托福真题- 10月13日新托福测试阅读真题

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TOEFL托福阅读理解真题

TOEFL托福阅读理解真题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读真题1It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species death vary from situation to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species. For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth. Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct at the same time — a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life. Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago, when approximately 95 percent of all species died,mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop, affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic extinction might be due to intersection of the Earths orbit with a cloud of comets, but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that extinction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive for no particular reason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.1. The word it in line 3 refers to(A) environment(B) species(C) extinction(D) 99 percent2. The word ultimately in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) exceptionally(B) dramatically(C) eventually(D) unfortunately3. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earths history(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.(D) They are no longer in existence.4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecologicalchange?(A) Temperature changes(B) Availability of food resources(C) Introduction of new species(D) Competition among species5. The word demise in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) change(B) recovery(C) help(D) death6. Why is plankton mentioned in line 17?(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species.(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in theocean.(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.7. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that(A) Extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earths history.(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive(C) There has been only one mass extinction in Earths history.(D) Dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.8. The word finding in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) published information(B) research method(C) ongoing experiment(D) scientific discovery9. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory mentioned in Line 21-23?(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it.(B) Evidence to support the theory has recently been found.(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.10. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species survival?(A) It reflects the interrelationship of many species.(B) It may depend on chance events.(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.11. According to the passage , it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred(A) 26 million years ago(B) 65 million years ago(C) 225 million years ago(D) 250 million years agoPASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C托福阅读真题2Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C.,they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.But it was not until the 1890s that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890s have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probablythe(A) Babylonians(B) Subarians(C) Akkadians(D) Sumerians2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguished(B) segregated(C) concentrated(D) conquered3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) equivalent to(B) important for(C) respected in(D) familiar with4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of thefollowing EXCEPT:(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.(B) They had established themselves in cities.(C) They had started to communicate through(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.5. The word some in line 14 refers to(A) Archaeologists(B) Sumerians(C) years(D) clay tablets6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?(A) They were descendants of the Persians.(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.(C) They were accomplished musicians.(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tabletsinscribed in Sumerian?(A) in the early nineteenth century(B) more than 150 years ago(C) after the 1890s(D) in the mid-eighteenth century8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek andLatin?(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.(C) It became a classical language.(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) living(B) digging(C) assembling(D) building10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?(A) by translating the work of the Subarians(B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages(C) by comparing Sumerian to other classical languages(D) by using their knowledge of AkkadianPASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD托福阅读真题3Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing.Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the suns position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of anounce, could have inferred the location of the new site.Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratoryexperiments.2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?(A) Selecting among choices(B) Anticipating events to come(C) Remembering past experiences(D) Communicating emotions3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site(B) To communicate the location of food(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available4. The word yet in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) however(B) since(C) generally(D) so far5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability(B) vary among individuals within a species(C) be related to food consumption(D) correspond to levels of activity7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools8. The word rudimentary in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) superior(B) original(C) basic(D) technical9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)that young chimpanzees have difficulty(A) communicating with their mothers(B) adding quantities(C) making choices(D) opening hard nuts10. The phrase the one in line 24-25 refers to the(A) study(B) pair(C) chimpanzee(D) ability11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips thatchimpanzees(A) lack abilities that other primates have(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities(D) have difficulty selecting when given choicesPASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB C。

新托福试题及答案

新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。

1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。

B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。

2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。

2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。

2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。

3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。

3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。

B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。

4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。

4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。

3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。

答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。

它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。

B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。

答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。

定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。

4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。

答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。

托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总

托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总提升阅读速度，把握做题技巧，是拿到托福阅读高分必需要突破的两个方面，那么详细的托福备考的过程中，大家应当运用哪些资料来备考呢?学习啦为大家带来了托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总，供大家练习。

