Lecture1-Introduction
DS&AL_Lecture1-1--Introduction
Author
Mark Allen Weiss
Publisher Descri ption
Posts &Telecom Press
002
Conclusion 2: Data should be organized for the reason of efficient operation.
Conclusion 1: Unorganized data can not represent information very clearly.
1/17/2011 BUPTSSE 4
What is a Data Structure ?
Example 2
Book ID 001 Book name Data structures and algorithm Analysis in C
This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or other types of data. A data set in a classroom ={ desk 1, desk 2,…chair 1, chair 2…,stud 1, stud 2,…}
Data Element
StudentID First name Last name age 1001 1002 1002
1/17/2011
mark Edwin …
Li zhang ….
BUPTSSE
20 22 ….
Lecture 1-Introduction
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Sources of Images
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Sources of Images
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
• •
Human Vision System Mathematicians
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Prior Knowledge Image models Transformations Methodologies
Impacts?
• • •
Categorization – My Viewpoint
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Image Processing Methodologies
About This Course
Resources?
Scoring policy
Presence – 15% Final exam – 85%
Course Outline
32 hours = 3×10 lectures + 2 for course review Lecture 1 – Introduction Lecture 2 – Digital Image Fundamentals Lecture 3 – Image Transformations Lecture 4 – Image Enhancement Lecture 5 – Image Restorations Lecture 6 – Color Image Processing Lecture 7 – Image Compression Morphological Image Processing Lecture 8 – Image Segmentation Lecture 9 – Representation and Description Lecture 10 – Image Recognition
外贸英语函电201408Lecture1Introduction
eg 1
Date:
June 8, 2008
Dear Sirs, We are in receipt of your letter of 5th July, offering us …. In reply, we regret to inform you that ...
We do not deny that…. We counter-offer as follows… As the market is declining, we recommend your immediate acpt Yours Sincerely, Mike BCD Co., Ltd.
Functions
• 1380 out of 1500 colleges offer this course. • So, why is this course so ?_ _ _ _
Three channels for communications:
Vis-à -vis [‘vizəvi]（面对面） Verbal Written
◆
eg 2
• With reference to our order for…, we are pleased to advise that, after the contract is signed, we shall open with the Bank of China here a confirmed irrevocable letter of credit at sight in your favor, negotiable against your documentary draft at sight drawn on us. The L/C will reach you not later than one month before the stipulated time of shipment.
心理学导论 英文
What is Psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.
• Behavior and mental processes include overt, observable instances but also include subtle kinds of instances, like brain activity.
What is Psychology?
2. Testable Hypotheses
3. Empirical evidence
What is Psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical, state, mental state, and external environment.
What is Psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical, state, mental state, and external environment.
Lecture_1_Introduction
Life in the United States
Life in the United States
The Size of the US
– Imagine that you drove from New York to Los Angeles, stopping only for gas, to eat, and sleep. It would take you four or five days – It takes two days to drive from New York to Florida
Population by Ethnicity
White 71% Black 13% Hispanic 10% Asian 4% Native American 2%
A Nation of Immigration
Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live. The act of leaving one's country to settle in another is called emigration. Immigrants who flee their country because of persecution(迫害), war, or such disasters as famines or epidemics are known as refugees or displaced persons.
