testB_ans
python中subtest用法
python中subtest用法
在Python中，`subtest`是一个用于测试框架的子测试功能。
它允许在单个测试函数中运行多个子测试，并为每个子测试生成单独的测试结果。
`subtest`在Python的`unittest`模块中定义。
使用`subtest`的语法如下：
```python
import unittest
class MyTestCase():
def test_something(self):
with ():
第一个子测试
(1 + 1, 2)
with ():
第二个子测试
(2 2, 4)
```
在上面的示例中，`test_something`函数包含两个子测试。
每个子测试都是使用`with ():`语句块包装的。
每个子测试运行后，将生成单独的测试结果。
除了使用`with`语句块外，还可以使用`subtest`的装饰器语法：
```python
import unittest
class MyTestCase():
()
def test_something(self):
第一个子测试
(1 + 1, 2)
()
def test_something_else(self):
第二个子测试
(2 2, 4)
```
在这个示例中，`()`装饰器用于标记函数为子测试。
每个子测试函数都独立运行，并生成单独的测试结果。
使用`subtest`可以方便地组织和管理多个相关的测试用例，并在单个测试函数中执行它们。
这对于编写复杂的测试用例非常有用，特别是当您需要验证多个方面或条件时。
生化本科题库题库Chapter 11 Test Bank
Chapter 11 CarbohydratesMatching QuestionsUse the following to answer questions 1-10:Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.a) Fehling’sb) enantiomersc) UDPd) glycogene) monosaccharidesf) celluloseg) lectinsh) Heparini) axialj) glycoproteinsk) epimersl) glycosyltransferases1 ____________ This class of compounds has the molecular formula of (CH2O)n.Ans: eSection: 11.12 ____________ These are stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.Ans: bSection: 11.13 ____________ These monosaccharides differ at a single asymmetric carbon.Ans: kSection: 11.14 ____________ This is the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere.Ans: fSection: 11.25 ____________ This is a test solution used to identify reducing and nonreducing sugars.Ans: aSection: 11.16 ____________ The storage form of glucose in animals.Ans: dSection: 11.27 ____________ This is an example of a glycosaminoglycan.Ans: hSection: 11.28 ____________ These are the enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides.Ans: lSection: 11.29 ____________ Molecule to which most sugars are attached prior to transfer.Ans: cSection: 11.210 ____________ These proteins bind to specific carbohydrate structures.Ans: gSection: 11.3Fill in the Blank Questions11 A _______________ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image.Ans: diastereoisomer Section: 11.112 A _______________ is a five-membered ring formed from a monosaccharide.Ans: furanose Section: 11.113 A _______________ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via a glycosidicbond.Ans: disaccharide Section: 11.114 Plant starch is composed of amylose, a linear polymer of glucose, and a branched polymer ofglucose referred to as _______________.Ans: amylopectin Section: 11.215 Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by ____________ glycosidicbond.Ans: α-1,4 Section: 11.216 _______________ is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond.Ans: Lactose Section: 11.217 In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n)_____________ residue inthe protein.Ans: asparagine Section: 11.318 When the carbohydrate portion is attached to a serine or threonine residue in a glycoprotein, it isreferred to as a(n)_______________ glycoprotein.Ans: O-linked Section: 11.319 The influenza virus recognizes _______________ residues of glycoproteins present on cellsurface.Ans: sialic acid Section: 11.420 In C-type lectins, a _______________ acts as a bridge between the carbohydrate and the protein.Ans: calcium ion Section: 11.4Multiple Choice Questions21 Carbohydrates areA) polyhydroxy aldehydes.B) polyhydroxy ketones.C) polyhydroxy acids.D) polyhydroxy alcohols.E) a and b.Ans: E Section: Introduction22 The simplest carbohydrates areA) D- and L-glyceraldehyde.B) dihydroxyacetone and D- and L-glyceraldehyde.C) dihydroxyacetone and glycerate.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: B Section: 11.123 An aldehyde and alcohol can react to form aA) hemiaketal. D) All of the above.B) hemiketal. E) None of the above.C) hemiacetal.Ans: C Section: 11.124 Fructose can cyclize to (a)A) pyranose ring.B) furanose ring.C) both pyranose and furanose ring forms.D) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.125 The nutritional storage form(s) of glucose in plants.A) glycogen B) amylose C) amylopectin D) b and c E) All of the aboveAns: D Section: 11.226 The enzyme that digests amylopectin.A) -amylase D) All of the above. B) amylose E) None of the above. C) celluloseAns: A Section: 11.227 To which amino acid residues in glycoproteins are the sugars commonly linked?A) tyrosine and asparagine D) serine and threonine B) serine, threonine, and asparagine E) a and d C) serine, tyrosine, and asparagine Ans: B Section: 11.328 Glycoproteins are normallyA) found on membranes.D) a and b.B) secreted as extracellular proteins. E) All of the above. C) found inside organelles.Ans: D Section: 11.329 At what sites in a cell are proteins glycosylated?A) ribosome D) b and c B) endoplasmic reticulum E) a, b, and c C) Golgi complexAns: D Section: 11.330 Which of the following is the anomer of β-D -glucopyranose?D)C)B)A)Ans: C Section: 11.231 Glycoforms refers toA) a single protein type that can have forms that vary in glycosylation. B) glycoproteins from the same gene family.C) a common core of sugars that can be found on many different proteins. D) all of the above. E) none of the above. Ans: A Section: 11.332 Selectins are proteins thatA) selectively bind proteins destined for lysozomes.B) aid in selection of proteins bound for the Golgi complex.C) bind immune-system cells as part of the inflammatory response.D) all of the above.E) none of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.433 What are lectins?A) proteins that bind the carbohydrates on glycoproteins and other macromoleculesB) proteins that promote cell-cell interactionC) proteins found in animals, plants, and microorganismsD) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: D Section: 11.4.34 How do some viruses gain entry into specific cells?A) by attaching to ion channelsB) by cleaving the glycosidic bonds and altering protein shapesC) by binding to glycoproteins on the cell surface that are unique to specific cellsD) All of the above.E) None of the above.Ans: C Section: 11.435 Inhibitors against this viral enzyme have potential as anti-influenza agents.A) calnexin D) All of the above.B) neuramidase E) None of the above.C) selectinAns: B Section: 11.4Short-Answer Questions36 List some of the reasons carbohydrates are considered important molecules.Ans: Carbohydrates serve several important functions as fuels, metabolic intermediates, and energy stores. They are the basis of most of the organic matter on our planet. Carbohydratesserve as the structural framework or building blocks for DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides.They are also linked to other molecules, such as proteins and lipids, and play importantroles in signaling and structure.Section: Introduction37 Draw the Fischer projection structures of all of the trioses.Ans: CH 2OH C CH 2OH O C C CH 2OHOH OH H C C 2OH O H HO H dihydroxyacetone D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde Structures shown in Figure 11.1.Section: 11.1 and Figure 11.138 What is the difference between an enantiomer and a diastereoisomer?Ans: An enantiomer is a stereoisomer that is a perfect (nonsuperimposable or nonidentical)mirror image. A chiral molecule has one perfect mirror image. But