Power_and_Influence
基础英语试卷
广东松山职业技术学院外语系2009--2010学年第1学期结业考试试卷（ A ）课程名称：综合英语I 考试时间：级专业学号姓名Part I Match the words and write your answers on the sheet.(10%)1. inspiration A. to use tricks and dishonest methods to get what you want2. cough B. a suitable position, place, job, etc.3. epiphany C. greatly4. suspect D. to think that something is probably true, esp. something bad5 . devastating E. the quality of being well-known to you6. finagle F. feeling extremely happy and excited7. familiarity G. when you suddenly feel that you understand ,or suddenlybecome aware of , something that is very important to you8. tremendously H. (up) to produce money or information unwillingly9. niche I. a sudden good idea10. ecstatic J. causing a lot of damage or destructionPart II. Look at the words in the box and choose the correct answers to fillin the blanks.(15%)“People are increasingly aware of how our health depends on animal research,”says Tipu Aziz, who is prepared to speak publiclyanimal research.It’s best to take what he says with he’s alwaysexaggerating.After several years of hard work, he had a nice career for himself as the host of the American show “Let’s Make a Deal”.He lost his job last month, and the family had to on his wife’s salary.Dr. Holston hoped that his son would and become a successful physician in the future.While many people have talked about the traffic problem in this city, I believe that most of them have only the true necessity of what needs to be addressed.When he wrote The Cat in the Hat in 1957, Dr. Seuss provedthat learn ing to read didn’t have to be dull.If we the idea that freedom for all is a necessity in a democratic society, critical analysis is crucial.They were told that the construction job wasinternationally on April 29 for a build-own-operate-transfer basis.You need to about your products but your economicresources are limited. That was often the dilemma that faced Walt Disney.Much of her career was spent in Chicago where, after receiving her Fine Arts degree in 1970, she by selling her paintings.The goal of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup is not an official target for us but we must still continue to it. If we don’t make it in 2010, w e will try for 2014, and then 2018 and so on.The couple had to while raising their three children on Bob’s income as a supervisor for a local bakery.Mary was and did not even realize that her friend hadstopped talking.His success, no doubt, his love and understanding ofhuman emotions and people’s need for laughter and happiness.Part III Reading Comprehension. (30%)Section A (10%)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in theA pioneering study into the effects of a mother’s fat intake during pregnancy on her child’s health when he or she grows up is being launched at the University of Southampton.The research will investigate whether the type and amount of fat a mother eats during pregnancy 1 the risk of heart disease, 2 high blood pressure, in her child when he or she reaches adulthood.Although the link between high fat diets and high blood pressure is well known, there has been 3 research into the connection between a woman’s diet and her child’s risk of hypertension (高血压).The study, which is 4 by the British Heart Foundation, is led by Dr Graham Burdge, British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Science.The award of this 5 grant is part of a ￡3.5 million boost for heart research in the UK by the British Heart Foundation. The charity’s special grants are made to fund research into the causes, prevention, 6 and treatment of heart disease, the UK’s biggest killer.Dr Burdge says, “The type and amount of fat in our diet has 7during the past 50 years. Pregnant women 8 the same diet as the rest of us, but we know very little about the 9 of these changes in dietary (饮食的) fat on the development and future health of their children. We hope that the 10of this study will help to develop recommendations for pregnant women about how much fat they should eat and what types of fat they should avoid.”Section B (20%)Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1Nowadays, a standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation's political influence be based solely on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military effectiveness will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely tied to industrial competitiveness. It's often said that without its military the Soviet Union would really be a third-world nation. The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to compete effectively in the economic markets of the world.America must recognize this new course of events. Our success in shaping world events over the past 40 years has been the direct result of our ability to adapt technology and to take advantage of the capabilities of our people for the purpose of maintaining peace. Our industrial prowess over most of this period was unchallenged. It is ironic that it is just this prowess that has enabled other countries to prosper and in turn to threaten our industrial leadership.The competitiveness of America's industrial base is an issue bigger than the Department of Defense and is going to require the efforts of the major institutional forces in our society-government, industry, and education. That is not to say that the