科学技术史(英)笔记
科学技术史（英）笔记整理★考点Lecture 1: introductionPossible definitions of “science”:The Latin scientia , root scireAllen Charimos科学始于迷茫，终于更高的迷茫。
★Deng Xiaoping : Science and technology is the first productivity George Sarton: mankind's unique activity of accumulation and progression ★Three aspects of science:1.scientific knowledge科学知识2.scientific methods科学方法3.scientific spirit科学精神Three kinds of research methods of hist of scien&tec:1.annals or chronicles2.conceptual analysis of school of thought :original documents notthe achievements but the mind of those writers思想史学派的概念分析方法3.sociological method社会学的方法:注重科学的社会、文化功能★Functions of history of science & technology:1. to understand sciences better帮助人们更好地理解科学To help people better understand science and application of science ,that is, history of science and application.2. to be a basis of other branchesIt can be a basis of other branches of humanities, a know background basis or a cognition platform for philosophy of science , socioitey of science.3. to bridge liberal arts and sciencesIt can assume its educational function,especially the popularization of science including the understanding of man himself, briding the intercultural rift (conmunication between liberal arts and science ; as buffers between science and humanites)4 . to form a basis for scientific decision-makingIt can form a basis for scientific decision-making,. Recently there have arison some researchs on this aspect worldwide.Lecture 2: Science and technology of the ancient worldAncestry of alphabetic system of writing:腓尼基人★Cancer (巨蟹座)：21st June ~20th JulyAries (白羊座)：21st March~20th AprilLike eye and ear trouble,skin and heart diseasesSurgical equipment made in 2300 BC in BabylonBabylon diseases were described on the clay tablets like eye and ear trouble, skin and heart diseases .surgical equipment made in 2300 BC Lecture 3: Greco-RomanSocrates—Plato------Aristotle----Alexander the GreatAristotelian kinematics:★Motiion of objects on earth fall into 2 types: natural and compulsary Earth-centeredIt's illogical to apply the scientific concepts and inferences applicable to the earthAny objects in motion are propelled by external objects. The speed and propelling force for the motion of objects from the external force are on the right proportion but are on the reverse proportion with resistance.Euclid, virtually founder of the plane geometry.★Archimedes 物理学家，数学家，静力学和附体力学奠基人★杠杆原理lever principle 浮力定律law of buoyancy★Given me a fulcrum, I can propel the earth. Give me a fulcrum and I will turn the earth.Ptolemy(100~170AD)Greek astronomer and geographer.集大成之作《至大论》（约145AD）Ancient Chinese sciences and civilizatiion★Four great invention that have changed the course of the world civilization Paper-making; printing; power; compassConfucius 孔子Menfucius 孟子Taoism 老子Zhuangzi 庄子Mozi 墨子Xunzi 荀子Compendium of Materia Medica 本草纲目东汉Zhang Heng, the famous Chinese astronmerSeismograph as invemted by the Chinese scientist Zhang Heng天坛的祈年殿——祭天祀谷，风调雨顺，国泰民安宇宙理论：盖天说，浑天说，宣夜说★Outstanding achievements of the ancientChinese mathmatics:1.method of numeration记数法2.method of positive and negative ; plus-minus notation正负术3.limit极限4.numerical solution of the equation of a higher degree高次方程的数值解法5.quaternary technique四元术6.congruence expression同余式7.equation方程术8.Jia Xian triangle---Yang Hui triangle贾宪三角——杨辉三角9.method of numeration for the carry digit进位位置记数法★Ancient Chinese concept of scienceAncient Chia brewed a considerable number of very important ideas about sciences(natural concept, scientific conceptand methodology), which has played an important pole of great guidance and influence to the formation and archievements. A scientific theory or a technological invention mayfall in disuse with the historical development and passage of time but scientific concept may be everlasting, retain its eternal chan as time goes by, profoundly enlightenling future souls.chapter 5 Period from the Middle Ages to Renaissance★Significance of the navigation:The navigations have led to the journeys of exploration to discovery more unknown lands , greatly increasing human knowledge about the worldthey live in. More development in other disciplines like navigations and astronomy, making the economy prosper. In addition to the increase of the specific knowledge about the world, journeys of expoloration broadened people’s horizen at that time.Lecture 6: scientific revolutions initiated by the astronomy progress ★Leonardo da vinci (the Renaissance 文艺复兴) Italian painter, architect ★Reformation of the church★The study of Bible 研究圣经德国★Columbus’first voyage On August .3.1492Between 1405 and 1433. Zheng He traveled seven times to the West across the oceans . Zheng He in contrast★Revolutiion initiated by the astronmy progress.