for larger carbohydrates that have the same chemical formula and have multiple chiral centers, variations inasymmetric carbon structures mean that additional stereoisomers exist. The stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are called diastereoisomers.Section: 11.139 How is the D or L configuration determined?Ans: The D or L designation is determined by the asymmetric carbon farthest from the ketone oraldehyde group, and is related to the glyceraldehyde D and L structures.Section: 11.140 Draw the Haworth projections of the two pyranose forms of D -glucose.Ans:α-D -glycopyranose β-D -glucopyranose as shown in Figure 11.4 of the text.Section: 11.141 Draw the structure of lactose. Identify the monosaccharides involved and identify the type oflinkage in lactose? Ans:D-glucose (α anomer)Section: 11.242 Compare the structures of amylopectin and amylose.Ans: Both are homopolymers of glucose. Amylose consists of unbranched α-1,4 linkages of glucose. Amylopectin is a branched structure, and contains both α-1,4 linkages and α-1,6linkages, with the α-1,6 branches occurring about once every 30 glucose residues.Section: 11.243 What are the chemical and structural differences between cellulose and glycogen?Ans: Both are glucose homopolymers. Glycogen is a branched polymer and contains α-1,4 linkages with β-1,6 branchpoints about every 10 residues. Cellulose is a linear polymerthat contains β-1,4 linkages. Because of the β linkages, cellulose can form very longstraight chains which can form interchain hydrogen bonds to form fibrils.Section: 11.244 Describe some of the functions of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.Ans: They function as lubricants, anticoagulents, and structural components; are important in pathways stimulating cell proliferation; and aid in mediating cell adhesion to extracellularmatrices.Section: 11.245 How does a genetic mutation account for some of the different human blood types?Ans: Blood type is determined by specific glycosyltransferases that add the end sugar to the glycoproteins found on red blood cells. Three different types of glycosyltransferase genescan be inherited, and each individual receives one from each parent. Two different formsresult in the A and B blood types. A mutation in a third type results in a truncated productthat is not active.Section: 11.246 What is the advantage of having different blood types within a species?Ans: Variations are protective because differences may be critical to protection against disease and infection. A microorganism that gains advantage over a host by mimicking and/orusing specific antigens, will not survive in host members that have differing antigens.Section: 11.247 Describe the mechanism by which N-linked sugars are synthesized and attached to proteins.Ans: The units are assembled in the ER attached to dolichol phosphate scaffold. Two N-acetylglucosamine residues and five mannose residues are added to form a commonprecursor, which is flipped into the ER lumen. Then specific enzymes adddolichol-phosphate-linked sugars, forming a 14-residue core. This is transferred to anasparagine residue on a protein, and the sugar core is processed by removal of three glucosemolecules. The addition and removal of other sugars in the Golgi complex further modifythe carbohydrate.Section: 11.3 and Figure 11.248 What are the two primary functions of the Golgi complex?Ans: The Golgi complex is 1) the site of carbohydrate addition and modification to glycoproteins, and 2) the major protein sorting center of the cell.Section: 11.349 What is the role of mannose 6-phosphate? What disease is caused by lack of this terminal sugar onglycoproteins?Ans: It acts as the marker that directs many lysozomal enzymes to their proper site. Without the modified mannose residue, the proteins are misdirected. For example, in I-cell disease,several enzymes are directed to blood and urine instead of the lysozomes. As a result,hydrolases required for glycosaminglycan and glycolipid degradation are missing, leadingto deformity and retardation.Section: 11.350 Why is it more difficult to determine the structure of the oligosaccharides, when compared toamino acid sequences?Ans: Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds and the side chains vary in size, charge, and chemical properties. In contrast, sugars can be branched, and can have α or β linkages,which makes determining the attachment difficult. Furthermore, many sugars have thesame or similar chemical formula, and similar chemical properties, making specificidentification and linkage difficult.Section: 11.3。
sub test的用法
sub test的用法"sub test的用法"是指在编程领域中对于某个程序或模块进行逐步测试的方法。
在编写本文时，我们将一步一步回答以下问题并深入讨论sub test 的用法：1. sub test是什么？2. sub test的目的是什么？3. sub test的步骤是什么？4. sub test的优势和劣势是什么？5. 如何有效地编写sub test？6. sub test的最佳实践是什么？7. sub test在不同编程语言中的差异。
8. sub test与其他测试方法的比较。
9. 结论。
接下来，我们将逐步回答这些问题，以便更好地理解sub test的用法。
1. sub test是什么？在编程领域，sub test指的是对于程序中的某个子程序或模块进行测试的方法。
它通常是测试单个功能或小块代码的方式，以确保其正确性和可靠性。
2. sub test的目的是什么？sub test的主要目的是验证程序或模块的正确性。
它专注于测试小而独立的代码块，以便可以更容易地识别和修复错误。
通过使用sub test，可以逐步测试整个程序，并确保每个子程序运行正确且不会影响其他部分。
3. sub test的步骤是什么？在进行sub test时，一般会按照以下步骤进行：- 确定要进行测试的子程序或模块。
- 编写测试代码，包括输入参数和预期输出。
- 运行测试并记录实际输出。
- 比较预期输出和实际输出，确认是否一致。
- 如果测试通过，则将其标记为成功，否则标记为失败。
- 重复以上步骤，测试其他子程序或模块。
4. sub test的优势和劣势是什么？sub test具有以下优势：- 高度模块化：sub test专注于测试小而独立的代码块，使得代码更易于维护和调试。
- 容易定位错误：通过逐步测试每个子程序，可以更容易地定位和修复错误。
- 提高代码可读性：sub test将测试代码与实际功能代码分开，使得代码更加清晰易懂。
国际金融 International Finance Test Bank_09
Chapter 9—Forecasting Exchange Rates1. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of today's forwardexchange rate to forecast the future exchange rate?a. fundamental forecasting.b. market-based forecasting.c. technical forecasting.d. mixed forecasting.ANS: B PTS: 12. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent sole use of today's spot exchangerate of the euro to forecast the euro's future exchange rate?a. fundamental forecasting.b. market-based forecasting.c. technical forecasting.d. mixed forecasting.ANS: B PTS: 13. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the use of relationships betweeneconomic factors and exchange rate movements to forecast the future exchange rate?a. fundamental forecasting.b. market-based forecasting.c. technical forecasting.d. mixed forecasting.ANS: A PTS: 14. Which of the following forecasting techniques would best represent the sole use of the pattern ofhistorical currency values of the euro to predict the euro's future currency value?a. fundamental forecasting.b. market-based forecasting.c. technical forecasting.d. mixed forecasting.ANS: C PTS: 15. If a particular currency is consistently declining substantially over time, then a market-based forecastwill usually have:a. underestimated the future exchange rates over time.b. overestimated the future exchange rates over time.c. forecasted future exchange rates accurately.d. forecasted future exchange rates inaccurately but without any bias toward consistentunderestimating or overestimating.ANS: B PTS: 16. According to the text, the analysis of currencies forecasted with use of the forward rate suggests that:a. currencies exhibited about the same mean forecast errors as a percent of the realized value.b. the Canadian dollar can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than othercurrencies.c. the Swiss franc can be forecasted by U.S. firms with greater accuracy than othercurrencies.d. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 17. Assume the following information:Predicted Value of Realized Value ofPeriod New Zealand Dollar New Zealand Dollar1 $.52 $.502 .54 .603 .44 .404 .51 .50Given this information, the mean absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value is about:a. 1.5%.b. 26%.c. 6%.d. 6.5%.e. none of the aboveANS: DSOLUTION: [|$.52 - $.50|/$.50 + |$.54 - $.60|/$.60 + |$.44 - $.40|/$.40 + |$.51 -$.50|/$.50)]/4= [.04 + .10 + .10 + .02]/4= .065 = 6.50%PTS: 18. If it was determined that the movement of exchange rates was not related to previous exchange ratevalues, this implies that a ____ is not valuable for speculating on expected exchange rate movements.a. technical forecast techniqueb. fundamental forecast techniquec. all of the aboved. none of the aboveANS: A PTS: 19. Which of the following is true?a. Forecast errors cannot be negative.b. Forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.c. Absolute forecast errors are negative when the forecasted rate exceeds the realized rate.d. None of the above.ANS: D PTS: 110. Which of the following is true according to the text?a. Forecasts in recent years have been very accurate.b. Use of the absolute forecast error as a percent of the realized value is a good measure touse in detecting a forecast bias.c. Forecasting errors are smaller when focused on longer term periods.d. None of the above.ANS: D PTS: 111. A fundamental forecast that uses multiple values of the influential factors is an example of:a. sensitivity analysis.b. discriminant analysis.c. technical analysis.d. factor analysis.ANS: A PTS: 112. When the value from the prior period of an influential factor affects the forecast in the future period,this is an example of a(n):a. lagged input.b. instantaneous input.c. simultaneous input.d. B and CANS: A PTS: 113. Assume a forecasting model uses inflation differentials and interest rate differentials to forecast theexchange rate. Assume the regression coefficient of the interest rate differential variable is -.5, and the coefficient of the inflation differential variable is .4. Which of the following is true?a. The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflationvariable is directly (positively) related to the interest rate variable.b. The interest rate variable is inversely related to the exchange rate, and the inflationvariable is directly related to the exchange rate.c. The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variableis directly related to the exchange rate.d. The interest rate variable is directly related to the exchange rate, and the inflation variableis directly related to the interest rate variable.ANS: B PTS: 114. Which of the following is not a limitation of fundamental forecasting?a. uncertain timing of impact.b. forecasts are needed for factors that have a lagged impact.c. omission of other relevant factors from the model.d. possible change in sensitivity of the forecasted variable to each factor over time.e. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 115. Assume that interest rate parity holds. The U.S. five-year interest rate is 5% annualized, and theMexican five-year interest rate is 8% annualized. Today's spot rate of the Mexican peso is $.20. What is the approximate five-year forecast of the peso's spot rate if the five-year forward rate is used as a forecast?a. $.131.b. $.226.c. $.262.d. $.140.e. $.174.ANS: ESOLUTION: (1.05)5/(1.08)5- 1 = -13%; $.20[1 + (-13%)] = $.174PTS: 116. Assume that the forward rate is used to forecast the spot rate. The forward rate of the Canadian dollarcontains a 6% discount. Today's spot rate of the Canadian dollar is $.80. The spot rate forecasted for one year ahead is:a. $.860.b. $.848.c. $.740.d. $.752.e. none of the aboveANS: DSOLUTION: $.80 ⨯ [1 + (-6%)] = $.752PTS: 117. If today's exchange rate reflects all relevant public information about the euro's exchange rate, but notall relevant private information, then ____ would be refuted.a. weak-form efficiencyb. semistrong-form efficiencyc. strong-form efficiencyd. A and Be. B and CANS: D PTS: 118. According to the text, research generally supports ____ in foreign exchange markets.a. weak-form efficiencyb. semistrong-form efficiencyc. strong-form efficiencyd. A and Be. B and CANS: D PTS: 119. Assume that the U.S. interest rate is 11 percent, while Australia's one-year interest rate is 12 percent.Assume interest rate parity holds. If the one-year forward rate of the Australian dollar was used to forecast the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:a. depreciation in the Australian dollar's value over the next year.b. appreciation in the Australian dollar's value over the next year.c. no change in the Australian dollar's value over the next year.d. information on future interest rates is needed to answer this question.ANS: A PTS: 120. If the forward rate was expected to be an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate, and interest rateparity holds, then:a. covered interest arbitrage is feasible.b. the international Fisher effect (IFE) is supported.c. the international Fisher effect (IFE) is refuted.d. the average absolute error from forecasting would equal zero.ANS: B PTS: 121. Which of the following is not a forecasting technique mentioned in your text?a. accounting-based forecasting.b. technical forecasting.c. fundamental forecasting.d. market-based forecasting.ANS: A PTS: 122. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Malaysian ringgit (MYR):MYR t = a0 + a1INC t- 1 + a2INF t- 1 + μt,where MYR is the quarterly change in the ringgit, INF is the previous quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential, and INC is the previous quarterly percentage change in the income growth differential. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .005; a1 = .4; and a2 = .7. The most recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential is -5%, while the most recent quarterlypercentage change in the income differential is 3%. Using this information, the forecast for thepercentage change in the ringgit is:a. 4.60%.b. -1.80%.c. 5.2%.d. -4.60%.e. none of the aboveANS: BSOLUTION: MYR t = .005 + (.4)(.03) + (.7)(-.05) = -1.80%PTS: 123. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the value of the Indian rupee (INR):INR t = a0 + a1INT t + a2INF t- 1 + μt,where INR is the quarterly change in the rupee, INT is the real interest rate differential in period t between the U.S. and India, and INF is the inflation rate differential between the U.S. and India in the previous period. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .003; a1 = -.5; and a2 = .8. Assume that INF t - 1 = 2%. However, the interest rate differential is not known at the beginning of period t and must be estimated. You have developed the following probability distribution:Probability Possible Outcome30% -2%40% -3%30% -4%The expected change in the Indian rupee in period t is:a. 3.40%.b. 0.40%.c. 3.10%.d. 1.70%.e. none of the aboveANS: ASOLUTION: E[INT t] = (-.02)(.3) + (-.03)(.4) + (-.04)(.3) = -3.00%INR t = .003 + (-.5)(-.03) + (.8)(.02) = 3.40%PTS: 124. Huge Corporation has just initiated a market-based forecast system using the forward rate as anestimate of the future spot rate of the Japanese yen (¥) and the Australian dollar (A$). Listed below are the forecasted and realized values for the last period:Currency Forecasted Value Realized ValueAustralian dollar $.60 $.55Japanese yen $.0067 $.0069According to this information and using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value, the forecast of the yen by Huge Corp. is ____ the forecast of the Australian dollar.a. more accurate thanb. less accurate thanc. more biased thand. the same asANS: ASOLUTION: Absolute forecast error for the Australian dollar = (|.60 - .55|)/.55 = 9.09%Absolute forecast error for the Japanese yen = (|.0067 - .0069|)/.0069 =2.90%Therefore, Huge Corp. has estimated the Japanese yen more accurately byapproximately 6.19%.PTS: 125. Gamma Corporation has incurred large losses over the last ten years due to exchange rate fluctuationsof the Egyptian pound (EGP), even though the company has used a market-based forecast based on the forward rate. Consequently, management believes its forecasts to be biased. The following regression model was estimated to determine if the forecasts over the last ten years were biased:S t = a0 + a1F t -1 + μt,where S t is the spot rate of the pound in year t and F t- 1 is the forward rate of the pound in year t -1.Regression results reveal coefficients of a0 = 0 and a1 = 1.3. Thus, Gamma has reason to believe that its past forecasts have ____ the realized spot rate.a. overestimatedb. underestimatedc. correctly estimatedd. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 126. Which of the following is not a method of forecasting exchange rate volatility?a. using the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value.b. using the volatility of historical exchange rate movements as a forecast for the future.c. using a time series of volatility patterns in previous periods.d. deriving the exchange rate's implied standard deviation from the currency option pricingmodel.ANS: A PTS: 127. If a foreign currency is expected to ____ substantially against the parent's currency, the parent mayprefer to ____ the remittance of subsidiary earnings.a. weaken; delayb. weaken; expeditec. appreciate; expedited. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 128. If an MNC invests excess cash in a foreign county, it would like the foreign currency to ____; if anMNC issues bonds denominated in a foreign currency, it would like the foreign currency to ____.a. appreciate; depreciateb. appreciate; appreciatec. depreciate; depreciated. depreciate; appreciateANS: A PTS: 129. Severus Co. has to pay 5 million Canadian dollars for supplies it recently received from Canada.Today, the Canadian dollar has appreciated by 2 percent against the U.S. dollar. Severus hasdetermined that whenever the Canadian dollar appreciates against the U.S. dollar by more than 1percent, it experiences a reversal of 40 percent on the following day. Based on this information, the Canadian dollar is expected to ____ tomorrow, and Severus would prefer to make payment ____.a. depreciate by .8%; todayb. depreciate by .8%; tomorrowc. appreciate by .8%; todayd. appreciate by .8%; tomorrowANS: BSOLUTION: e t +1 = (2%) ⨯ (-40%) = -0.8%PTS: 130. Corporations tend to make only limited use of technical forecasting because it typically focuses on thenear future, which is not very helpful for developing corporate policies.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 131. Sulsa Inc. uses fundamental forecasting. Using regression analysis, it has determined the followingequation for the euro:euro t = b0 + b1INF t- 1 + b2INC t- 1= .005 + .9INF t- 1 + 1.1INC t- 1The most recent quarterly percentage change in the inflation differential between the U.S. and Europe was 2 percent, while the most recent quarterly percentage change in the income growth differential between the U.S. and Europe was -1 percent. Based on this information, the forecast for the euro is a(n) ____ of ____%.a. appreciation; 3.4b. depreciation; 3.4c. appreciation; 0.7d. appreciation; 1.2ANS: DSOLUTION: euro t = .005 + .9(.02) + 1.1(-.01) = 1.2%PTS: 132. The U.S. inflation rate is expected to be 4 percent over the next year, while the European inflation rateis expected to be 3 percent. The current spot rate of the euro is $1.03. Using purchasing power parity, the expected spot rate at the end of one year is $____.a. 1.02b. 1.03c. 1.04d. none of the aboveANS: CSOLUTION:E(S t + 1) = $1.03(1.0097) = $1.04PTS: 133. If the one-year forward rate for the euro is $1.07, while the current spot rate is $1.05, the expectedpercentage change in the euro is ____%.a. 1.90b. 2.00c. -1.87d. none of the aboveANS: ASOLUTION: E(e) = 1.07/1.05 - 1 = 1.90%PTS: 134. If both interest rate parity and the international Fisher effect hold, then between the forward rate andthe spot rate, the ____ rate should provide more accurate forecasts for currencies in ____-inflation countries.a. spot; highb. spot; lowc. forward; highd. forward; lowANS: C PTS: 135. If a foreign country's interest rate is similar to the U.S. rate, the forward rate premium or discount willbe ____, meaning that the forward rate and spot rate will provide ____ forecasts.a. substantial; similarb. substantial; very differentc. close to zero; similard. close to zero; very differentANS: C PTS: 136. Factors such as economic growth, inflation, and interest rates are an integral part of ____ forecasting.a. technicalb. fundamentalc. market-basedd. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 137. Silicon Co. has forecasted the Canadian dollar for the most recent period to be $0.73. The realizedvalue of the Canadian dollar in the most recent period was $0.80. Thus, the absolute forecast error as a percentage of the realized value was ____%.a. 9.6b. -9.6c. 8.8d. -8.8ANS: CSOLUTION:PTS: 138. The absolute forecast error of a currency is ____, on average, in periods when the currency is more____.a. lower; volatileb. higher; stablec. lower; stabled. none of the aboveANS: C PTS: 139. If the foreign exchange market is ____ efficient, then historical and current exchange rate informationis not useful for forecasting exchange rate movements.a. weak-formb. semistrong-formc. strong formd. all of the aboveANS: D PTS: 140. Foreign exchange markets are generally found to be at least ____ efficient.a. weak-formb. semistrong-formc. strong formd. none of the aboveANS: B PTS: 141. MNCs can forecast exchange rate volatility to determine the potential range surrounding theirexchange rate forecast.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 142. If the pattern of currency values over time appears random, then technical forecasting is appropriate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 143. Inflation and interest rate differentials between the U.S. and foreign countries are examples ofvariables that could be used in fundamental forecasting.