补充1
把句子补充完整1
请把句子补充完整：有志不在年高，
判断句子运用了什么说明方法：鲸的鼻孔喷出来的气形成一股水柱，就像花园里的喷泉一样。（）
扩句：妈妈在夜晚等待外祖父。
是比喻句的打“√”，错的打“×”：从此，一条时装的河流，源源不断地从我的时装店里流了出来。（）
小学
五年级语文题姓名：评分：
组词：距（）淌（）偏（）喻（）
妈妈和爸爸吵起来，我和姐姐远远的躲着。（改双重否定句）
难道你不知道博览群书的好处吗？（改肯定句）
成语近义词：画蛇添足——囫囵吞枣——掩耳盗铃——
修改关联词：我们既然要学好课内的学习内容，也要多读课外书。
按原文填空：春色满园关不住，＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
பைடு நூலகம்在括号里填上恰当的关联词语：（）怎么拥挤，他（）能左拐右拐地挤过去。
将下列诗句补充完整：__________________________，一片冰心在玉壶。
对号入座：<协商肃立排山倒海开国大典>恭敬而庄严的站着。（）
欲知对岸事，就要渡过河。
船舶货运补充资料1
《船舶货运》补充材料（1）一、单选题例1-6：半淡水水尺超额量是指船舶由时，其平均吃水的改变量。
A．ρ=1.000的水域进入1.025>ρ>1.000的水域B．ρ=1.025的水域进入1.025>ρ>1.000的水域C．1.025>ρ>1.000的水域进入ρ=1.000的水域D．1.025>ρ>1.000的水域进入ρ=1.025的水域例1-7：在装货港货源充裕的条件下，当船舶的舱容系数小于货物的平均积载因数时的装载称为。
A．满舱满载B．满舱不满载C．既不满舱又不满载D．满载不满舱例1-9：货物亏舱系数的大小与无关。
A．货物包装形式B．货物重量C．货物堆垛质量D．货物装载位置例1-10：下列不是亏舱的原因。
A．货物与货物之间存在间隙B．货物与舱壁、横梁等存在间隙C．衬垫及通风道D．装载重货造成满载不满舱例1-11：《载重线海图》对船舶装载水尺的限制与无关。
A．总吨B．开航日期C．船舶尺度D．航经海域例1-12：某船始发港开航d0 = 8.9m，TPC = 25.7t/cm，航行及停泊中油水消耗750t，并计划在中途港卸下1800t后再加装1600t货物，则该船驶离该港时的船舶吃水为。
A．8.82m B．8.39m C．8.53m D．8.41m例1-13：已知某轮的六面吃水为：首左吃水4.50m，首右吃水4.52m，中左吃水4.80m，中右吃水4.88m，尾左吃水5.15m，尾右吃水5.19m；且漂心在船舯后，则由此判断船舶浮态仅存在。
A．横倾B．纵倾C．横倾且纵倾D．横倾、纵倾且纵向变形例题6-1a:在《国际危规》中将装于罐式集装箱内的散装易燃液体定义为________。
A．散装危险货物B．包装危险货物C．液态危险货物D．A、B和C均错例题6-1b:从"水路危规"物质明细表中无法了解某货物的____。
A．主要特性B．积载类C．危险程度D．对应"国际危规"EmS表页码例题6-2a:危险货物主、副标志的差别在于：_______。
毛概辨析题补充`1
辨析题1.社会主义初级阶段是一切进入社会主义必经的起始阶段2.2、我国目前已经进入小康社会，再过20年我们就可实现共同富裕目标了。
3.3、革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
4.4、地区发展不平衡是个普遍规律，因此对东西部差距拉大问题无需特别关注。
5.5、我国社会主义初级阶段实质上就是新民主主义社会。
6.6、社会主义初级阶段的主要矛盾是无产阶级和资产阶级之间的矛盾。
7.1、稳定的社会就是和谐社会8.2、构建社会主义和谐社会的工作方针是必须坚持科学发展。
9.3、构建社会主义和谐社会，关键在党10.4、构建社会主义和谐社会的主要举措是加强社会事业建设。
11.1毛泽东思想就是毛泽东同志个人的思想。
12.2.邓小平理论的内容主要体现在邓小平同志的著作、文章和讲话中。
13.3. “三个代表”重要思想是江泽民的党的建设理论。
14.4、“三个代表”重要思想就是“三个代表”的三句话，并不构成一个体系。
15.5、中国特色社会主义理论体系就是马克思主义中国化的理论成果。
16.6、可持续发展是科学发展观的核心17.7、在当代中国坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系就是真正坚持马克思主义。
18.8、马克思主义中国化实际就是在马克思主义的名义下否定马克思主义19.1、坚持四项基本原则只是对党员的要求。
20.2、开放也是改革。
21.3、革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。
观点错误。
22.4、改革是对我国经济制度、政治制度的根本性变革。
23.5、实行对外开放政策会导致资本主义。
24.6．社会主义制度建立后，国家政治生活的主题是正确处理人民内部矛盾和敌我矛盾。
25.7、按照我国全面建设小康社会的要求，到2020年我国人均国内生产总值将由1000美元达到3000美元。
这是我国社会主义现代化进程中的一个关键时期，它既是一个“黄金发展期”又是“矛盾凸现期”。
稳定与发展似乎成了两难选择。
有人认为，为了确保稳定，就要限制发展。
26.8、在中国社会主义改革与社会主义改造关系问题上，有人说："早知今日，何必当初？"27.1、祖国统一后,特别行政区实行高度自治，中央政府就不能对其事务进行干涉。
[VIP专享]视译补充材料(1)
![[VIP专享]视译补充材料(1)](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/970d3624a417866fb84a8e74.png)
视译―――顺句驱动口译是一项注重意义传递而非仅仅文字翻译的跨文化交际服务活动，其核心在于摆脱语言结构的束缚，“脱离语一言外壳”。
尤其在两种结构差异大的语言之间进行翻译更要抓住深层含义，不惜调整原文结构顺序以求译文符合受众语一言理解的习惯。
但是在视译和同声翻译中进行顺译时译员因受到语言结构差异的干扰，不得不按照句子成分出现的顺序进行断句并整合。
断句指的是不等听完整个句子，甚至才听到几个字就开始说出译文，如同把句子切开，按照听到的顺序，分段处理。
这与笔译原则大相径庭。
口译实战中应尽量争取依照原文的语序口译，以减轻译员压力。
要做到这一点，就需要断句，而断句靠变通，包括词性和句式的变通。
视译多用于法庭口译，也常用作训练同声翻译前的初阶练习，目的旨在使学生学会断句并迅速反应，提高口头表达能力。
视译分视阅口译（sight interpreting with text）和视听口译(sight interpreting with text while listening )。
视阅口译也就是边看边译（但还有准备和无准备区分）。
后者指带稿同传。
视阅口译融阅读理解、断句、记忆、口头翻译等技能于一体，要做到合理分配注意力不是一件容易的事。
边读边译需要译者按照出现的先后把句子切成小段（断句），先阅读到的内容先译，同时迅速转向下一个视幅（eye span），所及的部分，在口译时还需注意目标语的联惯性（coherence）和可接受性(acceptability)，也就是灵活整合。
尽管视译和交替传译的信息摄入渠道不同，但是经过视译训练强化的断句和灵活整合技能有助于提高本科生将复杂的句子“化繁为简”的能力，视译训练还有利于培养学生根据意义单位，进行逻辑分析和准确抓大意的能力，以及熟悉各种体裁模式进而进行预测的能力，最终改善口译表达能力，提高口译效率和质量。
I. Principles for singt interpretation1. Syntactic Linearity 顺句驱动为了避免语言结构重大调整对人脑认知负荷的影响，口译员常常是在总体上依照英文的行文次序，把整个句子切分成意群单位或信息单位，再使用连接词把这些单位连接起来，译出整体意思。
补充习题1
一、选择题1．（）被称为动态主机配置协议。
A、HTTPB、DNSC、DHCPD、RAS2．在DHCP客户机上运行（）命令用来显示TCP/IP的配置信息。
A、PINGB、IPCONFIGC、NETSTATD、ARP3．在DHCP客户机上运行（）命令用来更新IP租约。
A、IPCONFIG /ALLB、IPCONFIG /RELEASEC、IPCONFIG /RENEWD、PING4．在DHCP客户机上运行（）命令用来释放IP租约。
A、IPCONFIG /ALLB、IPCONFIG /RELEASEC、IPCONFIG /RENEWD、PING5．（）是一种安全预防措施，使Windows Server 2003域中的DHCP服务器能在网络中正常运行。
A、作用域激活B、配置作用域选项C、授权DHCP服务器6．以下对DHCP描述正确的是（）。