★On the revolutions 天体运行论, that the sun is the center of the universe .四大要点：1.The earth is not static.2.The monn is a satellite of earth.3.the sun is the center of the universe.4.heavenly bodies happen to be where they are in a certain order and thereis also law with their motion.Four key figures in answering what has caused planets,especially the earth to be in motion.1.Tycho's main contribution is accurate and compete observation2.Kepler Johaness Kepler turned astronomy from the application ofgeometry into a branch of physical mechanics3.Galileo Galileo revealed the truth behind the heavenly bodies way ofthe telescope and further developed the new(没记)4.Descartes Rene Descartes conceived a finite universe,where no positionor direction is very special and the su is only a fixed star in our region.Tycho Brahe第谷布拉赫1. a great deal of data about planetsTycho's great contribution lies in that he has accumulated a great deal of data about planets through his long observation2. the star” Nova”1572年11月11日，于仙后座发现新星，后命名为“第谷星”3. observation of comets4.successfully cultivated Kepler★Kepler, three laws of Kepler1st law : law of ellipseThe orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci行星沿椭圆轨道绕太阳运动，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上2nd law: law of areaA line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.从太阳到行星的矢径在相等的时间内扫过相同的面积3rd law : the law of harmony调和定律The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.行星绕日一周时间的平方和行星各自椭圆轨道的长半轴的立方成正比R^3/T^2=k★Three legacies 三大遗产1 Copernicus’ Ptolemaic system 哥白尼的日心体系2 Collected data from Tychro's accurate observation - data of position of the constellation. 第谷的精确观测资料——星的位置资料3 （On the Magant 1600）论磁★Galileo 1564年2月15日生于比萨，米开朗琪罗死于3日后★Galileo’s neaphysics 新物理学★A falling body does not depend on its mass.贡献: discovery of the planets of JupiterAccording to Aristotle's theory, every object has its own fixed position. Any object away from its fixed position will come back to its original position.Falling body doesn't depend on its mass.Descartes' mechanical methodology 笛卡尔的机械主义方法论French philosopher, physicist, mathematicianFather of modern philosophy: DescartesFather of modern science: GalileoHis main achievements rest with his philosophy. To him, man or universe is a machine. The influence of his mechanical philosophy is profound, which later became the basic thinking mode of scientists after him. Lecture 8 Newton's era★His virtue of modesty:If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants.★Newton's laws of motion:1.Every object is in a state of rest or in a uniform linear motion ,unlessexerted by an external force.2.The acceleration and the external force of the object are in the rightproportion, the direction of the accelerating velocity and that of the external force are the same.3.There is always an equal counteraction opposite in direction, for everyaction, Newton lays claims to the third law as his discovery. Conclusions about optics: sunlight and the ordinary white light are made up of lights of its own color. These colors are inherent in nature, not caused by prism.★Newton's contributions:1.H has established mechanics as an independent discipline by laying thefoundation for the axioms of the mechanics themselves.通过奠定力学的公理基础把力学确立为一门独立学科。
Lecture_1_introduction
Problems of Vision ?
Vision is deceptive
Problems of Vision ?
Vision is deceptive
Problems of Vision ?
Vision is deceptive
Problems of Vision ?
Vision is Inferable (prior knowledge)
应用
距离数据（range data）/图像数据检索/基于图像的绘制
Related Courses
Image Processing
Scientific / medical imaging Pattern Recognition
Computer Graphics
Learning
Artificial Intelligence
to know what is where, by looking.’’ (Marr) Where? What?
What do we use vision for?
