2019年首都师范大学《教育学原理》考博真题
北京师范大学教育学考博专业课真题
北京师范大学教育学考博真题2010 教育学A1. 当代教育改革蕴藏的价值追求。
' b! T） }" w52.教育目的与教育制度的关系。
3. 信息社会学习方式发生了哪些变化，教育理论与实践如何应对这些变化。
. u# L（ R/ {7 {; d （ I- U44. 东亚地区德育的文化特性。
（德育原理方向必答题）我国1949 年以来教育学发展的主要历程，取得的成就，存在的问题以及以后的发展趋势。
（教育基本理论方向必答题）2010 中外教育史A f# }/ |0 D9 W; t7 h1.孟子和荀子人性观的主要分歧及其教育意义。
2.中外古代教育史上教师的产生、作用及社会地位。
3.改革开放以来国外哪些教育思想、流派对我国的教育改革产生了影响，表现在哪些方面。
2009教育学1、论述知识与教学的关系？2、结合学校变革运动谈谈学校及其对个人发展的影响？（记不清了，大意如此）3、论述教师教育经验在教师专业发展中的作用。
4、德育专业化的必然性和可能性。
（德育原理方向必答题）人的什么行为能够被称为教育行为？（教育基本理论方向必答题）2009中外教育史1、近代西方公立学校体系的形成原因及进程2、科举制及其对学校教育的影响3、简述杜威教育思想在中国的传播及其对我国学校教育的影响。
2008 教育学A1.从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2.试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3.互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
（20 分）4、论我国高等学校与学生法律关系的基本性质及其调整方式（法学方向必答题）评论新自由主义思潮（教育基本理论方向必答题）2008 教育学B1.论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）2008 中外教育史A1.试述西方国家公立学校体系近200 年来的发展及其对教育普及的作用。
（35 分）2.简述从汉代至唐宋时期中国选士制度的演进及其对中国古代教育的影响。
北京师范大学2019年教育综合真题
2019年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷
报考专业教育学
考试科目及代码教育综合333
一、名词解释
1课程
2学制
3.《颜氏家训》
4观察学习
2019年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷
报考专业教育学
考试科目及代码教育综合333
一、名词解释
1课程
2学制
3.《颜氏家训》
4观察学习
二、简答题
1.简述19世纪末20世纪初的实验教育学的主要观点和意义
2简述王安石的教育改革
3简述德育过程的定义并说明其规律
4简述教教师的基本素养并说明它们之间的关系
三、论述题
1.学生问老师:“我非常清楚我们家一个月能收多少房租,我的钱够我花一辈子了
我为什么要上学?为什么要读书?”
分析并评价这位学生的想法,并说明教师应如何引导
小明期中考试语文成绩不理想。
他对同学说:“大家都在猗老师会默写哪一篇文章,你猜中了,我没猜中。
”可见所有成败人们都会寻找解释和借口。
韦纳提出了成败归因理论。
说明成败归因理论的基本观点及其教育实践启示。
2019年教育学原理试题库含35套以上试题及大部分答案.doc
一、填空（每空０.５分，共１５分）１、教育学是以研究＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿为对象的一门＿＿＿科学。
２、原始形态教育的特点是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
３、教育对生产力的促进作用表现在＿＿、＿＿＿＿、＿＿、＿＿＿＿。
４、教师的知识结构包括＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
５、影响人发展的基本因素有＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿。
６、１９２２年通过的“＿＿＿”学制、基本参照＿＿国的学制，通常又称“＿＿＿＿”学制，这是旧中国使用时间最长的学制。
７、教学过程的基本因素为＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿。
８、我国最早提出启发式教学思想的是＿＿＿＿，在国外，启发式教学始于古希腊的＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
９、我国中学思想品德教育的任务，大致可以归纳为如下几个方面：＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿。
10、班主任争取家长配合，与家长联系的方式主要有＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿二、不定项选择（将正确的答案题号填在横线上，共１０分）１、教育学成为一门独立学科，以＿＿＿＿的《大教学论》的发表为标志。
Ａ赫尔巴特Ｂ夸美纽斯Ｃ凯洛夫Ｄ苏霍姆林斯基２、确定德育内容的依据是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Ａ当前形势的需要Ｂ德育的任务Ｃ青少年学生思想实际Ｄ学生年龄特征３、学生是人，是教育的对象，因而他们＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Ａ消极被动地接受教育Ｂ对外界的教育影响有选择性Ｃ毫无顾及地接受教育Ｄ能动地接受教育４、根据教学大纲的要求，在校内外组织学生进行实际操作，将书本知识运用于实践的方法是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Ａ练习法Ｂ实验法Ｃ试验法Ｄ实习法５、作为班主任，要使工作取得满意结果必须了解和研究学生，而了解和研究学生是指了解＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Ａ学生思想Ｂ学生品德Ｃ学生现有知识水平Ｄ学生身体素质６、班主任的工作任务体现为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
Ａ教书Ｂ育人Ｃ指导学生课外活动Ｄ组织学生参加生产劳动７、我国的主要教学组织形式是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
2019年北师大740教育学综合真题完整版及心意解析
一、真题题型跟2018年的题型一模一样，心意740考前六套卷也针对该题型进行了高度的还原模拟。
二、各科目考题分析及难度分析科目一：教育学原理2. 各题目难度分析这是北师大自2013年自命题以来最简单的一年，所有题目都是直接背诵记忆题目，没有太多的技术含量。
鉴于去年论述题“公平有质量的教育内涵及实施路径”难度过大，今年的论述题异常简单，考的是马克思，为什么要考马克思呢？心意VIP学员的11月的VIP核心资料已经说明了一切。
在各阶段课程里面，心意老师也反复强调马克思的全面发展理论与我国的全面发展教育，不是一回事儿、不是一回事儿。
其它的题目呢，全部都在心意740习题库上，一道都不差。
综上，教育学原理的题目难度非常小。
科目二：中国教育史2. 各题目难度分析只有两道题，第一道题名词解释考查为重点内容，在心意740习题库上也有详细解析，在各阶段的心意课堂也反复强调过。
第二道题，大眼一看，《论语》不是考点，但是回忆下心意740习题库的题，《论语》的思想不就是孔子的思想么。
而孔子的思想和《学记》的思想是整个中教史古代史的灵魂，每一点都要求背的滚瓜烂熟。
以下答题思路仅供参考：【心意参考思路】（1）孔子的启发教学思想：“不愤不启，不悱不发。
举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也”，朱子释为“愤者，心求通而未得之意。
悱者，口欲言而未能之貌。
启，谓开其意，发，谓达其辞。
”即，在教学时必先让学生认真思考，在思考了相当时间后还想不通，然后再启发他；学生思考而有所领会，想说而未能以适当的言辞表达出来的时候，才去开导他。
（2）《学记》启发教学思想：“君子之教，喻也：道而弗牵，强而弗抑，开而弗达。
道而弗牵则和，强而弗抑则易，开而弗达则思。
和、易、以思，可谓善喻矣。
”就是说，君子之教育在于诱导学生，靠的是引导而不是强迫服从，是勉励而不是压制，是启发而不是全部讲解。
引导而不是强迫，就会使师生关系和谐；勉励而不是压制，学习就容易成功；启发而不是全部讲解，学生就会善于思考。
2019年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题
2019年北京师范大学博士入学考试英语真题I. Listening Comprehension (15 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.A. He is in a drug store.B. He is at a department store.C. He is at home.D. He is at his doctor's office.2.A. I missed in3' train because you stopped me.B. You made me forget what I was savingC. You looked so deep in thought that I didn't want to bother you.D. You told me never to interrupt you.3.A Sally drove back and forth to work twice todayB. Sally took long time to do her work.C. Sally took her lunch with her to work.D. Sally usually gets to work in much less time.4.A. If you audit a course, you don't have to take the tests.B. You have to take a test if you want to add another course.C. Of course you need to buy some textbooks.D. It is not necessary to order a textbook.5.A. The speaker's salary is $250.B. The speaker's salary is $1000.C. The speaker's salary is $1100.D. The speaker's salary is $ 275.