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 144. A regression analysis of the Australian dollar value on the inflation differential between the U.S. andAustralia produced a coefficient of .8. Thus, for every 1% increase in the inflation differential, the Australian dollar is expected to depreciate by .8%.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 145. The most sophisticated forecasting techniques provide consistently accurate forecasts.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 146. If the forward rate is used as an indicator of the future spot rate, the spot rate is expected to appreciateor depreciate by the same amount as the forward premium or discount, respectively.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 147. Research indicates that currency forecasting services almost always outperform forecasts based on theforward rate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 148. When measuring forecast performance of different currencies, it is often useful to adjust for theirrelative sizes. Thus, percentages, rather than nominal amounts, are often used to compute forecast errors.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 149. The closer graphical points are to the perfect forecast line, the better is the forecast.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 150. Foreign exchange markets appear to be strong-form efficient.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 151. A motivation for forecasting exchange rate volatility is to obtain a range surrounding the forecast.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 152. Two methods to assess exchange rate volatility are the volatility of historical exchange ratemovements and the exchange rate's implied standard deviation from the currency option pricingmodel.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 153. Market-based forecasting involves the use of historical exchange rate data to predict future values.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 154. Fundamental models examine moving averages over time and thus allow the development of aforecasting rule.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 155. A forecasting technique based on fundamental relationships between economic variables and exchangerates, such as inflation, is referred to as technical forecasting.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 156. Usually, fundamental forecasting is used for short-term forecasts, while technical forecasting is usedfor longer-term forecasts.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 157. If points are scattered evenly on both sides of the perfect forecast line, then the forecast appears to bevery accurate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 158. If foreign exchange markets are strong-form efficient, then all relevant public and private informationis already reflected in today's exchange rates.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 159. Exchange rates one year in advance are typically forecasted with almost perfect accuracy for the majorcurrencies, but not for currencies of smaller countries.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 160. The potential forecast error is larger for currencies that are more volatile.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 161. A forecast of a currency one year in advance is typically more accurate than a forecast one week inadvance since the currency reverts to equilibrium over a longer term period.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 162. In general, any key managerial decision that is based on forecasted exchange rates should relycompletely on one forecast rather than alternative exchange rate scenarios.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 163. Monson Co., based in the U.S., exports products to Japan denominated in yen. If the forecasted valueof the yen is substantially ____ than the forward rate, Monson Co. will likely decide ____ thepayments.a. higher; to hedgeb. lower; not to hedgec. higher; not to hedged. none of the aboveANS: C PTS: 164. When a U.S.-based MNC wants to determine whether to establish a subsidiary in a foreign country, itwill always accept that project if the foreign currency is expected to appreciate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 165. The following is not a limitation of technical forecasting:a. It's not suitable for long-term forecasts of exchange rates.b. It doesn't provide point estimates or a range of possible future values.c. It cannot be applied to currencies that exhibit random movements.d. It cannot be applied to currencies that exhibit a continuous trend for short-term forecast.ANS: D PTS: 166. The following regression model was estimated to forecast the percentage change in the AustralianDollar (AUD):AUD t = a0 + a1INT t + a2INF t- 1 + μt,where AUD is the quarterly change in the Australian Dollar, INT is the real interest rate differential in period t between the U.S. and Australia, and INF is the inflation rate differential between the U.S. and Australia in the previous period. Regression results indicate coefficients of a0 = .001; a1 = -.8; and a2 = .5. Assume that INF t- 1 = 4%. However, the interest rate differential is not known at the beginning of period t and must be estimated. You have developed the following probability distribution:Probability Possible Outcome20% -3%80% -4%There is a 20% probability that the Australian dollar will change by ____, and an 80% probability it will change by ____.a. 4.5%; 6.1%;b. 6.1%; 4.5%c. 4.5%; 5.3%d. None of the aboveANS: CSOLUTION: Probability 20% = .001 + (-.8)(-.03) + (.5)(.04) = 4.5%Probability 80% = .001 + (-.8)(-.04) + (.5)(.04) = 5.3%PTS: 167. Purchasing power parity is used in:a. technical forecasting.b. fundamental forecasting.c. market-based accounting.d. all of the above.ANS: B PTS: 168. If speculators expect the spot rate of the yen in 60 days to be ____ than the 60-day forward rate on theyen, they will ____ the yen forward and put ____ pressure on the yen's forward rate.a. higher; buy; upwardb. higher; sell; downwardc. higher; sell; upwardd. lower; buy; upwardANS: A PTS: 169. If speculators expect the spot rate of the Canadian dollar in 30 days to be ____ than the 30-day forwardrate on Canadian dollars, they will ____ Canadian dollars forward and put ____ pressure on theCanadian dollar forward rate.a. lower; sell; upwardb. lower; sell; downwardc. higher; sell; upwardd. higher; sell; downwardANS: B PTS: 170. Assume that U.S. annual inflation equals 8%, while Japanese annual inflation equals 5%. If purchasingpower parity is used to forecast the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:a. appreciation of yen's value over the next year.b. depreciation of yen's value over the next year.c. no change in yen's value over the next year.d. information about interest rates is needed to answer this question.ANS: A PTS: 171. Assume that U.S. interest rates are 6%, while British interest rates are 7%. If the international Fishereffect holds and is used to determine the future spot rate, the forecast would reflect an expectation of:a. appreciation of pound's value over the next year.b. depreciation of pound's value over the next year.c. no change in pound's value over