Defense Department will not be a strong force in the process because we will. But we simply cannot be, nor should we be, looked upon by others as the savior of American industry.1. Now a nation's political influence depends on _________.A) the strength of its military forcesB) its ability to compete in industryC) economic marketsD) both a and b2. The Soviet Union was not listed as a third-world nation just because of_________.A) its powerful military forcesB) its vast landC) its industrial competitivenessD) its contributions to world peace3. The author indicates that ______ is threatening American political power.A) other countriesB) the declining U.S. industrial baseC) a new standard for measuring powerD) less advanced technology4. America succeeded in shaping world events over past 40 years probablybecause of ___________.A) its ability to adapt technologyB) its ability to take advantage of the capabilities of its peopleC) its ability to compete in the world marketsD) both a and b5. The purpose of writing this article is __________.A) to draw the readers' attention to a new standard for measuring powerB) to demonstrate American political influence in the worldC) to emphasize that efforts must be made to strengthen the declining U.S.industrial baseD) to show American industrial prowessPassage TwoMost conceptions of the process of motivation begin with the assumption that behavior is, at least in part, directed towards the attainment of goals or towards the satisfaction of needs or motives. Accordingly, it is appropriate to begin our consideration of motivation in the work place by examining the motives for working. Simon points out that an organization should be able to secure the participation of a person by offering him inducements(引诱)which contribute in some way to at least one of his goals. The kinds of inducements offered by an organization are varied, and if they are effective in maintaining participation they must necessarily be based on the needs of the individuals.Maslow examines in detail what these needs are. He points out not only that there are many needs ranging from basic physiological drives such as hunger to a more abstract desire for self-realization, but also that they are arranged in a hierarchy( 等级制度)w hereby the lower order needs must to a large degree be satisfied before the higher order ones come into play.One of the most obvious ways in which work organizations attract and retain members is through the realization that economic factors are not the only inducementfor working as indicated by Morse and Weiss. In line with the social respect andself-realization needs discussed by Maslow, factors such as associations with others, self-respect gained through the work, and a high interest value of the work can serve effectively to induce people to work.6. According to Maslow, a work organization is able to motivate people to workby _______.A) satisfying their physiological needsB) satisfying their self-realization needsC) satisfying hierarchy of their higher order needD) first satisfying their lower order needs7. Lower order needs concern a person’s _______.A) essential physical needsB) self-respectC) self-realizationD) working relationships with others8. Which of the following is NOT a higher need that attracts people to work?A) Association with others. B) Possibility of earning a good salary.C) Interest value of the work. D) Cultivation of self-respect.9. Which of the following statements may be supported by Morse and Weiss?A) Physiological needs are the most basic.B) There is a hierarchy of needs that must be met.C) Economic factors are the greatest inducement.D) Personal esteem and the gaining of power is the most important factor.10. Simon points out that ________.A) the needs of individuals range from hunger to self-realizationB) economic factors are not the only inducement for workingC) effective inducements must be based on what individuals wantD) inducements must not be too variedPart IV Cloze (10%))Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) .You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.In a telephone survey of more than 2,000 adults, 21% said they believed the sun revolved (旋转) around the earth. An __1__ 7% did not know which revolved around __2__ I have no doubt that __3__ all of these people were __4__ in schoolthat the earth revolves around the sun; __5__ may even have written it __6__ a test. But they never __7__ their incorrect mental models of planetary (行星的) __8__ because their everyday observations didn’t support __9__ their teachers told them: People see the sun “moving” __10__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (静止的) __11__ that is happening.Students can learn the right answers __12__ heart in class, and yet never combined them _13__ their working models of the world. The objectively correct answer the professor accepts and the __14__ personal understanding of the world can _15__ side by side, each unaffected by the other.Outside of class, the student continues to sue the __16__ model because it has always worked well __17__ that circumstance. Unless professors address __18__ errors in students’ personal models of the world, students are not __19__ to replace them with the _20__ one.1. A) excessive B) extra C) additional D) added2. A) what B) which C) that D) other3. A) virtually