Chapter 1-4
chapter1-4
柔顺，链段愈短，因此链段长度也可以表征
链的柔顺性。
链段长度b越大，柔性越差。P29 表1-7
小结
• 1.掌握均方末端距和均方旋转半径的含义？ • 2.掌握自由连接链、自由旋转链以及旋转受 阻链、等效自由连接链的定义，以及相应 的均方末端距的计算公式。 • 3.理解运用高分子链柔性的表征参数相关的 知识。
1.2.3 高分子链的构象统计
表征高分子链构象尺寸的参数：
（一）线形高分子
末端距（向量）—— 线形高分子链一端到另一端的直线距离 均方末端距——末端距平方的平均值 ；
根均方末端距 ——均方末端距的平方根
（二）支化大分子：均方末端距的概念不适 用，需要另外定义一个表征支化大分子构象 尺寸的参数-----均方旋转半径
cos
Φ —— 内旋转角； u（Φ）—— 内旋转位垒函数； K —— 玻尔兹曼常数； T —— 绝对温度；
三种链的均方末端距比较：
自由连接链的最小；
实际高分子链的最大；
自由旋转链的介于二者之间； 单键的内旋转限制因素越多则分子链柔性越 差。
讨论 高分子链构象统计的应用
• 把实际的高分子链看成是由Z个长度为b的链段连接而成， 链段与链段之间自由连接，无规取向，此时的高分子链可 称为等效自由连接链。 真实大分子链中能够独立运动的单元不是单键，而是链段。 • 高斯链：末端距的分布符合高斯分布函数的高分子链，通 常指等效自由连接链。 • 可以利用等效自由连接链的概念来处理真实高分子链，从 而求得真实高分子链中的链段数目和链段长度（P28）。 。
化学键内旋转时无键角和位垒的限制，完全自由； 分子链中化学键向任何方向取向的几率相同。
小学朗文英语四年级上Chapter1-4复习
四年级上学期朗文 1-4 课复习题班级_______________ 姓名________________1.Look and write.看图写单词。
____________ ____________ ___________________________ ____________ _______________2.Choose the correct answers.选择填空。
1. ( ) _____ did people pay for things? They paid with silver.A: How B: What C: Where2. ( ) _______ did people live? They lived in villages.A: How B: What C: Where3. ( ) _____ did people travel? They traveled by sedan chair.A: How B: What C: Where4. ( ) ___did people go to school? They went to school on foot.A: How B: What C: Where5. ( ) _______ did people wear?A: How B: What C: Where3.Choose and write. 根据下列解释，把单词序号填在括号内。
A: firewood B: trainers C: letterD: camera E: credit card F: rickshaw1. ( )We use it to take photos.2. ( )People cooked with it five hundred years ago.3. ( )We use it like money to buy things.4. ( )They are in pairs. We wear them when we go jogging.5. ( )People write it and send it to our friends by post.6. ( ) People rode in it.4.Ask and answer the questions.选择正确的疑问词填空，并回答。
国际酒店服务英语 Chapter 1 Unit 4 Information service
General Knowledge Conversation Text
Exercises
General Knowledge
What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
<BACK
ral Knowledge
• What role does the information desk play in a hotel?
The hotel information desk plays an important part in the hotel. It is generally located near the hotel entrance or faces the entrance. As soon as the customer enters the main lobby, he/she can see it. Its goal is to provide more convenient service to guests.
<BACK
HOME
NEXT>
General Knowledge
• What role does the information desk
play in a hotel?