托福阅读真题1Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses aneasy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities2. The word ingenuity in line 2. is closest in meaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization3. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its(B) situation(C) site(D) function4. According to the passage , a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to thecitys(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies5. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT its(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain6. The word characteristics in line 14 is closest in meaning to(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants7. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introduce a new study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example8. According to the passage , Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in(A) size of population(B) age(C) site(D) availability of rail transportation9. The word functional in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) alternate(B) unknown(C) original(D) usable10. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) account(B) primacy(C) connection(D) hinterland11. The word significant in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) threatening(B) meaningful(C) obvious(D) availablePASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA B托福阅读真题2The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920s, marked the twentieth centurys first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans ofEuropean descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them. Thus, though the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its impact on American art and culture continues to the present.The district in New York City known as Harlem was the capital of the movement. In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism, take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) African American paintings in the 1920s(B) An arts movement of the 1920s(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music2. According to the passage , Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance(B) their development of a new style of African American art(C) they way in which they depicted African Americans in their paintings(D) their independence from European artistic traditions3. The word them in line 11 refers to(A) Americans of European descent(B) paintings(C) African American artists(D) attitudes4. According to the passage , African American artists of the 1920s differed from earlier AfricanAmerican artists in terms of their feelings about(A) themselves(B) other artists(C) their impact on American art(D) stereotypes5. The word urged in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) defined(C) permitted(D) encouraged6. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artisticmovement EXCEPT(A) pride in African art(B) cultural pluralism(C) collaboration with other artists(D) withdrawal from American culture7. In mentioning the pulse and beat (line 25) of Harlem during the 1920s, the author ischaracterizing the district as one that(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city(B) grew economically in a short period of time(C) was an exciting place to be(D) was in danger of losing population8. The word convergence in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) gathering(B) promotion(C) expression(D) influence9. According to the passage , all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920s EXCEPT:(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.(D) It was a unique cultural center.10. The phrase carried on in line 30 is closest in meaning to(A) continued(B) praised(C) transformed(D) connectedPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA托福阅读真题3ffeterd spanning in line 18d- The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today — summed up, not altogether accurately, as research and development. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed for the application of science wasengineering science rather than basic science.Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness — if not understanding — of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage ?(A) To show how technology influenced basic science(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application2. The word altogether in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) completely(B) realistically(C) individually(D) understandably3. The word intensive in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) decreased(B) concentrated(C) creative(D) advanced4. The list mentioned in line 13 refers to(A) types of scientific knowledge(B) changes brought by technology(C) industries that used scientific techniques(D) applications of engineering science5. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based onwhich of the following?(A) Engineering science is not very important.(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.6. The word it in line 16 refers to(A) understanding(B) public awareness(C) scientific knowledge(D) expansion7. The word assumption in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) regulation(B) belief(C) contract(D) confusion8. Why does the author mention consultants in line 25?(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science9. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA托福阅读真题4Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow,the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation — a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals — finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice.1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effect of glaciers on climate(B) Damage from glaciers(C) Glacier formation(D) The location of glaciers2. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?(A) Increased water and air content(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations(D) Movement of the glacier3. The word bound in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) covered(B) chosen(C) planned(D) held4. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?(A) Air(B) Pressure(C) Weight(D) Rocks5. According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary forglacial ice to form?(A) several months(B) several years(C) at least fifty years(D) a century6. The word converted in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) changed(B) delayed(C) promoted(D) dissolved7. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three?(A) To define two types of glaciers(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice(C) To present theories of glacier formation(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types8. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?(A) Only near the surface(B) In pools of various depths(C) In a thin layer below the firm(D) In tunnels9. The word it in line 21 refers to(A) formation(B) ice(C) thickness(D) weight10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier(A) can revert to a fluffy mass(B) maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD托福阅读原文题目及答案汇总。

托福试题及答案

托福试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音材料，以下哪个选项是学生和教授讨论的主题？A. 气候变化对农业的影响B. 城市规划中的交通问题C. 历史事件的解读方法D. 当代艺术的发展趋势答案：C2. 录音中提到的“sustainable development”是指什么？A. 经济的持续增长B. 社会公平与环境的和谐C. 技术的不断进步D. 人口的稳定增长答案：B二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章，作者认为解决能源危机的最好方法是：A. 开发可再生能源B. 提高能源效率C. 减少能源消费D. 增加传统能源的开采答案：A2. 文章中提到了哪种新型能源技术？A. 太阳能发电B. 风力发电C. 地热能D. 生物燃料答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请根据以下情景，描述你如何解决一个团队中的冲突。