B) remarkably C) ideally D) preferably4. A) learned B) suggested C) taught D) advised5. A) those B) these C) who D) they6. A) on B) with C) under D) for7. A) formed B) altered C) believed D) thought8. A) operation B) position C) motion D) location9. A) how B) which C) that D) what10. A) around B) across C) on D) above11. A) since B) so C) while D) for12. A) to B) by C) in D) with13. A) with B) into C) to D) along14. A) adult’s B) teacher’s C) scientist’s D) student’s15. A) exist B) occur C) survive D) maintain16. A) private B) individual lC) personal D) own17. A) in B) with C) on D) for18. A) general B) natural C) similar D) specific19. A) obliged B) likely C) probable D) partial20. A) perfect B) better C) reasonable D) correctPart V Translation Comprehension (20%)Section A Translate the Chinese parts into English (10%)1._____________(灾难性的后果)of global warming forecast by some scientists are already in evidence in Alaska.2. ______________(鉴于你喜欢自己目前的工作), I strongly advise you to say with your current advisor.3.由于他自己是由中学老师资助读完大学的，他打算毕业后同样资助其他贫困学生。
Model Test 1(一级)
Model Test 1 (一级)Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar. (25′)Section A Multiply Choice. (0.5×30＝15′)1. Bees__________in groups in a hive, and every bee________certain work that helps the other members of the group.A lived...didB live…doingC live…doesD living…doing2. I hope you__________ your stay in Venice next week.A enjoyB are going to enjoyC would enjoyD enjoyed3. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires that manicipal tap water__________for morethan 80 contaminants.A ought to be screenedB be screenedC need be screenedD is to be screened4. _____ the hustle and bustle of the big city, he saved up for years to buy a cottage in the countryside.A. Tiring ofB.Because tired ofC.When tiring ofD.Tired of5. For the first time in her life, she ______ a sense of fulfillment.A.feltB.has feltC.to feelD.has been feeling6. It is the first time that she_____ the moral standards of the community.A. is going to questionB.has questionedC. questionsD.questioned7.It was the second time that he_____ as a counselor at a summer camp.A. workedB.had workedC.could have workedD.must have worked8. The boy listened with amazement until the instructor insisted he_____ it.A. triedB.tryC.must tryD.would try9.Evidence from a recent study suggests that injures______ most likely to occur at social gatherings right after somebody hollers,"Hey everybody, watch this!"A.should beB.beC.areD.were10. It is a legal requirement that you_____ insurance for your car.A. haveB.need to haveC.ought to haveD.must have11. You are unlikely to succeed unless you______ his advice.A.ignoreB. understandC. rememberD. follow12. Smoking in this five-star hotel is_____.A. declinedB. preventedC. prohibitedD. refused13. When will you _____this new policy?A. adoptB. adaptC. addictD. adorn14. industrial expansion was a very sound investment in present-daysociety.A reliableB successfulC strategicD large-scale15. It is apparent that new energy sources will be required to keep up the______societies of the world in the future.A civicB civilianC civilD civilized16. It seems necessary for these newcomers to have some______at this stage for their better understanding of the new subject.A principleB principalC orientationD approach17. He _______ tonight with his horrifying fishing stories.A lived on my nervesB got on my nervesC touched a raw nerveD lost his nerve18. Many American Indians______contact with ghosts, so they disposed of the bodies of dead relatives immediately.A frightenedB scared ofC dazzledD dreaded19. His formula surprised many in the scientific community because it ______ the long-held belief.A contradictedB arguedC denouncedD criticized20. If any of the runners interfere with the others during the competition, the race is automatically declared null and ______.A coaxedB uselessC emptyD void 21．Can you tell us how you_____ the earthquake?A. were survivedB. survivedC. survived inD. survived after22."Are you still homesick? Believe me, you’ll soon_____."A. get it overB. get over itC. recoverD. recover it23. The workers were on strike, _________higher pay and better working conditions.A requiringB persistingC demandingD insisting24. The American historian Schlesinger’s works are notable for their __________insight into the sociological forces that shaped American history.A sharpB deepC keenD acute25. In order to __________ an earlier mistake, little John worked harder than before.A repayB redeemC recoverD regain26. Children __________ have better memories than adults, especially in learningforeign languages.A on averageB on the averageC on an averageD averagely27. Three Days to See____ my interest in knowing more about Helen Keller.A. roseB. aroseC. arousedD. raised28. Not knowing what to reply____ such a question, we kept silent.A. /B. toC. withD. on29. I was sick_____ his way of speaking.A. withB. offC. againstD. of30. I don’t like him; he always pokes his ______into other people’s affairs.A. fingersB. handsC. noseD. FootSection B Fill in the blanks according to the requirements. Write your answerson the answer sheet. (1×10＝10′)1.hero__________ (feminine form)2.heir (feminine form)3. We all look the wise old man. (fill in the blank with an equivalent to “respect highly”)4. The policeman began to take their statements