A、DHCP需要网络管理员手动配置客户机的TCP/IP信息B、DHCP减轻了网络管理员的负担，不需要手动配置TCP/IP信息C、DHCP租约过程分为两步：客户机请求IP，服务器分配IPD、DHCP服务器只需在服务器上运行Windows Server 2003即可，没有其他要求7．在DHCP服务器上为客户机配置选项时，应用范围最大的选项是( )。
A、服务器选项B、作用域选项C、保留选项8．DHCP服务器必须给客户机提供的TCP/IP信息有（）。
A、IP地址B、子网掩码C、默认网关D、DNS服务器9．在DHCP客户机的IP地址配置中，备用配置信息的用途是（）。
A、在使用动态IP地址的网络中，启用备用配置B、在使用静态IP地址的网络中，启用备用配置C、当动态IP地址有冲突时，启用备用配置D、当静态IP地址有冲突时，启用备用配置10．（）称为域名系统，用来将域名解析为IP地址。
A、DNSB、CAC、RASD、DHCP11．下列属于域名空间结构的项目是（）。
A、根域B、顶级域C、二级域D、主机E、反向域12．FQDN一般的格式为（）。
补充内容1：国民收入的决定：收入-支出模型(题目更新)
29
（一）均衡国民收入的基本模型
从总供给看，一国的国民收入等于一定 时期内各个生产要素的供给总和，等于 各个生产要素应得的收入总和，所获收 入不外乎两种用途，消费和储蓄，即 Y=C+S； 由 C+I=C+S 得I=S
（二）趋向于均衡国民收入的过程
从图上看均衡的国民收入 均衡国民收入的计算 乘数原理
ΔY
ΔC
ΔS
36
计算过程
100+100*0.8+100*0.8*0.8+…100*0.8 =100(1+0.8+0.82+….0.8 n-1) =[1/（1-0.8）]*100 =500
投资乘数=1/（1-0.8）=5 ΔY=[ 1/（1-MPC)]*ΔI =5*100=500
n-1
37
2. 乘数的概念
概念：投资乘数：指在一定的消费倾向 下，投资变动引起的国民收入的最终变 动量。
在宏观经济学中，乘数有双重含义 （1）经济中某一自变量发生变动时，所导 致因变量的最终变动幅度； （2）特指投资乘数。
38
3 计算公式
K=
= 1/（1-MPC)
= 1/MPS
投资乘数等于1减边际消费倾向的倒数， 等于边际储蓄倾向的倒数。
最简单的经济体系： 3. 假定折旧和公司未分配利润为零， 这样，GDP、NDP、PI和DPI就相等。
9
一、宏观均衡的概念
（二）两部门经济中的均衡产出 公式：Y=C+I Y--实际产出或收入（剔除价格变动） C—实际消费（剔除价格变动） I-- 实际投资（剔除价格变动） 注意： C—家庭想要的消费（意愿消费） I--家庭想要的投资（意愿投资）
英国文学补充资料1
英国文学补充资料1PART ONE: EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATUREChapter 1. The Making of EnglandⅠ. The B ritons:Before entering upon the study of English literature, it is necessary to know something about the English people. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. From the Britons the island got its name of Britain, the land of Britons. The Britons were a primitive people. They were divided into dozens of small tribes, each of which lived in a clustering of huts. "The oldest Celtic laws that have come down to our day show the gens still in full vitality." (Engels) The Britons lived in the tribal society.Ⅱ. The Roman Conquest:In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror, who had then just occupied Gaul. But as soon as the Romans landed on shore of the island, the Britons fought like lions under the leadership of their chieftain. And with the comings and goings of many Roman generals within the time of a century, Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D.With the Roman Conquest the Roman mode of life came across to Britain also. Roman theatres and baths quickly rose in the towns. All these refinements of civilization, however, were for the enjoyment of the Roman conquerors while the native Britons were trodden down as slaves. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years, during which the Romans, for military purposes, built a network of highways, later called the Roman roads, which remained useful for a long time to come. Along these roads grew up scores of towns, and London, one of them, became an important trading centre. It was also during the Roman rule that Christianity was introduced to Britain. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus ended the Roman occupation in Britain.Ⅲ. The English Conquest:At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. These three tribes landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north, and settled down themselves. The Jutes occupied Kent, in the southeastern corner of the island. The Saxons took the southern part and established some small kingdoms as Wes-sex, Essex and Sussex. The Angles spread over the eastmidland and built the kingdom of the East Anglia. Gradually seven such kingdoms arose in Britain. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English, the Angles being the most numerous of the three. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, which is quite different from the English that we know today.