A Defense of Abortion
BFT词汇

BFT词汇1、abbey 修道院,大教堂。
Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂(英国名人墓地)。
English kings are crowned in Westminster Abbey; Distinguished English subjects are buried in Westminster Abbey。
2、abolish,废除,取消.abolish slavery废除奴隶制. Bad customs should be abolished.坏的风俗应当废除。
3.abortion 流产,堕胎.the highly charged issue of abortion. 关于堕胎引起的争议很大的问题。
We oppose the ban on abortion. 我反对这项关于流产的禁令。
What is your attitude to abortion? 你对堕胎有什么看法?Does the UN provide funding for abortion? 联合国为堕胎提供资金吗?4.accommodate,为...提供宿舍,容纳,使适应.I can accommodate you. 我能迁就你。
To have room for; accommodate. 为…留出空间;容纳How many passengers does it accommodate? 这架飞机可以载多少旅客?We must accommodate ourselves to circumstances.5.accusation,告发,控告,指控,谴责.a formal accusation against somebody. 针对某人的正式指控。
he angrily denied the accusation. 他愤怒地否决了指控。
He denied the accusation hotly. 他激烈地驳斥这个控告。
gay rights

Inaugurate [i'nɔ:ɡjureit] vt. 创新;开辟;开创;举行开 幕典礼;举行就职典礼 Barack Obama was inaugurated as America's 44th president. 巴拉克﹒奥巴马就任第44任美国总统。
Devout [di'vaut] earnest adj. 虔诚的;衷心的 A 2006 study found that in Italy and Poland, practising Catholics were more hostile to euthanasia than their less devout compatriots. 一项2006的研究发现,在意大利和波兰,职业的天主教徒比 他们较不虔诚的同胞更敌视安乐死。
他们都吃吃喝喝,做他们的业内事务,吸烟睡觉,无聊闲扯。
2.It can make you freeze, panic, chatter aimlessly, lose your train of thought or perspire profusely. 它会让你思维冻结、恐慌、漫无目的地闲扯、无法思考、 紧张得满身大汗。
That‘s
All
Double-glazing of windows helps to insulate the house from the cold weather. 给窗户装上双层玻璃有助于房子与严寒的气候绝缘。
Jurisdiction [,dʒuəris'dikʃən] 1. (law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law courts having jurisdiction in this district 2. in law; the territory within which power can be exercised n. 司法权,审判权,管辖权;权限,权力
兵马俑相关叙述英语作文

兵马俑相关叙述英语作文The Terracotta Army, it's like time stopped in China, frozen soldiers standing in formation, waiting for an ancient call to arms. Each figure is a silent sentinel, a guardian of history, a testament to the power of an emperor's will.Imagine stumbling upon these clay warriors, buried for centuries, a secret world unveiled by the hands of modern archaeologists. It's like stepping into a time machine, where the past reaches out and grabs you, pulling you into its enigmatic embrace.Thousands of soldiers, each with unique features, frozen in eternal vigilance. They are a testament to the craftsmanship of ancient artisans, each figure meticulously crafted, every detail a tribute to the skill and dedication of those who shaped them.But it's not just the soldiers that captivate theimagination, it's the stories they hold within their silent forms. Who were these warriors? What battles did they fight? What hopes and fears did they carry in their hearts as they stood guard over their emperor's tomb?The Terracotta Army is more than just a collection of statues; it's a window into the past, a glimpse of a world long gone but not forgotten. It's a reminder that historyis not just a series of events but a living, breathing tapestry woven from the lives of those who came before us.So the next time you stand before these silent sentinels, take a moment to listen. Listen to the whispersof the past, the echoes of ancient battles, and the silent voices of those who shaped the course of history. And remember, the Terracotta Army is more than just a tourist attraction; it's a testament to the enduring power of the human spirit.。
Love is equal

接下来讲的部分
Gay rights movement
—— by हहBiblioteka ेश1951: First National Gay Rights Organization is Founded
• During the 1950s, it would have been dangerous and illegal to register any kind of pro-gay organization. The founders of the first major gay rights groups had to protect themselves by using code. • The small group of gay men who created the Mattachine Society in 1951 drew on the Italian tradition of street comedy in which the jester-truthteller characters, the mattacini, revealed the flaws of pompous characters representing societal norms. • And the small group of lesbian couples who created the Daughters of Bilitis found their inspiration in an obscure 1874 poem, "The Song of Bilitis," which invented the character of Bilitis as a companion for Sappho. • Both groups essentially served a social function; they didn't, and couldn't, do much activism.
二级医护英语单词