in his book. (fill in the blank with an equivalent to “write ”)5. The letter has not been signed. It is . (the antonym of “signed”)6. His lecture is so monotonous that every one in the hall soon gets . (the antonym of “patient”)Choose from the following phrasal verbs and then fill in each blank with one that fits in the proper form.make for make off make up make up for make out7.Where we ? The school office?8.They are working hard to the lost time.9.The prisoner broke out and .10.He is murmuring. I can hardly what he is saying.Part II. Reading comprehension. (共40分，每个2分)Passage 1Nowadays, a standard for measuring power has changed. These changes foretell a new standard for measuring power. No longer will a nation's political influence be based solely on the strength of its military forces. Of course, military effectiveness will remain a primary measure of power. But political influence is also closely tied to industrial competitiveness. It's often said that without its military the Soviet Union would really be a third-world nation. The new standard of power and influence that is evolving now places more emphasis on the ability of a country to compete effectively in the economic markets of the world.America must recognize this new course of events. Our success in shaping world events over the past 40 years has been the direct result of our ability to adapt technology and to take advantage of the capabilities of our people for the purpose of maintaining peace. Our industrial prowess (工业实力)over most of this period was unchallenged. It is ironic that it is just this prowess that has enabled other countries to prosper and in turn to threaten our industrial leadership.The competitiveness of America's industrial base is an issue bigger than the Department of Defense and is going to require the efforts of the major institutional forces in our society-government, industry, and education. That is not to say that the Defense Department will not be a strong force in the process because we will. But we simply cannot be, nor should we be, looked upon by others as the savior of American industry.31. Now a nation's political influence depends on _________.A. the strength of its military forcesB. its ability to compete in industryC. economic marketsD. both A and B32. The Soviet Union was not listed as a third-world nation just because of_________.A. its powerful military forcesB. its vast landC. its industrial competitivenessD.its contributions to world peace33. The author indicates that ______ is threatening American political power.A. other countriesB. the declining U.S. industrial baseC. a new standard for measuring powerD. less advanced technology34. America succeeded in shaping world events over past 40 years probably because of ___________.A. its ability to adapt technologyB. its ability to take advantage of the capabilities of its peopleC. its ability to compete in the world marketsD. both A and B35. The purpose of writing this article is __________.A. to draw the readers' attention to a new standard for measuring powerB. to demonstrate American political influence in the worldC. to emphasize that efforts must be made to strengthen the declining U.S. industrialbase.D. to show American industrial prowessPassage 2Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow-blindness. Yet, dark glasses or not, they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snow-blindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light".The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs, then is obscured, and the result is total, even though temporary, snow-blindness.Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line as they cross completely snow-covered landscape; Eventhe scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop scouring the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the men can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snow blindness or lost. In this way the problem of crossing a solid white terrain is overcome.36. To prevent headaches, watering eyes and blindness caused by the glare from snow, dark glasses are_____.A.indispensableefulC.ineffectiveD.available37. When the eyes are sore, tears are produced to ________.A.clear the visionB.remedy snow-blindnessC.ease the irritationD.loosen the muscles38. Snow-blindness may be avoided by_______.A.concentrating to the solid white terrainB.searching for something to look at in snow-covered terrainC.providing the eyes with something to focus onD.covering the eyeballs with fluid39.The scouts shake snow from evergreen bushes in order to _______.A.give the men behind something to seeB.beautify the landscapeC.warm themselves in the coldD.prevent the men behind from losing their way40. A suitable title for this passage would be _______.A.snow-blindness and how to overcome itB.nature's cure for snow-blindnessC.soldiers in the snowD.snow visionPassage 3Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the languages those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle. They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We actas if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let’s end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks, Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems sensible to them. With our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is non sense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential they will need to get in the world?” Don’t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and le arn it.41.What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?A.by copying what other people do.B.by making mistakes and having them corrected.C.by listening to explanations from skilled people.D.by asking a great many questions.42.What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A.They give children correct answers.B.They point out children’s mistakes to them.C.They allow children to mark their own work.D.They encourage children to mark to copy from one another.43.