Ⅳ. The Social Con dition of the Anglo-Saxons:Before the Anglo-Saxons settled down in Britain, they still lived in the tribal society. Each group of families united by kinship fixed its home in a separate village. There were chiefs of the war-band, which was composed of young men. The warriors ate the chief's bread and shared the booty. Though the chief had power of life and death over his men, he did not keep them at a distance. He was familiar with them. He would eat and drink with them, would join their amusements and their songs. There was then what Engels calls "the military democracy grown out of the gens." After the conquest of Britain, the social constitution of the Anglo-Saxons went through some rapid changes. "We know that rule over subjugated people is incompatible with the gentile order… Thus, the organs of the gentile constitution had to betransformed into organs of state… The first representative of the conquering people was, however, the military commander. The internal and external safety of the conquered territory demanded that his power be increased. The moment had arrived for transforming military leadership into kingship. This was done." (Engels) Therefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.Ⅴ. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence:The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people. They believed in old mythology of Northern Europe. That is why the Northern mythology has left its mark upon the English language. For example, the days of the week in English are named after the Northern gods. Odin, the All Father, gave his name to Wednesday, Thor gave his name to Thursday, and Frigga, the beautiful goddess to whom prayers were made by lovers, gave her name to Friday. Tuesday preserves the memory of Tiu, another Northern god.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Then monasteries were built all over the country. In these monasteries, at a time when few but monks could read and write, the earliest English books were written down. But as the monks hated the heathen books, they managed to tinge them with someChristian colour which does not go in with the content of the whole thing.Chapter 2. "Beowulf"Ⅰ. Anglo-Saxon Poetry:English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of Old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems. But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is "Beowulf", the national epic of the English people.Ⅱ. The Story of "Beowulf":Beowulf is the nephew of Hygelac, King of the Geats, a people in Jutland, Denmark. News reaches him that Hrothgar, king of the Danes, is in great trouble. Hrothgar has built a great hall. But a terrible monster, Grendel, visits the hall from night to night and carries the warriors away. So the hall is deserted.On hearing the news, Beowulf sails for Denmark with fourteen companions and offers to fight the monster. After a feast of welcome, Beowulf and his companions lie down in the hall for the night. Then Grendel appears, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's men. He next attacks Beowulf, who grapples with him single-handed,because weapons do not avail against him. After a terrible hand-to-hand combat, Grendel retreats mortally wounded, leaving one of his arms with Beowulf. Great rejoicing follows and next night the hall is once more full of joys and songs.But Grendel has a mother. She comes to avenge her son's death by carrying away the chief counsellor of Hrothgar. Beowulf and his companions follow the bloody trail to the edge of a lake. Beowulf plunges into the water, finds the old she-monster and follows her into a hall under the waves. In the desperate combat his sword fails to bite. And at first he almost gets the worst of it if he does not by chance seize a big sword left by the giants of old time. With it he cuts off the head of the she-monster. There, too, he finds the body of Grendel himself and cuts off his head as well. With these trophies he goes back to the hall of the Danish king. The triumph is celebrated by feasting and song. And Beowulf sails home to the land of the Geats.Now, he becomes king and reigns over his people for fifty years. Then it comes to pass that a fire dragon comes out of its den and belches forth its fire to burn the people. Beowulf is an old man now. But he bids farewell to his household and goes to seek the dragon with eleven companions. He fights it single-handed. Again the sword fails to bite, and the hero is enveloped in flames.The dragon is killed at last. But Beowulf is hopelessly wounded too. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero:"Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland,For their hero's passing, his hearth-companionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest to praise."(In modern translation)Ⅲ. Analysis of Its Content:"Beowulf" is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo- Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. Its main stories (the fights with monsters) are evidently folk legends of primitive Northern tribes. Such tribes lived along the northwestern coast of Europe. Back of their settlements were impenetrable forests. In front of them was the stormy northern ocean. They had to fight against the beasts. They had to struggle against the forces of nature, which remained mysterious and unknown to them. When they returned from their exploits and voyages, the warriors would tell stories of strange monsters that lived beneath the sea, or in the marshes and dark forests inland. They were brave but superstitious. Such is thebackground of the marvellous stories in "Beowulf".Beowulf is a grand hero. He is so, simply by his deeds. He is faithful to his people. He goes alone, in a strange land, to rescue his people. He forgets himself in face of death, thinking only that it profits others. Though the poem was written in the tenth century, its hero was no doubt mainly the product of a primitive, tribal society on the continent. It was probably put together in England on the basis of lays brought from Northern Europe by the minstrels. In his manuscripts on English and Irish histories, Engels mentioned the historical significance of "Beowulf" in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.Ⅳ. Features of "Beowulf":The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.Other features of "Beowulf" are the use of metaphors and of understatements. "Ring-giver" is used for king,"hearth-companions" for his attendant warriors, "swan's bath" or "whale's road" for sea, "sea-wood" for ship; such metaphors occurin great numbers. Understatements as "not troublesome" for very welcome, "need not praise" for a right to condemn, give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humour. This quality is often regarded as a permanent characteristic of the English.Chapter 3. Feudal England1) The Norman ConquestⅠ. The Danish Invasion:About 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish vikings. At first, the Danes came only on plundering the country. Gradually, however, they came to make permanent settlements. King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, King Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature. He translated some works from Latin himself. More important as a literary work is the Anglo-Saxon "Chronicle", written under his encouragement and supervision, which begins with Caesar's conquest and is a monument of Old English prose.After his death, the Danes occupied the country in 1013, and held it for 30 years. Then England was once more governed by another foreign ruler.