Aabdomen n.腹部abdominal adj.腹部的abnormal adj.异常的;变态的abortion n.流产absorb v. 吸收abstract n.摘要,提取,抽取abuse n. & vt.滥用;虐待abusive adj. 骂人的,辱骂的accelerate v.加快,加速access n. 接近accident n.事故accompany v. 陪伴,伴随ache n.& v.痛acid n.酸acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acne n.粉刺,痤疮acquired adj.获得的action n.作用;活动activate v.激活active adj.积极的;活跃的acupuncture n.针刺,针灸acute adj.急性的adapt v.适应addiction n.成瘾additional adj.额外的adequate adj.充足的adhesion n.粘连adjust vt.调整,使适合administer v. 给药;管理administration n.给药;管理admission n.入院;准许进入admit v.容纳;承认(to)adolescence n. 青春期adolescent n. & adj.青少年;青春期的adopt vt.采纳;收养adrenal adj.肾上腺的adult n. 成人adverse adj. 相反的;不利的adverse drug reaction 药物不良反应affect v.(疾病)侵袭afflict v.使某人痛苦agent n.剂aggravate v.加重,变严重aging n.老化agitated adj. 易激动的agonizing adj.使人痛苦的;痛苦难忍的AIDS (acquired immunedeficiency syndrome) 艾滋病(获得性免疫缺陷综合征)ailment n.疾病airway n.气道alarm n.警报alcohol n.酒精;酒allergic adj.过敏的;患过敏症的allergy n.过敏alter v.改变;变更ambulance n.救护车anatomy n.解剖学anemia n.贫血anesthesia n.感觉缺失;麻醉ankle n.踝antibiotic n.抗生素antibody n.抗体antigen n.抗原antimicrobial agent 抗菌剂antiviral adj.抗病毒的anus n.肛门anxiety n.焦虑;焦急aorta n.主动脉apparatus n. 器械,装置appearance n.外貌;外表appendicitis n.阑尾炎appetite n.食欲;胃口appliance n.器具;器械application n.应用;申请;涂,敷apply v.应用;申请;敷药appointment n.预约approach n.方法appropriate adj. 合适的apt adj. 易于…的arrest n.骤停artery n.动脉arthritis n.关节炎artificial adj.人工的asleep adj. 睡着,熟睡aspirin n.阿司匹林assess v.评估,评定assessment n.评估assist v.协助assistant n.助手asthma n.哮喘atmosphere n.大气atom n.原子atrial adj. 心房的atrium n. 心房attack n.& v.攻击;(疾病)发作attend v.照料;看护;参加atypical adj.非典型的audible adj.听得见的audition n.听觉augment v.扩大;增长aural adj.耳的auscultate v.听诊auscultation n.听诊auxillary adj.附属的,辅助的avoid v.避免awake adj.醒着awareness n.意识axilla n.腋(窝)axis n.轴Bback n.背backache n.背痛backflow n.回流bacterial adj.细菌的bacterium n.(pl. bacteria)细菌balance n.平衡balanced adj.平衡的baldness n.脱发bandage n.绷带barrier n.障碍basin n.水盆;脸盆bath towel 浴巾bear v.生殖,生育beat v.搏动bedpan n.便盆bedridden adj.卧床不起的bedsore n.褥疮behavior n.行为belly n.腹部bellyache n.腹痛bend v.(使)弯曲beneficial adj.有益的benign adj.良性的bilateral adj.两边的,双方的bile n.胆汁biochemistry n.生物化学biological adj.生物的,生物学的biologist n.生物学家biology n.生物学biomedicine n.生物医学biopsy n. 活组织检查(法)birth n.生产,分娩bite v.& n.咬;叮bitter adj.苦的;痛苦的;严酷的bladder n.膀胱blank adj.& n.空的;空格blanket n.毯子bleed v.使出血bleeding n.出血bleeding time (BT) 出血时间blend n.& v.混合物; 混合blindness n.盲,视觉缺失block v. 阻塞blocker n. 阻滞剂blood bank 血库blood n.血blood pressure 血压blood type 血型blurred adj.模糊的body fluids 体液bone density 骨密度bone n.骨border n.边缘;边界bottle-feeding 人工喂养bowel movement 大便bowel n.肠bpm (beats per minute) (心脏)每分钟搏动次数,心率单位brain n.脑brainstem n.脑干breakdown n.衰竭,分解,破损breast n.乳房;乳腺breast-feeding 母乳喂养breath n.呼吸breathe v.呼吸breathless adj.呼吸急促的breeding n. 繁殖bronchitis n.支气管炎brow n.眉bruise n.瘀伤;擦伤BT (bleeding time) 出血时间burning pain 灼伤痛burns n.& v.烧伤buttock n.臀部bypass n.分流术,搭桥术Ccalcium n.钙calorie n. 卡路里;卡(热量单位)canal n. 腔道;管道cancer n.癌症cane n. 手杖capability n. 能力capillary n.毛细血管capsule n. 胶囊carbohydrate n.碳水化合物;糖类carbon n.碳cardiac adj.心脏的;贲门的cardiac arrest 心搏骤停cardiovascular adj.心血管的carditis n.心脏炎care home 养老院care n.& v.照料;保护;关心carer n. 护工;私人看护cartilage n.软骨case n.病例cast n.石膏casualty n. 事故伤亡者,受害者cataract n.白内障catch v.染上(疾病)catheter n.导管cause n.& v.原因;引起caution n. v.小心,谨慎,告诫cavity n.腔cecum n.盲肠cell n.细胞cellular adj.细胞的centigrade adj.摄氏的centimeter n.厘米cerebral adj.脑的;大脑的certificate n.证明;证书cervix n.颈;子宫颈chamber n. 房;腔;室changeable adj.易变的characteristic adj.特征性的characterize v.以…为特征charge nurse 责任护士chart n.病历;图表check up 检查check-in service 入院服务;入院手续cheek n.面颊chemical adj.& n.化学的;化学品chemotherapy n.化疗chest n.胸chest pain 胸痛chest wall 胸壁chew v.咀嚼chickenpox n.水痘chief complaint (病人)主诉chilly adj.寒冷的choke v.窒息;使呼吸困难;阻塞choice n. 选择cholesterol n.胆固醇chronic adj.慢性的chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎circulate v.循环circulation n. (血液)流通;循环circulatory adj.循环的clammy adj.(皮肤)冷而黏湿的clamp n.& v.夹子;夹钳;夹住;夹紧clarify v. 澄清,讲清classify v.把……分类clean v.& adj. 弄干净,打扫;清洁的,干净的cleaner n.清洁工;清洁器cleanse v.使清洁,清洗clear adj. (尿液)清澈的;(肺部)无积液的clearance n.清除cleft n.裂,裂口,豁嘴clinic n.诊所clinical adj. 临床的clip n.& v.夹子,发夹;夹住clog v.堵塞clone v.& n.克隆closure n.闭合clot v.& n.使凝结;(血液等的)凝块cloudy adj. 浑浊的clubfoot n. 畸形足coarse adj.粗的;粗糙的cognition n.认知,认识cold adj.& n. 冷的;寒冷;感冒,伤风colic n. & adj.绞痛;绞痛的collapse n.虚脱colon n. 结肠coloration n.着色column n.柱体coma n.昏迷comfort n.& v.安慰;慰问comfortable adj.舒服的,安逸的common adj.普通的;常见的communicable adj.传染性的complain (of) v.抱怨;诉说complaint n.疾病,病痛complicated adj.错综复杂的,麻烦的complication n.并发症compound n.混合物,化合物concentrate v.集中,集结;浓缩concentration n. 浓度conception n.妊娠concern n. & vt. 关心;涉及conclusion n.结论condition n.病情condom n.避孕套conductivity n.传导率;传导性cone n.锥形物;锥体confine v.把……局限于confinement n.限制,分娩confused adj.混乱的confusion n. 意识模糊congenital adj.先天的,天生的congestion n.充血connective tissue 结缔组织conscious adj.有意识的consciousness n.意识;知觉consequence n.结果constant adj.不断的;恒久不变的constipation n.便秘constitution n. 成分;体格,体质constrict v.压缩,收缩consult v.咨询;会诊consultant n.会诊医生consulting room 诊室consume vt. 消耗contact n.& v.接触;联系contagious adj. 传染的container n.容器contamination n.污染content n.内容;内含物contour n.轮廓,外形contract v.收缩contraction n.收缩control n.对照convenient adj.方便的coordinate v.协调cord n. 带,索cornea n.角膜coronary adj.冠状的corpse n.死尸correction n.纠正cotton swab 棉签cough n. & v.咳嗽count v.& n.计算;计数course n.疗程cover n.盖子;罩CPR (cardiopulmonaryresuscitation) 心脏复苏术cramp n. & v.痉挛;抽筋crisis n.危机;危象cross infection 交叉感染crutch n.手杖,拐杖CT (computerizedtomography) 计算机断层扫描cuff n.(血压计的)袖带culture n. & v. 培养cure n.