【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE试题(四)
【资格考试】2019整理gre模拟试题第3部分
——参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE模拟试题第3部分______年______月______日____________________部门One explanation for the tendency of animals to bemore vigilant in smaller groups than in larger onesassumes that the vigilant behavior-looking up， forexample-is aimed at predators. If individuals on the（5） edge of a group are more vigilant because they areatgreater risk of being captured， then individuals onaver-age would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups，because the animals on the periphery of a group form agreater proportion of the whole group as the size of the（10）group diminishes.However， a different explanation is necessary in caseswhere the vigilant behavior is not directed at predators.J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look upmore often when in smaller flocks than when in larger（15）ones， solely as a consequence of poor feeding conditions.Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks arewatching for herons that they might follow to betterfeeding pools， which usually attract larger numbers ofthe birds.17.It can be inferred from the passage that in species inwhich vigilant behavior is directed at predators， the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant insmaller groups than in larger ones would most likelybe minimized if which of the following were true？（A） The vigilance of animals on the periphery of agroup always exceeded that of animals locatedin its interior， even when predators were notin the area.（B） The risk of capture for individuals in a groupwas the same， whether they were located inthe interior of the group or on its periphery.（C） Animals on the periphery of a group tended tobe less capable of defending themselves fromattack by predators than animals located in theinterior of the group.（D） Animals on the periphery of a group tended tobear marks that were more distinctive topredators than animals located in the interiorof the group.（E） Animals on the periphery of a group tended tohave shorter life spans than animals located inthe interior of the group.。
GRE(VERBAL)阅读模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
GRE（VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. PART ONEPART ONE （Time：30 minutes 38 Questions）SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive. Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading. Likewise, while the na?ve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers. Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear. Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.”Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors. While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable as his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.1．The author’s primary purpose is thatA．the evidence used in support of a particular argument is questionableB．a distinction between two genres of writing has been overlookedC．a particular issue is more complex than it might appearD．two apparently different works share common featuresE．two eighteenth-century authors held significantly different attitudes toward a particular正确答案：A解析：A选项中的a particular argument指的是文化权威们认为“女人应该多读历史”的观点，evidence指的是第二、三句。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE北美试题2
——参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE北美试题2______年______月______日____________________部门1. Although there are weeks of negotiations ahead, and perhaps setbacks and new surprises, leaders of both parties are ---that their differences can be resolved.(A) optimistic(B) perplexed(C) apprehensive(D) incredulous(E) uncertain2. The losing animal in a struggle saves itself from destruction by an act of ----, an act usually recognized and ---by the winner.(A) submission.. accepted(B) hostility.. avoided(C) bluffing .. reaffirmed(D) anger.. condoned(E) hatred.. duplicated3. He never ---the wisdom I had claimed for him, and my friends quickly dismissed my estimate of his ability as ----.(A) repudiated.. irony(B) inhibited .. propaganda(C) demonstrated.. hyperbole(D) masked.. exaggeration(E) vindicated.. understatement4. It would seem that absolute qualities in art---us, that we cannot escape viewing worksof art in ---of time and circumstance.(A) enlighten.. a pattern(B) frighten.. an absence(C) confuse.. a welter(D) elude .. a context(E) deceive.. a milieu5. This new government is faced not only with---its economy but also with implementingnew rural development programs to ---the flow of farm workers to the city.(A) managing.. stem(B) offsetting.. harness(C) bolstering.. transmit(D) challenging.. measure(E) modernizing.. subsidize6. An analysis of the ideas in the novel compels an analysis of the form of the work, particularly when form and content are as ---as they are in The House of the Seven Gables.(A) symptomatic(B) delineated(C) integrated。