Ⅱ. The Norman Conquest:The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. Revolts were cruelly suppressed and the conquest was completed with sword and fire. It was called the Norman Conquest.William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand. He confiscated the lands of the English lords, and, regarding whole England as his own, bestowed large patches of land to his Norman barons. The Norman barons in turn divided their lands among their own knights. In order to secure the King's authority over his barons, William compelled all vassals to take oath to him directly as well as to their local lords. Then he ordered a great survey to be made of all the land and taxable property in the whole kingdom. The result of the inquiries was enlisted on a roll called the Domesday's Book by the English people. By this means he pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.Ⅲ. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language: After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while theirEnglish subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominent speechin the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language. The situation is typified by the use of the English "calf", "swine" and "sheep" for the animals when tended by the Saxon herdsmen, and of the French "veal", "pork" and "mutton" for the flesh served at the noble's table. 2) Feudal EnglandⅠ. Social Feature of the Feudal England:By the time when England entered the feudal society, the chief feature of the society was distinct division into classes, mainly, two classes: landlords and peasants. Noblemen, knights, bishops, archbishops, abbots and the like, with the king at their head, all belonged to the ruling class who held most of the land. Thepeasants toiled all the year round and paid rent to the gentle folks in grain, service, or cash, with little left to sustain themselves. To rule the people, there was a whole network of church government as well as that of the king's officers. Those who were courageous enough to do or say anything against the feudal order were often condemned as heretics and severely punished, usually burnt alive.Ⅱ. The Miseries of the Peasants:English peasants lived little better than slaves. To make things worse, a disease called Black Death swept over the country (1348-49), and a third of the population perished of this terrible plague. The peasants were compelled to quit their homes in serch of work. Then the King proclaimed a Statute of Labourers (1350) to force them to work at low wages. At the same time, the war between England and France (Since 1337) was prolonged for 40 years. The burden of war expenditure fell upon the common people. In 1379, a poll-tax was imposed upon the peasantry, requiring 4 pence from every poor peasant. Next year, the tax-money was raised to 3 times as much. The peasants were thus completely pauperized.Ⅲ. The Rising of 1381:The peasants could endure no longer, and the famous Rising of 1381 broke out in England. Its leaders were Wat Tyler and JohnBall. John Ball was a poor priest, whose saying,"When Adam delved and Eve spanWho was then the gentleman?"became a slogan for the peasants. One of his sermons has been preserved in Froissart's "Chronicles":"My good friends, matters cannot go well in England until all things shall be in common; when there shall be neither vassals nor lords; when the lords shall be no more masters than ourselves. How ill they behave to us! For what reason do they thus hold us in bondage? Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? And what can they show, or what reason can they give, why they should be masters than ourselves? They are clothed in velvet and rich stuffs, ornamented with ermine and other furs, while we are forced to wear poor clothing. They have wines, spices, and fine bread, while we have only rye and the refuse of the straw, and when we drink, it must be water. They have handsome seats and manors, while we must brave the wind and rain in our labours in the field, and it is by our labour that they have wherewith to support their pomp. We are called slaves, and if we do not perform our service we are beaten, and we have no sovereign to whom we can complain or who would be willing to hear us. Let us go to the King and remonstrate with him; he is