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are___.A.not really important skills.B.more important than other skills.C.basically different from learning adult skills.D.basically the same as learning other skills.44.Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because children’s progress should only be estimated by___.cated persons.B.the children themselves.C.teachers.D.parents.45.The author fears that children will grow up into adults while being___.A.too independent of others.B.too critical of themselves.C.incapable to think for themselves.D.incapable to use basic skills.Passage 4On Thursday afternoon Mrs. Clarke, dressed for going out, took her handbag with her money and her keys in it, pulled the door behind her to lock it and went to the over 60s Club. She always went there on Thursdays. It was a nice outing for an old woman who lived alone.At six o'clock she came home, let herself in and at once smelt cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke in her house? How? How? Had someone got in? She checked the back door and the windows. All were locked or fastened as usual. There was no sign of forced entry.Over a cup of tea she wondered whether someone might have a key that fitted her front door-"a master key"perhaps. So she stayed at home the following Thursday. Nothing happened. Was anyone watching her movements? On the Thursday after that she went out at her usual time, dressed as usual, but she didn't go to the club. Instead she took a short cut home again, letting herself in through her garden and the back door. She settled down to wait.It was just after four o'clock when the front door bell rang. Mrs. Clarke was making a cup of tea at the time. The bell rang again, and then she heard her letter-box being pushed open. With the kettle of boiling water in her hand, she moved quietly towards the front door. A long piece of wire appeared through the letter-box, and then a hand. The wire turned and caught around the knob on the door-lock. Mrs. Clarke raised the kettle and poured the water over the hand. There was a shout outside, and the skin seemed to drop off the fingers like a glove. The wire fell to the floor, the hand was pulled back, and Mrs. Clarke heard the sound of running feet.46. Mrs. Clarke looked forward to Thursday because_______.A. she worked at a club on the dayB. she visited a club on ThursdayC. she said visitors on ThursdaysD.a special visitor came on Thursday47. If someone had made a forced entry,_______.A. he or she would have needed a master keyB. he or she was still in the houseC. things would have been thrown aboutD.Mrs.Clarke would have found a broken door or window48. On the third Thursday Mrs. Clarke went out_______.A.in an attempt to trick the thiefB.to see if the thief was hanging about outsideC.because she didn't want to miss the club againD.to the club but then changed her mind49. The lock on the front door was one which_______.A.could he opened from inside without a keyB. needed a piece of wire to open itC.couldn't be opened without a keyed a knob instead of a key50. The wire felt to the floor_______.A.because Mrs.Clarke refused to open the doorB.when the man's glove dropped offC.because the man just wanted to get awayD.because it was too hot to holdPart III. Fill in each blank with a word. Write your answers on the answer sheet.（1×15＝15′）Most Americans think that ice cream is as American (1) baseball (2) apple pie. (3) ice cream was known long (4) America was discovered.The Roman emperor Nero may have made a kind (5) ice cream. He hired hundreds (6) men to bring snow and ice (7) the mountains. He used it to make cold drinks. Traveller Marco Polo brought back recipes (8) chilled(9) frozen milk (10) China.Hundreds (11) years later, ice cream reached England. It is said (12) King Charles I enjoyed that treat very much. There is a story (13) bribed his cook to keep the recipe (14) ice cream a royal secret.Today ice cream is known (15) the world. Americans alone eat more than two billion quarts a year.Part IV. Translation. Write your answers on the answer sheet. ( 2×6＋3=15′)1.那是我第一次与雇主发生这么大的纠葛(trouble)。
Interpersonal Power and Influence
Power follows the principle of less interest
In any interpersonal relationship , the person who holds the power is the one less interested in and less dependent on the rewards and punishments controlled by the other person. The more a person needs a relationship, the less power that person has in it. The less a person needs a relationship, the greater is that person’s power. Power principles
Three statements focused on the three qualities that confer credibility – your perceived competence, character, and charisma.