2019年GRE试题
2019年GRE试题阅读部分：Passage11.精讲B讲义mock3sec1(仅两道原题)古罗马文章传承困难。
主要有两种传承方式internal, external。
一段介绍internal 方法的问题，二三段介绍external 的问题。
Passage2文章大意：作者A的一本关于对黑人女性演讲家作家的书在业界很受重视。
作者B也写过相关的书。
这两者相同点是research scope 一致，但方法不一样。
B的书中对黑人女性演讲家的歧视来源于两个部分：社会的大的趋势;黑人内部男性对女性的质疑。
Passage3文章大意：A鱼的fishery 经历了一个collaps, 这看似正常，因为随着某种鱼的打渔业发展，都会经历一个从好到不好的周期。
但A 鱼还是不同的，因为原先它是不valuable的鱼，渔夫都懒地打，但他们会在收网时误捞不少。
后来想法变了，A鱼贵了起来，但是渔民们收网时还是只挑A鱼中最大的那条去卖。
Passage3文章大意：A鱼的fishery 经历了一个collaps, 这看似正常，因为随着某种鱼的打渔业发展，都会经历一个从好到不好的周期。
但A 鱼还是不同的，因为原先它是不valuable的鱼，渔夫都懒地打，但他们会在收网时误捞不少。
后来想法变了，A鱼贵了起来，但是渔民们收网时还是只挑A鱼中最大的那条去卖。
Passage5文章大意：瑞典原先采取centred-collective 政策来给工人发放工资，这可以减少贫富差距，并且还能使减少男女工人的薪资差异。
后来采取了相反的方式decentred-collective, 于是贫富差距大增，但这个inequality positively related to woman’s wage. 一群科学家开始在瑞典研究到底怎么样个情况，还说研究结果应该可以代表大多数发达国家的情况。
(中间部分各种无意义信息)最后一个人说即使decentred-collective带来了很大的贫富差距，之前的centred-collective 还是影响深远的。
gre测试题及答案
gre测试题及答案GRE测试题及答案一、词汇题1. The professor's lecture was so ______ that it put the students to sleep.A. monotonousB. monotonousnessC. monotonouslyD. monotonousnessness答案：A2. Despite the ______ of the evidence, the jury remained skeptical.A. ambiguityB. ambiguouslyC. ambiguousD. ambiguousness答案：A二、阅读理解题阅读以下段落，回答下列问题。
In the modern era, the rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes to society. The integration of artificial intelligence into various industries hasrevolutionized the way we work and live. However, this technological advancement has also raised concerns about job displacement and the widening gap between the rich and the poor.3. What is the main topic of the paragraph?A. The impact of technology on societyB. The benefits of artificial intelligenceC. The concerns about job displacementD. The wealth gap in society答案：A4. According to the paragraph, which of the following is a result of technological advancement?A. Increased job opportunitiesB. A decrease in the wealth gapC. A change in the way people work and liveD. A reduction in the use of artificial intelligence答案：C三、逻辑推理题5. If all mathematicians are philosophers, and some philosophers are not mathematicians, which of the following must be true?A. All philosophers are mathematicians.B. Some mathematicians are not philosophers.C. Some philosophers are mathematicians.D. No philosophers are mathematicians.答案：C6. If it is raining, then the ground is wet. If the ground is wet, then the grass is slippery. If it is not raining, then the ground is not wet. If the grass is not slippery, what can be concluded?A. It is not raining.B. The ground is not wet.C. Both A and B are true.D. None of the above.答案：D四、数学问题题7. If the sum of three consecutive integers is 69, what is the middle number?A. 22B. 23C. 24D. 25答案：B8. A rectangle has a length of 10 units and a width of 5 units. What is the area of the rectangle?A. 25 square unitsB. 50 square unitsC. 75 square unitsD. 100 square units答案：B五、写作题9. Write an essay discussing the importance of critical thinking in the era of information overload. Your essay should include at least three reasons why critical thinking is essential.[此处为写作题，考生需根据题目要求撰写文章，答案不唯一。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE试题(六)
——参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE试题（六）______年______月______日____________________部门Time-30 minutes 38 Questions1. Although sales have continued to increase since last April， unfortunately the rate of increase has ——。
（A） resurged（B） capitulated（C） retaliated（D） persevered（E） decelerated2. Although the mental process that creates a fresh and original poem or drama is doubtless —— that whichoriginates and elaborates scientific discoveries， there is clearly a discernible difference between the crea- tors （A） peripheral to（B） contiguous with（C） opposed to（D） analogous to（E） inconsistent with3. It is disappointing to note that the latest edition of the bibliography belies its long-standing reputation for ——by —— some significant references to recent publications.（A）imprecision…… appropriating（B）relevance…… adding（C）timeliness…… updating（D）meticulousness…… revising（E）exhaustiveness…… omitting4. Although Simpson was ingenious at —— to appear innovative and spontaneous， beneath the ruse he remained uninspired and rigid in his approach to problem-solving.（A） intending（B） contriving（C） forbearing（D） declining（E） deserving5. She was criticized by her fellow lawyers not because she was not ——， but because she so —— pre- pared her cases that she failed to bring the expected number to trial.（A）well versed…… knowledgeably（B） well trai ned…… enthusiastically（C）congenial…… rapidly（D）hardworking…… minutely（E）astute…… efficiently6. Schlesinger has recently assumed a conciliatory atti- tude that is not —— by his colleagues， who con- tinue to —— compromise.（A）eschewed…… dread（B）shared…… defend（C）questioned…… reject。