• messaging and credit card services
• 8 hours per day foreign currency exchanging
<BACK
HOME
NEXT>
Conversation
• Scene: A Guest Asks for Service Information • R: Receptionist G: Guest
CHAPTER 1-4
MeV 168 7 5 7 8 12 ~207
裂变中放出的能量
4%
80%
3%
4%
4% 5% neutrinos
燃料裂变时能量的释放 (MeV)
易裂变燃料
233U 235U 239Pu 241Pu
可裂变燃料
232Th 234U 236U 238U 237Np
190.0+/-0.5 190.0+/192.9+/-0.5 192.9+/198.5+/-0.8 198.5+/200.3+/-0.8 200.3+/-
Pressurized water reactor (PWR)
1 Reactor vessel 5 Pressurizer heater 2 Fuel elements 6 Steam generator 3 Control rods 7 Main circulating pump 4 Control rod drive 8 Fresh steam
η −燃 每 吸 一 热 子 生 平 裂 中 数 料 次 收 个 中 产 的 均 变 子
k: 六因子公式
k =ηfεpP P s d
P −慢 过 中 泄 概 化 程 不 漏 率 s P −热 子 扩 过 中 泄 概 中 在 散 程 不 漏 率 d
典型的一个热中子反应堆六因子的数值 Six factor formula for a typical thermal reactor
缓发中子与瞬发中子的区别
缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生机理不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生机理不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生时间不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子的产生时间不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子能量不同; 缓发中子与瞬发中子能量不同;
七年级英语课外阅读读本1-4
七年级课外阅读初中英语读本（chapter 1--4）(1) The North Wind and the SunOne day, the north wind argues with the sun. I’m stronger than you are!”says the north wind. “No,”answers the sun, “I’m stronger!”While they are arguing, they see a man walking along the road. He is wearinga blue coat. The sun says to the north wind, “Now let's see who can makethe man take off his coat. Then we will know who is stronger.””Let me try first," says the north wind. He begins to blow very hard. But theman wraps his coat round him tightly. The north wind gets angry. He says tothe sun, “I can’t make the man take off his coat. Now its your turn. Let me see if you can do it."The sun begins to shine on the man. Soon the man feels very hot. He takesoff his coat. The sun wins.1. who argue with the sun?2.what’s the man wearing?3.can the north wind make the man take off his coat?4.why does the man take off his coat at last?5.who do you think wins?(2)Hello!People in different countries say hello in different ways people say hello.阅读理解People in different countries greet each other in different ways. Here are some.a. a handshakeb. a bowc. a kiss on the cheekd. a huge. a pat on the back The United StatesPeople shake hands when they meet for the first time. Friends and family members often hug or kiss on the cheek when they seeeach other.KoreaMen bow and shake hands to greet each other. Women do not usuallyshake hands. If you address (称呼) someone, you use his or her fullname. The family name comes first, then the first name.Finland (芬兰)Finns greet each other with a handshake. Hugs and kisses are only forclose friends and family members.The Philippines(菲律宾) The everyday greeting for friends is a handshake for both men and women. Men sometimes pat each other on the back.1. In which country do men sometimes pat each other on the back?A. The Philippines.B. Finland.C. Korea.D. The United States.2. Which of the following is TRUE?A. People shake hands whenever they meet in the United States.B. In Philippines, friends shake hands as the everyday greeting.C. Finns greet each other with a bow.D. In Korea, the first name comes before the family name.3. Of the five pictures above (a, b, c, d, and e), which is the same way to greet each othe r in the four countries?A. dB. cC. bD. a4. In this passage, all the following are mentioned EXCEPT ______.A. kissesB. hugsC. smilesD. handshakes5. What does the writer want to tell us in the passage?A. Different ways of greeting.B. Four countries.C. Friends and family members.D. Languages.(3) Fill in the blanks with the words in the passage.Rose writes an e to her friend about her new h . Rose’s b, Peter, is good ats_ and teaches her in the s holiday. Rose goes to the b every day. Most days they bring p and stay there all d . Rose thinks surfing is good e _ and it can get her skin brown. It is f .