5(说明文阅读)
说明文阅读教学5

说明文阅读教案教学目标:1、通过检测的形式了解学生对文体基础知识的掌握情况。
2、对重要考点进行专项指导,总结解题方法,掌握解题技巧。
3、课堂巩固练习,规范答题格式,提高说明文解题能力。
考点三、概括信息考查类型:概括提炼相关信息。
【感受题型】1、速读下文,找出表达关键信息的语句。
全球定位系统是一种用信号覆盖全球各个角落的卫星系统。
目前由美国国防部发射的24颗卫星组成。
它们在距离地面大约12000英里高的轨道上绕地球运行。
每颗卫星都不断地向地面发出表示时间和位置的信号。
地球上任何地方的接收器随时都可以收到4个以上卫星的信号。
任何有接收手段的人利用这些信号就能确定自己的位置和行进速度。
全球定位系统是一种用信号覆盖全球各个角落的卫星系统。
2、概括下面文段的基本信息。
目前世界上已鉴定的生物物种有170多万种。
本世纪80年代地球上平均每天至少有一种生物灭绝,从1990年开始,平均每小时消失一个物种,到2000年,估计有100万种生物物种从地球上消失。
世界上的生物物种灭绝速度加快。
【答题方法】①提取要点,直接找到有关中心句。
这种方法适合于中心明确、论述简洁鲜明的文章。
②抽象说明,即自己组织语言对文章的主要内容进行揭示。
这种方法适用于评价事理、剖析事理、阐明特性等各类文章。
抽象说明的关键在于全面把握文章内容,抓住本质。
③综合归纳,这种方法适用于比较复杂的内容。
它要求首先明确有关的若干要点,然后再把几个要点归纳起来进行整合。
【巩固练习】(一)为了挽救博物馆的名画,美国航天专家想到了用性质非常活泼的单原子氧来清除油画上的清漆膜。
同时,为了对珍贵的古油画负责,也让博物馆管理人员放心,技术人员决定先用一张涂有清漆膜的普通古油画做实验。
当技术人员制取到足够的单原子氧后.便把它们引入放有油画的真空室。
开始阶段,单原子氧撕开了清漆分子中的碳和氢之间的耦合,并生成二氧化碳、一氧化碳和水蒸气,随着这些气体不断被真空泵抽出。
古油画表面的清漆膜越来越薄,不久便旧貌换新颜,而且整幅油画毫发未损。
《5G来了!你准备好了吗》说明文阅读附答案

《5G来了!你准备好了吗》说明文阅读附答案教书育人楷模,更好地指导自己的学习,让自己不断成长。
让我们一起到店铺一起学习吧!以下是店铺为大家编辑的阅读答案文章,欢迎大家阅读!百合阅读附答案百合①百合,是一种从古到今都受人喜爱的世界名花。
它原产于中国,鳞叶呈长椭圆形,顶端尖,基部较宽,微波状,向内卷曲。
表面白色或淡黄色,光滑半透明,质硬而脆,无气味,味微苦。
后人因其鳞茎由许多白色鳞片层环抱而成,状如莲花,因而取百年好合之意命名。
②百合由野生变成人工栽培已有悠久历史。
在公元4世纪时,人们认为百合只有食用和药用的功能。
百合的营养价值丰富,它不但含有蛋白质,脂肪、还原糖、淀粉,多种微量元素及维生素,还含有一些特殊的营养成分。
这些成分综合作用于人体,不仅具有良好的营养滋补之功,而且还对秋季气候干燥而引起的多种季节性疾病有一定的防治作用。
中医上讲鲜百合具有养心安神、镇咳祛痰、滋阴润肺的功效,对病后虚弱的人非常有益。
③及至南北朝时代,梁宣帝发现百合花很值得观赏,他曾诗云:接叶有多重,开花无异色,含露或低垂,从风时偃柳。
赞美它具有超凡脱俗,矜持含蓄的气质。
至宋代,种植百合花的人更多。
大诗人陆游也利用窗前的土丘种上百合花。
他也咏曰:芳兰移取遍中林,余地何妨种玉簪,更乞两丛香百合,老翁七十尚童心。
④随着时代的进步,欧美园艺专家通过杂交育种途径去创造新的品种。
经过近半个世纪后,终于选育出一批统称为金百合的新花。
其特色是打破了中国百合全是一茎一朵、单纯白色的现状,变成一茎多朵,且花色更多,既有金黄、橙红和淡紫,又有彩斑、条纹等其他图案颜色。
例如,由荷兰人改良的卷丹,花色橙红,每枝能开花七八朵,比美国人培育的火黄色彩更鲜艳,花朵更繁多。
另外,与中国百合相比,有些金百合品种更具特色,不但花色多样,而且还蕴含香味,最适宜做厅堂的插花,使人们欣赏起来。
不禁生发出夜深香满屋,疑是酒醒时的感觉。
(综合百度百科资料而成,选文有改动)1.(2分)百合因何而得名?2.(3分)百合有哪些用途?3.(3分)指出下列句子所使用的说明方法。
小学说明文阅读题及答案

小学说明文阅读题及答案(一)白颊长臂猿白颊长臂猿几乎常年都在树上生活。
行动的时候,能用单臂把自己的身子悬挂在树枝上,双腿蜷曲,来回摇摆,像荡秋千一样荡越前进,一次腾空移动的距离就有3米远,每次可以连续荡越8-9米。
雌白颊长臂猿还让刚出生不久的幼仔把手脚抱在自己的胸前,带着它一起在森林的上空飞速行进。
它们的动作灵活、自然、轻松、优美,如同飞鸟一般,有时在半空中还能做出“鹞子翻身”、“苏秦背剑”、“蜻蜒点水”等高难动作,使人感到惊心动魄,称之为高空“杂技演员”。
我国古代传说有一种叫做“通臂猿”的动物,神通广大,来去如飞,两臂相通,具有自由伸缩的能力,能够把一侧的臂缩短,而使另一侧的臂变长,这种传说的来历,可能就是由被神化了的长臂猿而想象出来的。
夜里睡觉也很有意思,总是坐在一根又细又长的树枝的末端,差不多刚刚能够承受它的体重,给人一种随时都会跌下来的感觉。
其实,这种奇特的睡觉方式对于它来说才是最安全的。
因为如果有天敌入侵,只要树枝轻轻晃动,睡在上面的白颊长臂猿马上就会发觉,立即就会轻舒猿臂,扬长而去。
白颊长臂猿喜欢吃各种植物的果实、树叶、嫩枝、花朵,以及昆虫、鸟卵等,但植物性食物占其食量90%以上。
白颊长臂猿的喉部长有喉囊,又叫音囊,喊叫的时候,喉囊可以胀得很大,使喊声变得极其嘹亮。
它是哺乳动物中的“歌唱家”,特别喜欢鸣叫,形式有雄兽的“独唱”、雄兽和雌兽的“二重唱”和雄兽及其家庭成员的“大合唱”等等。
特别是气势磅礴的“大合唱”,一般是成年雄兽首先发出引唱,然后成年雌兽伴以带有颤音的共鸣,以及群体中的亚成体单调的应和,“呜喂,呜喂,呜喂,哈哈哈”,音调由低到高,清晰而高亢,震动10谷,几千米之外都能听到。
每天至少鸣唱1-2次,有时多达3-4次,一般与天气变化有关,主要是在清晨和傍晚,每次鸣唱持续的时间短的只有2-3分钟,长则在20分钟左右。
遗憾的是,它们高昂悦耳的歌声也给自己带来了灭顶之灾,因为偷猎者正是根据歌声寻找到它们的。
2023届中考语文阅读专项练(5)说明文阅读

(5)说明文阅读说明文阅读。
人体的色彩科学①色彩具有令人惊讶的特征之一是:它具有“重量”。
我们不妨做这样一个实验:将同样重量的两份东西分装于两个盒子,再将一个盒子用白纸包封,另一个用红纸包封,然后用手掂量掂量,你一定会觉得用红纸包封的盒子重一些。
②戴尔教授在14年前首先发现色彩有“重量”。
他经过多种复杂的实验后得出结论,各种颜色在人的大脑中都代表一定“重量”。
他还将颜色按“重量”从大到小排列成如下顺序:红、蓝、绿、橙、黄、白。
③色彩学还告诉我们,颜色不仅具有“重量”,而且还有“味道”。
这是因为我们不仅能用眼睛看清颜色,而且还能用其他器官分辨它们。
每一种颜色都代表着某一具体波长的能,我们的神经末梢,即感觉器官可以接收到这种能。
正是由于这种原因,许多盲人也能分辨颜色。
④根据这一发现,科学家们认为,人的皮肤吸收其喜爱的颜色,而拒绝其讨厌的仅过了1个小时。
而且,人的体温也会因室内的颜色的变化而变化。
如果从红色房间移到蓝色房间,人的体温就会下降。
⑤更为奇异的是,专家们发现:颜色可促进人体分泌荷尔蒙,而分泌荷尔蒙的多寡,能影响人们的身心健康和工作情绪。
如黄、橙、红等色有使人振奋提神的作用,能提高和激发人们的积极性,促使进入兴奋状态;而蓝色、紫色、绿色等则有使人平心静气的特殊效用。
因此前者能使工作环境产生活跃的气氛,刺激和增进生产活力;而后者则能使人镇定、平和,有利于完成各种复杂精细的工作。
1.专家们发现颜色具有的特性。
2.第④段中加线句运用了什么说明方法?有何作用?3.⑤段中加粗字能否删掉,为什么?4.在举重比赛中,为了使举重运动员发挥更好的水平,你认为比赛场地的地毯应是什么颜色的?杠铃应是什么颜色?这有什么好处?阅读《“登陆火星”探秘》,回答相关问题。
“登陆火星”探秘庞之浩①2021年5月15日,天问一号探测器在火星的乌托邦平原南端着陆。
②最新的科学探测发现,在火星乌托邦平原距离地面1到10米的浅表底层下方有大量地下水冰存在,储水量相当于地球面积最大的淡水湖——苏必利尔湖。
七升八 语文暑假班第5课 说明文阅读(含答案)

七升八语文暑假班第5课说明文阅读一、课堂小结。
1.说明文:一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体材。
它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律。
说明文一般分为事物说明文(介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能等)和事理说明文(解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等)。
本文作者运用多种说明方法,为读者详细地介绍了中国石拱桥的历史及特点,是一篇典型的事物说明文。
2.说明方法:为了把事物特征说清楚,或者把事理阐述明白,必须有相适应的说明方法。
常见的说明方法有以下几种:①列数据。
例:全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米……②打比方。
例:石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。
③下定义。
例:由于各拱相联,所以这种桥叫作联拱石桥。
④作比较。
例:永定河发水时……足见它的坚固。
⑤摹状貌。
例:桥面用石板铺砌……惟妙惟肖。
⑥举例子。
例:其中最著名的当推河北省赵县的赵州桥,还有北京附近的卢沟桥。
⑦引用。
例:“唐朝的张说,远望这座桥就像‘初月出云,长虹饮涧’。
”⑧作诠释。
例:“大拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱。
