Chapter 3 PART TWO
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
语言学简明教程Chapter 3
1
3.1 Introduction
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns(systems) of language. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. It is also called phonemics.
Chapter 3 Phonology: Sound Patterns (音位/音系学): 3.1 Introduction
3. 2 The Distinctive Sounds of Language
3.3 Minimal pair (最小对立体) 3.4 Some rules of phonology
For example, the words “pan” and “ban” differ only in the initial sound: „pan‟ beg with /b/. Therefore, /p/and /b/ are phonemes in English. The number of phonemes varies from one language to another. English 6 is often considered to have 44 phonemes.
二语习得引论读书笔记chapter3
主要研究成果I.The nature of languageII.Early approaches to SLA1.Contrastive Analysis (CA)1). as a beginning of the survey:aspects of its procedures are still incorporated in more recent approaches.It introduced the influence of L1 on L2 (Chomsky)2). CA: an approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and explaininglearner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differences.(Based on idealized linguistic structures attributed to native speakers of L1 and L2)3). influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism.4). Goal of CA was primarily pedagogical in nature: to increase efficiency in L2teaching and testing.5). Process:Describing L1 and L2 at different levelAnalyzing comparable segment of the language for elements that may cause problems6). Assessment:Cannot explain the logical problem of language learning (how learners knowmore than they’ve heard and been taught)Not always validated by evidence from actual learner errors.Stimulated the preparation of comparative grammarIts analytic procedures have been usefully applied to descriptive studies and to translation2.Error analysis (EA)1). EA: the first approach to the study of SLA which includes an internal focus onlearner’s creative ability to construct language.(based on the description and analysis of actual learner errors in L2)2). CA f EAPredictions by CA not always correct; many real learner errors are nottransferred from L1Focus on surface-level forms and patterns f underlying rules Behaviorism fmentalism (emphasis on the innate capacity) Teaching concerns as motivationI3). Procedures for analyzing learner errors:Collection of a sample of learner languageIdentification of errorsDescription of errorsExplanation of errorsEvaluation of errors4). ShortcomingsAmbiguity in classificationLack of positive dataPotential for avoidance3.Interlanguage (IL)1). IL refers to the intermediate states (interim grammars) of a learner’s languageas it moves toward the target L2.2). Characteristics:SystematicDynamicVariableReduced system, both in form and function3). Differences between SLA and L1 acquisition by childrenLanguage transfer from L1 to L2Transfer of training, or how the L2 is taughtStrategies of 2nd language learningOvergeneralization of the target language linguistic materials4). L1 as fossilization for L2 learners:Fossilization: the probability that they 'll cease their IL development in somerespects before they reach target language norms, in spite of continuing L2input and passage time.Relates to: the age of learning; social identity; communicative need.4.Morpheme order studies1). Refers to：a n important Q in the study of SLA, whether there is a naturalorder (or universal sequence) in the grammatical development of L2 learners.2). Inflection: it adds one or more units of meaning to the base form of a word, togive it a more specific meaning. (plural nouns, past tense etc.)3). The order of morpheme acquisition reported was similar in L1 and L2It supports an Identity Hypothesis (L1=L2): that processes involved in L1 and L2 acquisition are the same.4). The concept of natural order remains very important for understanding SLA.(both from linguistic and cognitive approaches)5.Monitor model1). One of the last of the early approaches which has an internal focus in theMonitor Model.(Stephen Krashen)2). It explicitly and essentially adopts the notion of a language acquisition device(LAD) (Chomsky used for children’s innate knowledge of language)3). Krashen’s approach: 5 hypotheses6.Consensus:1). What is being acquired in SLA is a “rule0governed” language systems2). How SLA take place involves creative mental processes.3). Why some learners are more (less) successful in SLA than others relates primarilyto the age of the learner.m. Universal Grammar (UG)1.UG (Chomsky): what all languages have in common.1). Two important conceptslinguistic competence (speaker-hearers’ underlying knowledge of language)needs to be accounted for LAsuch knowledge of language > what could be learned from the input. (the logic problem of language learning/ the poverty-of-the stimulus argument)2). The nature of