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6.A. Clean up her roomB. Get her report back.C. Not wait for him past noon.D. Not worry about her raincoat.7.A. It was probably Mr. Brown's phone number that the woman wrote down.B. it was just an hour ago that the man met Mr. Brown.C. The woman forgot to write down the phone number.D. The woman needed a sheet of paper to put down the number.8.A. Someone who is in charge of hunting.B. A boss of a company.C. A job-seeking advisor.D. Someone who is in charge of looking for talents for a company.9.A. The woman is not careful at all this time.B. No matter how careful one can be, it is not enoughC. The woman is most careful this time.D. The woman has never been careful.10.A. Tom stayed in a room on the second floor for an hour.B. Nobody but the woman noticed that Tom was absent.C. Tom was absent when the discussion was held. "~D. Tom stayed in Room 302 for an hour.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear an interview. Look at the five statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true or false while you are listening to the interview. If you think the answer is true, mark A, if you think the answer is false, mark B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Xiangzhen has lived in the United States since she was ten years old.12. In Korea, the American gesture for "come" is used to call dogs.13. When talking to an older person or someone with a higher social position, Koreans traditionally look at the person's feet.14. Between males and females, direct eye contact is a sign of attraction,15. After many years in the United States Xiangzhen's body language is still completely Korean.II. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Read the following passages carefully end then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery has become fairly widely used. Its rapidacceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks ofconventional X-ray technology.To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all ofthe information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depthsare super imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can givethree-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of thebody's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing throughsections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are basedon series of thin “slices”.In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone andair, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variationsin tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain otherorgans may only be rendered visible through the use of radiopaque dye. Since computedtomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the livercan be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measuredifferent degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature oftissue.A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measurequantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through whichthe X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. Thisis not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor andsubsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition toits diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.16. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference betweenA. bone and airB. liver and pancreasC. muscle and other body tissuesD. heart and lungs17. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?A. Two-dimensional.B. Three-dimensional.C. Animated.D. Intensified.18. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-raytechniques, computed tomography is moreA. compactB. rapidC. economicalD. informative19. What is the author's attitude toward this new technique?A. Cautious.B. Tolerant.C. Enthusiastic.D. Critical.20. According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of thefollowing EXCEPTA. monitoring a patient's diseaseB. diagnosing disordersC. locating tumorsD. reconstructing damaged tissuesPassage 2Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing aspurification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. Thisnotion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy,” which comes from theGreek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus. a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The “chief of the preparers of drugs” was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the “collectors of drugs.” field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The “preparers’ aides” (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the “preparers” And the “conservator of drugs” oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.By the seventh century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected “mental” causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens—such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error.Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.21. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word pharmakon in the first paragraph in order toA. show that ancient civilization had an advanced form of medical scienceB. point out that man of the beliefs of ancient civilizations are still held todayC. illustrate that early man thought recovery from illness was linked to internalcleansingD. emphasize the primitive nature of Greek medical science22. According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differedfrom that of the Sumerians in that the GreeksA. discovered more advanced chemical applications of drugsB. acknowledged both the mental and physical roots of illnessC. established a rigid hierarchy for the preparation of drugsD. attributed disease to psychological, rather than physical, causes23. In Paragraph 5, the word “holistic” most nearly meansA. integratedB. religiousC. modernD. physiological24. The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern eraof pharmacology may have been delayed by,A. a lack of understanding of the origins of diseaseB. a shortage of chemical treatments for diseaseC. an inaccuracy in pharmaceutical preparationD. an overemphasis on the psychological causes of disease25. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observationsabout scientific discovery?A. Human biochemistry is such a complex science that important discoveries areuncommon.B. Many cures for common diseases have yet to be discovered.C. Trial and error is the best avenue to scientific discovery.D. Chance events have led to the discovery of many modem drugs.Passage 3When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life existin any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need notresemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planetwhere life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be otherkinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venusor Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be ina more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probablytemporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. Theyare, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individuallives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormouslymore power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long onthe evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may havebecome so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality.Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multipleorganism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be “secondary” machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants froma favored planet.26 What does the word “cheer” (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?A. Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B. Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C. Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D. imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.27. Humans on Earth are characterized byA their existence as free and separate beingsB. their capability of living under favorable conditionsC. their great power and effectivenessD. their strong desire for living in a close-knit society28. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually __A. human societies will be much more cooperativeB. man will live in a highly organized worldC. machines will take control over manD. living beings will disappear from Earth29. Even most imaginative people have to admit that __A. human societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsB. planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stay,C. it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyD. organisms are more creative than machines30. It seems that the writerA. is interested in the imaginary life formsB. is eager to find a different form of lifeC. is certain of the existence of a new life formD. is critical of the imaginative peoplePassage 4Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by text-books--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in necessary in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in, 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.31. The best title for this passage is __A. The Significance of EducationB. Educational Investment and Its ReturnsC. Education: A Comparison of Its Past and Its PresentD. Education in the Wilderness32. The word "interest" in paragraph one means __A. capital profit got back from the investmentB. the things young people are interested inC. the well-educated and successful young men and womenD. the well-educated young people with leadership potential33. The author seemsA. against the education in the very early historic timesB. positive about our present educational instructionC. in favor of the educational practice in primitive culturesD. quite happy to see an equal start for everyone34. The passage implies that __A. some families now can hardly afford to send their children to schoolB. everyone today' has an equal opportunity in educationC. every, country invests heavily in educationD. we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not35. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?A. One without education today has no opportunities.B. We have not yet decided on our education models.C. Compulsory schooling is legal obligation in several countries now.D. Our spiritual outlook is better now than before.Passage 5Many zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo, I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no release--large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that--despite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusions--zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientistsbelieve they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use. It becomes, in a sense, one of society's charges, completely dependent on humans for nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changed--subtly, imperceptibly--by spending several generations in a pen? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. "I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that," the curator replied. "Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, you're giving me a lot of credit."Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desert---only a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?36. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. highlight the improvements in the conditions of American zoosB. examine behavioral traits of animals living in zoosC. raise concerns about the confinement of wild animals in zoosD. suggest alternative ways of protecting endangered species37. The primary function of the second paragraph is to show thatA. wild animals adapt to their cages by modifying their movementsB. confined animals are not being seriously harmedC. zoos are designed with the reactions of spectators in mindD. people are overly sensitive to seeing animals in captivity38. In the fourth paragraph, the author's most important point is that animals in the wildA. perceive landscapes differently than do animals in captivityB. have modes of communicating that are very similar to those of humansC. are likely to live longer than animals kept in zoosD. depend on the care and support of others of their species39. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?A. The fourth paragraph presents a question that is answered in the fir'& paragraph.B. The fourth paragraph contains an assertion that is evaluated in the fifth paragraph.C. The fifth paragraph describes a contrast to the situation presented in the fourth paragraph.D. The fifth paragraph discusses the second part of the process described in the fourth paragraph.40. In paragraph 5. "charges" most nearly means __A. costsB. responsibilitiesC. demandsD. attacksPassage 6The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to journalist and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects or journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present, the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.41. The main idea of the first paragraph is that __A. generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalismB. concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to .journalistic interviewingC. importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingD. personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews42. Much research has been done on interviews in generalA. but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedB. though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attentionC. so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedD. and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalisticinterviewing43. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview. __A. but most of them wish to stay away from itB. and many of them hope to be interviewed some day'C. but most of them may not have been interviewed in personD. and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it44.Who is the interviewee in a clinic interview?A. The psychologist.B. The physician.C. The journalist.D. The patient.45. The passage is most likely a part ofA. a news articleB. a prefaceC. a research reportD. a journalistic interviewIII. Translation and Writing (55 points)Section A Translation (40%) Translate the following into Chinese:1) Information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval( 检索 ), display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term hasoften been applied to computer-based operations specifically. During the past fewcenturies great advances have been made in the human capability to record, store,and reproduce information, beginning with the invention of printing from movabletype in 1450, followed by the development of photography and telephony, andculminating in the mass production of electronic digital computers in the latterhalf of the 20th century. New technologies for preserving and transmitting auraland visual information have further enhanced information processing.2) The entry of the Anglo-Saxon peoples into Britain, and their centuries-longsuccessful struggle to establish Germanic kingdoms there, is among the most famousventures of the Age of Migrations, but like other historical events of the timeit is obscure in much of its detail: the identity and place of origin of the peoplestaking part, the needs and desires that moved them to entry" and conquest, the linesof invasion, the duration of native resistance, the historicity of the BritishArthur (亚瑟王) .Translate the following into English: 英语现在是60多个国家使用的官方或半官方语言。