这个创造性的设计,不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且在河水暴涨的时候,还可以增加桥洞的过水量,减轻洪水对桥身的冲击。
”⑨分类别。
例:介绍赵州桥、卢沟桥。
3.说明顺序,指能充分表现事物或事理本身特征的顺序,常见的说明顺序有:(1)时间顺序:按照时间先后来安排说明顺序。
说明事物发展变化常采用这种顺序。
(2)空间顺序:按事物空间方位关系来安排说明顺序,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从整体到局部来介绍,这样有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。
(3)逻辑顺序:即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系来安排顺序,或由整体到局部,或由具体到抽象,或由主要到次要,或由个别到一般,或由现象到本质,或由原因到结果,等等。
4.《苏州园林》主要采用了逻辑顺序:课文按照从总到分,由主到次,从整体概说到具体分说的顺序来安排。
文章先总体概括了苏州园林的总特点:“游览者无论站在哪个点上,眼前总是一幅完美的图画”,给人的感觉是“如在画中”;然后,从四个主要角度和三个次要角度逐一分析,强调苏州园林的布置,处处充满美,匠心独具。
中考语文阅读-说明文(通用5篇)

中考语文阅读-说明文(通用5篇)1.中考语文阅读-说明文第1篇量子棘轮棘轮,在周期力的作用下能产生单向运动。
如,用改锥连续拧带棘齿的螺丝钉,螺丝钉就会不断向深处钻。
这是向一侧倾斜的一圈棘齿产生的效应。
量子棘轮,通过一个振荡信号或随机变化信号可以实现对电子运动方向的控制,使它们完成有用运动。
在量子棘轮的研究领域居领先地位的德国科学家彼得?亨吉和他的同事认为,电子像人们预计的那样自动远离电路负极的时代很快就要结束。
亨吉兴奋的说:“你可以让电子转圈运动,或上下运动,还可以让它爬坡。
”量子棘轮能使电子在没有有向电压的环境中来回运动。
这意味它能够利用没有电线连接的电子设备指挥电子随意分流在不同的电器元件间跳跃。
随意分流的单个电子可用来储存量子信息。
经过专门设计的电路块则成为构建新一代量子计算机的逻辑门。
在低温下,处于电子通道槽底部的电子无法逾越槽两侧的壁垒,经典物理学认为,这些电子将被永久俘获。
然而根据量子理论,这些电子是能逃逸的。
电子是一种概率波,没有明确的方位,存在逃到势能壁垒之外的小概率。
它可以从两个方向贯穿棘齿型槽,如果“壁垒”极薄,贯穿概率便会大大提高。
这一理论,日前已被科学家的实验证实。
他们还指出,由于电子携带热量,量子棘轮也许可用做热力泵,给芯片的微元件降温。
对量子棘轮的研究可能有助于人体分子马达的研究。
我们身体的肌肉就是大批协调运作的分子马达,它们吸收体内化学反应释放的无方向能量,并发挥棘轮效应,否则能量之于人体便是无效的。
当然,分子马达不等同于量子棘轮。
另据报道:在量子世界运作的棘轮,不久将用于电子设备中。
生物学家正在研制量子锯齿沟槽,用以分割不同重量的脱氧核糖核酸片段。
1.下列有关“量子棘轮”的说明,不正确的一项是()A.借助无有向电压的电子设备可使电子定向分流B.具有转圈、上下乃至爬波等多种电子运动形式C.通过特定信号控制电子的流向以完成有用运动D.将促进物理学、生物化学等学科的研究与发展2.下列对第3自然段中重要信息的理解,正确的一项是()A.电子设备将得到全面更新不再使用电线连接B.量子棘轮上的电子能在不同电器元件间跳跃C.只要经过随意分流的电子就能储存量子信息D.量子棘轮将应用于新一代量子计算机的'研制3.对第4自然段中画横线语句的理解,正确的一项是()A.分子马达协调运作使其吸收的无方向能量成为定向能量以满足人体需要B.众多的分子马达协调运作使肌肉产生有效能量以适合人体各部分的需要C.肌肉在周期力的作用下完成有用的单向运动以抵消体内能量的无方向性D.肌肉将吸收的无方向化学能量进行改造再释放以补充人体所消耗的能量4.下列对文意的分析,正确的一项是()A.量子棘轮具有对电子的制导作用,因此电子不仅可以远离负极也可以自动靠近负极。
中考模拟真题速递】第一期 专题5 阅读理解之说明文10篇-备战2023年中考英语二轮复习(广东专用)

第一期专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇(2022·广东韶关·校考二模)A record of 1,101 manatees(海牛) died in Florida last year, many from hunger. So last December, government wildlife experts thought up a plan to give food to the manatees. They decided to feed them green vegetables like lettuce and cabbage. Ron Mezich, an expert, said, “We’re making a difference.” So far, they have served up more than 193,000 pounds of lettuce to hungry manatees. But as the weather is getting warm, the program is expected to end soon.Manatees are huge sea animals that only eat sea grass and other plants that live in the sea. That’s one reason why they’re sometimes called “sea cows”. Since 1967, Florida’s manatees have been on the US government’s list of endangered animals. Most dangers to manatees come from humans. One of the biggest problems facing the animals are boats. Manatees are curious (好奇的) and fairly slow. That has led to thousands of manatees being hit or killed by boats. At one point, there were only about 2,000 manatees left in Florida. With protection, the number increased. In 2016, there were more than 6,000 manatees.However, as sea grass began to disappear, the number of manatees keeps going down again. Warming seas with polluted water have created huge growths of algae (藻) on the ocean’s surface. The algae blocks the sunlight that allows the sea grass to grow. For example, in Indian River Lagoon, where manatees often go in the winter, about 90% of the sea grass beds there have died off. Long term, Florida will work to help restore (恢复) sea grass beds. But that will take time. Scientists still worry that hundreds more manatees could starve this winter.1.Why are manatees sometimes called “sea cows”?A.They are as big as cows.B.They can swim like cows.C.They have tails like cows.D.They feed on plants like cows.2.How has the number of manatees changed over years?A.B.C.D.3.Which shows the correct order of the causes of manatees’ death?A.sea pollution→growth of algae→death of see grass→death of manateesB.growth of algae→sea pollution→death of see grass→death of manateesC.sea pollution→death of see grass→growth of algae→death of manateesD.growth of algae→death of see grass→sea pollution→death of manatees4.What is the meaning of the underlined word “block”?A.provide B.prevent C.help D.attract5.Which is the best title for this passage?A.Manatees Feeding Program B.Money Given to Save ManateesC.Sea Grass Bed Restored for Manatees D.Reasons for Manatees’ Death Still Unclear(2022·广东韶关·校考二模)Games from all over the world can be fun and simple to play. Some of the games might be similar to ones you have played many times before. Others may be new to you, but one thing you can be sure is that you will enjoy how children in countries around the world like to play.JacksCountry: The United States /BrazilThings for the game: A small rubber ball and 15 star-shaped metal piecesNumber of the players: 2 to 4 peopleWay to play: Throw the ball into the air and then pick up as many jacks in one hand as possible. The man with the most jacks is the winner.Tangram (七巧板)Country: ChinaThings for the game: A set of tangramNumber of the players: Alone or a group of peopleWay to play: You begin with a square paper that has been divided into seven pieces—five triangle (三角形), a square and a rhombus (菱形). The goal is to make as many pictures as possible with the pieces.SepaktakrawCountry: ThailandThings for the game: A small colorful footbagNumber of the players: A group of peopleWay to play: The players stand in a group and try to pass the ball to one another without allowing it to touch the ground. You can only use your head, shoulders, feet and leg, not your arms or hands.The next time you get together with your friends to play a game, think about trying a game from another6.________ countries are mentioned in the passage.A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five7.If Xiaoming wants to play by himself, he will choose ________.A.Jacks B.Tangram C.Sepaktakra D.Jacks and Tangram8.When people play Sepaktakraw, they can use the following parts of body Except ________.A.legs B.heads C.hands D.shoulders9.Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?A.Sepaktakraw can be played alone.B.B.Tangram is a game from Thailand.C.Sepaktakraw needs a small colorful football.D.Jacks needs 15 star-shaped metal pieces.10.The purpose of writing this passage is to ________.A.find out the differences among the games B.introduce different kinds of gamesC.show how easy to play a game with children D.encourage people to buy the things for the games.(2022·广东江门·校考一模)By 2050, the world will be urbanized(都市化的). Nearly 70% of the world’s population will live in cities. Many of them will develop into large cities with a population of more than 10 million. Moving people around each large city will be a very big challenge. The traffic speed in London will fall to about 7 miles per hour. Around the same speed it was 150 years ago, in the days of the horse and cart.But city planners are working on ways to solve the problem.Self-driving CarsRobot TaxisBusesBikesFor many people, urban transport in 2050 might be cool.11.Most of people will live ________ by 2050.A.in big cities B.in small cities C.in London D.in villages12.________ means of transport will help the traffic in the future according to tho passage.A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five13.The underlined word “Self-driving” probably means ________ in Chinese.A.People need to go out by robot taxis.B.People need to have a driver on their own.C.People don’t need to drive by themselves.D.People need to drive a car when they go out.14.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A.The traffic speed in London will be slow because of the large population.B.There will be robot taxis in the city streets by 2040.C.Buses can make the way by themselves.D.Roads for bikes will be high above city streets.15.The best title for the passage may be ________.A.Cars In The Future B.Buses In The FutureC.Bikes In The Future D.Transport In The Future(2022·广东清远·统考一模)Everyone knows that exercise is important. We all need to exercise. Doctors say it is good for us. It makes our heart and body strong. Children who often exercise are more alert(思维捷的). This means they do better in tests and schoolwork than those who don’t exercise.There are many ways to exercise. You can walk, run, swim, skate, or play ball games. Make sure you exercise in the following ways.You have to like what you’re doing.Exercise enough, but not too much. It’s best to exercise twice each week. Thirty minutes each time is enough.Try all kinds of things until you find one, two or even three sports right for you.Lots of people choose to exercise at fitness centers(健身中心). Why? Because there