young and from him we mayobtain a favourable answer and if not we must ourselves seek to amend our condition." (In modern English translation)The essence of his sermon was not an appeal to the oppressors to mend their ways, but a call to action directed to the oppressed. The rising was treacherously and bloodily repressed, and Ball and his comrades were arrested and hanged. But the peasants' rising had shaken the feudal system in England to the root.3) The RomanceⅠ. The Content of Romance:The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. One who wanted to be a knight should serve an apprenticeship as a squire until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.Ⅱ. The Romance Cycles:The great majority of the romances fall into groups or cycles,as the "matters of Britain" (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table), and the "matters of France" (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers), and the "matters of Rome" (Alexander the Great and so forth). The English versions of these romances were translated from French or Latin. The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature. It has its origin in Celtic legends, its beginning in Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain" (in Latin prose) and Layamon's "Brut" (in alliterative and rimed English verse), its culmination in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" (metrical romance), and its summing up in Thomas Malory's "Mort D'Arthur" (in English prose).Ⅲ. Th e Class Nature of the Romance:The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.The romances were either recited by professional minstrels or written to be read aloud. But in both cases the audience was usually that of the court or of the castle. The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for thenoble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.。
简便运算补充[1]
![简便运算补充[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e73bbbd3a58da0116c174918.png)
减法交换性质：在连减法里，交换任意两个减数的位置，差不变.(1)2869－258－369(2)492－123－87－92 解：(1) 2869－258－369=2869－369－258=2500－258=2242(2) 492－123－87－92=492－92－87－123 =400－87－123=313－123=190例 5 从一个数中连续减去几个数等于从这个数中减去这几个减数的和.(1)613－57－43 (2)1300－120－368－512 (3)10000－2345－1683－3024解：(1)613－57－43=613-(57+43)=613－100=513(2)1300－120－368－512=1300－(120＋368＋512) =1300－1000=300 (3)10000－2345－1683－3024=10000－(2345＋1683＋3024)=10000－7052=2948例 6 从一个数中减去几个数的和等于从这个数中连续减去这几个数.(1)526-(126＋300)(2)4356－(256＋100＋59)解：(1)526－(126＋300)＝526-126-300＝400-300＝100(2)4356-(256＋100＋59)＝4356－(256＋100)－59＝4356-356-59＝4000－59＝3941例 1 加减混合运算的交换律：在加减混合运算中，交换两个数的位置，结果不变.(1)87-46＋39 (2)287-329＋129(3)4682＋7348-964-3028-5326(4)23914-7543-926＋6086-1032解：(1)87-46＋39＝87＋39-46＝126-46＝80(2)287-329＋129＝287＋129-329＝416-329＝87(3)4682＋7348-964-3028-5326＝(4682＋7348)－(964＋3028＋5326)＝12030-9318＝2712(4)23914-7543-926＋6086-1032＝(23914＋6086)－(7543-926-1032)＝30000-9501＝20499例 2 从一个数中减去两个数的差，等于从这个数中先减去差里的被减数，再加上差里的减数.(1)639－(39-28) (2)2408－(408-159)解：(1)639－(39-28)＝639-39＋28＝600＋28＝628(2)2408－(408-159)＝2408-408＋159＝2000＋159＝2159例 3 第一个数减去第二个数再加上第三个数，等于从第一个数减去第二个数与第三个数的差.解：2509-468＋68＝2509－(468-68)＝2509-400＝2109(1)乘法简算【例题】例 1 若干个数连乘，根据乘法的交换律和结合律，可以将其中相乘得整十、整百，整千的乘数先结合起来，再与其他乘数相乘，这样计算起来比较简便.(1)4×67×25 (2)125×(73×8)(3)125×313×4×25×8解：(1)4×67×25 (2)125×(73×8)＝(4×25)×67 ＝(125×8)×73＝100×67 ＝1000×73＝6700 ＝73000 (3)125×313×4×25×8＝(125×8)×(4×25)×313＝1000×100×313＝31300000例 2 若干个数相乘，可以先将其中某一个或几个乘数分解因数，使它与其他乘数相乘得整十、整百、整千的数，再计算出整个算式的结果.(1)25×16 (2)125×64×15(3)125×78×72 (4)12×56×375×25(5)625×37×48解：(1)25×16 (2)125×64×15＝25×4×4 ＝(125×8)×(8×15)＝100×4 ＝1000×120＝400 ＝120000(3)125×78×72 (4)12×56×375×25＝125×8×9×78＝3×(125×8)×7×3×(4×25)＝(125×8)×9×78＝1000×9×78＝3×1000×7×3×100＝702000 ＝6300000(5)625×37×48＝(37×3)×(16×625)＝111×10000＝1110000例 3 几个数同乘以某一个数时，可以根据乘法的分配律，先将几个不同的乘数加起来，然后再与相同的乘数相乘.