2019年首都师范大学333教育学考研真题
2019年首都师范大学333教育学考研真题
一、名词解释
1.教材
2.程序性知识
3.发现学习
4.实验研究
5.访谈
6.校本课程
二、简答题
1.请结合实际，阐述学习动机的内涵及其与学习效果之间的关系
2.论述信息技术及其教育的特征
3.阐述教育行动研究的程序
三、论述题
1.论述现代教学观的转变
2.请结合马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说，谈谈我国教育目的中各育的关系
3.如何培养我国学生的良好品德
四、分析题
材料：
家长会1.0:教师训话，家长听
家长会2.0:优秀家长发言、专家表格
家校共育3.0:
1.我国家校合作中存在的问题并分析其原因
2.如何改进家校共育以及提高德育的实效性？。
教育学原理考博复习试题整理
教育学原理考博复习试题1.教育与生产劳动相结合孙喜亭《教育原理》1）历史回顾教育与生产劳动相结合这一思想是资本主义机器大生产的产物，这是与近代学校教育同时产生的，或含于近代学校教育之中。
它产生于资本主义萌芽期，发展完成在资本主义社会发展过程之中。
最早提出这一思想的是英国空想社会主义者托马斯“莫尔(1478—1535)。
他在《乌托邦》中描写了他的理想社会，他主张人人参加劳动，乌托邦人每天工作6小时后，把剩余时间用在学习上。
主张凡是儿童都要学习，并且每个儿童在学校里不仅学习农业劳动知识，还要在城市郊区的田地上进行实习。
体力劳动是每个乌托邦人必须参加的。
是莫尔第一次提出厂消灭体力劳动与脑力劳动之间的对立，把人的全面发展和教育与生产劳动相结合的思想联系起来了。
后来．在莫尔一百多年以后，英国早期经济学家贝勒斯(1645—1725)提出了劳动会带来富裕，怠懒者应穿褴褛的衣服，谁不工作，谁不得食。
他认为，不与体力劳动相结合的教学略胜于不学。
还说，人需要从事体力劳动，就像他需要吃饭—样，人的生活是油灯，思想就是灯光，体力劳动好像是灯油—‘样，没有油，灯光(思想)会熄灭的。
贝勒斯所提出的教育与生产劳动相结合的思想受到了马克思的高度评价。
说他是“政治经济学史上一个真正非凡的人物。
”后来，瑞士教育家裴斯塔洛齐(1746—1827)在他的教育理论中，主张教育与生产劳动结合起来，认为劳动不仅能发展体力，并能发展智力，形****的道德，从事劳动的人能够形成一种信念，相信劳动在社会生活中的意义。
他设想是：儿童在学校里，整天纺织；学校里有一块耕地，每个儿童在他自己的小畦里耕作；学校里有自己的养畜业，儿童养护动物；儿童对亚麻和羊毛进行加工，熟悉乡村里最好的农场和手工作坊。
在工作空闲时间，教师才对儿童进行教学。
他的教劳结合是教育与手工劳动的结合，在时间上是机械的结合。
空想社会主义者欧文(1771-1858)，他既从资本主义的生产方式给人民群众带来的苦难出发，同时又从科学技术进步对劳动者的新要求出发，提出了教育与生产劳动相结合的思想。
首都师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25％)Section A: Spot DictationDirections: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will he read only once. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage, there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (1)____the learning of English vocabulary. The results were urprising. I'll (2) ____three of them.firstly, most of the stcrdeaats think that (3) ____every word ill English has just one meaning. This is, of course:, completely (4) ____to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will show this. The student will (5) ____find seven or eight meanings listed for (6) ____simple' words.Why, then, have these students made such a mistake:' One reason irnay be that they're .ill (7) ____. students. Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning, and one meaning only. Another reason., of course,could be the way in Which these Student, Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner English. (M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-, on the other sloe, a single \ti'ord in the (Q) native language.'l°he second attitude that (10) ____from the findings isequally mistaken. (11) ____all the students think that every word in English has an exact (12)____equivalent. Again, this is far from the trijth. Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a (13) ____in the student's native languial c. "there are other (l4) ____ill translation which we won't mention here. (:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation (15) ____is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work on this (16) ____failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another (17) ____in the students' thinking. They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they're in a (18) ____to use it correctly. This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly (19) ____for English. The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What, then, is the best way to increase one's vocabulary? This can be answered in threewords-observation, (20) ____and repetition.Section B: Multiple ChoiceDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21. A) It had no efFect on living cells. 13) It had effects on living cells. C) It had effects only on children.I)) It had effects only on adults.22. A) An increasing number of cancers in children.I3) A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C) A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1)) A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23. A) 446. 13) 464. C ) 223. 1))234.24. A) Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R) Because other scientists have not studied his results yet. C.) Because he discovered nodirect link between disease and electricity.D) Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25. A) Health and environment.B) Electric current and the energy field. C) Electricity and cancer.D) Electrical workers and cancer.Section C: Question and AnswerDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard. Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26. Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27. Why do many small town doctors work long hours? 28. What is the growing problem in theUnited States? 29. How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in 1979?30. Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a reward o€ 5,000 dollar to?Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%),Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receive specialized training, and thisis____A) refused B) discouragedC) denied D) forbidden32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her____A) whirl B) shiftC) shiver D) shake33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have____the task of teaching advanced English tomore than 500 non-English majors.A) inclined B) hesitatedC) afforded D) undertaken34. The press demands that politicians____the sources of their income.A) betray B) concealC) disclose D) renew35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong____A) philosophy B) idealismC) morality D) personality36. One new____to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.A) approach B) solutionC) manner D) road37. To maintain public____is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.A) custom B) confidenceC) security D) simplicity38. All was dark in the district except for a candle____through th curtains in one of houses.A) glimmering B)glitteringC) flaming D) blazing39. One of the stands____and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A) destroyed B) collapsedC) corroded D) ruined40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) ____smile, "Not me!"A) contemptible B) amusingC) contagious D) contemptuous41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is____to argument.A) impervious B) imperceptibleC) impassable D) blunt42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to beA) inquisitive B) impatientC) acquisitive D) informative43. He____between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A) hovered B) lurchedC) wavered D) fluctuated44. We are prepared to satisfy all your____claimA} legitimate B) legibleC) intimate D) legislative45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact____of the English word ' stile'.A) equivalent B) copyC) counterpart D) meaning46. The prizes will be____at the end of the school year.A) distributed B) attributedC) granted D) contributed47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly____by the Italian Ambassador.A) sustained B) maintainedC) retained D) entertained48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality____to us and our friends.A) extended B) expandedC) expended D) awarded49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) ____ way soon, the two countries will certainly go to war.A) amiable B) amicableC) inimical D) unfriendly50, If I may be so____as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A) generous B) humbleC) proud D) bold51. If you take a(n) ____course like her you can learn English in less than two years.A) intensive B) extensiveC) expansive D) retentive52. After a year's hard work I think I am____to a long holiday. 10,A) entailed B) deservedC) entitled D) satisfied53. Thousands of people____from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A) emigrate B) leaveC) abandon D) immigrate54, lie was a member of the Hillary____that conquered MountEverest.A) mission B) invasionC) experiment D) expedition55. It was my sad duty to____the news of John's death to his family.A) submit B) breakC) say D) proclaim56. He____himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A) discerned B) distinguishedC) discriminated D) extinguished57. She____his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A) inclined B) declinedC) denied D) disinclined58. He was____with attempted robbery and held in custody..A) accused B) prosecutedC) charged D) arrested59. What the witness said in court was not____with the statement he made to the police.A) prevalent B) relevantC) consistent D) coincident60. Molly has always beep a(n) ____child; she becomes ill easily.A) delicate B) gloomyC) energetic D) confident61. There are some very beautifully____glass windows in the church.A) designed B) drawnC) marked D) stained62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n) ____on the wheels of progress.A) obstacle B) brakeC) break D) block63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with____in all departments.A) decreases B) subtractionsC) reductions D) accounts64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is____that he will recover and is treated with sympathy, his painwill often disappear.A) assumed B) assuredC) informed D) proved65: Although most birds have only a____sense of smell, they have acute vision.A} genuine.B) negativeC) negligible D) condensed66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be____with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B) committedC)consigned D) assigned67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to____if you fail in your examination.A) complain B) blameC) mistake D) fault68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game looked completely____A) irresistible B) irremissibleC} irreplaceable D) irretrievable69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed, for it was____timedwith the plane's take-off.A) spontaneously