is a lot of sports equipment(器材)there. The equipment will help exercise your arms, legs and other parts of your body to makeyou healthy. Some people buy sports equipment, but it is very expensive.Exercising can be fun. Friends can exercise together at a fitness center or they can play sports together outside. How do you exercise?16.In the passage, the writer tells us that we all need to ________.A.drink B.sleep C.exercise D.rest17.Which of the following sports is NOT mentioned in the passage?A.Fishing.B.Running.C.Swimming.D.Walking.18.It’s best to exercise ________ a week and ________ each time.A.once; thirty minutes B.twice; half an hourC.three times; half an hour D.four times; an hour19.What does the underlined word “right” mean here in Chinese?A.右边的B.合适的C.正确的D.没关系20.According to the passage, why do many people go to fitness centers to keep healthy?A.Because they have much free time.B.Because they don’t think they can keep healthy at home.C.Because there are different kinds of sports equipment at fitness centers.D.They like it.(2022·广东江门·统考一模)Not everyone is born smart or good at sports. But everyone can study to become smarter and train to get better at sports. Science shows that anyone can get better skills.Your brain is made up of billions of neurons(神经元). They are all connected and send messages to each other. Scientists have found that when we learn, neurons make new connections and old connections grow stronger. But if connections aren’t used, they will break down. So, learning is like exercise for your brain.A mindset is a way of thinking. Some people have a fixed mindset. They think they are either smart or stupid and they will stay that way forever. Other people have a growth mindset and they think they can learn and get better.According to Dr. Carol Dweck’s studies, people with a fixed mindset worry about grades. They’re afraid of looking stupid when they make mistakes. People with a growth mindset care about learning, not grades. They learn from their mistakes and try to find different ways of solving problems. They ask for help when necessary. In only two years, babies learn to walk, talk and feed themselves. They never worry about looking stupid when learning. If they make mistakes, they just try again.Dweck’s team discovered that kids can choose to have a growth mindset. They can do better in school. Sonotice what mindset you have. If you ever think yourself stupid, it’s not true. You just have not learned how to do something yet.21.Everyone can get better skills by ________.A.eating healthy food B.getting enough exerciseC.sleeping well D.studying or training22.When you learn, neurons will ________.A.collect messages B.make new connectionsC.make old connections weaker D.break down23.The underlined word “fixed” in the passage means ________ in Chinese.A.变化的B.固定的C.聪明的D.修复的24.The writer gives the example of babies in Paragraph 4 to show ________.A.babies learn skills faster than older peopleB.babies have fewer worries than older peopleC.babies learn from mistakes to learn new skillsD.babies easily make mistakes in daily life25.The passage is about to ________.A.advise us to choose the proper way of thinking B.advise us to learn with smart peopleC.show us how neurons work in our brains D.compare two special ways of thinking(2022·广东惠州·统考一模)Imagine a perfect day: the weather is good and everything seems fine. When, suddenly, your mobile phone loses its signal, the television has no programs, and you can’t get online with your computer. What has happened? These are just the types of problems a solar storm (太阳风暴) might cause. You may not think of storms as putting our society in danger. But today, a solar storm is as serious as other bad events, such as earthquakes.A solar storm is caused by solar flares (太阳耀斑): large explosions (爆炸) near the sun that can give off lots of energy. The strong energy can stop the satellite systems that control our computer, telecomputer networks and so on. These storms can even cause the power to go out for weeks or months.In the past few months, scientists have recorded some of the strongest sun flares in years. The most recent one happened around Valentine’s Day, 2011. It caused radio and satellite signals to go down in some northern cities in China.