the next year.d. not enough information to answer this question.ANS: B PTS: 172. If the foreign exchange market is ____ efficient, then technical analysis is not useful in forecastingexchange rate movements.a. weak-formb. semistrong-formc. strong formd. all of the aboveANS: D PTS: 173. If today's exchange rate reflects any historical trends in Canadian dollar exchange rate movements, butnot all relevant public information, then the Canadian dollar market is:a. weak-form efficient.b. semistrong-form efficient.c. strong-form efficient.d. all of the above.ANS: A PTS: 174. Leila Corporation used the following regression model to determine if the forecasts over the last tenyears were biased:S t = a0 + a1F t- 1 + μt,where S t is the spot rate of the yen in year t and F t- 1 is the forward rate of the yen in year t -1.Regression results reveal coefficients of a0 = 0 and a1 = .30. Thus, Leila Corporation has reason to believe that its past forecasts have ____ the realized spot rate.a. overestimatedb. underestimatedc. correctly estimatedd. none of the aboveANS: A PTS: 175. Assume that U.S. interest rate for the next three years is 5%, 6%, and 7% respectively. Also assumethat Canadian interest rates for the next three years are 3%, 6%, 9%. The current Canadian spot rate is $.840. What is the approximate three-year forecast of Canadian dollar spot rate if the three-yearforward rate is used as a forecast?a. $.840b. $.890c. $.856d. $.854ANS: CSOLUTION: {[(1.05)(1.06)(1.07)]/[(1.03)(1.05)(1.08)]} ⨯ $.84 = $.856PTS: 176. Which of the following is not one of the major reasons for MNCs to forecast exchange rates?a. to decide in which foreign market to invest the excess cash.b. to decide where to borrow at the lowest cost.c. to determine whether to require the subsidiary to remit the funds or invest them locally.d. to speculate on the exchange rate movements.ANS: D PTS: 177. Sensitivity analysis allows for all of the following except:a. accountability for uncertainty.b. focus on a single point estimate of future exchange rates.c. development of a range of possible future values.d. consideration of alternative scenarios.ANS: B PTS: 178. If graphical points lie above the perfect forecast line, than the forecast overestimated the future value.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 179. A regression model was applied to explain movements in the Canadian dollar's value over time. Thecoefficient for the inflation differential between the U.S. and Canada was -0.2. The coefficient of the interest rate differential between the U.S. and Canada produced a coefficient of 0.8. Thus, theCanadian dollar depreciates when the inflation differential ____ and the interest rate differential ____.a. increases; increasesb. decreases; increasesc. increases; decreasesd. increases; decreasesANS: C PTS: 180. If the pattern of currency values over time appears random, then technical forecasting is appropriate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 181. Market-based forecasting is based on fundamental relationships between economic variables andexchange rates.。
英文版市场营销学期末试卷11
SECTION 1: T rue and False<TOTAL20 marks>For each of the following, place a “T〞if the statement is “true〞, “F〞if the statement is false.(20 marks, 2 marks/ Question)___T__ petitive advantage is a unique strength relative to competitors, often based on quality, time, cost or, innovation.___F__2.Market share can be defined in both currency as well as in units sold. Because both ratios calculate market share, market share will be the same for a firm regardless which measurement is used.___F_3.A “high-involvement purchase〞usually involves a considerable amount of time researching the product and the product is a routine purchase.___T_ 4.A company engaged in environmental scanning is continually acquiring information on events occurring outside the organization to identify and interpret potential trends .__F__5.At the information search stage of the purchase decision process, a consumer compares the product with his or her expectations and is either satisfied or dissatisfied.____F__6.A cohesive marketing mix consists of the product, promotion, price, and personnel.____F__7.Publicity is any paid form of nonpersonal communication about an organization, good, service or idea by an identified sponsor.____T__8.Direct mail and catalog retailing are examples ofnonstore retailing.___F___9.Market segment would have a collection of prospective buyers that areready to buy。
完整版投资学第7版TestBank答案12
Chapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis Multiple Choice Questions1. Conventional theories presume thatinvestors presumes that they __ .A)B)C)D)E) and behavioral finance2.3.are irrational; are irrational arerational; may not be rational arerational; are rational may not berational; may not be rational may notbe rational; are rationalAnswer: B Difficulty:EasyThe premise of behavioral finance isthat A)B)C)D)E)conventional financial theory ignores how real people make decisions and that people make a difference.conventional financial theory considers how emotional people make decisions but the market is driven by rational utility maximizing investors.conventional financial theory should ignore how the average person makesdecisions because the market is driven by investors that are much moresophisticated than the average person.B and Cnone of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty:EasySome economists believe that the anomalies literature is consistent with investo'rs _________________ and .ability to always process information correctly and therefore they infercorrect probability distributions about future rates of return; given aprobability distribution of returns, they always make consistent and optimal decisions inability to always process information correctly and therefore they infer incorrect probability distributions about future rates of return;given a probability distribution of returns, they always make consistent and optimal decisions ability to always process information correctly andtherefore they infer correct probability distributions about future rates of return; given a probability distribution of returns, they often makeinconsistent or suboptimal decisions inability to always process information correctly and therefore they infer incorrect probability distributions about future rates of return; given a probability distribution of returns, they often make inconsistent or suboptimal decisions none of the aboveA)B)C)D)E)Answer: D Difficulty: ModerateInformation processing errors consist of I) forecastingII) overconfidenceIII conservatismIV) framingA) I and IIB) I and IIIC) III and IVD) IV onlyE) I, II and IIIAnswer: E Difficulty: Moderate research suggests that people underweight recentinformation. research suggeststhat people overweight recentinformation. research suggeststhat people correctly weightrecent information. either A orB depending on whether theinformation was good or bad.none of the above.Answer: B Difficulty: ModerateDeBondt and Thaler believe that high P/E result from investorsA) B) C) D) E) Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateIf a person gives too much weight to recent information compared to priorbeliefs, they would make errors.A) B) C) D) E) 4. 