(4) How Do Dogs Say Hello?Dogs use their noses to say hello. They have a very good sense of smell.When dogs meet, they smell each other.A dog knows by the other dog's smell if it is a friend. If they are friends,dogs say hello with wagging tails and happy barks. They sometimes lickeach other's faces. If they are not friends, they growl and show their teeth.When you meet a dog, these are also how it says hello to you.Young dogs lear how to tell if other dogs are friendly. They know whichdogs to play with and which dogs to avoid.Two dogs meetuse their to each otherfriends not friendswaghappily show theireach other’s face(5) Goldie's StoryHello, my name is Goldie. I am a dog but I am not a pet. I have a very importantjob. I work as a seeing-eye dog. People call us seeing-eye dogs because we are the" eyes “ of blind people and help them to “see".It is not easy to become a seeing-eye dog. It takes a lot of hard work and trainingThe training is diffi cult and most dogs can not do it.My job is to work with my partner, Jim. Jim is blind. We live and work inLondon. London is a very busy city. I help Jim get around---- along busy streets,across roads and on trains and buses every day.I enjoy my job and I am proud of what I do. I think Jim is proud of me, too. You can always see him smiling.l. Is it easy to become a seeing-eye dog?2. How can a dog become a seeing-eye dog?3. Why is it difficult to get around London?4. What’s wrong with Jim?5. What does Jim think of Goldie?(6) A SundayTom and Simon are good friends They both love football. They are in the schoolfootball team and practise twice a week after school.This Sunday they go to the park to practise more because they will have a matchnext week. It is a sunny day and the park is busy. They see a good place for playingfootball. They kick the ball onto the grass and begin to run after it.Just then they see a big sign. It says "Keep Off the Grass”. Tom and Simon lookaround. Then they see another sign and it says “No Ball Games ". They take theirball and hurry out of the park to their school.On the playground they see their coach, Mr. Smith. He tells them, “Take it easy.Don’t mind losing. Losing is part of any game."1. Tom and Simon areA. cousinsB. the members of the football teamC. brothersD. from different schools2. How many times do they practise football every week?A. One time.B. Two times.C. Three times.D. Four times.3. Finally they go to to play fotball.A. the Sports CentreB. the grassC. the streetD. the school playground4. This passage is aboutA. what the two boys do after schoolB. what the two boys feel and do before a fooball matechC. what the two boys do in the park this Sunday(7) 完形填空One day, the wind starts an argument (争论) with the sun. "I'm much 1 than you are!" says the wind. "No."answers the sun, "I'm much stronger than you are!"While they are arguing they see a man walking down the road. He is wearing a heavy 2 . The sun says to the wind "Now let 3 see which of us can make the man take off his coat, then we will know 4 is stronger. "First the 5 tries. It begins to blow very hard. It blows so hard that the man pulls his coat round him.The wind is 6 with the man. Then the wind says to the sun, "Now it's your 7 . Let me see if you can make him take off his coat "The sun 8 to shine on the man. Soon it gets very hot! The man 9 his coat The argument is 10 .( )1. A. strong ( )2. A. trousers ( )3. A. us ( )4. A. whose ( )5. A. sun ( )6. A. happy ( )7. A. way ( )8. A. began ( )9. A. takes off ( )10.A. out B. strongestB. hatB. weB. whoB. rainB. worriedB. homeB. beginsB. takes downB. overC. stronglyC. coatC. ourselvesC. whenC. cloudC. angryC. hopeC. beginC. puts onC. onD. strongerD. shoesD. ourD. whatD. windD. sadD. turnD. beginningD. puts downD. off。
词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4
词汇学考试精简笔记-Charter1-4Introduction0.1 The Nature and Domain of English LexicologyThe definition of Lexicology: (P1)Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words (WNWD), the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 0.2 The Relation to Other DisciplinesThe definition of Morphology: (P1)Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.The definition of Etymology: (P2)Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.The definition of Semantics: (P2)Semantics is the study of meanings of different linguistic levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.The definition of Stylistics: (P2)Stylistics is the study of style.The definition of Lexicography: (P2)Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.The difference of Lexicography and Lexicology: (P2)A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1 What is a WordIn visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group; according to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. (P6) 选择、填空The definition of Word: (P7) 名词解释A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A word comprises the following points:1. A minimal free form of a language;2. A sound unity;3. A unit of meaning;4. A form that can function alone in a sentence.1.2 Sound and MeaningThe connection of Sound and Meaning两者之间的关系: (P7) 选择、填空The symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship, the relationship is conventional.Woman, for example, becomes ‘Frau’ in German, ‘Fremme’ in French and ‘Funu’ in Chinese.