“Solar flare activity is going to be much worse than what we’ve seen in the past. We’re not talking about a few cities losing power, it could be half of the country, maybe more,” a US website about space weather, warned.Scientists say that little can be done to predict such a storm. Governments around the world are trying to work together before the next storm, although they are not sure when that may happen.26.According to the passage, a solar storm can cause many problems except that ________. A.earthquakes happen B.mobile phones have no signalsC.people cannot get online D.the power may go out27.According to the passage, solar flares are ________.A.telecomputer networks B.solar stormsC.large explosions near the sun D.the energy of the sun28.In 2011, ________ caused radio and satellite signals to go down in some northern cities in China. A.earthquakes B.satellite systems C.solar flares D.telecomputer networks29.From the passage, the right order of the following is ________.a. Solar flares give off lots of energy.b. People can’t get online with their computers.c. Solar storms happen.d. Satellite systems are stopped.A.a-b-c-d B.a-c-d-b C.c-a-b-d D.c-b-a-d30.This article mainly tells us ________.A.the weather is good and everything seems fine on a perfect dayB.something about why we can’t get online with our computerC.some facts about a solar stormD.how to predict a solar storm(2022·广东江门·江门市陈白沙中学校考二模)You may have heard the saying “The Yangtze River is China’s mother river.” It is almost 6,400 kilometers long. As the world’s third-longest river, it covers one-fifth of China’s land area. The Yangtze River Economic Zone(长江经济带) covers eleven provinces and cities, making up about forty percent of China’s total population and GDP.On December 26, China passed the Yangtze River Protection Law, which came into force on March 1, 2021. It is the first law to protect a waterway in China.The mother river is in great need of protection because something is wrong with it. For example, because of overfishing and water pollution, the river’s Chinese paddlefish has died out there. There’s also desertified land and soil pollution near the river.According to the law, fishing will not be allowed in all of the Yangtze’s natural waterways, including its major tributaries(支流) and lakes. Those who are caught fishing will be fined(罚款) 50,000 to 500,000 yuan.Digging sand will be strictly limited(限制) in the river. Many companies are digging sand along the river.However, this has led to lower water levels on the river, which has caused the river’s water to decline.Companies and factories along the river will need to focus on green development. If their activities do harm to the waterways, they will be moved away, the law says.31.The Yangtze River covers ________ of China’s land area.A.20%B.50%C.40%D.10%32.Which of the following is TRUE about the Yangtze River Protection Law?A.It was passed on March 1, 2021B.It came into force about ten years ago.C.It has increased the population of the area.D.It is the first law to protect a waterway in China. 33.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A.There is nothing wrong about the mother river.B.Overfishing is the only reason why Chinese paddlefish has died out.C.People can go fishing in Yangtze’s major tributaries.D.A person may be fined 80,000 yuan for fishing in Yangtze River.34.The underlined word “decline” in the passage means ________.A.dry B.fall C.disappear D.increase35.What’s the purpose of the passage?A.To explain the new law to us.B.To tell us not to fish in Yangtze’s major tributaries.C.To tell us not to dig sand along the river.D.To give us suggestions on protecting the Yangtze River.(2022·广东江门·江门市福泉奥林匹克学校校考二模)The World Health Organization says that teenagers of the world’s do not get enough exercise, influencing their current and future health.The WHO says that kids should get at least an hour of medium to hard exercise every day. A research done by the UN health agency found 81 percent of students aged between 11 and 17 fail to get daily physical activity such as walking, riding a bike or playing sports. The report on global trends for teenagers physical activity is based on survey data collected on 1.6 million students from 146 countries since 2001.Exercise is really important for the health of the heart and lungs. More and