& v.治愈cushion n.垫子cyanosis n.发绀cyst n.囊;膀胱Ddairy n.奶制品damage v.& n.伤害damp adj.潮湿的data n. 数据deafness n.聋,听不清decibel n.分贝defect n.缺损;不足defense v.抵御,防卫deficiency n. 缺乏,不足deficit n. 缺陷,缺损definite adj. 明确的,确实的deformity n.变形degenerate v.变质;变性degree n.度;程度dehydration n.脱水delicate adj. 易碎的,易生病的,娇弱的deliver v.接生delivery n.分娩dementia n.痴呆demerol n.杜冷丁(镇痛药)density n. 密度dental adj.牙齿的dentist n.牙科医生department n.院;部depression n.抑郁[症]derma n.真皮dermatitis n.皮炎destroy v. 破坏;毁灭destructive adj.破坏性的detect v.察觉;发现determine v.决定;规定develop v.发展;产生development n.发育diabetes n. 糖尿病diagnose v.诊断diagnosis n.诊断;诊断结果diagram n.图解,图表dialysis n.透析,渗析;分离,分解diameter n.直径diaper n.尿布diarrhea n.腹泻diastole n. (心)舒张期diastolic adj.舒张的diet n.饮食dietary fiber 膳食纤维differential adj.区别的,鉴别的diffuse v.扩散;渗出digest v. 消化digestive adj. 消化的digestive tract 消化道dilation n.扩张,膨胀dilute v.稀释diminish v.减弱dioxide n. 二氧化物dip v.& n.蘸,浸disable v.使残疾disabled adj.有残疾的disc n.椎间盘discharge v.& n.排泄物;出院disease n.疾病disinfect v.杀菌,消毒disinfectant n.消毒剂disorder n.失调;紊乱;疾病dispensary n.药房dispense v.配(药);发(药)displacement n.移位disposable adj. 可随意处置的,一次性的dissolve v. 溶解,融化distend v.扩张;肿胀distention n.膨胀distortion n.变形distress vt. & n. (使)痛苦distribute v. 分布;分发disturbance n.失调,紊乱dizziness n.头昏眼花dizzy adj.眩晕的donate v.捐赠,赠送donor n.供体dosage n.剂量,用量dose n. 剂量drain v.使排出;流出drainage tube 引流管dressing n.敷料drip n.滴注drop n.滴;滴剂;滴状物drowsy adj.昏昏欲睡的;催眠的drug n.药物drum n.鼓膜;耳膜dual adj.双重的duct n.管;导管dull pain 钝痛dullness n.浊音duodenum n.十二指肠duration n.持续dye n.& v.染料;染色Eear n.耳eardrum n.鼓膜earlobe n.耳垂ECG (electrocardiogram) 心电图echo n.回声edema n.水肿effectiveness n.有效性efficient adj.有效率的elasticity n.弹性elbow n.肘electrical adj.电的electron n.电子elevate v. 举起;升高elimination n. 排除embed v. 嵌入;包埋emergency n.紧急情况;突然事件emergency room 急诊室emission n. 散发,喷射;遗精emotion n.情绪,情感emotional adj.情感的employ v. 使用雇佣empty adj.& v.空的;排空endocrine n.内分泌endoscope n.内镜energetic adj. 精力充沛的enlargement n. 增大,膨大enteritis n. 肠炎envelop v.& n. 包;封;包围,围绕enzyme n. 酶epidemic adj. & n.流行性的;流行病epiderm n.表皮episode n.发作equipment n.设备;器材eradicate v. 根除erode v. 腐蚀,侵蚀eruption n. 出疹escort v.护送essential adj.基本的estimate v.& n.估计;估计数evaluate v.评价,估计examine v.检查excessive adj.过量的excrete v.排泄;分泌exertion n. 费力,尽力exhale v.呼气exhaustion n.衰竭expansion n.膨胀,扩张expel v.排出experience n. & vt.经验,经历;体验expiratory adj.呼气的expire v.呼气expression n.表情exterior adj.外部的external adj.& n.外用的;外部extract v.& n.拔出,提取;提炼物,浓缩物extremity n.末端;肢eyeball n. 眼球eyebrow n.眉,眉毛eyedrop n.眼药水eyelid n.眼睑eyesight n. 视力Ffacial adj.脸的;面部的facial expression 面部表情facilitate v. 使容易failure n.衰竭;失败faint v.& n.& adj.昏厥;晕倒;虚弱的false tooth 义牙family history 家族史family planning 计划生育far-sightedness n.远视fascia n.筋膜fasting n.禁食fat n.脂肪fatal adj.致命的fatigue n.疲乏,疲劳fatty adj.脂肪的feces n. 粪便feed v.喂养feedback n. 反馈female n.& adj.女性,雌性;女的fertile adj. 能生育的fertility n.生育率fetus n.胎儿fever n.发烧,发热fiber n.纤维fidget v. 烦躁不安film n. 薄膜;涂片finger n.手指firm adj.坚固的;硬实的first aid 急救fist n.拳头fit adj.健康的,合适的fixture v. & n. 固定;固定物flat adj.平的flat foot 平足fleck n. (皮肤的)斑点;雀斑flesh n.肉flexible adj. 灵活的;易弯曲的flu n.流感flush v.潮红forehead n.前额formula n.处方,配方fracture n.骨折fragile adj.虚弱的frail adj. 虚弱的frequency n.频率friction n. 摩擦front n.& adj. 前面,前部;前面的,前部的function n.功能fundus n. 底fungus n.真菌;霉菌fusion n. 融合Ggait n.步态gall n. 胆汁gallbladder n. 胆囊gallstone n. 胆石gargle n.含漱剂gastric adj.胃的gastritis n.胃炎gastrointestinal adj. 胃肠的gauze n.纱布gel n. 凝胶(体);冻胶gender n.性别gene n. 基因genetic adj. 遗传的;基因的germ n. 细菌giddy adj. 头晕的;眼花缭乱的ginger n. 生姜gingiva n. 龈,牙龈gland n.腺体glossal adj. 舌的glove n. 手套glucose n.葡糖糖glycogen n. 糖原goiter n. 甲状腺肿大gorge v. 塞饱;狼吞虎咽gout n.痛风gown n.长外衣;女长服graft n. & v.移植(物)grasp v.抓住;紧握gravity n. 重力,引力growth n.生长;异常生长物;细胞增生gum n.齿龈gut n.肠子gyn(a)ecology n. 妇科医学Hhairy adj.多毛的handicapped adj. 有生理缺陷的;残疾的handle n.& v. 柄,把手;处理hang v.悬挂,吊起harm n.& v.损害harmful adj. 有害的hatch v. & n. 孵化hazard n. 冒险,危险headache n.头痛heal v. 愈合healing n.愈合health n.健康healthful adj.有利健康的healthy adj.健康的hearing aids 助听器heart attack 心脏病heart n.心脏heart rate 心率heartbeat n.心跳heat n.& v. 热;加热heel n.脚后跟height n.高度hemoglobin n. 血红蛋白hemorrhage n.出血hepatic adj. 肝的hepatitis n. 肝炎herb n.草药hereditary adj.世袭的;遗传的hiccup v. & n.打嗝hip n.臀history n.病史hives n. 荨麻疹hoarse adj. 嘶哑的,刺耳的hormone n.激素hospital n.医院hospitalize v.住院host n.宿主humid adj. 湿的;湿气重的humidity n.湿度humor n. 体液;幽默hump n. 驼背hungry adj.饥饿的hurt v.伤害;痛hydrogen n. 氢hygiene n.卫生;卫生学hypertension n.高血压hypodermic adj.皮下的hypotension n.低血压IICU (Intensive Care Unit)重症监护室identify v.确定;鉴别;证明identity n.个性,特征,身份illness n.疾病illusion n. 错觉,幻觉image n.影像imaging n.成像imbalance n.不平衡immature adj.未成熟的immaturity n.未成熟immobile adj.不能动的immobilization n. 固定术immune adj.免疫的immune system 免疫系统immunity n.免疫性immunize v.使免疫;使免除impair v.损伤impairment n.损伤implant v.植入impotency n. 无力,性无能impregnate v. 使怀孕impression n.印象improve v.改善,改进impulse n.冲动inactivate v. 灭活,使不活动inadequate adj. 不充足的inappropriate adj. 不适合的inborn adj. 天生的;先天的incidence n.发病率incision n.切开,切口incontinent adj.