5. Forecasting errors are potentially important because A) B) C) D) E) 6. earnings expectations that are too extreme.earnings expectations that are not extreme enough.stock price expectations that are too extreme.stock price expectations that are not extremeenough. none of the above.7. framingselection biasoverconfidenceconservatismforecastingAnswer: E Difficulty: ModerateChapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis8. Single men trade far more often than women. This is due togreater men.A)B)C)D)E) framing regret avoidance overconfidence conservatism none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: Moderate9. _____________ may be responsible for the prevalence of active versuspassive investments management.A) B) C) D) E)ForecastingerrorsOverconfidenceMental accountingConservatismRegret avoidanceAnswer: B Difficulty: Moderate10.11. amongBarber and Odean (2000) ranked portfolios by turnover and report that thedifference in return between the highest and lowest turnover portfolios is 7% per year. They attribute this to A) B) C) D) E)overconfidenceframing regretavoidance sampleneglect all ofthe aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: Moderate_________ bias means that investors are too slow in updating their beliefs in response to evidence.A) B) C) D) E)framing regretavoidanceoverconfidenceconservatism noneof the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: ModeratePsychologists have found that people who make decisions that turn out badly blamethemselves more when that decision was unconventional. The name for thisphenomenon isA) B) C) D) E) Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateRationale: An investments example given in the text is buying the stock of a start-up firm that shows subsequent poor performance, versus buying blue chipstocks that perform poorly. Investors tend to have more regret if they chose the less conventional start-up stock. DeBondt and Thaler say that such regret theory is consistent with the size effect and the book-to-market effect.An example of_________ is that a person may reject an investment when it is posed interms of risk surrounding potential gains but may accept the same investment if it is posed in terms of risk surrounding potential losses.A) B) C) D) E) Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateStatman (1977) argues that________ is consistent with some investors' irrationalpreference for stocks with high cash dividends and with a tendency to hold losingpositions too long.A)B)12. regret avoidanceframing mentalaccountingoverconfidenceobnoxicity13. framing regretavoidanceoverconfidenceconservatism noneof the above14. mental accountingregret avoidanceoverconfidenceconservatism noneof the aboveC)D)E)Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateChapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis15. An example of ________ is that it is not as painful to have purchased a blue-chip stock that decreases in value, as it is to lose money on an unknown start-up firm. A) B) C) D) E) mental accounting regret avoidanceoverconfidenceconservatism none of the aboveAnswer: B Difficulty: Moderate16. Arbitrageurs may be unable to exploit behavioral biases duetoI) II) III ) IV) V)fundamental riskimplementation costsmodel riskconservatism regretavoidance17. A) B) C) D) E)I and II onlyI, II, andIIII, II, III,and V II,III, and IVIV and VAnswer: B Difficulty: Moderate _____________ are good examples of the limits to arbitrage because they show that the law of one price is violated.I) II) III ) IV) V)Siamese Twin CompaniesUnit trustsClosed end fundsOpen end fundsEquity carve outsA) B) C) D) E) I and III, II, andIII I, III,and V IVand VVAnswer: C Difficulty: ModerateChapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis___ was the grandfather of technical analysis. Harry Markowitz William SharpeCharles Dow Benjamin Graham none of the aboveAnswer: C Difficulty: EasyRationale: Charles Dow, the originator of the Dow Theory, was the grandfather of technical analysis. Benjamin Graham might be considered the grandfather offundamental analysis. Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe might be considered the grandfathers of modern portfolio theory.The goal of the Dow theory is toA) B) C) D) E) Answer: E Difficulty: EasyRationale: The Dow theory uses the Dow Jones Industrial Average as an indicator of long-term trends in market prices.A long-term movement of prices, lasting from several months to years is calleda minor trend a primary trend an intermediate trend trend analysis B and D Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Rationale: Minor trends are merely day-to-day price movements; intermediatetrends are or offsetting movements in one direction after longer-term movements in another direction; trends lasting for the period described above are primary trends.18. A) B)C) D) E) 19. identify head and shoulderpatterns. identify breakaway points. identify resistance levels. identify support levels. identifylong-term trends. 20. A)B)C)D)E)Chapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis21. A daily fluctuation of little importance iscalled A) B) C) D) E)a minor trend aprimary trend anintermediate trend amarket trend none ofthe aboveAnswer: A Difficulty:Easy22. Price movements that are caused by short-term deviations of prices from theunderlying trend line are calledA)B)C)D)E) primary trends. secondary trends. tertiary trends. Dow trends. contrary trends.Answer: B Difficulty: EasyRationale: The secondary trend is caused by these deviations, which areeliminated by corrections that bring the prices back to the trend lines.23. The Dow theory posits that the three forces that simultaneously affect stockprices areI) II) III ) IV) V) primary trend intermediate trend momentum trend minor trend contrarian trendA)B)C)D)E) I, II, and III II, III, and IV III, IV and VI, II, and IV I, III, and VAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateChap ter 12 Behavioral Finance and Tech ni cal An alysisis a rece nt variati on of the Dow Theorysuggests that stock p rices can be described by a set of wavep atter ns is similar to the Kon dratieff Wave theory A and B A, B, and C An swer: E Difficulty: EasyRati on ale: Both the Elliot Wave Theory and the Kon dratieff Wave Theory are rece nt variati ons on the Dow Theory, which suggests that stock p rices move in ide ntifiable wave p atter ns.An swer: B Difficulty: EasyRati on ale: A trin ratio of less tha n 1.0 is con sidered bullish because thedecli ning stocks have lower average volume tha n the adva ncing stocks, in dicati ng net buying p ressure.On October 29, 1991 there were 1,031 stocks that adva need on the NYSE and 610 thatdecli ned. The volume in adva ncing issues was 112,866,000 and the volume in decli ning issues was 58,188,000. The trin ratio for that day was and tech ni cal an alystswere likely to be .A) B) C) D) E) An swer: A Difficulty: ModerateRatio nale: (1,031/610)/ (112,866,000/58,388,000) = 0.87. A trin ratio less than 1 is con sidered bullish because adva ncing stocks have a higher volume tha n decli24. The Elliot Wave Theory A) B)C)D)E)25. A trin ratio of less tha n 1.0 is considered as a A) B) D) E) bearish sig nalbullish sig nalbearish sig nal by some tech ni cal an alysts and a bullish sig nal byother tech nical an alystsbullish sig nal by some fun dame ntalistsC and D26. 