more research are showing that physical activity is associated with better heart and lungs, mental health and cognitive (认知) activity, which have influenced on students’ learning. Exercise, along with healthy eating, is also viewed by experts as key to controlling a global over-height. The report did not mention why teenagers aren’t active in exercise, but it suggested digital technology means more young people spend too much time on computers and mobile phones.The study also found 85 percent of girls and 78 percent of boys surveyed failing to hit the daily exercise target. Male youths in rich Western countries and female youths in South Asia get the most exercise. While in China, the qualified rate of Chinese students’ physical test in 2018 was 91.91 percent, and the excellent and good rate was 30.57 percent. From 2016 to 2018, the situation of student’s exercise and health in the country showed an upward trend. However, the physical health of Chinese students hasn’t much improved, said Liu Bo, director of the Division of Sports Science and Physical Education in Tsinghua University.The current rate of over-weight among students is still high, according to a report released by the Chinese Ministry of Education. Therefore, we should encourage families, schools and society to guide students to develop healthy habits since childhood, do more exercise and prevent diseases such as shortsightedness and over-weight. 36.Which of the following statements is TRUE about the research?A.Many teenagers don’t meet the requirements of the experiment.B.Girls are more likely to do less exercise than boys.C.Teenagers spend less time doing exercise at home.D.Nonwhite teenagers spend more time on physical activities than white teenagers.37.Which of the following isn’t associated with physical activity?A.Heart.B.Lungs.C.Learning.D.Mental health.38.Teenagers need to _________.A.wear a belt in their hands every day B.report their location every 30 seconds every dayC.wear the accelerometer and GPS tracker in the waist D.exercise for 60 minutes every day39.What does the underlined word “digital” mean in Chinese?A.经济的B.信息的C.数字的D.计数的40.The best title for this passage may be _________.A.Teenagers Aren’t Getting Enough Exercises B.School Should Pay More Attention to Teenager’s Health C.Teenagers Don’t Like Exercise Nowadays D.Teenagers Get Half Their Day’s Activity at School(2022秋·广东惠州·九年级统考一模)Have you ever seen a solar panel(太阳能电池板) in your neighborhood? Solar panels take energy from the sun and turn it into electricity. Over the past ten years, the price of solar panels has gone down greatly. In many parts of the world, solar energy is now the cheapest form of electricity. More and more people have started using solar energy to power their homes. However, common solar panels also have their problems. They stop working at night and on rainy days. Is it possible to make them produce electricity all of the time?Scientists at Suzhou University, China, have invented a new solar panel now. It can produce electricity notonly from solar energy but also from falling rain. When a raindrop falls on the solar panel and then rolls(滚动) down, it creates friction(摩擦力) on the surface(表面) of the panel, which can then be turned into electricity.Sun Baoquan is one of the inventors. “Our new invention can produce electricity in any weather during the day,” he says. “It can even provide electricity at night if there is rain.”The solar panel, however, does not make much electricity from falling rain. So Sun Baoquan is still working hard to improve it. The scientist also wants to make more flexible solar panels, which are as soft as cloth. They will be much lighter and provide more electricity.The field of solar energy is developing fast. Scientists around the world have been improving solar panels. Some have been working on ways to join solar panels and wind power together. Some have been trying to use sunlight to produce liquid and gas fuels(液体和气体燃料).41.In many parts of the world, the cheapest form of electricity is ________.A.solar energy B.water energy C.wind energy D.light energy42.Common solar panels are not good enough because ________.A.the price of them is rising B.they can’t work all of the timeC.they can hardly power people’s homes D.they can’t take energy from the sun43.The new solar panel made by scientists at Suzhou University can ________.A.create more electricity at night B.provide electricity even in rainy conditionsC.turn water into electricity D.produce electricity from falling rain only44.The underlined word “flexible” in Paragraph 5 mean ________in Chinese.A.