speaker-hearers’ competence in native language can beexplained only by innate knowledge that human genetically endowed with.3). The innate knowledge is in the language facultyLanguage faculty: a component of the human mind, physically represented inthe brain and part of the biological endowment of the species.2.Principles and Parameters1). With Chomsky’s reconceptualization of UG in the Principles and Parametersframework [often called the Government and Binding (GB) model] and thesubsequent introduction of the Minimalist program, there came a new ideaabout the acquisition process.2). UG has been conceptualized as a set of principles which are properties of alllanguages in the world.Some of these principles contain parameters3). What is acquired in L1 acquisition (not UG itself):LA includes a process of selecting among the limited parametric options in UGthat match the settings which are encountered in linguistic input.4). How acquisition occurs for children:natural; instinctive; internal to the cognitive system5). Why some learners are more successful:Irrelevant with L1 acquisition, for all native speakers attain essentially the same final state. (For SLA, attitudes; motivation and social context matters)1.Functional approach1). Based on: the framework of Functionalism2). Characteristics of functional approaches to SLAFocus on the use of language in real situations (performance) and underlyingknowledge (competence)Assumption: purpose of language is communication; LA and SLA requirecommunicative useConcern about the sentence, discourse structure, how language is used ininteraction; include aspects of communication beyond language Systemic linguistics Systemic linguistics is a model for analyzing language in terms of the interrelated systems of choices that are available for expressing meaning.“language acquisition needs to be seen as the mastery of linguistic functions”3). What language learners acquire: meaning potential4). Process of acquisition:mastering certain basic functions of language developing a meaning potentialfor each5). pragmatic functions development in L1 acquisition: instrumental f regulatoryf interactional f personal f heuristic f imagination^ representational6). linguistic structures: directly reflections of the functions that language serves;related to the social and personal needs2.Functional Typology1). Based on: the comparative study of a wide range of the world’s language2). Goal: to describe patterns of similarities and differences among languages; todetermine which types and patterns occur more/less frequently or are universal in distribution.3). Application: why some L2 constructions are more/less difficult than others forL2 learners to acquire; for the selectivety of crosslinguistic influence or transfer4). important concept: markedness (deals with whether any specific feature oflanguage is marked or unmarked)5)In SLA, unmarked elements are easier to master than marked ones.6). Compared with CA:Functional typology goes beyond the surface-level structural (CA) to moreabstract patterns, principles and constraints;the Markedness Differential Hypothesis7). implications:some aspects of some languages are more difficultwhy some types and patterns of features are more/less frequent in native and2nd language (factors: perceptual salience, ease of cognitive processing,physical constraints, communicative needs)3.Function-to-form mapping1). Basic concept: L1 and L2 acquisition involves a process of grammaticalization.2). Grammaticalization: a grammatical function is first conveyed by sharedextralinguistic knowledge and inferencing based on the context of discourse,then by a lexical word, and only later by a grammatical marker.Driven by: communicative need and use.Related to : the development of more efficient cognitive process3). Pragmatic mode: a style of expressing meaning which relies more on context.Syntactic mode: a style which relies more on formal grammatical element4). According to function-to-mapping approach, LA importantly involves developinglinguistic forms to fulfill semantic or pragmatic functions.rmation organization1). Focus on: utterance structure (the way learners put their words together.)2). Includes:describing the structures of interlanguage (learner varieties)disc overing what organizational principles guide learners’ production at various stages of developmentanalyzing how these principles interact with one another.3). European Science Foundation (ESF) projectdevelopmental levels: in this study, no matter what their L1 and L2, thelearners go through a remarkably similar sequence of development in theirinterlanguage.organizing principles:*there is a limited set of principles (phrasal constraints; semanticconstraints; pragmatic constraints) which learners make use of fororganizing information.*Individual variation: how the principles apply in their L1 and influence the interlanguage use.。