Recognize objects people we know things we own Locate objects in space to pick them up Track objects in motion catching a baseball avoiding collisions with cars on the road Recognize actions walking, running, pushing Emotions, gestures
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
1专业英语简介
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
在英语中可以用名词来修饰名词，在科技英语词汇中 这种用法非常多见。这样的名词两用可简化语言结构， 使文章言简意赅。 earth fault 接地故障 phase fault 相间故障 relay panel 断电器屏 reactor winding 电抗线圈
的繁达多重密切关系的概 念， 使推理严谨，叙述准确。因此在电力英语的句子中 修饰成分、限制成分和各种词组等较多，从而构成长句。 如： The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound. 磁阻电动机是以某一速率同步转动，该速率是由电源频率 和锭子绕指的级数决定的。
这种名词修饰名词的词组还可以进一步发展下去，如： ◦ generator power output 发动机的输出功率 ◦ voltage output converter 电压输出转换器 ◦ power distribution system 配电系统
由于大量使用名词，也就必然要多用介词，从而构 成较多的介词短语。就介词短语本身来说，用“介 词＋行为名词”构成的短语来表示动作的状态，要 比用相应的动词来表示动作要客观一些。如：
在科技英语中多见各种词性的互相转换。几乎每个技 术性名词都同时又可以做同义的形容词。如： variable 变量（名词），变量的（形容词） hybrid 混合物（名词）混合的（形容词） auxiliary 辅机，辅助设备（名词）辅助的, 补助 的（形容词） Optimum 最适宜 （名词）最适宜的 （形 容词） mix 使混和（动词）混合（名词）
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7). Expand Sales Reasons
Firms may increase their sales potentials by defining markets in international terms. Higher sales mean higher profits
Characteristics of Merchandise Import & Export
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Germany America China Japan France Netherlands United Kingdom Italy Canada Belgium 1111.2 1038.3 968.9 649.9 490.4 462.4 448.3 410.6 389.5 369.2
Even though a country produces enough goods, such as cars, at reasonable costs to meet its demands, it may still import cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style.
Why Should We Study Trade?
Studying tradeபைடு நூலகம்can help us find a job related to business easily.
I want to be a boss.
Leading exporters in world merchandise trade (year:2006 Unit: billion dollars)
Picture of the Course
Part One 1 Introduction to International Trade
Definition: the exchange of goods and
services produced in one country with those produced in another country. crossing of national borders/ two or more countries international trade v.s. growing services industry in transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, and wholesaling. Private/other firms and government sponsored activities.
(2) The complexity of business system.
Control and communication system are normally more complex and include political risks, commercial risks, financial risks (high rates of inflation), and transportation risks.
(3) Skilled workers
Many skilled workers, it can produce sophisticated equipment and machinery, such as computers, jet aircraft, and electric generators.
Reasons for International Trade
6). Diversification Reasons(经营多样化 经营多样化) 经营多样化
Companies usually prefer to avoid wild swing in their sales and profits; so they seek out foreign markets and procurement as means to this end. Take advantage of the fact that the timing of business cycles differs among countries. One country that is experiencing recession, they increase in another that is undergoing recovery.
The fundamental characteristic that makes international trade different from domestic trade. Problems may be arisen in international trades that are not normally involved when trading at home.
(4) Economic growth.
It can lead to the full utilization of otherwise underemployed domestic resources. Trade would represent a vent for surplus, or an outlet for its potential surplus of agricultural commodities and raw materials. Expanding the size of the market, trade makes possible division of labor and economies of scale.
Benefits of International Trade
(1) Cheaper goods or services.
A cost advantage. Importer to buy certain goods or services of the same quality at lower prices.
Separate treatment of international trade and domestic trade. The importer and exporter should investigate their political, financial and economic conditions; their policies, laws and regulations governing foreign trade, foreign exchange control, customs tariffs and commercial practices; their foreign trade situation.
One country might trade with another country in order to support the latter’s government which upholds the same political doctrine.
4)Patterns of demand
Resource reasons
(2) Natural resources
Abundance of natural resources. These resources being exported. Tin from Bolivia and oil from Middle East. United States sells its iron ore, Japan automobiles and machinery.
(4) Capital resources
Such as plant, machinery, and equipment. The more capital resources a nation has, the better its chance to free its workers from manual jobs and allow them to work on more important task.
What will be learned?
---Absolute Advantage ---Comparative Advantage ---Opportunity Cost ---Heckscher-Ohlin Theory (Factorproportions Theory) ---The Product Life-cycle Theory ---Competitive Advantage of Nations ---Free Trade Vs Protectionism
REASONS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE
1) Resource reasons
The uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the basic reasons why nations began and continue to trade with each other.
(2) Great variety.
Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers.
(3) Wider market for the supplying country.
It can greatly expand the market.
(5) Favorable geographic location and transport
costs
2) Economic reasons
Countries also want to gain economically by trading with each other.