2019-2020年高考英语短文理解学案(18)

2019-2020年高考英语短文理解学案（18）一、先看题干，带着问题读文章。

即先看试题，再读文章。

阅读题干，首先要掌握问题的类型，分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。

客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调，作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。

其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。

此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。

特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

二、速读全文，了解大意知主题。

阅读的目的是获取信息。

一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。

阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。

阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。

没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息，更谈不上运用英语。

近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。

考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。

抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。

主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。

用归纳法撰写的文章，都是表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子居后。

此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。

通常用演绎法撰写的文章，大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即从概述开始，随之辅以细说。

这时，主题句就是文章的第一句。

当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要读者自己去归纳。

主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用，主旨大意题，归纳概括题，中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。

阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。

AMoscow,Russia(Space news)-"The computer is a better chess player,"insisted Viktor Prozorov,the loser." It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move.I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind(为人类着想），but I just couldn't win," he announced and shook his head sadly.Prozorov's disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present,some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the machine.Manychess players said that this meant the end of chess championships(锦标赛）around the world,since the fun had been taken out of the game.The computer walked－or rather,rolled-away with 5,000 dollars in prize money and limited its remarks to a set of noises and light.56.Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article?A.5,000 dollars goes to a computer!B.New invention a laughing computer!C.World's best chess player beaten!puter defeats man in chess!57.How did some of the grand masters feel about the chess game between Prozorov and the computer?A.They thought that the game was no fun.B.They thought that the game wasn't fair.C.They agreed that Prozorov didn't play well.D.They were unhappy that the computer had won.58.What was it that Prozorov felt most bitter(懊恼)about?A.That he didn't win the$5,000.B.That he hadn't tried his best.C.That he had lost to a machine.D.That this was the end of the chess game.59.After winning the game,the computer_____.ughedB.walked awayC.made some remarksD.gave out some lights and sounds60.Many chess players felt that playing with a computer would_____.A.make the game tougherB.make the game less interestingC.make man appear foolishD.make man lose lots ofBExtract 1A computerA computer is an "information processor".It is given information,called "data",instructed to do certain things and then show us the results.The data put into the computer is called the"input" and the results which come out are the "output".Some people say the circle of large standing stones at Stonechenge is a kind of computer.Prehistory people worked out their calendar from the position of the shadows made by the sun shining on the stones.Extract 2Teach yourself new subjects and skills at your own pace with a home e it to help with schoolwork,for self-improvement,even to improve your career skills.Learn touchtyping.Foreign languages or computer programming.A home computer can help children of all ages learn classroom subjects such as spelling,geography and others.In fact it makes learning fun.So if you want to teach yourself,or help your children teach themselves-get a home computer.It can also help you manage your personal finances(经济）or help you to work taxes and plan household budgets(预算）.You can make business a pleasure with a home computer.61.The writer introduces the words such as "input" and "output" in order to_____.A.introduce people to computer languageB.show computer language is the same as EnglishC.help people some scientific languageD.give people some scientific language62.Why does the writer talk about Stonechenge in Extract 1?A.To give an example of the very first computer.B.To show that computers are older than mankind.C.To tell the difference between the past and the present.D.To give another very of explaining computers.63.If you think of the circle of large standing stones as a computer,_____.A.the shadow is the input and the position is the outputB.the sunlight is the input and the calendar is the outputC.the position is the input and the sunlight is the outputD.the calendar is the input and the shadow is the output64.Extract 2 is probably taken from_____.A.a computer textbookB.a company's advertisementC.a teach-yourself computer bookD. a children's guide to computersCWhen did you last see a polar bear(北极熊）?On a trip to a zoo,perhaps?If you had attended a winter activity in New York a few years ago,you would have seen a whole polar bear club.These "Polar Bears" are people who meet frequently in the winter to swim in freezing cold water.That day,the air temperature was 3℃,and the water temperature was a little higher.The members of the Polar Bear Club at Coney Island,New York are usually about the age of 60.Members must satisfy two requirements.First,they must get along well with everyone else in the group;this is very important because there are so many different kinds of people in the club.Polar Bears must