(大小便)失禁的;不能自制的increase v.增加incurable adj. 不能治愈的indicate v.显示;预示indication n.指征;适应症indigestion n. 消化不良individual n. 个体induce v. 诱发,引起induced adj.诱发的ineffective adj. 无效的;不起作用的ineffectiveness n. 无效性inefficient adj.效率低的infant n.& adj.婴幼儿;婴儿的;幼稚的infarct n. 梗死infect v. 传染,感染infection n. 传染,感染infectious adj.有传染性的,易传染的inferior adj.低劣的;下等的;下面的inflammation n.炎症inflammatory adj. 炎症的influence n. & vt.影响influenza n.流行性感冒,流感information n.信息infuse v. 注入;泡制(药)infusion n. 输注ingest v. 咽下;摄取inhale v.吸入inheritance n. 遗传inhibit v. 抑制,阻碍inhibitor n.抑制剂initial adj. 开始的,最初的initiate vt.开始inject v.注射,注入injection n. 注射injure v.伤害injury n.伤害innate adj. 天生的;先天的;遗传的inner n.内部inorganic adj. 无机的inpatient department 住院部inpatient n.住院病人input n.输入inquiry n. 问诊insane adj. 精神错乱的;精神病的insanitary adj. 不卫生的insensitive adj. 感觉迟钝的;不敏感的insert v. 插入insoluble adj.不能溶解的insomnia n.失眠inspect v.检查;审视inspection n.视诊inspiratory adj.吸气的insulin n.胰岛素intact adj.完整无缺的intake n.摄入,摄取integrated adj. 完整的intense adj.强烈的intense pain 剧痛intensive adj.增强的interaction n. 相互作用intern n.实习医师(住院)internal adj. 内部的intervention n. 介入intestine n.肠intolerance n.不耐受;不能容忍intoxicate v. 使中毒intramuscular adj. 肌内的intravenous adj.静脉内的iodine n.碘irreversible adj. 不可逆的irrigate v.灌洗,冲洗(伤口)irritate v.激怒,刺激irritation n.刺激isolate v.隔离,分离(出)isolated adj.隔离的isolation period 隔离期itch v. & n.痒itching n. 瘙痒IV (intravenous) 静脉内的IV infusion 静脉滴注Jjaw n.颌joint n. 关节judgment n.判断Kkidney n.肾kilogram n.千克knee n. 膝knock n.& v. 敲,打knot n. & v. 结;节疤; 打结knowledge n.知识knuckle n. 指(关)节L lab n.实验室label n.& v.标签;贴标签于labor n.分娩laboratory n.实验室lap n.膝部larynx n.喉laser n. 激光lateral adj. 侧面的lead n.铅leak v.渗漏;泄漏leakage n.泄漏;漏出lean adj. 瘦的leg n.腿legal adj.法律的;法定的length n.长度lengthen v. 使延长;延伸lens n.晶状体lesion n.损害,损伤lessen v.减少,减轻lethal adj. 致死的,致命的leukocyte n.白细胞,白血球license n.执照lift v. 举起;抬起limb n.肢(臂、腿)limit n.& v.限度;限制lining n.内层lip n.嘴唇;唇liquid n.液体,流体liquor n. 液剂listlessness n. 倦怠liver n.肝lobe n.(肺、肝等的)叶lobule n. 小叶local anesthesia 局部麻醉location n.部位lockjaw n. 牙关紧闭longevity n. 长寿loose adj. 松散的;(大便)稀的loosen v.使松解,使放松loss n.丧失;丢失lotion n.洗液,洗剂lump n.肿块lung n.肺lymph n. 淋巴Mmaintain v. 保持;维持maintenance n. 维持major adj. 较大的;主要的malady n. 疾病malaise n. 不舒适male n.& adj.男性,雄性;男的malformation n. 畸形,变形malfunction n. 故障;机能障碍malignant adj.恶性的malnutrition n.营养不良mammal n. 哺乳动物manifest v.显示;表明;证实manipulate v. 操作,控制manner n.方式marital adj. 婚姻的marital history 婚姻史marital status 婚姻状况marked adj.明显的marriage n.结婚,婚姻marrow n.髓,骨髓;脊髓mask n.面具;口罩mass n.肿块massage v.& n.按摩maternal adj. 母亲的mattress n.床垫;气垫mature v. & adj.使成熟;成熟的,充分发育的maximal adj. 最大的,最高的maximize v. 最大化;最大限度的利用maximum n.最大mean n 平均数measurable adj. 可测量的measure n.& v.测量;测度measurement n. 测量meat n. (猪、牛、羊等的)肉mechanical adj.机械的mechanism n.机制,机理medial adj. 内侧的;近中的median adj. & n. 中央的;中位数medical imaging 医学影像学medication n. 药物;药物疗法medicinal adj.医疗的;药用的medicine n. 医学;药medium n. 介质;培养基membrane n.膜memory n.记忆力menstrual adj.月经的mental adj.精神的;智力的mercury n. 水银,汞message n. 信息metabolism n.新陈代谢microbiology n. 微生物学microorganism n.微生物microscope n.显微镜microstructure n. 微观结构;显微结构mild adj.温和的;轻微的mind n. 精神,心理mineral n. 矿物质minimize v.使减到最小minimum n.最小(量);最低(量)misbirth n. 堕胎;流产missing tooth 牙脱失mobility n. 活动度mobilize v.使活动mode n. 方式,模式moderate adj.中等的modify v.更改,修改moist n. & adj. 潮湿(的)moisture n.湿度molecular adj. 分子的molecule n. 分子monitor n.& v.监护仪;监测mood n.情绪,心情mood swings 情绪波动moral adj.道德上的morbidity n. 发病率mortal adj. 致命的mortality n. 死亡率motion n.运动;移动motor adj.运动的mouth n.嘴,口mouthwash n.漱口水,洗口药movement n.运动;活动mucous adj. 黏液的mucus n.黏液multiple adj. 多发性的murmur n.杂音muscle n.肌肉muscular adj.肌肉的mutation n. 变异;突变mutual adj. 相互的Nnail n.指甲nap n. 打盹,小睡nasal adj.鼻的natural adj. 天然的;自然的nausea n. 恶心,反胃near-sightedness n.近视neat adj.整洁的neck n.颈,脖子needle n.针negative adj. 阴性的;负的nephritis n. 肾炎nerve n.神经nervous adj.神经的;神经紧张的nervous system 神经系统neural adj.神经的neutral adj. 中性的night shift 夜班nipper n. 钳子;镊子nipple n.乳头node n.结noise n. 噪音nostril n. 鼻孔nourish v.提供养分;养育nourishment n.营养nuclear adj.核的nucleus n.细胞核numb adj.& v.麻木的;失去知觉nurse v. 给(婴儿)喂奶;护理,看护(病人)nursery n.婴儿室nursing officer 护士长;护理主任nutrient n. 营养物nutrition n. 营养nutritional n.营养的nutritious adj. 有营养的Oobese adj.肥胖的obesity n. 肥胖objective n. 目的observe v. 观察,观测;遵守obstruction n. 阻塞occupation n.职业occupational disease 职业病ocular adj.眼的odor n.气味offensive adj.(气味等)令人讨厌的onset n.(病)发作operate v.开刀;施行手术operating table 手术台operation n.手术oppress v.压抑optimal adj. 最佳的,最适的optimum n.最适度oral adj.口的oral administration 口服给药oral cavity 口腔oral temperature 口腔温度organ n.器官organic adj.有机的organism n. 生物体,有机体original adj. 原始的outbreak n.爆发outcome n.结果out-patient department 门诊部outpatient n.门诊病人ovary n. 卵巢overactivity n. 活动过度;过度活跃overdosage n.给药过量overfeeding n. 喂养过度overweight n.超重oxide n. 氧化物oxidize v.使氧化;使生锈oxygen n.氧PP.E. (physical examination)体检pacemaker n. 起搏器pack n.包;困pain n.疼痛pain relief 止痛painkiller n. 止痛药palate n. 上腭,味觉pale adj. 苍白的;无力的pallor n.苍白palm n.手掌;手心palpation n.触诊pancreas n.