【资格考试】2019最新整理-历年试题GRE试题(三)
(E) unaware of .. avoid
2. Give he previously expressed interest and the
ambitious tone of her recent speeches, the senator’s
attempt to convince the public that she is not inter-
(D) forgotten.. apparent
(E) lost.. extant
8. SILVER: TARNISH::
(A) gold: burnish
(B) steel: forge
(C) iron: rust
(D) lead: castFra bibliotek(E) tin: shear
9. DISLIKE: LOATHING::
unconvinced of the ---- of replacing her during
the current turmoil.
(A) opposed.. urgency
(B) friendly.. harm
(C) loyal.. wisdom
(D) cool.. usefulness
(E) sympathetic.. disadvantage
(E) wasp: bee
12. PITHINESS: APHORISM::
(A) craft: art
(B) detail: sketch
(C) illusion: story
hibernators, generally live longer than those whose
2019年12月20日大陆地区GRE考试真题(考生回忆版)
2019年12月20日大陆地区GRE考试真题（考生回忆版）数学部分数学 1k是正整数，问k平方-k的余数和1比较大小关系数学 2有一个委员会，6个professor3个manager4个coordinator，要求组成一个5人的小组。
要求profeesor中的Dr.W和 manager中的Ms.M都要在有多少种办法数学 3P和N都是质数，P-N=4，P除以N小于2大于2/3，问p的值是多少数学 42≤r＜s≤6，r和s都是整数，问(r+s)/rs的最大值是多少数学 5小区每天送104份报纸，其中要3份报纸的家庭数量是要1份报纸的家庭数量的2倍，要2份报纸的家庭数量是要1份报纸家庭数量的3倍，问要2份报纸的家庭数量是多少数学 6F club有20000人，M club 30000人，加一起的membership是45000，问从F club里选一个人，他同时有M club membership的概率是多少数学72的32次方除以3的余数是多少数学8一共80名学生，physical club 60 人，chemistry club 50 人，biography 35人，每个学生至少参加一个俱乐部，没有学生三个都参加，以下哪个可能是既参加biography 又参加chemistry的学生数目？A. 0B. 5C. 10D. 15E. 20F. 25G. 30H. 35数学9一个三位数，每个数位上可以选择的有12345，不能重复，问这个三位数有多少种可能性数学10玩游戏，可以拿2point或4point，小明的average是3.8，问拿2分的次数的9倍，和拿4分的次数的大小关系数学114个不同的玩具分给3个不同的小孩，每个小孩都至少有一个礼物，每个玩具也必须分给小孩，求一共有多少种不同的分法数学12每层N本书，一共S层，然后把最上面一层的数平均分配到其他层，问分完之后每层有多少本书填空部分【所有题目均出自于真经填空机经1250题】填空100-1The professor’s tendency to commandeer faculty meetings to promote her personal agenda quickly inspired resentment among other faculty, who objected to such _____.A. appropriationB. obfuscationC. cavilingD. vacillationE. cronyism填空65-6Industry-sponsored scientific research on chemical safety often (i)_____. Media reports regularly imply that industry support of scientific work is alone sufficient to (ii)_____ that research. Even though the source of funding has been determined to be a less significant cause of bias than other factors, industry support suffices, in the minds of many people, to (iii)_____ the credibility of scientific work.填空5-9Although one can adduce myriad of examples of ecosystem disruption by nonindigenousspecies, nevertheless most introduced species that survive in fact appear to have quite _____ effects on the ecosystem they have invaded.A. minimalB. triflingC. markedD. conspicuousE. intriguingF. deleterious填空20-3Historian Barbara Alpern Engel’s task in writing a book about women in Russia must have been a (i)_____ one, because the (ii)_____ the Russian empire’s peoplesmeant that Russian women could never be treated as a homogeneous group.填空81-6Filler claims that after the social welfare programs of the 1960s, belief that the government has an obligation to provide decent housing for citizens who cannot afford it was (i)_____ in the United States by the notion that providing suitable shelter for everyone should be (ii)_____. Thus today in the (iii)_____ oftaxpayer-sponsored initiatives we have volunteer home-construction programs, honorable in intent but pitifully limited in scope.填空11-7Changes made to ecosystem in order to achieve a goal, such as food production or flood control, often _____ significant unforeseen trade-offs between other important products and service the ecosystems provide.A. predictB. delayC. foretellD. obscureE. yieldF. engender填空38-3Convinced of the gravity of her poetry, Voigt must have found the reviews of her most recent collection (i)_____ reading: one amused reviewer thought that it was unrecognizable as poetry but decidedly (ii)_____.填空48-3The description of humans as having an internal clock is not a (i)_____. Or rather, it is—you do not have a tiny watch in your cerebellum—but it also refers to (ii)_____, a specialized bundle of cells that regulates cyclical processes.填空38-4The author’s best-selling book on Virginia Woolf is not (i)_____ treatment of her subject; on the contrary, it presents (ii)_____ portrait of the novelist, faults and all.