材料手册(剑桥大学工程系2003版)01

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2 V. CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Metals: ferrous alloys, non-ferrous alloys Polymers and foams Composites, ceramics, glasses and natural materials VI. EQUILIBRIUM (PHASE) DIAGRAMS Copper – Nickel Lead – Tin Iron – Carbon Aluminium – Copper Aluminium – Silicon Copper – Zinc Copper – Tin Titanium-Aluminium Silica – Alumina VII. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS TTT diagrams and Jominy end-quench hardenability curves for steels VIII. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS Atomic properties of selected elements Oxidation properties of selected elements 36 37 34 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 26 27 28
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INTRODUCTION
The data and information in this booklet have been collected for use in the Materials Courses in Part I of the Engineering Tripos (as well as in Part II, and the Manufacturing Engineering Tripos). Numerical data are presented in tabulated and graphical form, and a summary of useful formulae is included. A list of sources from which the data have been prepared is given below. Tabulated material and process data or information are from the Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) software (Educational database Level 2), copyright of Granta Design Ltd, and are reproduced by permission; the same data source was used for the material property and process attribute charts. It must be realised that many material properties (such as toughness) vary between wide limits depending on composition and previous treatment. Any final design should be based on manufacturers’ or suppliers’ data for the material in question, and not on the data given here.
SOURCES
Cambridge Engineering Selector software (CES 4.1), 2003, Granta Design Limited, Rustat House, 62 Clifton Rd, Cambridge, CB1 7EG M F Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 1999, Butterworth Heinemann M F Ashby and D R H Jones, Engineering Materials, Vol. 1, 1996, Butterworth Heinemann M F Ashby and D R H Jones, Engineering Materials, Vol. 2, 1998, Butterworth Heinemann M Hansen, Constitution of Binary Alloys, 1958, McGraw Hill I J Polmear, Light Alloys, 1995, Elsevier C J Smithells, Metals Reference Book, 6th Ed., 1984, Butterworths Transformation Characteristics of Nickel Steels, 1952, International Nickel
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I. FORMULAE AБайду номын сангаасD DEFINITIONS
STRESS AND STRAIN
σt =
F A
σn =
F Ao
ε t = ln
l lo

εn =
l−lo lo
F = normal component of force Ao = initial area A = current area l o = initial length l = current length
Poisson’s ratio,
σ t = true stress σ n = nominal stress ε t = true strain ε n = nominal strain
ν =−
lateral strain longitudinal strain
Young’s modulus E = initial slope of σ t − ε t curve = initial slope of σ n − ε n curve. Yield stress σ y is the nominal stress at the limit of elasticity in a tensile test. Tensile strength σ ts is the nominal stress at maximum load in a tensile test. Tensile ductility ε f is the nominal plastic strain at failure in a tensile test. The gauge length of the specimen should also be quoted. ELASTIC MODULI G= E 2 (1 +ν ) K= E 3 (1 − 2ν )
CONVERSION OF UNITS
Angle, θ Energy, U Force, F Length, l Mass, M Power, P Stress, σ Specific Heat, Cp Stress Intensity, K Temperature, T Thermal Conductivity, λ Volume, V Viscosity, η 1 rad See inside back cover 1 kgf 1 lbf 1 ft 1 inch 1Å 1 tonne 1 lb See inside back cover See inside back cover 1 cal/g.°C 1 ksi in 1 °F 1 cal/s.cm.oC 1 Imperial gall 1 US gall 1 poise 1 lb ft.s 57.30 ° 9.807 N 4.448 N 304.8 mm 25.40 mm 0.1 nm 1000 kg 0.454 kg
1
Materials Data Book
2003 Edition
Cambridge University Engineering Department
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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS IN SI UNITS
Absolute zero of temperature Acceleration due to gravity, g Avogadro’s number, N A Base of natural logarithms, e Boltzmann’s constant, k Faraday’s constant, F Universal Gas constant, R Permeability of vacuum, µo Permittivity of vacuum, εo Planck’s constant, h Velocity of light in vacuum, c Volume of perfect gas at STP – 273.15 °C 9. 807 m/s2 6.022x1026 /kmol 2.718 1.381 x 10–26 kJ/K 9.648 x 107 C/kmol 8.3143 kJ/kmol K 1.257 x 10–6 H/m 8.854 x 10–12 F/m 6.626 x 10–37 kJ/s 2.998 x 108 m/s 22.41 m3/kmol
4.188 kJ/kg.K 1.10 MPa m 0.556 K 4.18 W/m.K 4.546 x 10–3 m3 3.785 x 10–3 m3 0.1 N.s/m2 0.1517 N.s/m2