- 情景：你和你的团队成员在项目截止日期临近时，因为分工问题产生了分歧。

答案：在面对团队中的冲突时，首先我会组织一个团队会议，让每个成员表达自己的观点和担忧。

然后，我会尝试找到一个平衡点，确保每个人的工作量合理分配。

如果必要，我会提出调整分工的建议，并确保每个人都同意这个新的方案。

最后，我会设定一个明确的新截止日期，以确保项目能够按时完成。

2. 描述一次你使用创造性思维解决问题的经历。

答案：在我的大学时期，我参加了一个创新设计比赛。

我们团队面临的挑战是如何设计一个既环保又经济的包装材料。

通过团队的头脑风暴，我们想到了使用可降解的生物材料作为包装。

我们进行了多次实验，最终开发出了一种新型的包装材料，它不仅满足了环保要求，而且成本低廉，最终我们的设计在比赛中获得了一等奖。

四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 根据以下提示写一篇议论文。

- 提示：随着科技的发展，人们越来越依赖智能手机。

讨论智能手机对人们日常生活的积极和消极影响。

新托福真题：2013托福阅读考试真题及答案解析(3)

任何饮食习惯都无法违反热力学定律，即使现在充斥各种神奇的减重方法，减轻体重的唯一方法只有消耗的热量。

但新的研究指出增加体重的身体位置可以提供线索来决定那种饮食习惯将最适合你。

【Section One】ArticleNo diet has ever been able to defy the laws of thermodynamics. Whether you go low carb, low fat, low this or low that, the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories than you consume. Even the new "it" diet, volumetrics—which uses fancy terms such as energy density and satiety to describe why filling up on certain low-calorie, water-based foods like celery makes you less hungry—can‘t mir aculously melt away fat. But new research indicates that where on your body you pack onextra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.It is already widely accepted that even the most rigorously adhered-to diet will not produce the same results from person to person. Some of us are simply genetically predisposed to burn more calories more efficiently than others. Restricting those calories, as you do on a diet, will similarly lead to differing results. But the biggest wild card in the diet game may be how you crank out insulin.As digestion breaks down much of what we eat into sugary,energy-rich fuel that helps keep us on the go, insulin triggers the body to store excess sugar floating around the bloodstream as fat. Insulin was particularly important in our caveman days, when we needed theenergy from one meal to last as long as possible, until we had hunted down the next. "Insulin is the hormone of feast," says Gary D. Foster, director of the center for obesity research and education at the Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia.But nowadays, with food so plentiful that groups like Weight Watchers are making a fortune promoting portion control, our insulin is often forced to work overtime, sweeping up the excess carbohydrates we pour into our system from candy bars or fruit juice or starchy foodslike pasta. Sometimes insulin can do such a good job of responding to a spike in blood sugar that it causes those levels to quickly drop. Thisin turn can lead to feelings of hunger shortly after a big meal. Forthis reason, many scientists think insulin‘s ride on the blood-sugar roller coaster may be a stimulus for overeating and, as a result, weight gain. It would be nice if there were an easy way to determine howaggressive your particular insulin response is, and now it appears there is.In a study of 73 obese adults published last month in theJournal of the American Medical Association (J.A.M.A.), Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at the Children‘s Hospital Boston, and his colleagues looked at high- and low-insulin secretors. People who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. People who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat aroundtheir hips—the pear shape. Those differences are more thanaesthetic.Low-secreting, pear-shaped people will do equally well oneither type of diet. But the results went deeper than simply how much weight was lost.Over the course of six months, high-secreting, apple people lost an average of 6 kg on a low-glycemic diet and just 2.3 kg on a low-fat diet. Low-secreting, pear people lost about 4.5 kg on both diets. At the end of 18 months, however, the pear-shaped people had gained back halfof the weight they had lost on either diet. Apple-shaped people gained back almost 1.4 of the 2.3 kg they lost on the low-fat diet but kept off all the weight they lost on the low-glycemic diet. While the study isre vealing, almost nothing about it is simple. It‘s not clear just what the mechanism is that links body shape and insulin levels—a crucial detail if scientists are going to understand the full implications of their findings. More important, nothing suggests that apple-shapedpeople should simply dash out to sign up for an Atkins-type low-carbohydrate diet.True, a large report published in J.A.M.A. earlier this year showed that regardless of body shape, Atkins produces the greatestshort-term weight loss. ("If you want to look good in your wedding gown, I would go for Atkins," says Dr. Anastassios Pittas, assistant professor of medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine.) But adherents tend to fall off the low-carb wagon and quickly gain back unwanted kilograms. What‘s more, the Atkins diet allows only a small fraction of caloriesto come from carbs, compared with 40% on the new study‘s low-glycemic regimen. The more balanced diet allows—indeed, encourages—people toeat whole-grain cereals and other complex carbs that take longer to digest and thus don‘t cause the rapid fat production that accompanies spikes in blood sugar. Atkins‘ more restrictive regimen may reduce fateven faster, but people lose weight on both diets. "Atkins just does it with a bludgeon instead of a chisel," says Ludwig.What‘s clearer from the study is that apple-shaped people should probably not choose low-fat diets, because the white rice or other types of simple carbs they are still allowed to eat may have a yo-yo effect on blood-sugar levels, making them hungrier sooner. The study didn‘t evaluate whether these people would do better on an Ornish-style vegetarian diet that restricts fat intake and has dieters make up the difference by eating lots of complex carbs, such as brown rice and oats—which are high in fiber and tend to make people feel fuller longer—as well as low-sugar fruits like blueberries.。