填空 88-9The life of a secret agent is dangerous enough, but the life of a double agent is infinitely more ______: a single slip can send an agent crashing to destruction.A. arduousB. precariousC. clandestineD. perilousE. covertF. exhilarating填空3-4Many of the towns that have voted to keep incinerators in the county’s solid waste plan have done so not because they necessarily (i)_____ incinerators, but because they are(ii)_____ to narrow their waste-disposal options.阅读部分【所有题目均出自于真经阅读机经260篇】阅读-正文Passage 147Our study revealed that nest-guarding long-tailed skinks (a species of lizard) homed (returned to their nests) more successfully when displaced shorter distances. There are two reasons why homing success rates decreased with increasing displacement distance. One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home. However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used. The second possibility deals with trade-offs between the risks associated with making a long return trip and the benefits of returning. Animals should expend energy only when the associated costs are low. As reptiles increase the time spent moving, their daily energy expenditure increases dramatically. The energetic costs of returning home and the chances that the eggs will have been preyed upon during the return trip both increase substantially as displacement distance increases. For example, the 130 hours (5.5 days) that female skinks spent returning from a distance of 300 meters is sufficient for an egg-eating snake to locate and prey upon the entire clutch. However, females with larger clutches were more likely to home at distances over 50 meters. For these females, the relative fitness benefits associated with having more eggs successfully hatch may outweigh the energetic costs of returning to a nest site, evenif the nest may have already been preyed upon.阅读-选项passage 1471.The primary purpose of the passage is toA. question the validity of research on nest-guarding behavior in long-tailed skinksB. consider explanations for a finding regarding long-tailed skinksC. discuss the importance of homing for long-tailed skinksD. describe the relationship between clutch size and homing success inlong-tailed skinksE. identify the benefits of a behavior common among long-tailed skinks2.The claim in the highlighted sentence assumes which of the following about the individuals that managed to find their way home from each distance?A. They were less able to detect egg-eating predators than were the otherlong-tailed skinks studied.B. They were more averse to risk than were the other long-tailed skinks studiedC. They expended less energy when homing than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.D. They did not possess better homing skills than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.E. They had significantly smaller clutches than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.3.The "second possibility" implies which of the following as a possible explanation for the female long-tailed skinks that failed to home from distances over50 meters ?A. They had relatively small clutches.B. They were unable to find their way home.C. They lacked sufficient energy to home successfully.D. They had male long-tailed skinks guarding their clutches.E. They detected evidence of egg-eating snakes In the vicinity of their nests.阅读-正文Passage 135The revival of mural painting that has occurred in San Francisco since the 1970s, especially among the Chicano population of the city’s Mission District, has marked differences from its social realist forerunner in Mexico and the United States some 40 years earlier. Rather than being government sponsored and limited to murals on government buildings, the contemporary mural movement sprang from the people themselves, with murals appearing on community buildings and throughout college campuses. Perhaps the biggest difference, however, is the process. In earlier twentieth-century Mexico, murals resulted from the vision of individual artists. But today’s murals are characteristically the product s of artists working with local residents on design and creation.Such community engagement is characteristic of the Chicano art movement as a whole, which evolved from the same foundations as the Chicano civil rights movement of the mid-1960s. Both were a direct response to the needs of Chicanos in the United States, who were fighting for the right to adequate education, political empowerment, and decent working conditions. Artists joined other cultural workers in making political statements and played a key role in taking these statements to the public. They developed collectives and established cultural centers that functioned as the public-relations arm of the Chicano sociopolitical movement.