Competence – Your perceived competence is the knowledge and expertise that others see you as possessing. Character – people see you as credible if they perceive you as being someone of high moral character, someone who is honest, and someone they can trust.
管理技巧 management skills chap05 Gaining Power and Influence
Copyright © 2002, Prentice Hall
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影响力开发
Copyright © 2002, Prentice Hall
Visibility – interacting with influential people in the organization
Relevance – working on the central objectives and issues in an organization
Copyright © 2002, Prentice Hall
Copyright © 2002, Prentice Hall
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Two Faces of Power
Personal Power used for personal gain
Institutional Power used to create motivation used to accomplish group goals
Copyright © 2002, Prentice Hall
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Using Effort to Manage Your Boss
Develop and maintain a relationship that Fits both your needs and styles Is characterized by mutual expectations Keeps your boss informed Is based on dependability and honesty Selectively uses your boss’s time and resources
寻找快乐的国王英语作文续写
寻找快乐的国王英语作文续写In a faraway kingdom, there lived a king who was known for his wealth, power, and influence. He had everything a ruler could desire - a grand palace, a loyal army, and the respect of his subjects. Yet, despite all his riches and achievements, the king found himself increasingly dissatisfied and unhappy.One day, as the king was strolling through his magnificent gardens, he came across a humble gardener tending to the flowers. The gardener's face was filled with a serene contentment, and the king couldn't help but notice the stark contrast between his own troubled mind and the gardener's peaceful demeanor.Intrigued, the king approached the gardener and asked, "My good man, how is it that you seem so content and happy, while I, the ruler of this kingdom, am plagued by a constant sense of unease?"The gardener looked up at the king and smiled. "Your Majesty, the secret to happiness is not found in the accumulation of wealth or the pursuit of power. True happiness lies in the simple pleasures of life -the beauty of nature, the warmth of human connection, and the cultivation of a peaceful mind."The king listened intently, his curiosity piqued. "But how can I, a king burdened with the responsibilities of ruling a vast kingdom, find such simple pleasures?"The gardener chuckled. "Your Majesty, the path to happiness is not as complicated as you might think. It begins with letting go of your attachment to material possessions and the desire for constant recognition and acclaim. Once you can do that, you will find that the world around you becomes a source of wonder and joy, rather than a source of stress and anxiety."The king pondered the gardener's words, realizing the truth in what he was saying. He had always been so focused on accumulating more power and wealth, that he had forgotten to appreciate the simple joys that were right in front of him.Inspired by the gardener's wisdom, the king decided to embark on a journey of self-discovery. He shed his royal robes and set out into the countryside, determined to find the happiness that had eluded him for so long.As he wandered through the lush forests and rolling hills, the kingbegan to notice the small things that he had previously overlooked - the chirping of the birds, the rustling of the leaves, the warmth of the sun on his face. He marveled at the beauty of the natural world, and felt a sense of peace and contentment that he had never experienced within the confines of his palace.One day, the king came across a small village nestled in a tranquil valley. The villagers greeted him with warmth and hospitality, sharing their simple meals and inviting him to join in their communal activities. The king was struck by the genuine happiness and camaraderie that permeated the village, and he found himself longing to experience that same sense of belonging and purpose.Inspired by the villagers' example, the king decided to spend more time among his own people, listening to their concerns and working to address their needs. He began to see the world through their eyes, and to understand the true meaning of leadership and service.As the days turned into weeks and months, the king's transformation became increasingly apparent. He was no longer the aloof and distant ruler, but a compassionate and engaged leader who genuinely cared for the well-being of his subjects. And with this shift in perspective, the king finally found the happiness he had been seeking all along.One day, as the king was walking through the palace gardens, he encountered the same gardener he had spoken to all those months ago. The gardener smiled warmly at the king, and said, "I see you have found the happiness you were searching for, Your Majesty."The king nodded, his eyes shining with a newfound contentment. "Indeed, my friend. And I have you to thank for setting me on this path. Your words have changed the course of my life, and I am forever grateful."From that day forward, the king continued to cultivate the simple pleasures and meaningful connections that had brought him such joy. He spent more time with his people, listened to their stories, and worked tirelessly to improve their lives. And in doing so, he found that his own happiness only grew stronger and more profound.The kingdom flourished under the king's benevolent rule, and the people celebrated his transformation from a distant and aloof ruler to a beloved and compassionate leader. And as the king looked back on his journey, he realized that the true measure of a king's greatness was not in the size of his kingdom or the splendor of his palace, but in the happiness and well-being of his people.。
Power & Negotiation 15
High information control
Attributes for Acquiring and Holding Power
1. Energy, endurance, and physical stamina
2. The ability to focus one’s energy and avoid wasted effort
Source: , December 6, 2006
15 - 7
Power Dependence
Person A
Valuable resource
Person B
Person B’s goals
Why is Power Important to management Effectiveness?