(1)43×60＋5×60(2)432×88＋162×43＋432×250(3)295×28＋295×71＋295 (4)72＋892×9 解：(1)43×60＋57×60＝60×(43＋57)＝60×100＝6000(2)432×88＋162×432＋432×25＝432×(88＋162＋250)＝432×500＝216000(3)295×28＋295×71＋295＝295×28＋295×71＋295×1＝295×(28＋71＋1)＝295×100＝29500 (4)72＋892×9＝9×8＋892×9＝9×(8＋892)＝9×900＝8100例 4 利用乘法的运算性质进行简算. (1)(375-16)×8 (2)96×15-15×46 (3)33×67-58×33＋33 (4)456×198 (5)102×74 (6)45×28 (7)125×6400 解：(1)(375-16)×8＝375×8－16×8＝3000-128＝2872(2)96×15-15×46＝15×(96-46)＝15×50＝750(3)33×67-58×33＋33＝33×(67－58＋1)＝33×10＝330(4)456×198＝456×(200-2)＝456×200-456×2＝90288(5)102×74＝(100＋2)×74＝7400＋148＝7548(6)45×28＝(45×2)×(28÷2)＝90×14＝1260(7)125×6400＝(125×8)×(6400÷8)＝1000×800＝800000例 5 几种特殊数乘法的简便算法.(1)58×52 (2)67×47 (3)66×91(4)98×97解：(1)58×52(十位数相同、个位数互补) ＝(5＋1)×5×100＋8×2＝30×100＋16＝3000＋16＝3016十位数相同，个位数互补的简便方法是：首位(“5”即十位数)加1的和再乘以首位数作为积的前两位数；末位数(即个位数)相乘的积作为积的后两位数.(2)67×47(个位数相同、十位数互补)＝(6×4＋7)×100＋7×7＝31×100＋49＝3100＋49＝3149个位数相同，十位数互补的速算方法是：首位(“6”)乘以首位(“4”)再加上个位数作为积的前两位(即：6×4＋7＝31)，末位数乘以末位数(个位数)的积(7×7)作为积的后两位数.(3)66×91＝(6×9＋6)×100＋1×6＝60×100＋6＝6000＋6＝6006一个因数是11的倍数，另一个因数个位和十位数字互补(“9”和“1”).速算方法是：首位数(即十位数)乘以首位数，再加上相同数中的一个数作为积的前两位，末位数乘以末位数的积作为积的后两位数.(4)98×97＝〔98－(100-97)〕×100＋(100-98)×(100－97) ＝〔98-3〕×100＋2×3＝95×100＋6＝9500＋6＝9506一个因数减去另一个因数的补数(98-3)作为积的前两位数(95)；两个因数补数的乘积作为积的后两位数.(2)除法简算【例题】例 1 在除法算式中，被除数除以5、25、125的简算.(1)530×5 (2)6600÷25 (3)68000÷125解：(1)530÷5＝(530×2)÷(5×2)＝1060÷10＝106根据上述的计算，可以得到：在一道除法里，被除数除以5，先用被除数乘以2，再消去乘积后面的一个0.(2)6600÷25＝(6600×4)÷(25×4)＝26400÷100＝264根据第(2)小题的计算，我们可得到：在一道除法里，被除数除以25，先用被除数乘以4，再消去乘积后面的两个0.(3)68000÷125＝(68000×8)÷(125×8)＝544000÷1000 ＝544由此，我们可以得到：在一道除法里，被除数除以125，先用被除数乘以8，再消去乘积后面的三个0.例 2 利用除法的交换、分配和结合的性质，进行简便计算.(1)6498÷19÷9 (2)4597600÷25÷4(3)3216÷8 (4)4740÷12(5)5600÷(28×25) (6)67949÷17解：(1)6498÷19÷9＝6498÷9÷19＝722÷19＝38(2)4597600÷25÷4＝4597600÷(25 ×4)＝4597600÷100＝45976(3)3216÷8＝(3200＋16)÷8＝3200÷8＋16÷8＝400＋2＝402(4)4740÷12＝(4800-60)÷12＝4800÷12-60÷12＝400-5＝395(5)5600÷(28×25)＝5600÷28÷25＝200÷25＝8(6)67949÷17＝(68000-51)÷17＝68000÷17－51÷17＝4000-3＝3997例 3 应用除法的性质，可以进行简便计算.(1)(144＋63)÷9 (3)(264-96)÷12(2)1344÷24＋2088÷24＋864÷24(4)2114÷24－1344÷24＋862÷24解：(1)(144＋63)÷9＝144÷9＋63÷9＝16＋7＝23(2)1344÷24＋2088÷24＋864÷24＝(1344＋2088＋864)÷24＝4296÷24＝179 (3)(264-96)÷12＝264÷12－96÷12＝22-8＝14(4)2114÷24-1344÷24＋862÷24＝(2114－1344＋862)÷24＝1632÷24＝68 3.四则混合运算小学数学的简便计算主要是根据四则运算的定律和运算性质，利用数和数之间的特殊关系，能够正确、合理地进行组合和分解、凑整十、整百、整千……的数，再进行计算.【例题】例 1 运用乘法运算定律，凑整十、整百、整千……的数，进行简算.(1)99＋99×99＋99-9999(2)11×11×11-11×11-10解：(1)99＋99×99＋99-9999＝99×(1＋99＋1)－99×101＝99×101-99×101 ＝0 或者：99＋99×99＋99-9999＝99×(1＋99)＋99-9999＝99×100＋99-9999＝9900＋99-9999＝0 (2)11×11×11-11×11-10＝121×11-121-10＝121×(11-1)－10＝121×10－10＝1210-10＝1200或者：11×11×11-11×11-10＝11×11×(11-1)－10＝121×10-10＝1210-10＝1200例 2 在乘法混合运算中，改变运算顺序结果不变，也可以进行简便计算.(1)7÷13×52÷4 (2)(48×75×81)÷(24×25×27) 解：(1)7÷13×52÷4＝(7×52)÷(13×4)＝364÷52＝7(2)(48×75×81)÷(24×25×27)＝48×75×81÷24÷259÷27＝(48÷24)×(75÷25)×(81÷27)＝2×3×3＝18例 3 利用数的分解凑整进行简算.(1)99992＋19999(把一个数分解成两个数的和) (2)34999965÷35(把一个数分解成两个数的差)(3)1991×19921992-19911991×1992(4)33333×33333解：(1)99992＋19999＝99992＋9999＋10000 ＝9999×(9999＋1)＋10000＝9999×10000＋10000＝10000×(9999＋1)＝10000×10000＝100000000(2)34999965÷35＝(35000000-35)÷35＝35000000÷35－35÷35＝1000000-1＝999999(3)1991×19921992-19911991×1992＝1991×1992×10001-1991×10001×1992 ＝1991×1992×(10001-10001)＝1991×1992×0＝0(4)33333×33333＝11111×3×33333＝11111×99999＝11111×(100000-1)＝11111×100000-11111＝1111100000-11111＝1111088889。
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浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
CRC校验码的检错能力 校验码的检错能力 CRC校验码能检查出全部单个错； CRC校验码能检查出全部离散的二位错； CRC校验码能检查出全部奇数个错； CRC校验码能检查出全部长度小于或等于K位的突发错； CRC 校 验 码 能 以 [1- （ 1/2 ） K-1] 的 概 率 检 查 出 长 度 为 （K+1）位的突发错； 如果K=16，则该CRC校验码能全部检查出小于或等于 16 位的所有的突发差错，并能以1-（1/2）161=99.997％的概率检查出长度为17位的突发错，漏检 概率为0.003%；
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
循环冗余编码CRC
循环冗余编码工作原理 G(X)=生成多项式 生成多项式 f(X)=信息位 信息位 R(X)= f(X) xk ⁄ G(X)的余式 余式 R(X)=校验码 校验码 Q(X)=f(X) xk ⁄ G(X)的商 T (X)= f(X) xk + R(X) T (X)=实际发送的信息位 实际发送的信息位 k=G(X)中X的最高指数 中
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