胰腺pancreatitis n.胰腺炎panic n. 惊慌,恐慌pant v. 气喘paralysis n. 瘫痪passive adj. 消极的,被动的past history 既往史patch n. 补片,斑patent adj.开放的;专利的pathogen n.病菌;病原体peel v.剥落pelvis n.骨盆;肾盂penicillin n. 青霉素perceive vt.察觉period n.周期;(女性的)经期periodic adj.周期性的personality n.个性;人格pharmacy n.药房;药剂学pharynx n. 咽physical adj.身体的physician n.医师;内科医师physiology n. 生理学physiotherapist n.理疗师;理疗医生pill n.药丸pillow n.枕头pin n.& v.别针;(用别针)别住pinch v. 捏pinkeye n. 红眼病plague n.瘟疫plasma n. 血浆plaster n. 膏药platelet n.血小板pneumonia n.肺炎poisoning n.中毒poisonous adj. 有毒的poorly adv.不良地pore n.毛孔;气孔position n.位置positive adj.阳性的;积极的posture n.姿势potency n. 药物效能potential adj.潜在的pound n.磅pour v. 倾倒;不断流出powder n.粉末practitioner n.职业医师;医生pregnancy n.怀孕pregnant adj. 怀孕的premature adj. & n.早熟的;早产的;早产儿preoperative adj. 手术前的preparation n.准备;制备;制剂prescribe v.开(处方);开(药)prescription n.处方,药方present illness 现病史press v.按,压pressure n.压力prevalent adj.流行的prevent v.预防preventive adj. 预防性的primary adj.原发性的;基本的primary diagnosis 初步诊断priority n.优先private adj.私人的probe n. & v.探针;探查procedure n.程序;手续product n. 产品,产物productive adj.生产性的,产出性的,增生的prognosis n.预后progress n. 进步;进展prolong v.延长,拉长;拖延prominence n. 突出prone adj.俯卧的property n.性质proportion n. 比例prostate n.前列腺protein n.蛋白质protrude v. 突出provide v.提供psychiatry n. 精神病学psychological adj. 心理的,心理学的psychologist n. 心理学家psychology n. 心理学puberty n. 青春期pulse n.脉搏;脉冲pulse pressure 脉压pulseless adj. 无脉的puncture v.穿刺pupil n.瞳孔purify v. 纯化pus n.脓,脓汁Qquality n.质量quantity n. 数量quilt n.被子Rracial adj.种族的radiation n.放射radioactive adj. 放射性的radiology n. 放射学radiotherapy n. 放疗rash n.皮疹rational diet 合理膳食ray n. 光线,射线reactivate v. 使恢复活动rear n. & adj. 后面(的)rebound n. 弹回reception n. 服务台;问讯处receptor n.受体recipe n. 处方recipient n. 接受者;受体recovery n.恢复rectal adj.直肠的rectum n. 直肠recur v.复发reduce v.减少;缩小referral n. 转诊refill v. 再配(处方)reflect v.反应reflex n. 反射(作用) regain v.恢复register vt.登记;注册;挂号registered nurse 注册护士regular adj.常规的;定期的relapse n.& v. 复发;再发relax v. 放松release v. 释放relief n.减轻relieve v.减轻,缓解remedy n. & v.治疗措施; 治疗;补救remit v. 缓解,减轻removal n.切除;移动remove v. 去除,移走renal adj.肾的repair v. 修理;修补replace v.取代repress v. 抑制,压抑resident n.住院医生resist v. 抵抗resistance n.抵抗respiration n. 呼吸respond v.反应resting adj. 休眠的,静止的restless adj.不安的,焦躁的restore v.恢复restrict v.限制retina n. 视网膜reversible adj.可逆的rheumatism n. 风湿病rhythm n.节律rib n.肋骨rickets n. 佝偻病rigidity n. 肌肉僵硬rinse v.& n.冲洗rough adj. 粗糙的;粗略的routine adj.& n.常规(的)rupture v.& n. 断裂,破裂Ssac n.囊safety n. 安全saline adj. & n.盐的;盐水saliva n.唾液salivary adj. 唾液的sample n. 样本;试样sampling n. 抽样;采样;取样sane adj. 健全的sanitarian adj.& n.保健的;保健专家sanitary adj.卫生的scab n.& v.痂; 结痂scalp n.头皮scalpel n. 手术刀scan n.& v. 扫描scanty adj.不充足的scar n.伤痕,伤疤scarlet fever 猩红热scissors n.剪刀screen v.筛选;普查secondary adj.继发性的secrete vt. 分泌secretion n.分泌secretory adj. 分泌的sedative n.镇静药segment n.部分,段seizure n.发作,癫痫发作self-confidence n.自信semen n.精液,精子semiconscious adj. 半清醒的semifluid n.& adj. 半流质(的)sensation n.感觉separate v.使分开,使分离sepsis n.败血症sequence n.顺序serious adj. 严重的;严肃的serum n. 血清severe adj. 严重的;剧烈的sharp pain 锐痛shave v. 剃;刮shivering n.颤抖;发抖shock n.休克shoulder n.肩膀siblings n.同胞(兄弟姐妹)sickness n.疾病side effects 副作用sign n.体征significant adj. 有意义的size n.尺寸,大小skeletal adj.骨骼的skeleton n.骨骼,骨架skin graft 皮肤移植skull n.头骨,颅骨slice n.切片sluggish adj.无精打采的smell n.& v.气味;闻到;发气味smooth adj.光滑的sneezing n. 打喷嚏sodium n.钠solid adj. 结实的;固体的soluble adj.可溶解的solution n.溶液soothe v. 使减轻;安慰sore adj.& n.疼痛的;疮source n. 源头;来源sparse adj.(头发)稀少的spasm n.痉挛specific adj.具体的,特定的specimen n. 标本;样品;样本sperm n.精子sphere n. 球,球体spinal column 脊柱spinal cord 脊髓spine n.脊柱spit v. 吐痰spleen n. 脾sponge n. 海绵,海绵体;(外科用的)棉球,纱布spongy adj. 海绵的spontaneously adv.自发地spot n.斑点;污点spouse n.配偶sprain v.& n. 扭伤spray n.喷雾(剂)spread v. (疾病)传播sputum n.痰squeeze v.挤压stable adj. 稳定的stain v. 着色,染色starch n.淀粉static adj. 静的statistics n.统计学status n. 状态steady adj. 稳固的,平稳的sterile adj. 消过毒的,无菌的;不育的sterility n.不育sterilize v.灭菌,消毒stethoscope n.听诊器stiff adj.僵硬的;不灵活的stimulant n.兴奋剂stimulus n. 刺激;刺激物stitch v.& n.缝合;(缝的)一针stomach n.胃stomachache n. 胃痛stool n. 粪便storage n.储存;贮藏straight adj.直的strength n.力量,力气strenuous adj.使劲的,紧张的stress n. 应激,压力stretcher n.担架stroke n. 中风,脑卒中stupor n.昏睡subclinical adj. 亚临床的;症状不明显的subject adj. v.受制于,使遭受subjective sign 自觉症,主观症sublingual adj.舌下的subside v.减弱,平息substitute n. & v.取代suck v.吮吸suckle v. 吸奶suction n.吸引sufficient adj. 充分的suicide n. 自杀superficial adj.表面的superior adj.上的supervisor n.监督者,管理者supplement n.补充物;填补物supply v.& n.供应;供给品suppress v.抑制surgeon n.外科医生surgery n.外科;外科学;外科手术surgical adj. 外科的survival n. 存活susceptible adj. 易受感染的;易受影响的suture n.缝,缝合swab n. & v. 拭子;药签;拭抹,擦洗swallow n.& v.吞咽sweat n.& v.汗;出汗swelling n.肿胀symmetrical adj. 对称的;匀称的symmetry n. 对称sympathy n. 同情symptom n. 症状syndrome n.综合症syringe n. 注射器syrup n.糖浆system n.系统;体系system review 系统回顾systemic adj.全身的Ttablet n. 片剂tachypnea n. 呼吸急促tactile adj. 触觉的taste n.& v. 味道;品味;发出味道TB (tuberculosis) 肺结核tear n. 眼泪temperature n.温度temporary adj. 暂时的tender adj.触痛的tenderness n.