阅读-选项passage 1351.The primary purpose of the passage is toA. argue for the superiority of a style of artB. consider the impact of an art movementC. describe the political content of a certain works of artD. detail the characteristic style of an art movementE. place an art movement in its historical context2.According to the passage, which of the following statements about the “cultural centers” is true?A. They were the venue where many later leaders of the Chicano civil rights movement first became politically active.B. Though later widespread, they originated in San Francisco area.C. Springing up in a number of communities, they initially had largely apolitical goals centered on art instruction.D. They constituted the nucleus from which the Chicano civil rights movement originated.E. Founded by artists, they provided support for the Chicano civil rights movement.3.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the first paragraph and the second paragraph of the passage?A. The first focuses on the mural artists as individuals; the second, on their actions as a group.B. The first compares the mural revival with an earlier artistic movement; the second describes the context contemporary to the revivalC. The first defines the revival by distinguishing it from an earlier artistic movement; the second addresses the political goals of both the revival and its forerunnerD. The first presents an apparently plausible account of the relationship between the revival and is forerunner, the second calls that account into questionE. The first is concerned with the artistic aims and ambitions behind the San Francisco murals; the second considers their political significance阅读-正文Passage 26Cuts that need to be held closed in order to heal properly have generally been held closed with stitches. However, pressure to reduce medical costs is mounting. Consequently, it is likely that a newly developed adhesive will become the routine method of holding most types of cuts closed. The new adhesive holds most types of cuts closed as well as stitches do, and the cost of applying it is comparable to that of closing cuts with stitches. But whereas stitches must generally be removed by medical personnel after the cut has healed, the adhesive simply wears off. Thus, for any cut that the adhesive can hold closed as well as stitches can, it is more economical to use the adhesive.阅读-选项passage 261.In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?A. The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second provides evidence against that disputed claim.B. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.C. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion that is drawn in order to support that main conclusion.D. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction, the second is a conclusion based on that prediction.E. The first introduces a practice about which the argument makes a prediction; the second is an assessment that is used to support that prediction.阅读-正文Passage 142Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “op en-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed duringthe nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.阅读-选项passage 1421.The author’s primary purpose is toA. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surfaceB. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argue that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theoryC. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanationD. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical contextE. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed2.The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order toA. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geologyB. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.3.The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from Earth’s core.C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.D. It has correctly explained the effects of ex traterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.