光滑的B.坚硬的C.柔软的D.粗糙的45.We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.A.there is no room for developing solar energyB.solar panels don’t need to be improved any moreC.solar energy has completely replaced other kinds of energyD.there is no end to the research in the field of solar energy(2022秋·广东阳江·九年级统考一模)Nowadays, more and more people use the internet to shop, pay bills, and keep in touch with friends. As a result, a lot of our important personal information is online. And it becomes a target (目标) for online thieves (贼).Online thieves try new tricks every day. They won’t just try to steal your credit card (信用卡) numbers. They’ll try to win your trust to get your personal information. They will tell lies and make up stories in order to get money from you.However, if we pay much attention and learn about these, it will be easy for us to guard and protect our information.Many these things come by e-mail. When you receive any e-mails that you’re not expecting, don’t open them! They may let thieves control your computer.Also, if you follow a link (链接) in an e-mail, don’t enter any information on that website. The website may be fake. Thieves hope you will think it’s the real thing. Type the address yourself if you want to visit the website.Thieves might also pretend to be your friends on social networks (人际网). They’ll send you messages and ask you to lend them money. Before you do that, call your friends to make sure if they really need help. They may need it, or they may not know what you’re talking about. Then you’ll know what to do next.46.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.The Internet.B.An online activity.C.The way to buy things.D.The personal information.47.What is the final purpose of online thieves according to the passage?A.To control you and your computer.B.To win your biggest trust.C.To try to cheat for your money.D.To know your personal information.48.The word “fake” in Paragraph 5 means ________ in Chinese.A.可信任的B.假的C.难堪的D.出乎意料的49.According to the passage, we’re supposed to protect ourselves online by ________.A.never using the internetB.refusing to open any online emailsC.making sure if a message for help is trueD.avoiding visiting any strange website50.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To introduce how online thieves cheat us.B.To tell us how to protect ourselves from online thieves.C.To describe what we can do online.D.To explain to us how internet tricks take place.参考答案:1.D2.B3.A4.B5.A【导语】本文主要介绍了海牛所面临的问题以及政府的保护措施。
说明文的阅读方法及技巧

说明文的阅读方法及技巧说明文是一种描述现象、解释原理或者提供指导的文体,它旨在通过清晰、准确的语言来传达信息。
阅读说明文可以帮助读者获取知识,了解事物的性质和特点,同时也可以帮助读者学习如何操作其中一种设备或完成项任务。
下面是阅读说明文的方法和技巧。
1.预读和标题:在开始阅读说明文之前,通读一遍标题和每个部分的标题。
标题通常会给出文章的主要内容或目标,并且可以帮助你迅速获得文章的结构和组织。
2.理解文章结构:在开始阅读正文之前,要先了解文章的结构和组织。
说明文通常采用逻辑顺序或时间顺序来组织内容,因此先弄清楚每个部分的关系和相互连接,可以提高阅读理解的效果。
3.阅读段落:注意每个段落的开头和结尾。
开头通常会提供段落的主题或者引入下一个主题,结尾则是总结段落的要点或引入下一个段落。
理解段落的组织结构可以帮助读者更好地理解主题和细节。
4.寻找关键词:在阅读说明文时,要注意寻找关键词或关键词短语。
关键词通常会出现在段落的首句或者其他重要位置,它们可以帮助读者迅速抓住文章的主题和重点。
5.注意句子结构:说明文通常使用简单句、并列句和复合句等不同句子结构。
理解句子结构可以帮助读者更好地理解主题和表达方式。
同时,注意遇到复杂句子时要分析分句之间的逻辑关系,这有助于理解句子的意义。
6.确定关键信息:在阅读说明文时,要能够快速确定文章中的关键信息。
关键信息通常包括事物的定义、特点、原理、过程、步骤等,有助于读者理解事物的本质和方法。
7.利用图表和图像:说明文中经常会使用图表和图像来辅助说明。
阅读说明文时要善于利用这些图表和图像,它们可以提供更直观、具体的信息,帮助读者更好地理解内容。
8.进行笔记和标记:在阅读说明文时,可以进行笔记和标记。
可以在文章旁边或者笔记本上记录关键信息、重要概念和难点内容。
标记关键词、关键句和关键段落也可以帮助快速回顾和查找信息。
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五(说明文阅读)【基本概念】说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。
它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。
说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能,解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。
说明文实用性很强,它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。
说明文是三大实用文体之一,它是以说明为主要表达方式,用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功能、制作方法、发明过程和事理的,使读者对这一事物或事理有所了解,给人以知识。
【说明文阅读步骤及技巧】首先要明确说明对象、掌握为说明对象所使用的说明方法(列数字、打比方、作比较等)和说明顺序(空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序),还需要掌握文章中体现说明文语言准确性的词语以及这些词语的表达效果。
另外说明文阅读中也会考察说明文的结构形式,如总分式(总—分、总—分—总、分—总)、并列式、递进式。