Chapter_3收购、兼并和重组课后题目解析
—
Exhibit 1: Course Layout: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities
Part I: M&A Environment
Part II: M&A Process
Part III: M&A Valuation and Modeling
Ch. 6: M&A Postclosing Integration
Ch. 9: Financial Modeling Techniques
Ch. 13: Financing the Deal
Ch. 17: Bankruptcy and Liquidation
Ch. 10: Private Company Valuation
Factors Affecting Corporate Governance: Market Model Perspective
External to Firm Legislation: 1933-34 Securities Acts Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 Sherman Anti-Trust Act External to Firm Regulators: SEC Justice Department FTC Internal to Firm Board of Directors Management Internal Controls Incentive Systems Corporate Culture & Values Takeover Defenses Bond Covenants External to Firm Institutional Activism: Pension Funds (Calpers) Mutual Funds Hedge Funds External to Firm Market for Corporate Control: Proxy Contests Hostile Takeovers
语言学复习重点Chapter 3
Chapter Three ——Morphology(形态学）Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.The classification of words ：1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.invariable words are those that cannot.E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠）An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹)一、Morph Morpheme AllomorphMorph:The phonological and orthographic forms that represent morpheme are called morphs.[swi:t]{sweet}SweetMorpheme：The smallest unit of language.It can be represented as1-morpheme un-,-ish,-s.-ed1-morpheme word boy,desire2-morpheme wordboy+ish, desir(e)+ableAllomorphA morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.im possible{in} in convenientir regular tax.il logical-s [-s] book books{plural} -es [-iz] box boxes-i [-ai] mouse miceConclusion:All the allomorphs should have the same meaning.All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution.The allomorphs with the same meaning should function the same in the language grammar structure.二、Classification of morpheme1、Free vs. Bound morphemesFree morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,e.g. boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone,e.g. -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e. it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.e.g. Dislike, impolite, production,Membership, carelessnessfriend as in unfriendliness.Root may befree: those that can stand by themselves,e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided intoprefix (dis-, un-) andsuffix (-en, -ify).Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added,e.g.friend root > basefriendly root/base + suffix > baseunfriendly prefix + base > baseStem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g. friend+-s;friendship swrite+-ing,possibility+-es.Note:A stem can be equivalent to a root.A stem may contain a root and aderivational affix.2、Derivational vs Inflectional morphemeInflection indicates:case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of verbs,degree of adjectives or adverbs.Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.三、Word-formationCompoundingAffixationOther formation1、CompoundingTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.✧Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill✧Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit✧Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree✧Preposition compounds: into, throughoutEndocentric& exocentricEndocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; e.g. self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g. scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckWritten forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation:businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone2、Affixation✧Nominal forms: boys, boy’s✧Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting✧Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest3、DerivationClass-changing:✧N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard✧N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless✧V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant✧V>A: acceptable, adorable✧A>N: rapidness, rapidity✧A>V: deafen, sweeten✧Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly4、Other formations:1）Blendingtransfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smog2）Acronym①AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome②ASAP: as soon as possible3）Abbreviation/InitialismAI: artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.: as soon as possibleECU: European Currency Unit4）ClippingBack-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)sFore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings: (de)tec(tive)5）Back-formationdiagnose < diagnosisenthuse < enthusiasmlaze < lazy6）Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, LycraCoca-cola, Orlon and Dacron7)BorrowingFrench: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cargo, chocolate,8)Conversion 转换e.g. to butter the bread, take a look, empty a box, up the price9）Eponymsare words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.e.g. Sandwich (originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling)ExerciseI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.4. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.5. The word “modernizations”is made up of three morphemes.6. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the ___ ___ of words and the____ by which words are formed.[-t], [-d], and [-id] are ___of the morpheme –ed.“Careless”is the __ of the word “carelessness”.__ affixes,__affixes, and __roots are all bound morphemes.III. Questions1. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness, justifiable, sporting2. What constitutes the internal structure of words?3. List the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.。
物理专业英语名词解释
part one mechanics力学chapter 1 kinematics—uniformly accelerated motion运动学，匀加速运动frame of reference: 参照系position vector and displacement 位置向量和位移speedvelocity 速度instantaneous velocity瞬时速度velocity components速度分量acceleration 加速度graphical interpretation图像释义uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line 匀加速直线运动acceleration due to gravity (g) 重力加速度projectile problems落体问题relative motion相对运动chapter 2 dynamics-- newton's laws of motion动力学- 牛顿运动定律general properties of forces in mechanics:力的基本性质1 the law of universal gravitation万有引力定律2the weight 重量3 the tensile force 拉力4 the normal force 法向力5 the friction force 摩擦力6 dimensional analysis三维分析chapter 3 equilibrium平衡concurrent forces共点力are forces whose lines of action all pass through a common point. the forces acting on a point object are concurrent because they all pass through the same point, the point object.equilibrium 平衡rigid body刚体the torque (or moment) 转矩或力矩the two conditions for equilibrium 平衡的两个条件the center of gravity 重心axis轴chapter 4 work and energy功和能kinetic energy (ke) 动能conservative force保守力⑵gravitational (weight) potential energy (peg) 重力（重量）势能⑵elastic potential energy 弹性势能the efficiency 效率chapter 5 impulse and momentumthe linear momentum 冲量与动量an impulse 冲量collisions and explosions碰撞和爆炸a perfectly elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞coefficient of restitution恢复系数the center of mass重心chapter 6 rotation转动the angular speed 角速度the angular acceleration 角加速度tangential 【数】切线;正切centripetal acceleration ( )加速度the centripetal force 向心力chapter 7 rigid-body rotation刚体转动the moment of inertia 转动惯量parallel-axis theorem平行轴定理chapter 8 elasticity弹性elasticity弹性;弹力the stress 【物】应力[u][c]strain 应变the elastic limit弹性极限the shear modulus 切变模量standard atmospheric pressure标准大气压the hydrostatic pressure静水压力equation of continuity连续性方程the viscosity 粘度spring弹簧a restoring force 恢复力simple harmonic motion 简谐运动vibratory motion 振动运动the period ( ) 【数】循环节;周期the frequency ( ) 频率the elastic potential energy 弹性势能the simple pendulum 单摆chapter 11 wave motion波动a propagating wave 波传播wave terminology波术语in-phase vibrations同相振动standing waves驻波conditions for resonance共振的条件longitudinal (compressional) waves 纵向（挤压）波chapter 12 sound声音the intensey （i）强度loudness 响度beats节拍doppler effect 多普勒效应interference effects 干扰效应part two thermodynamics热力学chapter 1 the kinetic theory of gases第1章气体动力学理论avogadro's number ( ) 阿伏伽德罗数（）the root mean square speed根均方速度the absolute temperature绝对温度the mean free path (m.f.p.) 平均自由程（m.f.p.）the equipartition theorem of energy 能量均分定理ideal gas law理想气体定律heat 热the internal energy 内部能量an isobaric process is a process carried out at constant pressure. 等压过程是恒压进行的过程。
chapter03part01recommendation推荐系统.ppt
Recommender Systems
How do you know you can trust somebody’s recommendation?
Because experience has taught you? Because critic is trusted source of info? Because a friend/expert likes movies/novels/
Problems Cold-start: at initial stage, users can not get good recommendations Scalability Sparsity Users with different opinion or unusual taste may not get good recommendations
food you like? ???
Applications:
Book Recommender
Red Mars
Found ation
Jurassic Park
Lost World
2001
Difference Engine
Machine Lea User-Based
high correlation
like
A
B
C
Use user-item preferences
Explicit user ratings, transaction data
1. Find highly correlated users
Pearson correlation between user rating data
ru, j wa,u Pa, j uU wa,u ,
跨文化交际Chapter3
Tea Ceremony
• High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Low-Context Cultures
1) = Human nature orientation 2) = Man-nature orientation 3) = Time orientation 4) = Activity orientation 5) = Social orientation
人性取向 人天取向 时间取向 行为取向 人际取向
Chapter 3
Fundamental theories of intercultural communication
How to classify different cultures?