阅读-正文Passage 195Wild Diana monkeys are preyed upon by leopards and chimpanzees. These two predators differ in their hunting tactics and Diana monkeys use two distinct antipredator strategies to defend themselves. After detecting a leopard, Diana monkeys respond by giving loud, conspicuous alarm calls that function both to warn others and to signal to the predator that it has been detected. Leopards tend to leave the area once they have been discovered. In contrast, upon detecting a chimpanzee, male Diana monkeys do not vocalize at all, while females give only a few quiet alarm calls and flee quickly to hide in the forest canopy, chimpanzees have sophisticated climbing skills that would allow them to pursue monkeys, even in the high strata of the forest canopy.Choosing an antipredator strategy appropriate to chimpanzees is complicated for Diana monkeys by the fact that chimpanzees themselves also fall prey to leopards. When encountering a leopard, chimpanzees give loud, conspicuous alarm calls. To escape successfully from leopards and chimpanzees, therefore, Diana monkeys must distinguish between, and respond differently to, chimpanzees alarm calls and chimpanzee vocalizations simply signal the presence of a leopard and should elicit the monkeys’ loud, conspicuous alarm calls.To investigate Diana monkeys’ understanding of such cause-effect relationships involving predators, Zuberbuhler examined the monkeys’ r esponses to chimpanzee vocalizations in two different types of experiments. In the first, he played tape recording of either chimpanzees’ alarm calls or their social vocalizations and noted the monkeys’ responses. Diana monkeys differed in their response to chimpanzees’ alarm calls. In some groups, monkeys behaved as if they recognized that these alarm calls signaled the potential presence of a leopard: they responded to chimpanzees’ leopard alarm calls by giving leopard alarm calls themselves, in contrast to their normal response to the presence of chimpanzees. Groups of monkeys living in the core area of the resident chimpanzee community were more likely to behave in this way than were peripheral groups.In the second set of experiments, Zuberbuhler played leopard growls to Diana monkeys shortly after exposing them to recording of either chimpanzees’ alarm calls or their social vocalizations. After first hearing chimpanzees’ alarm calls, some monkeys failed to respond to the subsequent recording of leopard growls, even though this stimulus normally elicited a strong vocal response. These monkeysbehaved exactly like the Diana monkeys in a comparison group, who also gave many leopard alarm calls to an initial recording of leopard growls but no longer called to the second recording of leopard growls five minutes later. This similarity in behavior suggests that these monkeys had some knowledge of the causal factors underlying the production of chimpanzees’ alarm calls.阅读-选项passage 1951.According to the passage, the behavior of male and female Diana monkeys differs in that female Diana monkeysA. give alarm calls upon detecting a chimpanzeeB. hide in the forest canopy upon detecting a leopardC. give loud alarm calls in response to chimpanzees’ alarm callsD. give loud, conspicuous alarm calls upon detecting a leopardE. respond differently to the presence of leopards than they do to the presence of chimpanzees2.It can be inferred that the purpose of the highlighted “loud, conspicuous alarm calls” is in part toA. cause the chimpanzees to leave the areasB. warn other monkeys of the presence of the chimpanzeesC. enable chimpanzees to flee quietly from the leopardD. signal to the chimpanzees that they have been detectedE. signal to the leopard that it has been detected by the monkeys3.The author mentions the “sophisticated climbing skills” of chimpanzees most likely in order to present information that helps toA. explain why chimpanzees are less vulnerable to predation by leopards than are Diana monkeysB. question the hypothesis that Diana monkeys hide in the forest canopy to defend themselves from chimpanzeesC. argue that the antipredator strategies Diana monkeys use to defend themselves against chimpanzeesD. suggest a possible reason for chimpanzees’ and Diana monkeys’ use of similar antipredator strategies to defend themselves against leopards阅读-正文Passage 59Recent studies of ancient Maya water management have found that the urban architecture of some cities was used to divert rainfall runoff into gravity-fed systems of interconnected reservoirs. In the central and southern May Lowlands, this kind of water control was necessary to support large populations throughout the year due to the scarcity of perennial surface water and the seasonal availability of rainfall. Some scholars argue that the concentration of water within the urban core of these sites provided a centralized source of political authority for Maya elites based largely on controlled water access. Such an argument is plausible, however, it is less useful for understanding the sociopolitical implications of water use and control in other, water-rich parts of the Maya region.