触痛tendon n.腱term delivery 足月分娩texture n. 肌理therapy n. 治疗,疗法thermal adj. 热的;热量的thermometer n. 体温计thigh n.大腿thirst n. 渴感thorax n.胸[腔]threat n.威胁thrill n. 震颤throat n.咽喉throaty adj. 沙哑的throb n. 跳动thrombus n.血栓thumb n. 拇指thump n. 重击thyroid n.甲状腺tight adj.紧的tiredness n.疲劳tissue n.组织toe n.趾;脚趾tone n.调;张力;紧张tongue n.舌头tonsil n. 扁桃体tonsillitis n.扁桃体炎tooth n. 牙齿towel n.毛巾toxic adj. 有毒的toxin n. 毒素trachea n.气管tracheitis n. 气管炎tract n.(解剖)道;束traction n. 牵引tranquil adj. 平静的tranquilizer n. 镇静剂;安定药transfuse v. 输血transfusion n.输血(法);输液(法)transmission n. 传播;传染;传递;传导transparent adj. 透明的transplant v.移植trauma n.外伤traumatic adj. 外伤的;创伤的tray n.托盘treat v.治疗treatment n. 治疗tremor n. 震颤triage nurse 分级护士;检伤护士trial n. 实验trunk n.躯干tumor n.肿块;肿瘤twitch v. & n. 抽搐typhoid n.伤寒Uulcer n.溃疡ultrasonic adj. 超声波的ultrasound n. 超声波ultraviolet n.& adj. 紫外线;紫外线的unbearable adj. 难以忍受的unconscious adj. 无意识的unilateral adj. 单侧的uremia n. 尿毒症ureter n.输尿管urgent adj.紧急的uric acid 尿酸urinary adj. 尿的;泌尿的urinate v. 小便;排尿urine n.尿;小便urology n. 泌尿学utensil n. 器皿,用具uterus n.子宫utilize v.利用Vvaccine n.疫苗valve n.瓣膜variable adj. & n.可变的;可变量variation n. 变异;变种variety n. 多样性varix n.血管曲张;静脉曲张vascular adj. 脉管的,血管的vegetarian n.素食者vein n. 静脉venous adj.静脉的vent n. 出口;通风孔;排气道ventilate v. 通风,换气ventilator n.通风口;通风设备;气窗;排风扇ventricle n. 心室vertical adj.竖直的vessel n.血管viable adj. 能生存的virus n. 病毒vision n.视力;视觉visual adj.视觉的;视力的vital adj.生命的vital signs 生命体征vitality n. 生命力vitamin n.维他命,维生素void vt. 排泄,排尿vomit v.& n.呕吐vomiting n.呕吐vulnerable adj.易受攻击的;易受伤的Wwaist n. 腰,腰部ward n.病房washroom n. 盥洗室wasting n.消瘦watery adj.水样的weight n.重量weight gain 体重增加weight loss 体重减轻welfare n. 幸福wheelchair n.轮椅wheeze v. & n.喘息WHO (World Health Organization) 世界卫生组织windpipe n. 气管withdrawal n. 撤回womb n. 子宫worm n. 蠕虫wound n.创伤;伤口wrinkle n.皱纹wrist n. 手腕,腕关节XX-ray n. X射线Yyawning n.打哈欠yeast n. 酵母Zzinc n. 锌zoology n. 动物。
英语六级易混淆单词区分总结

Stimulate 刺激;鼓舞Simulate 模仿Assimilate吸。
Sensation 感觉Sentiment 感情Sensitive 敏感的Sensible明智的,可感觉的,明白事理的。
Scent香味,踪迹Scene景色Scorn轻蔑Scape花茎Scrap丢弃。
Staff职工Stuff原料,填满。
Sacrifice牺牲,祭祀Survive幸存Royalty皇族Loyal忠诚的。
Violent暴力Violate亵渎。
Transient短暂的Transport运输Transit 运输Transmit传输,发送Translate翻译Transform转换,使变形Traverse横穿Shrewd敏锐的Shred粉碎。
Tribute贡品Construct构造Contribute捐款,贡献Conventional常规的Convenient便利的。
Conclusion结论Comprise包含Compromise妥协Consist of 组成,包含。
compact紧凑impact撞击,影响impetus推动,促进impulse冲动,推动pulsate脉动,有规律的跳动。
Choke窒息Chord和弦Chuck轻拍Cholera霍乱。
Circuit电路,巡回,一圈Circle循环Circus马戏。
Corrode腐蚀Corrupt腐蚀Rot腐蚀cordially热情友好地。
Constitution组织Constituent选民。
Conceive构思,怀孕conception 观念Deceive欺骗Receive接受。
Clarify澄清,阐明clarity清楚,明确Certify证明Collide碰撞,冲突Collision碰撞Collapse崩溃。
Consequent作为结果的conservation保存Sequent结果,连续的,其次的。
Cancel取消Conceal掩饰Cereal谷。
Clasp握紧clamp夹住,固定。
单词文章

AHe abandon his wife, because he can not abide his wife, he could not abide hearing her acid words, she always does not abide by her promise, so he abandon himself to drinking all this day, at the ball, he jumped up and down and waved his arms with abandon, he did anything with abandon, he is a abnormal man ,when he go aboard and go abroad,he abolish the friendship between he and his wife ,his wife had abortion ,his attempt of having a son proved to be an abortion ,Nature resources abound in his country and his river abounds with fish。
One day he was about to go abroad and march abreast with his wife。
He always keep abreast of the last of development of science。
At home and abroad, the rumor was abroad。
There was a abrupt change in the weather ,when his abrupt entrance , I was absent from the meeting ,because of my absence ,she had an absent look on her face。
英语中最常用的3000个单词

英语中最常用的3000 个单词a abandonability ableabortion aboutabove abroadabsence absoluteabsolutely absorbabuse academicaccept accessaccident accompanyaccomplish accordingaccount accurateaccuse achieveachievement acidacknowledge acquireacross actaction activeactivist activityactor actressactual actuallyad adaptadd additionadditional addressadequate adjustadjustment administration administrator admireadmission admitadolescent adoptadult advanceadvanced advantageadventure advertisingadvice adviseadviser advocateaffair affectafford afraidAfrican African-Americanafter afternoonagain againstage agencyagenda agentaggressive agoagree agreement agricultural ahahead aidaide AIDSaim air aircraft airline airport album alcohol aliveall alliance allow ally almost alone along already also alter alternative although always AM amazing American among amount analysis analyst analyze ancient and anger angle angry animal anniversary announce annual another answer anticipate anxiety any anybody anymore anyone anything anyway anywhere apart apartment apparent apparently appeal appear appearance apple application apply appoint appointment appreciate approach appropriate approval approve approximately Arab architect area argue argument arise arm armed army around arrange arrangement arrestarrival arriveart