also agree to swim outdoors at least twice a month from November through February.Dcotors don't agree about the medical effects of cold-winter swimming.Some are worried about the dangers of a condition in which the body's temperature drops so low that finally the heart stops.Other doctors,however,point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter.The Polar Bears themselves are satisfied with the benefits of cold-water swimming.They say that their favorite form of exercise is very good for the circulatory system(循环系统）because it forces the blood to move fast to keep the body warm.Cold-water swimmers usually turn bright red after a few minutes in the water.A person who turns blue probably has a very poor circulatory system and should not try cold-water swimming.The main benefits of cold-water swimming are probably mental.The Polar Bears love to swim all year round;they find it fun and relaxing.As one 70-year-old woman says,"When I go into water,I pour my troubles into the ocean and let them float away."65.The members of the Polar Bear Club must meet the following requirements except that_____.A.they must swim outdoors at least 8 times in the four cold monthsB.they must reach the age of 60C.they should be easy to make friends withD.they must agree to swim outdoors from November through February66.According to the passage,some doctors believe it is true that_____.A.Polar Bears are bears swimming in freezing waterB.cold-water swimming can make the body temperature dangerously highC.you are healthy if cold-water swimming turns your skin color blueD.cold-water swimming causes more heart attacks in summer than in winter67.The Polar Bears like to swim year-round,for_____.A.it is an easy way ot keep the body warm in winterB.they can remain youngC.they find it enjoyable and interestingD.they might meet fewer troubles in life68.The passage is mainly about_____.A.the requirements of the Polar Bear ClubB.a group of cold-water-swimming liversC.the Polar Bears' life in New YorkD.doctors' ideas about cold-water swimmingDSwimming is one of those activities that can be learned early in life.Little children can learn to swim as soon as they walk.In fact,you need the same skills in walking as in swimming. However,I believe that five is the best age to learn.By five or six,a child knows fear of water,a very important thing to know.It's wise to be afraid,to recognize true danger.Young ones understand that the water can sometimes be very dangerous.To really benefit from swimming,every swimmer should learn,as soon as possible,these four basic strokes;butterfly,backstroke,breastroke,and crawl.I feel that one of these-the breaststroke-is different from the others,since some young swimmers use this stroke naturally,without any training.In swimming there are certain rules every swimmer should follow:1.Never swim alone!No matter how good you are in the water,don't risk drowning by swimming alone.If you swim by yourself,with no life guards or friends with you,you may get into trouble.2.Don't go beyond your abilities.Most swimmers know enough not to swim too far from the bank or the beach,Showing off by doing dangerous tricks is no good.Swim safely and you will continue to swim and alive.3.Don't smoke.Swimming depends on a healthy body;good lungs are part of it.4.Work at any activity that builds muscles.69.Little children can learn to swim as soon as _____.A.they can talkB.they start walkingC.they have no fear of the waterD.they are five or six years old70.The author believes that fear of water is_____.A.stupidB.sensibleC.dangerousD.not smart71.The stroke that some young swimmers use first is_____.A.Picture(1)B.Picture(2)C.Picture(3)D.Picture(4)72.According to the passage,you should not swim alone because_____.A.the water is too coldB.your parents would not be happyC.something in the water might attackD.you might drownEIs there a difference in meaning between"It's too late to make a telephone.Mary is asleep now." and "It's too late to telephone.Mary will be asleep now？"Yes.The difference is in the reason given for it being too late to telephone.In the first sentence"Mary is asleep now",the speaker is stating a fact.In the second sentence"Mary will be asleep now," the speaker is saying what Mary usually does.In fact,it's possible that Mary isn't asleep,but she is usually asleep at this time.So let's take two situations.In the first case,imagine Mary's mother answers the telephone.You:"May I speak to Mary,please?"Mother:"No.It's too late.Mary is asleep now."You:" Are you sure?It's only 10 o'clock."Mother:" Yes.I went to her room and she was asleep."The mother knows that Mary is asleep because she went into her room and saw her.Here is another case.Two friends decide to telephone Mary.Jack:"Let's telephone Mary.It's 10 o'clock."Jill:"No,It's too late.She will be asleep now."Jill knows that Mary always goes to bed before 10 o'clock ,so now she'll probably be asleep.But it is also possible that she is staying up late.73.In the first situation,Mary's mother_____.A.wants to tell you that she knows Mary is asleepB.knows that Mary was asleepC.has no idea whether Mary is asleep or notD.wants to know if she can take a message for Mary74.In the second situation,Jill_____.A.knows that Mary has gone to bedB.doesn't know that Mary is asleepC.thinks it's likely that Mary cannot answer the telephoneD.is sure that Mary can not answer the telephone75.According to the teacher,in which situation do you think the word "will" is used in the same way Jill uses it?A.It's too heavy,I think.I'll help you.B.Don't get into his office.He will be angry now.C.You won't have to come to my office.I will send it to you.D.Will you please do me a favor?56~60 DDCDB 61~65 ADBBB 66~70DCBBB 71~75 ADACB。