阅读-选项passage 591.The author of the passage implies which of the following about the political importance of the type of urban water management system described in the passage?A. Because the system was centralized, it allowed political control over a widely scattered population.B. The knowledge required to design and maintain the system became the pretext for Maya elites’ political authority.C. By selectively limiting access to water, Maya elites used the system to curb challenges to their authorityD. The system is not sufficient to explain the sources of centralized political power in all parts of the Maya regionE. The system’s continued maintenance required political authorities to exert control over an increasing proportion of economic resources.Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.2.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the water management systems in the central and southern Maya Lowlands?A. They were implemented in part because of the prevailing pattern of rainfall.B. They were an integral part of lowland cities’ architecture.C. They were needed because of insufficient resources such as ponds, rivers and lakes in the lowlands.阅读-正文Passage 48When studying shrimp feeding from hydro-thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean, biologists were surprised that the shrimps’ reproductive cycles followed seasonal patterns. Far beyond the reach of sunlight, and with food abundant around the vents all year round, why should such animals reproduce seasonally? The answer might involve their offspring, which in their larval form drift in the currents to colonize new vents. The larvae must feed during their trip, and their springtime release coincides with a peak in algae raining down from surface waters. So far, researchers have found no evidence of seasonal breeding among vent-dwelling species that provide their offspring with yolk to sustain them or amongvent-dwelling species found in areas of the ocean with not seasonal algae blooms.阅读-选项Passage 481.Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?A. It casts doubt on the accuracy of earlier observations of seasonal breeding among shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.B. It undermines the explanation proposed for seasonal breeding among some shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.C. It suggests that alternative theories are needed to explain seasonal breeding among shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.D. It describes the survival benefits to shrimp of mating in parts of the ocean where algae blooms rain down abundantly.E. It supports the explanation proffered for the seasonal breeding observed among some shrimp species living near hydro-thermal vents.Passage 17Early naturalists believed two species of beaver lived in North America: dam beavers and bank beavers. The bank species was thought to resemble the muskrat in behavior, living in burrows or lodges and unable to build dams. In fact, dams are primarily a strategy for dealing with annual variations in water levels. If water levels fall in summer, as they do in most of North America, then beavers lodge entrances may be exposed. With stabilized water levels, their homes are much safer. Along deep rivers, where bank beavers are found, this problem seldom arises. But these beavers do know how to build dams, and do so if the need arises, as may occur if they are forced to relocate after felling and consuming all nearby trees.阅读-选项Passage 171.The passage provides support for which of the following statements about beaver dams?A. One important function of these dams is to protect beavers homes.B. Most are built prior to burrow construction.C. They are found mostly along deep rivers.D. They are routinely abandoned as nearby forests are depleted.E. They mainly protect beavers from rising water levels.2.The passage implies which of the following about beavers?A. Bank beavers are unable to successfully compete with dam beavers when resources become scarce.B. Differences in dam-building behavior among beavers do not necessarily imply multiple beaver species.C. Building dams eventually causes beavers to deplete nearby resources.D. When conditions permit, beavers are more likely to build dams than burrows or lodges.E. In beavers, dam-building is an acquired rather than an innate skill.Passage 161Although initially symptomless, glaucoma can eventually cause blindness when not properly treated. Tests under laboratory conditions of the traditional treatment, daily administration of eyedrops, show it to be as effective in relieving the internal ocular pressure that causes glaucoma as is a new laser-surgical procedure. Yet glaucoma-related blindness occurs in a significantly smaller percentage of patients who have had the surgery than of patients for whom only the eyedrop treatment was prescribed.