：体现了sound，meaning的关系1.3 Sound and FormThe reasons caused the difference between Sound and Form: 读⾳和拼写不⼀致的原因(P8-9 具体例⼦看书本) 简答题1. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does nothave a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and insome cases the two have drawn far apart.3. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4. Finally comes the borrowing, which do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling.*Printing印刷术was established in the late 1500.Sound and form is imperfect: (P10)The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form.1.5 Classification of Words*Three classifications of words: (P11) 选择、填空Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic VocabularyThe difference between BW and NBW: (P11)BW is in use in a high frequency; and NBW is not.The features of Basic Word (P11-12) 简答题●All national character 全民通⽤性●Stability 相对稳定性●Productivity 多产性●Polysemy ⼀词多义●Collocability 搭配性Therefore, ‘all national character’is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.The definition of Productivity: (P12)They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.The definition of Polysemy: (P12)Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.The definition of Collocability: (P12)Many words of the basic word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.The types of Nonbasic word vocabulary (P13-15) 简答题●Terminology 专业术语●Jargon ⾏话●Slang 俚语●Argot ⿊话●Dialectal words ⽅⾔●Archaisms 古词语●Neologisms 新词语The definition of Terminology: (P13)It consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.●例⼦有：mathematics, music, education.The definition of Jargon: (P13)It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.●例⼦有：bottom line, bargaining chipsThe definition of Slang: (P14)Slang belongs to the sub-standard language亚标准语⾔, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words.The definition of Argot ⿊话: (P15)Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.The definition of Dialectal words: (P15)Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.The definition of Archaisms: (P15)Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.The definition of Neologisms: (P15)Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsThe difference between Content words and Functional words: (P16) 简答题●Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.●Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As theirchief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsThe definition of Native Words: (P17)Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes (⽇⽿曼部落).The 2 features of Native Words: (P17)1. Neutral in style (French or Latin are literary and in formal style) ⽂体中⽴，即任何场所可⽤2. Frequent in use使⽤频繁The definition of Borrowed Words: (P18)Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowing in simple terms. 三个⿊体字同义Four classes of Borrowed Words: (P19)1. Denizens 同化词Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.2. Aliens ⾮同化词Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.3. Translation-loans 译借词、外来词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.4. Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form.Chapter 2The Development of the English vocabulary2.1 The Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language has approximately 3000languages and group into roughly 300language families on the basis of Basic Word and Grammar. It is made up of most of language of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧三⼤语系(P23) Germanic family = Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语的;北北欧⽇⽿曼语系(P24)The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.In western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic(希腊语的). (P24)2.2.1 Old English (450 – 1150) (P25)The Germanic tribes are the earliest.The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen, apostle.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words, e.g. handbook. (P26)Old English is a highly inflected language.Skirt, skill, window, leg, grasp, birth, they, their, them, egg, these words are from Scandinavian origin.2.2.2 Middle English (1150 – 1500) (P26)Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. 诺曼⼤帝带来了⼤量的法语词。