article artist artisticas Asian aside ask asleep aspect assault assert assess assessment asset assign assignment assist assistance assistant associate association assume assumption assure atathlete athletic atmosphere attach attack attempt attend attention attitude attorney attract attractive attribute audience author authority auto available average avoid award aware awareness away awful babyback background bad badlybag bake balance ballban bandbank barbarely barrel barrier base baseball basic basically basis basket basketball bathroom battery battle bebeach beanbear beat beautiful beauty because becomebed bedroom beer before begin beginning behavior behind being belief believe bell belong below belt bench bend beneath benefit beside besides bestbet better between beyond Bible bigbike bill billion bind biological bird birth birthday bit bite black blade blame blanket blind block blood blow blue board boat body bomb bombing bond bone book boom boot border born borrow boss both bother bottle bottom boundary bowl boxboy boyfriend brain branch brand bread break breakfast breast breath breathe brick bridge brief briefly bright brilliant bring British broadbroken brother brown brushbuck budget build building bullet bunch burden burnbury bus business busybut butter button buybuyer bycabin cabinet cable cake calculate call camera camp campaign campuscan Canadian cancer candidate cap capability capable capacity capital captain capture carcarbon cardcare career careful carefully carrier carrycase cashcast catcatch category Catholic cause ceiling celebrate celebration celebrity cell center central century CEO ceremony certain certainly chain chair chairman challenge chamber champion championship chance change changing channel chapter character characteristic characterize chargecharity chartchase cheapcheck cheek cheese chef chemical chestchicken chiefchild childhood Chinese chip chocolate choice cholesterol choose Christian Christmas church cigarette circle circumstance cite citizencity civilcivilian claimclass classic classroom cleanclear clearlyclient climateclimb clinicclinical clockclose closelycloser clothes clothing cloudclub cluecluster coachcoal coalition coast coatcode coffee cognitive coldcollapse colleague collect collection collective college colonial colorcolumn combination combine come comedy comfort comfortable command commander comment commercial commission commit commitment committee common communicate communicationcommunity company compare comparison compete competition competitive competitor complain complaint complete completely complex complicated component compose composition comprehensive computer concentrate concentration concept concern concerned concert conclude conclusion concrete condition conduct conference confidence confident confirm conflict confront confusion Congress congressional connect connection consciousness consensus consequence conservative consider considerable consideration consist consistent constant constantly constitute constitutional construct construction consultant consume consumer consumption contact contain container contemporary content contest context continue continued contract contrast contribute contribution control controversial controversy convention conventional conversation convert conviction convince cook cookie cooking cool cooperation copcope copycore corn corner corporate corporation correct correspondent cost cotton couch could council counselor count counter country county couple courage course court cousin cover coverage cow crack craft crash crazy cream create creation creative creature credit crew crime criminal crisis criteria critic critical criticism criticize crop cross crowd crucial cry cultural culture cup curious current currently curriculum custom customer cut cycledad daily damage dance danger dangerous dare dark darkness datadate daughter day deaddeal dealer dear death debate debt decade decide decision deck declare declinedecrease deep deeply deerdefeat defend defendant defense defensive deficit define definitely definition degree delay deliver delivery demand democracy Democrat democratic demonstrate demonstration deny department depend dependent depending depict depression depth deputy derive describe description desert deserve design designer desiredesk desperate despite destroy destruction detail detailed detect determine develop developing development device devote dialogue diediet differ difference different differently difficult difficulty digdigital dimension dining dinner direct direction directly directordirt dirty disability disagree disappear disaster discipline discourse discover discovery discrimination discuss 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二、反對墮胎的論證
(一)論證一(最通俗的論證) 1・前提:胚胎在剛受精那一剎那已經是人 2・推論:
(1)胚胎是人 (2)墮胎是殺人 (3)殺人是道德上錯誤的行為 因此,墮胎是道德上錯誤的
3・作者的批判: (1)「胚胎是人」的推論犯了謬誤 (2)殺人在道德上一定是錯的嗎?