Culture patterns
Kluckhohn’s Value Orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance
• • • • • 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?
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(B) formal words:
(a) Formal words are “learned” words. (b) These words are usually used in books, newspapers, documents, and serious speeches.
Task Two:
IV. Main Types of Word Meaning
b) Lexical meaning
Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word, The word forms go, goes, went, gone, going possess different grammatical meanings, but same lexical meaning that express the process of movement.
There are many commonly-used words, phrasal verbs (verb + particle), prepositional verbs (verb + preposition), prepositional phrasal verbs (verb + particle + preposition), clippings, etc. used for colloquialisms in English, such as, game (vacation, occupation), hang out (to visit or frequent), do for (to take care of), put up with (to suffer), bike (from bicycle).
Discuss in pairs and fill in the blanks in the table.
Formal
Common
Formal
Common
ascend assist cease
climb help
reside
retain amiable insane inferior
live keep
(c) Vulgarisms: the words used by the
uneducated people.
Task Four: Discuss in pairs and explain
the italicized words or expressions in the following sentences. ① The price is expensive . ② It’s bloody cold out there. ③ Quite the gent, he was— in a dress shirt, top had and black overcoat.
IV. Main Types of Word Meaning
Task One:
Read the following sentences and explain the words in bold.
1. A trained watchdog can make a very
good family pet. The auditor is a watchdog and not a bloodhound. 2. Maintenance department will check all eyewash station regularly to ensure all the equipments in good conditions. This does not mean that the proposals...are so much eyewash.
e) Connotative meaning内涵意义
Connotative meaning is the intentional meaning which a word suggests or implies.
IV. Main Types of Word Meaning f) Stylistic meaning
IV. Main Types of Word Meaning
c) Contextual meaning
The context generally shows in what sense the word is used, in its primary sense or its figurative sense. When used literally, words have their original meaning; when used figuratively, words have symbolic meaning.
(A) common words:
(a) Common words are the core of the English vocabulary. (b) They contain many parts of speech. brother, father, mother, sister; etc. arm, foot, hand, head, etc. drink, eat, hear, see, live, etc. good, strong, weak, small, etc. (c) They can be used on both formal and informal occasions.
IV. Main Types of Word Meaning
d) Denotative meaning 外延意义
Denotative meaning is the same meaning for all speakers of a given language. That is to say, it is the extensional meaning of a word. So denotative meaning is called the dictionary meaning.
Hale Waihona Puke stopfriendly
mad worse
commence begin consume eat
demonstrate show
inexpensive cheap
depart enquire
go
ask
indistinct
superior
dim
better
(C) informal words:
(a) Colloquialisms are used on informal, ordinary or familiar occasions.
Pygmalion: A Romance in Five Acts (1912) is a play by Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. Pygmalion is a comedy which features a unique relationship between a spunky flower girl and her speech professor.
(d) Jargon: a kind of language that is hard
to understand because it is full of special words known only to the people of a certain group. E. g. chatspeak: the blend of informal language and conventional abbreviations typical of chatrooms RAM: Random access memory
(b) Slang: a kind of language that is not
acceptable in serious speech or writing. It is regarded as informal or impolite and is used among particular groups of people. e.g. bread [AmE]: money lolly [BrE]: money peanuts: an insignificant sum of money brill: cool, short for “brilliant” bird: a young woman to pinch sth.: to steal sth.
Task Three:
Discuss in pairs and explain the italicized words or expressions in the following sentences.
① Nothing ever happens in our town— it’s as dead as a doornail. ② I’ll unanimously be voted the nobrainer-of-the-month award. ③ They told me off for stealing apples. ④ I can’ t stand living in such a messy dorm.
Stylistic meaning is “that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use”.
Three kinds of words (common words, formal words and informal words) are used on different occasions.