托福阅读TPO13（试题+答案+译文）第1篇：TypesofSocialGroups

托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TypesofSocialGroups为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读原文Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; weview the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense ofoneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.托福阅读试题1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.delicateB.elaborateC.privatemon2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true ofa relationship?A. It is a structure of associations with many people.B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.C. It places great demands on people.D. It develops gradually overtime.3.The word endowing in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.leavingB.exposingC. providingD. understanding4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.enlargeB.evaluateC. impressD. accept8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that providesocial solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9.This passage is developed primarily byA.drawing comparisons between theory and practiceB.presenting two opposing theoriesC.defining important concepts and providing examples of themD.discussing causes and their effects10.T he word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning toA.detractB.advanceC.selectD.depart11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the groupB.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the groupC.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the groupD.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate whe re the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.A.Developing socially acceptable behaviorB. Working together against competitorsC.Experiencing pressure from outside forcesD.Viewing people as a means to an endE.Existing for practical purposesF.Providing meaning for life situationsG.Involving close relationships1 )Primary GroupsA B C D E F G2 )Secondary GroupsA B C D E F G托福阅读答案plex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。

托福试题全部及答案

托福试题全部及答案1. Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:In the realm of environmental conservation, the concept of sustainable development has gained significant traction over the past few decades. It is predicated on the idea that economic growth and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive but can coexist harmoniously. The key to achieving this balance lies in the efficient use of resources, the implementation of eco-friendly practices, and the promotion of policies that prioritize both economic and ecological health.Question 1: What is the primary focus of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Efficient use of resourcesD) Both A and BAnswer: D) Both A and BQuestion 2: According to the passage, what is essential for achieving a balance between economic growth and environmental protection?A) Inefficient use of resourcesB) Implementation of eco-friendly practicesC) Neglect of policiesD) Overexploitation of resourcesAnswer: B) Implementation of eco-friendly practices2. Directions: Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions that follow.Conversation:Speaker 1: "I've been learning about the history of the internet and it's fascinating how it has transformed our lives."Speaker 2: "Absolutely, it's hard to imagine life without it now. It's become an integral part of our daily routines."Question 1: What are the speakers discussing?A) The history of the internetB) The future of the internetC) The impact of the internet on daily lifeD) The disadvantages of the internetAnswer: C) The impact of the internet on daily lifeQuestion 2: What does Speaker 2 imply about the internet?A) It is a new inventionB) It is a luxuryC) It is an essential part of daily lifeD) It is a hindrance to daily routinesAnswer: C) It is an essential part of daily life3. Directions: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate words from the list provided.List of words:a) accelerateb) diminishc) enhanced) mitigatee) prosperSentence 1: The introduction of new technologies has the potential to _____ the economy.Answer: c) enhanceSentence 2: The company's profits have _____ significantly due to poor management.Answer: b) diminishSentence 3: The government is implementing policies to _____ the effects of climate change.Answer: d) mitigateSentence 4: The new highway will _____ traffic congestion in the city.Answer: a) accelerateSentence 5: The small business _____ after receiving a large investment.Answer: e) prosper4. Directions: Write an essay on the following topic: "The Role of Education in Promoting Social Equality."In your essay, you should:- Discuss the importance of education in reducing social inequalities.- Explain how education can empower individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds.- Provide examples of educational policies or programs that have been successful in promoting social equality.Essay:Education plays a pivotal role in promoting social equality by providing individuals with the tools and knowledge necessary to succeed in life. It is a powerful equalizer that can break the cycle of poverty and empower individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds. By offering equal access toquality education, societies can reduce social inequalities and create a more level playing field for all.One of the ways education can empower individuals is by providing them with the skills and qualifications needed to secure better job opportunities. For instance, vocational training programs can equip individuals with practical skills that are in high demand in the job market, thus increasing their chances of employment and improving their economic prospects.Moreover, educational policies and programs that focus on inclusivity and accessibility have proven successful in promoting social equality. For example, scholarship programsfor underprivileged students can ensure that financial constraints do not hinder their pursuit of education. Similarly, affirmative action policies in higher education institutions can provide equal opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds.In conclusion, education is a cornerstone of social equality. It has the potential to transform lives and societies by fostering a more inclusive and equitable world. By investing in education, we invest in the future of our communities and the well-being of all individuals.Note: The essay provided is a sample response and should be tailored to the specific requirements of the prompt.。

