds of surnames are different in vocabulary and value these show.The similarities which lie in the surnames in Chinese and English culture illustrate that the human cultures have the universality and homogeny so that all thenationalities can understand each other perfectly. But at the same time, owing to the particularity, nationality and heterogeneity, all the nationalities should have mutual respect and seek sameness but keep difference. The core of cross-cultural communication is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other and that is the major function of thispaper. In the cross-cultural communication, if we can comprehend the surname culture and discover the implied information in names, it can improve the cultural sensitivity in cross-cultural communication, achieve better two waycommunication and enhance mutual understanding. In this paper, the main topic is the surname and the implication it has, so it is closely related to the deepculture and can help us search into the cultures deeply. After the comparativestudy, we can understand the English culture and history fully and have a deep love for our own culture.Reference:Shook, Robert L. Winning Images. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1977.周德元，《中华姓氏起源与内涵》。
英语专业论文选题汇总(吐血整理)
英语专业论文选题汇总(吐血整理)英语专业1. On the Functions of Story-telling in Primary/Elementary English Teaching2. Teaching Concepts Among Teachers of English in Rural Areas—A Case Study of XXX School3. On the Learning Effect of the Third Language—A Study of the Major Problems in English Learning among Miao/Dong Students.4. On the Design of a Module of Extracurricular Activities for English-major Students—A Case Study of Kaili University 英语专业（旅游方向）1. 英语专业（旅游方向）应用型人才内涵要求分析2. 英语专业（旅游方向）学生毕业就业意向及学习行为调查--以凯里学院为例3. “语言+文化+技能”培养模式在旅游方向中的应用—以凯里学院为例4. 英语专业（旅游方向）学生英语学习策略调查—以凯里学跨文化交际方向：1. The Obstacle of Intercultural Communication2. Comparison between Chinese Collectivism and American Individualism in Oral Speaking3. On the Differences in Nonverbal Communication between the Chinese and the American and the British4. The Body Language in Intercultural Communication5. The Influence of Cultural Origin of East and Western on Intercultural Communication6. The Importance of Body Language in Different Cultures7. A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages8. The Discrepancy of Chinese and Western Culture in Advertisement9. General Features of Language in Postmodern Culture10. On the Cultural Implications of Body Language11. Cultural Comparison of Chinese Lunar New Year and American Christmas Day12. On Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms13. On Dissimilation and Assimilation in Terms of Culture14. Comparison between Traditional Chinese and Western Families15. Connotation of Animal Words in Chinese and English Idioms16. A Comparison of Taboos between Chinese Culture and British Culture17. A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Traditional Wedding Customs18. Comparison of Food Culture between China and West from Table Manners19. Family Education Differences Between China and Western Countries20. On Development of Euphemism and its Social Value in Intercultural Communicatio n1、民族地区中学生英语学习的社会心理研究；2、黔东南中学英语教师授课用语调查与分析；3、论任务型教学法在中学英语课堂教学中的有效运用；4、民族地区中学生英语学习的策略研究；5、中学英语教学中的文化教育渗透；6、论黔东南人文旅游的可持续发展；7、黔东南旅游资源调查与分析；8、论现代涉外导游的素养；9、游客旅游心理动机调查研究；10、精品旅游线路的策划与构想；11、功能主义与中国菜谱的英译；以下为文学选题：12、《觉醒》(The Awakening)的女性主义解读；13、《紫色》(The Color Purple)的艺术特色研究；14、论《飘》(Gone with the Wind)的主题思想。
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2382019年39期总第479期语言文化研究ENGLISH ON CAMPUSA Comparative Study of Name Cultures between Chinese and English文/张艺玲place names and colors, there are still some differences in origin of family name. One distinction is that some English family names were originally nicknames, most of which were personal descriptions or physical features of people adopting those names while Chinese ones not. For example, the ancestor of Longfellow must be a long fellow, and Armstrong is a descendant of a person with a strong arm. Other examples are Bald, Small, Bunch, Ballard, Short and Grant. However, Chinese people rarely create family name like this. They have unique ways. One of them is to make the name of feoff as the family name in early dynasties. For example, in the West Zhou Dynasty, the royal family used to divide the whole kingdom into many small feoffs such as “Qi (齐)”, “Zhou (周)”, “Yan (燕)”, “Lu(鲁)”, and distribute them to vassals. Then the offspring of these vassals made the names of the feoffs their family names. Hence came the family name QI, ZHOU, YAN, LU, and many others. Thirdly, the difference comes from High vs. Low Power Distance. Chinese people have taboo in naming while Western people do not. In China, people avoid calling and naming the name of superiors such as the saints, the older generations, and the emperor regnant, although nowadays Chinese people have become much tolerant about it. However, the practice that members of younger generation use members of older generation’s given names is very common among Westerners. The famous American black leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is named after his father Martin Luther King, Sr.. In Britain, the prestige families, including the royal family, likes to inherit names.In short, names are culturally specific. The personal name is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a cultural one. Comparative study of the hidden rules and facts in names help Chinese and English culture better understood.References：[1]黄维合.英语姓名与文化[J].山东师大外国语学报,2001.According to the Dictionary, a name is “word or words by which a person, an animal, a place or a thing is known and spoken to or of” (Hornby, 976). Factors concerning names between different cultures may be similar or different. Conducting a comparative study of the similarities and the differences of names cultures between Chinese and English, this paper tries to make Chinese and English cultures understood better.On one hand, due to the similar progress of humanity, the two cultures have common grounds, the most distinguished one being sexism. In both Chinese and American cultures, men are prior to women. A woman is valued mostly for the attractiveness and sexiness of her body, whereas a man is valued for his physical strength and talent. Thus, typical names for Chinese girls are秀(elegant), 花(flower)，媛(elegant), 淑(kind and gentle), 玲(sound of jade), 香(fragrant)，珍(treasure)，巧(smart), and so on. And typical names for English girls are Crystal (a precious stone), Lily (a flower), Violet( a small purple flower), Shelly ( a shell) , Rosemary (a herb), Angelia (Angel), Alisa (Princess), Anne(kind and elegant), Bella (beauty), etc. However, typical examples of Chinese boys’ names are山 ( mountain), 海 (ocean), 龙 (little dragon), 虎 (tiger), 富 (riches and honor)，强 (strong and excellence), 钢 (firm and strong), 智 (wisdom)，辉 (splendor), 勇 (courage), etc. And typical names of English boys include Martin (the God of War), Seward (victory guard), Basil (king), Leo (bravery), Truman (Faith), and the like.On the other hand, due to varied value cultures and social reality, there are some differences between the two cultures. First of all, because of Chinese’s collectivist-orientation and Westerners’ individual-orientation, the order of family name and given name are different. In the West, given name is put prior to family name, while in China where family is stressed as the basic unit of social structure, and family name comes first. Secondly, although both of them create family names from animals, plants, weather conditions, geography, occupations,【Abstract】 Names reflect culture. Name culture is one very important part of a certain language. This paper makes a close comparative study of name cultures between Chinese and English， including similarities and differences.【Key words】comparative study; name culture; similarities and differences【作者简介】张艺玲(1979.11-)，女，汉族，广东化州人，大连海洋大学，本科，讲师，研究方向：大学英语教学、跨文化交际。