2013复习题

2013复习题Define the following terms:General linguistics：The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.Design features：Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Phoneme ：A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. Allophone：An allophone is any of the different forms of a phoneme.Complementary distribution：The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.Assimilation (term used in phonology) ：When a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows it or precedes it, this is called assimilation.Morphology：Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules governing the formation of words.Free morpheme：A free morpheme is one that can exist on its own as a word.Bound morpheme：Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot be used alone as a word, but must be attached to another morpheme.Inflectional morpheme：Inflectional morpheme is an affix which is suffixed to a stem. It only serves as a grammatical marker showing grammatical meaning in sentences.Derivational morpheme：A derivational morpheme is an affix which is used to form a derivative.Minimal pair：A minimal pair refers to two words that are identical in every way except for one phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word.Syntax：Syntax is defined as the study of the internal structure of sentences and the rules governing the formation of sentences.Open class words：Open class words are a group of words which contain an unlimited number of items.Closed-class words：Closed-class words are words whose membership is fixed or limited. (Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.Surface structure ：Surface structure is the syntactic structure of the sentence which a person speaks, hears, reads or writes.(or: the actually produced or understood sentences）.Semantics ：Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.Hyponymy：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.Sociolinguistics：Sociolinguistics refers to the study of language in relation to social factors, that is, social class, educational level and type of education, age, sex, ethnic origin, etc.Speech community：Speech community refers to the social group that is singled out for any special study.Sociolect：Sociolect is a variety of language used by people belonging to a particular social class. Idiolect：Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.Psycholinguistics ：Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language comprehension, production and acquisition.Second language acquisition：Second language acquisition refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.Interlanguage：Interlanguage is the type of language produced by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a language.Critical period hypothesis：Critical period hypothesis is the theory that in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. Historical linguistics：Historical linguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies language change and language relationships.Neurolinguistics：Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language.Anthropological linguistics：Anthropological linguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its traditions, beliefs, and family structure.What is borrowing? And how many types of borrowing are there in English?Borrowing means English borrowed words from foreign languages such as French, Hebrew, Arabic, and even Chinese and Japanese. There are mainly four types of borrowing:(1)Loan words: both form and meaning are borrowed with only slight adaptation to thephonological system of the new language they enter.(2)Loan blend: part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fullyborrowed.(3)Loan shift: the meaning is borrowed, but the form is native.(4)Loan translation: each morpheme or word is translated in the equivalent morpheme orword in another language.分析题According to the Cooperative Principles, the participants of the conversation should obey the four maxims of the principles: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner. In this conversation,…。