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托福真题: 10月13日新托福测试阅读真题
考试日期 2012.10.13Passage 1Title:Is Panspermia Possible?大致内容 1996年发现了一个15 million years以前的陨石之类的，含有微生物，而且其中一些活过来了，这提起了科学家继续研究panspermia的兴趣（有题，这个概念在1996年很久以前就被提出了）。

举了一些例子，1. 陨石crust外面的磁场很强，但是往里几厘米就渐弱很多，所以内部无法产生高温，无法让陨石飞行和降落。

但是后来发现，其实是可以的；2. 又发现了一个一百多million以前的陨石之类的，里面也有微生物可以活过来，证明了之前的假设。

而且，还做了实验，把细菌暴露在外太空的低温下。

Passage 2Title:Sea Lions大致内容 sea lion数量减少的原因。

一开始科学家们认为是因为大量的捕猎造成的数量减少，还做了实验，四个地方，两个禁止捕鱼，另外两个不禁止。

一个professor带的团队认为是其他的原因。

是因为killer whale吃掉的太多了。

原因：因为原来killer whale吃的大型whale被人类捕杀了很多（有题），所以killer whale开始shift它的diet到小一点的动物上。

有例子证明，在大型whale数量减少的时候，其他一些动物
的数量也接连的在减少（有题）。

科学家debate how often killer whale吃其他动物，但是他们承认killer whale是原因之一。

最后一段是那个professor带领学生采集数据发现killer whale改变1%的diet就造成了这么大的影响（有题），scientist也在怀疑这个结论。

Passage 3Title:the Rise of Constantinople大致内容说的是君士坦丁堡这个城市的建立。

先说这个城市是由皇帝建立的，用皇帝的名字命名（这里出现了一个日期，有题），虽然刚开始还很弱小，但很快就发展壮大。

第二段说它的壮大的原因是地理位置很好，城市本身坐落在一个三角半岛的小山丘上，旁边全是悬崖。

整个城区成为一个重要的军事要塞，易守难攻。

此处也是从黑海前往爱琴海的通路（有题）。

此外，此处还有自然深水港湾（有题），港湾边界还有链子围起来成为一个安全区域（有题），可供船只停泊。

自古以来就是世界各地商船汇集的地方，处在交通要道，拥有深水港，是船的休息的中转站。

皇帝对这些船进行征税。

然后说了它的贸易发达，很多货物都运往这里（有题，问为什么举很多货物的例子），发展模式是沿用罗马模式，给民众发放免费食物，还有发展娱乐业，比如马戏团，文化产业繁荣。

第三段说繁荣的第三个因素是城市规划的很好，建了很多建筑，采用罗马模式，但是又因地制宜（有题）。

还讲了建了很多神明的雕塑，有最新的，也有传统的希腊神（有题），最后总结了一下。

点
评：2012年10月13日新托福考试重复2011年10月29日北美考题。

词汇题：acclaimed, episode, mysteriously, institute, insistent等。

相关推荐：托福考试官方报名入口。