红发会读后感英文一到四章节
红发会读后感英文一到四章节Here's my take on the first four chapters of "The Red-Headed League" in an informal and conversational English style:Chapter 1: I started reading "The Red-Headed League" and was immediately intrigued. It's such an unusual story, with this whole red-headed thing being the central theme. I mean, who would ever think of forming a league just for redheads? But there it is, and Holmes is on the case to figure out what's behind it all.Chapter 2: The characters in this story are really interesting. You have the ordinary guy who falls for this seemingly good deal, and then you have Holmes and Watson, who are as sharp as ever. I'm really enjoying watching how they unravel this mystery, piece by piece.Chapter 3: This chapter had me on the edge of my seat. There's this whole mystery surrounding the empty office andthe strange instructions the guy got. It's like a puzzle, and Holmes is the one who's going to solve it. I can't wait to see what happens next.Chapter 4: The twists and turns.。
chapter1_4
描述变化的磁场激发电场，相关实验 规律是法拉第“电磁感应定律”； 描述电流和变化的电场激发磁场，相 关实验规律是毕奥-萨伐尔定律”； 描述电荷激发电场，相关实验规律是 “库伦定律”； 描述磁场是无源场(磁单极子不存在)， 相关实验规律是“毕奥-萨伐尔定律”；
H
B
0
M
(2) 辅助方程
有外场时 取向趋同＋极化
有极分子的取向极化
E E0 E
-
pi 0
E
+
+
+ + +
F
-
p
F E0
E0
E0
电极化强度矢量：
P
pi V
l
en
dS
P, E
(1) 介质的内部
nql dS np dS P dS 由V内通过界面 S穿出去的正电荷为:
无外场时
pi 0 pi 0
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
± ± ±
有外场时
一致极化 pi 0
- F -
+
+ +
- - + -+ p - + - + -
+
+ +
- + F - + - +
E0
无外场时 pi 0 取向无规则 pi 0
m ia
mi 0 mi 0
B0
单个分子 微体积元
mi 0 mi 0
B0
取向趋同
定义磁化强度 mi M V • 单位体积内的等效磁偶极矩 • 局域量 由图可知，通过S的总磁化电流IM 等于边界线L所 链环着的分子数目乘上每个分子的电流i. 因为若分子
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作业题
Chapter 1
Nouns
Simple diffusion , Facilitated diffusion, Primary active transport, Secondary Active Transport, Excitability, absolute refractory period, threshold value, Threshold Intensity, All or none property, excitation-contraction coupling, Sarcomere, myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, Complete tetanus, Isometric Contraction, Isotonic Contraction
Answer Question
1. Please divide the type of movement through the membrane, and analysis the characteristics of every type of movment.
2. Please illustrate the mechanism of resting and action potential in a neuron.
3. Compare the threshold intensity and threshod voltage (value).
4. Please analysis the local excitation. How many membrane potentials belong to local potential?
5. Please illustrate molecular structure of the myofilaments.
6. Please illustrate excitation-contraction coupling and sliding theory.
Chapter 2
Nouns
Neurons, Synapse, Excitatory-Post-Synaptic-Potentials (EPSP), Inhibitory-Post-Synaptic-Potentials (IPSP), Neurotransmitter, Receptor, motor unit, α-moto-neurons, γ-motoneurons, Muscle tonus, Tendon organ reflex, Decerebrate rigidity, Evoked cortical potential (ECP), rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, non-REM sleep.
1. Please illustrate structure and transmission of chemical synapse.
2. Please analysis mechanisms of pre-synaptic inhibition.
3. Analyse common structural characteristic of specific somatosensory system. Compare the diference between specific and nonspecific somatosensory system.
4. Please describe the EEG and the evoked cortical potential.
5. Please describe normal human sleep patterns.
Chapter 3
Nouns
Dark adaptation, Rhodopsin, Visual field, Visual acuity, Microphonic potential
Answer Question
1. Please illustrate dark adaptation.
2. Analyse photopigments and the electromagnetic-neural transduction process.
3. Vibration travels in the from the external ear to organs of Corti.
4. Analyse potential of cochlea.
5. The function of vestibular system
Chapter 4
Nouns
blood serum, blood plasma, Osmotic pressure, Eryth ropoietin, Suspension stability, Osmotic frangibility
1. Types of Plasma proteins and their function.
2. Say the function of vitamin B12, EPO, folic acid and iron in erythropoiesis regulation.
3. Main function of neutrophil, eosinophi, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte.
4 How does the blood coagulation depend on the balance that exists between the two groups of factors (pro-coagulants and anti-coagulants).。