信源
通信信道
信宿
传输差错 产生过程
传输数据 数据信号波形 0 1
数据
噪声 (a)
数据+噪声
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
噪声
数据信号 与噪声信号 叠加后的波形
采样时间 接收数据 原始数据 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 出错的位 (b) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
补充： 补充：基带传输
基带传输在基本不改变数字数据信号频带（即波形） 的情况下直接传输数字信号，可以达到很高的数据传 输速率与系统效率; 在基带传输数字数据信号的编码方式主要有： 非归零码NRZ 曼彻斯特（manchester）编码 差分曼彻斯特（difference manchester）编码
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
循环冗余编码CRC 循环冗余编码CRC 利用事先生成的多项式G(X)去除要传送的信息多项式， 利用事先生成的多项式G(X)去除要传送的信息多项式， G(X)去除要传送的信息多项式 得到的余式就是所需要的循环冗余编码。 得到的余式就是所需要的循环冗余编码。 接收端， 接收端，先对传送过来的码字用发送时的同一多项式去 若能除尽，则说明明传输正确。否则，传输错误。
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
误码率定义： 二进制比特在数据传输系统中被传错的概率， 它在数值上近似等于： Pe = Ne/N 其中，N为传输的二进制比特总数 Ne为被传错的比特数
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
讨论
误码率应该是衡量数据传输系统正常工作状态下 传输可靠性的参数； 对于一个实际的数据传输系统，不能笼统地说误 码率越低越好，要根据实际传输要求提出误码率 要求； 对于实际数据传输系统，如果传输的不是二进制 比特，要折合成二进制比特来计算； 差错的出现具有随机性，在实际测量一个数据传 输系统时，只有被测量的传输二进制比特数越大， 才会越接近于真正的误码率值。
接收正确 接收出错
数据字段 校验字段 f(x).x
k
R(x) 发送
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
举例： 举例：
G(x)
1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Q(x) k f(x) .x
差错产生的原因和差错类型
传输差错 — 通过通信信道后接收的数据与发送数据 不一致的现象; 差错控制 — 检查是否出现差错以及如何纠正差错； 通信信道的噪声分为两类：热噪声和冲击噪声； 由热噪声引起的差错是随机差错，或随机错； 冲击噪声引起的差错是突发差错，或突发错； 引起突发差错的位长称为突发长度； 在通信过程中产生的传输差错，是由随机差错与突发差错 共同构成的。
R(x)
1 1 0 0 1 1 发送数据 比特序列
1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
CRC校验码 比特序列
带CRC校验码的 发送数据比特序列
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
标准CRC生成多项式 （x） 生成多项式G（ ） 标准 生成多项式
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
已知CRC生成多项式为 X)= x4 +x +1，设要传 生成多项式为G( 已知 生成多项式为 ， 送的码字为10110（从左向右传送），试计算校验码？ ），试计算校验码 送的码字为 （从左向右传送），试计算校验码？ 某一个数据通信系统采用CRC校验，生成多项式 校验， 某一个数据通信系统采用 校验 G(X)的二进制比特序列为 的二进制比特序列为11001，目的节点接收到的 的二进制比特序列为 ， 二进制比特序列为110111001（含CRC校验码）请判 校验码） 二进制比特序列为 （ 校验码 断传输过程中是否出现了差错？为什么？ 断传输过程中是否出现了差错？为什么？
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
补充： 补充：基带传输
差分曼彻斯特（ 差分曼彻斯特（difference manchester）编码 ）
差分曼彻斯特编码与曼彻斯特编码不同点主要是： 每比特的中间跳变仅做同步之用； 每比特的值根据其开始边界是否发生跳变来决 定; 一个比特开始处出现电平跳变表示传输二进制0, 不发生跳变表示传输二进制1。
CRC-12 CRC-16 CRC-CCITT CRC-32 x10 G（x）= x12+x11+x3+x2+x+1 G（x）= x16+x15+x2+1 G（x）= x16+x12+x5+1 G（x）= x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+ +x8+x7+x5+x4 + x2+x+1
补充： 补充：基带传输
曼彻斯特（ 曼彻斯特（manchester）编码 ） 曼彻斯特编码的规则： 每比特的周期T分为前T/2与后T/2两部分； 通过前T/2传送该比特的反码，通过后T/2传送该比特 的原码； 曼彻斯特编码的优点： 每个比特的中间有一次电平跳变，两次电平跳变的时 间间隔可以是T/2或T; 利用电平跳变可以产生收发双方的同步信号; 曼彻斯特编码信号又称做“自含钟编码”信号，发送曼 彻斯特编码信号时无需另发同步信号。
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
检错码与纠错码
纠错码： 每个传输的分组带上足够的冗余信息； 接收端能发现并自动纠正传输差错。 检错码: 分组仅包含足以使接收端发现差错的冗余信息； 接收端能发现出错，但不能确定哪一比特是错的， 并且自己不能纠正传输差错。
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
常用的检错码
奇偶校验码 垂直奇（偶）校验 水平奇（偶）校验水平 垂直奇（偶）校验（方阵码） 循环冗余编码CRC 目前应用最广的检错码编码方法之一
补充： 补充：基带传输
基带传输的定义 在数据通信中，表示计算机二进制的比特序列的数字数据 信号是典型的矩形脉冲信号; 矩形脉冲信号的固有频带称做基本频带,简称为基带,矩形 脉冲信号就叫做基带信号; 在数字通信信道上，直接传送基带信号的方法称为基带传 输; 在发送端，基带传输的数据经过编码器变换变为直接传输 的基带信号，例如曼彻斯特编码或差分曼彻斯特编码信号; 在接收端由解码器恢复成与发送端相同的矩形脉冲信号; 基带传输是一种最基本的数据传输方式
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
补充： 补充：基带传输
非归零码NRZ 非归零码 NRZ码的缺点是无法判断一位的开始与结束，收 发双方不能保持同步； 为保证收发双方的同步，必须在发送NRZ码的同 时，用另一个信道同时传送同步信号； 如果信号中“1”与“0”的个数不相等时，存在直 流分量。
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
补充： 补充：基带传输
数字数据编码信号的波形
数据
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
(a)非归零码 同步时钟
(b)曼彻斯特编码
(c)差分曼彻斯特编码
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
补充：频带传输 补充：
频带传输的定义 幅度调制（ASK） 频率调制（FSK） 相位调制（PSK）
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
差错控制
差错产生与差错控制方法
为什么要设计数据链路层 在原始物理传输线路上传输数据信号是有差错的； 设计数据链路层的主要目的： 将有差错的物理线路改进成无差错的数据链路； 方法 — 差错检测 差错控制 流量控制 作用：改善数据传输质量，向网络层提供高质量的服务。
浙江商业职业技术学院 信息系
发送方
接收方
发送数据 f(x) 生成多项式 G(x)
发送数据 f '(x) 生成多项式 G(x)
. f(x) x R(x) =Q(x)+ G(x) G(x)
k
. f'(x) x R'(x) =Q(x)+ G(x) G(x)
k
实际发送:
.xk+R(x) f(x)
R'(x)=R(x) R'(x)=R(x)