15 - 14
3. Empathy, which makes it possible to read and understand others
4. Flexibility, particularly with respect to selecting various means to achieve one’s goals
15 - 4
Power
• Power – the potential of a person , team, or organization to require others to do certain things.
- Potential is emphasized because people may not have to exercise it in order to get things done - A prerequisite – another person or group must believe that it is dependent on another person or group • Countervailing power – power that subordinates have over their superiors
总裁办公桌挨打作文
总裁办公桌挨打作文英文回答：The office of the president is a place of power and influence, a place where decisions are made that can affect the lives of many. It is also a place where people can be vulnerable to attack.In a recent incident, a president was physically attacked while working in his office. The attacker was a disgruntled employee who had been fired from his job. He entered the president's office and struck him in the head with a hammer.Fortunately, the president was not seriously injured in the attack. However, the incident raised important questions about security at the presidential office and the safety of public officials.In the aftermath of the attack, the White Houseimplemented a number of new security measures. These measures included increased security screening for visitors, the installation of bulletproof glass in the president's office, and the assignment of a Secret Service detail to protect the president at all times.The increased security measures have made it moredifficult for people to attack the president, but they have also made it more difficult for the president to interact with the public. The president is now largely isolated from the outside world, and he can only meet with visitors in a highly controlled environment.The attack on the president's office was a reminderthat even the most powerful people are not immune to violence. It is important to take steps to protect public officials from harm, but it is also important to balance security with accessibility.中文回答：总统办公室斗殴事件。
音乐总结的作文英语
音乐总结的作文英语Title: The Power and Influence of Music: A Comprehensive Reflection。
Music, in its myriad forms, serves as a universal language that transcends cultural barriers, resonating with individuals on a deeply personal level. It holds the remarkable ability to evoke emotions, stimulate memories, and inspire action. In this reflective essay, we delve into the multifaceted nature of music, exploring its profound impact on human emotions, society, and culture.Firstly, let us examine the emotional resonance of music. From the haunting melody of a melancholic ballad to the energetic rhythm of an upbeat anthem, music has the power to elicit a wide spectrum of emotions within us. It serves as a conduit for expressing feelings of joy, sorrow, love, and longing. For instance, the haunting notes of a violin can evoke a sense of nostalgia, transporting listeners to moments long past. Similarly, the pulsatingbeats of a lively tune can ignite feelings of excitementand euphoria, prompting individuals to dance with abandon. Thus, it is evident that music has an unparalleled abilityto touch the depths of our souls, offering solace during times of despair and companionship in moments of jubilation.Moreover, music serves as a mirror reflecting the values, beliefs, and aspirations of society. Throughout history, music has been used as a medium for social commentary and political expression. From protest songs advocating for civil rights to anthems celebrating cultural identity, music has played a pivotal role in shapingsocietal discourse and fostering unity among communities. For instance, during the Civil Rights Movement in theUnited States, artists such as Nina Simone and Bob Dylan used their music to voice opposition to racial injustice, galvanizing support for the cause of equality. Similarly,in times of turmoil and upheaval, music has served as a beacon of hope, rallying individuals together in pursuit of a common goal. Thus, music not only reflects the zeitgeistof a particular era but also serves as a catalyst forsocial change, inspiring individuals to strive for a betterworld.Furthermore, music transcends geographical boundaries, serving as a bridge between disparate cultures andfostering cross-cultural understanding. In an increasingly globalized world, music acts as a cultural ambassador, introducing