阅读-选项Passage 1611.Which of following, if true, most helps to explain the low rateglaucoma-related blindness among patients who had the surgery?A. Glaucoma-related blindness is no more common among patients who have had only the surgery than it is among patients who had the surgery after using the eyedropsB. Doctors rarely recommend the surgery for glaucoma patients who have already started the traditional course of treatmentC. There is no known physiological cause of glaucoma other than increase in pressure inside the eyeD. A significant percentage of the people for whom the eyedrop treatment has been prescribed fail to follow the prescribed daily regimen, because the eyedrops have unpleasant side effects.E. The eyedrops traditionally prescribed to treat glaucoma are normally prescribed to treat other disease of the eye.阅读-正文Passage 139Analyzing levels of proportional representation of American Indians in state and local government jobs is important for several reasons. First, the basic idea underlying the theory of representative bureaucracy is that the demographic composition of bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public. This is because in addition to its symbolic value, increased access to managerial position may lead to greater responsiveness on the part of policy makersto the policy interests of traditionally disadvantaged groups such as American Indians. Second, the focus on higher level jobs in bureaucracies (as opposed tonon-managerial positions) is especially important because managerial positions represent a major source of economic progress for members of traditionally disadvantaged groups, as these jobs confer good salaries, benefits, status, security, and mobility. Third, it is important to know if there has been growth in the American Indian share of more desirable public sector positions over the last two decades. For instance, Peterson and Duncan argue that the population and power of American Indians have been growing in certain states. Peterson and Duncan also suggest that this growth may reflect the possibility that American Indian population are becoming more active in nontraditional areas of politics, assimilating into mainstream culture, and securing with greater frequency leadership positions in non-tribal government.阅读-选项Passage 1391.The primary purpose of the passage is toA. summarize a demographic trend over timeB. present findings on a demographic groupC. analyze the demographic composition of a type of jobD. explain the need for particular social researchE. argue for the implementation of a social policy2.Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as whole?A. It hypothesizes a phenomenon that might explain a point made in the preceding sentence.B. It provides evidence that undermines that assertion made in the first sentence.C. It offers a projection regarding the development of a trend mentioned earlier in the passage.D. It presents an interpretation of a discrepancy noted earlier in the passage.E. It proposed an implementation of a policy mentioned in the preceding sentence.。
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【资格考试】2019最新整理-GRE试题（四）
______年______月______日
____________________部门
Time –30 minutes 38 Questions
1. Because the monkeys under study are —— the presence of human beings， they typically ——human observers and go about their business
（A）ambivalent about …… welcome
（B）habituated to …… disregard
（C）pleased with …… snub
（D）inhibited by …… seek
（E） unawar e of …… avoid
2. Give he previously expressed interest and the ambitious tone of her recent speeches，the senator‘s attempt to convince the public that she is not inter- ested in running for a second term is ——。
（A） laudable
（B） likely
（C） authentic
（D） futile
（E） sincere
3. Many of her followers remain —— to her， and even those who have rejected her leadership are unconvinced of the —— of replacing her during the current turmoil.
（A）opposed…… urgency
（B）friendly…… harm
（C）loyal…… wisdom
（D）cool…… usefulness
（E）sympathetic…… disadvantage
4. Unlike many recent interpretations of Beethoven‘s piano sonatas，the recitalist’s performance was a delightfully free and introspective one； nevertheless，it was also， seemingly paradoxically， quite ——。
（A） appealing
（B） exuberant
（C） idiosyncratic
（D） unskilled
（E） controlled
5. Species with relatively —— metabolic rates，including hibernators， generally live longer than those whose metabolic rates are more rapid.
（A） prolific
（B） sedentary
（C） sluggish
（D） measured
（E） restive
6. Belying his earlier reputation for —— as a negotiator，Morgan had recently assumed a more —— stance for which many of his erstwhile critics praised him.
（A）intransigence…… conciliatory。