B) instantaneouslyC} simultaneously D) conscientiously70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to____who hard fired first.A) encounter B) highlightC} testify D) identifyPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate witheach other. He was standing a t the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word `More?'The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€ sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71. The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA) Sagan had turned his backB) it was part of the game they were playingC) he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD) Sagan wanted him to do this72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the directorA) didn't seem to think it was unusualB) thought Sagan was jokingC) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD) asked him if he knew other words73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed toA) help them to travel fast in waterB) arrange sounds in different structuresC) respond to different kinds of soundD) communicate with humans through sound74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA) each sound has a different meaningB) each sound is different from the otherC) there is a system of writingD) they have a structure or grammar（2）Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried. I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join an exercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and Davidsometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could always end an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times. I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out of the house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn. 1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,A) took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB) tool: the same responsibility as her husbandC) took more blame when things went wrongD) felt equally guilty when things went wrong77. Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A) "It was your fault!"B) "Maybe you're right."C) "It's none of your business."D) "It's none of my business."78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA) they hide their feelingsB) they lock themselves in their bedroomC) they have promised not to be mad at each otherD) they dare to face them79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways except A) that they share their free timeB) that they make their decisions togetherC) that they talk to each otherD) that they deal with their troubles together80. The best title for the passage isA) First MarriageB) Second MarriageC) DivorceD) Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB) it is more distinguishedC) it is more expensiveD) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA) house for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) real antiques for sale83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements, according to thewriter?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A) They used to be voluntary.B) They used to use display type.C) They were all the same size.D) They were more formal.85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to the writer?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C）Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers. .（4）Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "Church Times" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles, and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly."Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must take something yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water.Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of thewhole class. He looked round fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physicsexperiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then. After asking if anyonewas in difficulties, and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything, he retired to hischair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion.86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thievingC) he was cruelD) he believed in strict discipline87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu becauseA) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC) they were afraid of their science mastersD) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like tradersB) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC) they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholicdrink.B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA) the whole class was looking so innocentB) he was a suspicious man by natureC) there was no teacher in the roomD) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could that be?' she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.91. How do you think Alison felt when she heard the knock at the door?A) Afraid .B) Irritated.C) Pleased. D) Curious.92. Who was the man at the door?A) Someone from work.。