audiences to the rich tapestry of traditionsand customs from around the globe. Whether it be theintricate melodies of classical Indian ragas or the infectious rhythms of Afrobeat, music provides a windowinto the cultural heritage of diverse communities. Through music, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of human experience, transcending language barriers and fostering empathy and compassion. Thus, music serves as a unifying force, bringing people together across continents and fostering a sense of interconnectedness and mutual respect.In conclusion, music is a powerful and transformative force that permeates every facet of human experience. Ithas the ability to evoke emotions, shape societal discourse, and foster cross-cultural understanding. As we navigate thecomplexities of the modern world, let us not underestimate the profound influence of music in enriching our lives and shaping our collective consciousness. Through its timeless melodies and universal appeal, music continues to inspire, uplift, and unite us in our shared humanity.。
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Research on Influence
• Influence is a function of the characteristics of:
– The person exerting the influence – The person receiving the influence – The influence attempt
• Credibility: Perceived ability to know valid information and perceived motivation to communicate this knowledge without bias.
– – – – – Objective indicators of knowledge Motives and intentions of communication Expression of warmth and friendliness How dynamic is the communication Majority opinion of others concerning the expertness of the communicator.
High vs. Low Power Members
• Low
– Strongly attempt to understand and predict high power behavior. – Attraction to and fear of high power – Stifle public criticism of high power – Expectation of exploitation
• Expert power • Informational power
– Similar to expert. Person is believed to be a resource of important information.
High vs. Low Power Members
• High
Definitions
• Influence
– Using power to change another person in a desired direction.
• Dynamic interdependence view of influence
– Power is viewed as an aspect of a relationship. Power should vary according to expertise, knowledge, and importance in goal attainment.
• Captured by the Yale Communication Paradigm
– Conceived by Hovland, Janis, and Kelley. – Asks, “Who said what to whom with what effect.”
Effects of the Source (Who)
– Ability to deliver negative consequences or to remove positive consequences. People follow commands but tend to avoid the person in the future.
Bases of Power
Bases of Power
• Reward power
– Ability to deliver positve consequences or to remove negative consequences. May backfire if perceived as a bribe.
• Coercive power
– Make more influence attempts – Devalue performance of low power groups – Attribute low power efforts to their influence, not internal motivation – Inattentive to low power communication – Reject demands for change – More likely to stereotype
• Legitimate power
– Based upon one’sr comes with the title (e.g., arbitrator).
• Referent power
– Group members look up to and want to be like the leader. Thus, they do as asked.
Effects of the Message (What)
• Primacy versus recency
– If decision is made immediately after “debate” than most recent message is most successful. – If there is a delay than the original message is most persuasive.
• Two sided versus one side messages
– Two sided messages are more successful with intelligent receivers.
Effects of the Receiver (To Whom)
• Self-esteem: the lower the self-esteem, the easier to influence. • Forewarning: Being forewarned of an influence attempt raises reactance. • Innoculation • Role Playing: Attitude follows behavior. • Distraction: those who are distracted from the content of the message are more persuasible. • Intelligence: Moderately intelligent are easier to persuade than low and high intelligence.
Effects of the Source
• Attractiveness
– – – – Physical Appearance Liking: we tend to reciprocate liking Similarity: Heider’s balance theory. Competence: Especially if slightly flawed.
Power and Influence
Do you have it? How to get it.
Definitions
• Power
– 1) Ability to influence others and to resist being influenced. – 2) Control of valuable resources. – 3) Capacity to affect another persons rewards and costs. – 4) Ability to control what happens to another individual.