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式,以传授科学知识为根本任务,介绍事物,阐明事理,说明事物运动、变化、发展规律的。
因此,阅读此类文章,自然也应该抓住说明的对象及其特征,看看它是如何来“说”的。
【说明文阅读结构思路】(一)、把握说明对象,辨识说明方法1.常见题型:以选择、填空或简答的形式指明说明对象或说明对象的特征。
如:本文的说明对象是什么?本文的说明内容是什么?拟标语、提建议等。
2.把握说明的对象和特征,可以从以下两方面着手:①看题目,不少题目都表示说明的对象。
一般事物说明文的对象可以从标题上找。
②抓首括句和中心句。
好的说明文往往用这种句子来突出所要说明文的事物和特征。
(二)、理清说明顺序,分析文章结构1.常见题型有:以选择、填空或简答的形式,指明整体和局部的说明顺序;或理清说明文的层次,直接划分全文的结构或划分某段的层次。
2.常见说明顺序有三种:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。
3.说明文常见的结构形式:总分式,总分总式,分总式。
4.抓逻辑顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序的特征,理清说明顺序。
常见方法有以下两种:①看内容,辨顺序。
介绍事物的特征、种类、成因、功用等,一般用逻辑顺序;说明事物发展变化过程,一般用时间顺序;说明事物的形状、构造,一般用空间顺序。
②找重点词句辨顺序。
空间顺序一般用方位词;时间顺序一般用时间名词;逻辑顺序一般用“因为”、“所以”、“首先”、“其次”、“总之”、“综合所述”等词语。
理清了说明顺序,说明结构就可根据顺序来划分。
(1)时间顺序:即按照事理发展过程的先后来介绍某一事物的说明顺序。
凡是事物的发展变化都离不开时间,如说明生产技术、产品制作、技术方法、历史发展、文字演变、人物成长、动植物生长等等,都应以时间为序。
(2)空间顺序:即按照事物空间存在的方式,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从整体到局部来加以介绍,这种说明顺序有利于全面说明事物各方面的特征。
一般说明某一静态实体(如建筑物等),常用这种顺序。
如课本中的《核舟记》就是按照船体――船头――船尾――船背的空间顺序来写的。
(3)逻辑顺序:即按照事物、事理的内在逻辑关系,或由个别到一般,或由具体到抽象,或由主要到次要,或由现象到本质,或由原因到结果,递进,或概括到具体,或特点到用途,或由整体到局部一一介绍说明。
不管是实体的事物,如山川、江河、花草、树木、器物等,还是抽象的事理,如思想、观点、概念、原理、技术等,都适用于以逻辑顺序来说明。
(三)、说明方法——是写说明文时用简明扼要的语言把事物的实际情况恰如其分地表述出来的方法。
常见的说明方法有举例子、分类别、列数字、作比较、列图表、下定义、引资料、作诠释、打比方、摹状貌、作假设,这11种。
中学常见的有:举例子、列数字、打比方、分类别、作比较、引资料、列图表、下定义、作诠释、摹状貌。
说明方法的作用及意义:(1)举例子:举出实际事例来说明事物,使所要说明的事物具体化,形象化,更真切,以便读者理解,使内容具体、加强说服力,具体介绍知识的作用。
(举什么例子,具体、真切、形象地说明了说明对象的什么)(2)列数字:使所要说明的事物具体化,以便读者理解。
使说明更科学,更准确,更具体。
(列举具体数字,科学、准确、具体地说明了说明对象的什么)(3)作比较:把某些抽象的或者是人们比较陌生的事物,用具体的或者大家已经熟悉的事物和它比较,使读者通过比较得到具体而鲜明的印象。
事物的特征也往往在比较中显现出来,说明对象的特点突出。
(把什么和什么进行比较,突出了说明对象的什么特点)注:在作比较的时候,可以是同类相比,也可以是异类相比,可以对事物进行“横比”,也可以对事物进行“纵比”。
(4)打比方:利用两种不同事物之间的相似之处作比较,以突出事物的性状特点,增强说明的形象性和生动性,增强文章的趣味性。
(把什么比喻成什么,生动、形象地说明了说明对象的什么)(四)、体味说明语言,概括语言特点。
常见题型有如下两种:1.说明文中词语作用的认识与辨析:句中加点词“XX”能否去掉,为什么?2.答题时语言要规范:句中加点词“XX”能否去掉或更换,为什么?答题步骤:A.表态,明确表示“不能去掉”或“不能换”;B.结合语境解释该词;C.与改换或去掉加点词后的语义进行比较,扣住说明文语言特点——“准确”(体现了说明文语言的准确性)。
【真题演练】(一)你被核辐射过吗?①从某种意义上讲,大自然的生成与演变,大千世界中的所有物质形态,都离不开原子内部微小粒子的相互作用,这些作用有两种极端的情况:核聚变与核裂变,也就是原子核聚合在一起形成新核或原子核分裂成两个新核。
每伴随微小粒子的相互作用,都有物质和能量的交换和转化。
宇宙,就是在无尽的微粒运动中,走向新生或者毁灭。
②核辐射是一种能量,核辐射是原子核从一种结构或能量状态向另一种结构或能量状态转变过程中所释放出来的微观粒子流或电磁波,能产生核辐射的物质被称为放射性物质。
③科学家们说,宇宙间放射性物质有很多,但所产生的核辐射对于人类而言危害都不太大。
只有核爆炸或核电站事故泄漏的放射性物质才能大范围地对人造成伤亡。
核爆炸、核泄漏,还不都是科学家们带来的!④太阳的光和热,就是最常见的核辐射,不过,这个辐射是太阳恒星的内部由在高温高压下发生核聚变时产生的能量,而且,大部分“厉害”的太阳辐射都被大气层过滤掉了,被我们大多数人所接触到的辐射,也早就参与了人类进化的过程,成为了人类生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分。
⑤人类在把核辐射用于做武器或发电之前,早就开始利用它们改进人类的生活。
⑥核辐射在医学领域的应用有近百年历史了。
现在,全世界每年50%以上的放射性核元素并不是被做成了核武器,而是进入了医院的放射科,X射线照相、CT、放射性核素诊断等,都是利用放射性核元素来诊疗疾病的。
放射性诊疗对人体有没有伤害?科学家们说,一切都控制在人体可接受的范围内。
⑦我们每天接触的食品,早就被核辐射过了。
⑧食品辐照技术是20世纪发展起来的,运用x射线、γ射线或高速电子束等电离辐射产生的高能射线对食品进行加工处理,达到杀虫、杀菌、抑制生理过程、保鲜的目的。
目前,全世界500多种辐照食品已在53个国家和地区获得批准,包括中国在内的30多个国家开始了大规模商业化应用,每年的辐照加工量在30万吨以上。
⑨从1958年起,中国就开展了辐照土豆、洋葱、大蒜、蘑菇等蔬菜、水果、鲜猪肉、牛羊肉、鸡鸭肉及其制品,水产、鲜蛋、酒和中成药、中药材等的实验研究。
目前,我国批准的适宜辐照的食品已达6大类57种,几乎涵盖了在超市里能找到的所有种类!据不完全统计,我国辐照食品的累计数量已近60万吨。
⑩大家最熟悉的辐照食品是大蒜、土豆和洋葱,这三种食品在收获后生命活动并没有终止,代谢活动仍然在进行,仍然会发芽、长根。
而如果将收获后的大蒜、洋葱或土豆用很低剂量的钴-60γ射线照一下,就可以抑制芽细胞的发育、抑制长根。
现在市场上不发芽不失水的“激光蒜”,就是利用核射线辐照处理后贮藏的大蒜。
辐照处理后还可使香蕉、苹果、芒果、草莓等水果延缓成熟,像苹果、梨辐照后甚至可以保存8个月而色香味完全不变。
⑾国际食品法典委员会2003年正式宣布:“辐照是一种处理食物的物理加工过程,如同用加热和冷冻保藏食品一样。
”这个结论使辐照食品的安全性有了充分的科学依据。
⑿科学家不仅在果实成熟后打核辐射的主意,在种子阶段,核辐射技术就已经捷足先登了。
核辐射在育种方面利用的是它能诱发基因突变,突变成功的概率比自然界自发的突变高出1000倍。
现在全世界利用辐射育种培育出的新品种已经超过2000种,播种面积达几十万公顷,我国用辐射育种培育的作物新品种有620多个,数量、种植面积和经济效益都排世界第一。
上世纪70年代,我国科学家利用γ射线和电子束诱变,就培育出“鲁棉一号”、“原丰早”水稻、“铁丰18”大豆,还分别得了国家发明一等奖。
⒀科学家近年热衷航天育种:让种子坐上航天飞机,利用太空中的强磁场、微重力、强宇宙射线辐射以及高真空等综合物理因素,让种子的遗传基因发生诱发突变。
等返回式卫星或飞船把种子带回来后,科学家们再培育和筛选,已经培育出了水稻、小麦、油菜、大豆、棉花等多个新品种。
⒁尽管科学家们沾沾自喜,太空物种同样遭到了公众的质疑。
⒂核辐射对于生命世界而言,可说是一种催化剂、一种推动力,它既有功于这个多样性丰富的大千世界,又威胁着人类的生存。
功过相较,是非难断。
⒃但可以肯定的是,为了满足人类无休止的欲望,被“滥用”的核辐射无疑变成了魔鬼。
1.本文以“你被核辐射过吗?”为题好不好?请简述理由(3分)2.从文中看,人来利用核辐射改进自身生活的举措及目的有:(6分)①②③3.(1)第④段采用了的说明方法,其作用是。
(3分)(2)第⒃段中“滥用”一词加引号,是用来表示。
(A.引用B.特殊含义C.着重指出)其理由是:。
(3分)4.对选文内容理解表达不恰当的一项是()(3分)A.核辐射是一种能量,能产生核辐射的物质被称为放射性物质。
B.目前,全世界每年有超过50%的放射性核元素进入医院和放射科来诊疗疾病的。
C.现在全世界利用辐射培育出的新品种已达2000种,播种面积超几十万公顷。
D.核辐射对于生命安全而言,功过相较,是非难断。
5.【相关链接】1986年,前苏联乌克兰境内的切尔诺贝利核电站4号反应堆发生爆炸,造成30人当场死亡,8吨多强辐射物泄漏。
据传,上世纪90年代,一支9人科学考察小组进入切尔诺贝利时,曾遭遇一群巨鼠袭击,只有一人生还,最后当局集结大量军队、轻重型武器,将所有能发现的巨鼠群消灭,传闻中出现的巨鼠就被称为“切尔诺贝利巨鼠”。
请问:这个传闻有一定可信度吗?请用文中获得的相关信息加以分析说明。
(4分)(二)闲话膏方①膏方,又称膏滋、煎膏,是一种将中药饮片反复煎煮,去渣取汁,经蒸发浓缩,加蜂蜜等制成的半流体状剂型。