二、反對墮胎的論證
(二)論證二: 1・前提:胚胎是人(雖然作者並不認為這個前 提是真的)。 2・推論: (1)任何人皆有生存權 (2)胎兒有生存權 (3)女人擁有處置自己身體的權利 (4)生存權比處置身體的權利重要且迫切 因此,胎兒不可以被殺,墮胎是不允許的。
二、反對墮胎的論證
3・對極端論的批判: (1)母親基於自衛所執行的墮胎行為,不能稱 為謀殺。 (2)大部分的焦點集中在第三者可否接受婦女 的要求,而執行墮胎行為。但是從第三者 不能做什麼,不能推出母親不能做什麼。
二、反對墮胎的論證
(四)論證四:弱的極端論 1・基本觀點:為了拯救母體生命的墮胎是可 以被允許的,但不能由第三者執行。 2・對此觀點批判:
二、反對墮胎的論證
3・作者的批判:
(1)舉例:一位知名的小提琴家需要你的腎臟活 命,你未同意就被人綁在床上,和他的循環 系統接在一起。醫生告訴你,只要和他在床 上共處九個月,他就可以復原。 (2)區別仁慈和責任 (3)遭強暴而懷孕的胎兒,他們的生存權比較少嗎?有些墮胎可以被允許嗎?
二、反對墮胎的論證
4・對此論證的討論: (1)如何認定一個行為是有意的或自願的行 為?此論證最多只能證明有些情形下, 胎兒有權使用母體,有些墮胎行為不是 不正義的殺人,但沒有證明:所有的墮 胎都是不正義的殺人。 (2)「應該」不能推出「權利」。
二、反對墮胎的論證
(3)區別心地慈善者(the Good Samaritan)和 最低限度的心地慈善者(the Minimally Decent Samaritan):道德不會要求一個人 為幫助他人而付出很大代價,第三者在這 種情況下可以介入。
一、前言
(三)相關常識 1・受孕3週胎兒就具有人型;第8週以前,醫生 就可以偵測到大腦活動。 2・胎動:懷孕16到20週,母體會感受到胎兒移 動。 3・23或24週以後,胎兒就可以在子宮之外存活。 4・墮胎的危險極低,懷孕8週以前實施墮胎的婦 女,死亡率是100萬分之1,如果和婦女生產 時的死亡率相較,後者是12倍。越早實施墮 胎,危險性越低。
A Defense of Abortion
Judith Jarvis Thomson
一、前言
(一)對墮胎問題常產生情緒 性、不經批判的爭論, 因為它涉及深層的價值 和最基本的想法。墮胎 所涉及的道德內容:權 利、人的意義、母體身 心影響。
一、前言
(二)名詞定義 1・墮胎:透過手段或藥物,故意中止懷孕狀態 的行為。 2・自然流產:不是故意的中止懷孕行為。 3・胎兒(fetus):指從懷孕開始到出生的整個發 展過程。
(1)母親是胎兒住所的擁有者; (2)第三者可以選擇執行正義。
二、反對墮胎的論證
(五)論證五: 1・基本論點:當母體生命不受威脅時,每一個人 都有生存權(the right to life),所以未出生胎兒 的生存權比母親要求墮胎的理由強,因此墮胎 不被允許。 2・討論:生存權是什麼?三種主張
(1)每一個人都有延續生命最小需求的權利; (2)不被任何人殺掉的權利; (3)不被不正義殺害的權利。
二、反對墮胎的論證
3・論證的特點: (1)不同於前面論證,前述論證把胎兒視為 獨立,這個論證則強調胎兒依附於母親, 所以母親對其有特別責任。 (2)此論證強調只有母親懷孕是出於自願行 為的結果,才賦予胎兒進住其身體的權 利。因此這種情形下懷孕不同於被強暴 而懷孕,墮胎就是不正義的行為。
二、反對墮胎的論證
一、前言
5・美國法律對墮胎的一些觀點 (1)1973年有一個判例Roe v. Wade,美國最 高法院判決:女性擁有憲法上的權利,在 一定情況下可以墮胎。懷孕前三個月,女 性的這個權利是不受限制的;為了保護母 體健康,懷孕三個月以後的墮胎可能受到 限制;存活期以後的墮胎,除非是保持母 體健康或生命所必要的手段,否則可能被 禁止,這是為了胎兒的利益,因為此時的 胎兒已經具有人的生命之潛能者。
三、檢討
對支持墮胎者而言,本文有兩個缺點: (一)只證明墮胎不是道德上不允許的,卻沒有 證明墮胎永遠可被道德允許。 (二)雖然證明有些墮胎可被允許,但沒有證明 有權利確保胎兒死亡。
(三)論證三:極端論(the extreme view) 1・基本觀點:即使為拯救母體也禁止墮胎。 2・論證依據:區別殺人和讓人死亡,可以有以上四種 推論方式 (1)直接殺一無辜是絕對禁止的,故不能墮胎; (2)直接殺一無辜是謀殺,謀殺是絕對禁止的, 故不能墮胎; (3)禁止直接殺一無辜的義務比防止一人死亡的 義務重要,故不能謀殺; (4)如果一個人的唯一選擇是直接殺一無辜或讓 某人死亡,必須選擇後者,故不能墮胎。
一、前言
(2)這個判例根據的理由是: a)婦女墮胎的權利是基於個人隱私權這個 基本權利。 b)憲法上所用的「人」(person),並不包 括未出生的胎兒,未出生的胎兒不具有 「人」的完整意義。
一、前言
(3)法院在接下來30年,對這個判例作了一些補 充,包括: a)禁止政府對墮胎的補助; b)除了拯救母親生命之外,禁止公職人員或 機構執行墮胎; c)女性不必告知其丈夫她有墮胎的打算; d)政府不能強加額外的限制阻止婦女墮胎; e)18歲以下的女子想要墮胎,必須得到父母 的同意或法院判決。