0.87, bullish0.87, bearish1.15, bullish1.15, bearishnone of the aboveChapter 12 Behavioral Finance and Technical Analysis ning stocks, in dicat ing a buying p ressure.Chap ter 12 Behavioral Finance and Tech ni cal An alysisAnswer: E Difficulty: ModerateTwo popular moving average periods are A) B) C) D) E) Answer: D Difficulty: Moderate_____________ is a measure of the extent to which a movement in the market index is reflected in the price movements of all stocks in the market.A) B) C) D) E) Answer: C Difficulty: Moderate27. In regard to moving averages, it is considered tobe a market price breaks through the moving averagefrom A) B) C) D) E)bearish; below bullish: belowbearish; abovebullish aboveB and Csignal when28.90-day and 52 week180-day and three year180-day two year 200-day and 53 week 200-day and two year29.put-call ratiotrin ratioBreadthconfidence indexall of the above30. Then confidence index is computed fromconsidered _____________ signals.A) B) C) D) E) and higher values are bond yields; bearishodd lot trades;bearish odd lottrades; bullishput/call ratios;bullish bond yields;Answer: E Difficulty: Moderate31. The put/call ratio is computed as _________ signals. the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bullish or bearish the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bullish the number of outstanding put options divided by outstanding call options; bearish the number of outstanding call options divided by outstanding put options; bullish the number of outstanding call options divided by outstanding put options; bullish and higher values are considered 32. 33. 34. A) B) C) D) E) Answer: A Difficulty: Moderate The efficient market hypothesis A) B) C) D) E) implies that security prices properly reflect information available to investors has little empirical validity implies that active traders will find it difficult to outperform a buy-and-hold strategy B and C A and C Answer: E Difficulty: Moderate Tests of market efficiency have focused on A) B) C) D) E) the mean-variance efficiency of the selected market proxy strategies thatwould have provided superior risk-adjusted returns results of actual investments of professional managers B and C A and B Answer: D Difficulty: Moderate The anomalies literature A) B) C) D) E)provides a conclusive rejection of market efficiency provides a conclusive support of market efficiency suggests that several strategies would have provided superior returns A and C none of the above Answer: C Difficulty: ModerateAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateAnswer: C Difficulty: Moderateand if prices are not correct . there are no easy profit opportunities; there are no easy profit opportunities there are no easy profit opportunities; there are easy profit opportunities there are easy profitopportunities; there are easy profit opportunities there areeasy profit opportunities; there are no easy profitopportunities none of the aboveAnswer: A Difficulty: Moderate___________ can lead investors to misestimate the true probabilities of possible events or associated rates of return.A)B)C)D)E)Answer: A Difficulty: Moderate35. Behavioral finance argues that A) B) C) D) E)even if security prices are wrong it may be difficult to exploit them the failure to uncover successful trading rules or traders cannot be taken as proof of market efficiency investors are rational A and B all of the above 36. Markets would be inefficient if irrationalinvestors arbitragers were .A) B) C) D) E) existed; unlimiteddid not exist;unlimited existed; limited did not exist; limited noneof the aboveand actions if 37. If prices arecorrect A) B) C)D)E) 38. Information processingerrors Framing errorsMental accounting errorsRegret avoidance all of theabove39.40.41.42.and ___________ .people give too little weight to recent experience compared to prior beliefs;tend to make forecasts that are too extreme given the uncertainty of theirinformation people give too much weight to recent experience compared to prior beliefs; tend to make forecasts that are too extreme given the uncertainty of their information people give too little weight to recent experience compared to prior beliefs; tend to make forecasts that are not extreme enough given the uncertainty of their informationpeople give too much weight to recent experience compared to prior beliefs;tend to make forecasts that are not extreme enough given the uncertainty of their information none of the aboveKahneman and Tversky (1973) report that peopleA)B)C)D)E)Answer: B Difficulty:DifficultErrors in information processing can lead investors tomisestimate A) B)C) D)E)true probabilities of possible events and associated rates ofreturn true probabilities of possible events rates of returnthe ability to uncover accounting manipulation fraudAnswer: A Difficulty: ModerateDeBondt and Thaler (1990) argue that the P/E effect can be explainedby A) B)C)D) E)forecasting errorsearnings expectations that are too extremeearnings expectations that are not extremeenough regret aviodanceA and BAnswer: E Difficulty: ModerateBarber and Odean (2001) report that men trade _the frequent trading leads to ________returns.A) B) C) D) E)frequently than women and less; superiorless; inferiormore; superiormore; inferiornone of the aboveAnswer: D Difficulty: ModerateAnswer: D Difficulty: Moderate If information processing were perfect, many studies conclude that individualswould tend to make A) B) C) D) E)Answer: A Difficulty: ModerateThe assumptions concerning the shape of utility functions of investors differ between conventional theory and prospect theory. Conventional theory assumesthat utility functions are whereas prospect theory assumes that utilityfunctions areAnswer: A Difficulty: Difficult43. Conservatism implies that investors are too ___ response to new evidence and that they initially A) B) C) D) E) in updating their beliefs in ___ react to news.quick; overreact quick; under react slow; overreact slow; under react none of the above A) B) C) D) E) concave and defined in terms of wealth; s-shaped (convex to losses and concave to gains) and defined in terms of loses relative to current wealth convex and defined loses relative to current wealth; s-shaped (convex to losses and concave to gains) and defined in terms of loses relative to current wealth s-shaped (convex to losses and concave to gains) and defined in terms of loses relative to current wealth; concave and defined in terms of wealth s-shaped (convex to losses and concave to gains) and defined in terms of wealth; concave and defined in terms of loses relative to current wealth convex and defined in terms of wealth; concave and defined in terms of gains relative to current wealth44. decision using that information dueto less-than-fully rational; behavioral biases fullyrational; behavioral biases less-than-fully rational; fundamental risk fully rational; fundamental risk fully rational; utility maximization 45.46. The law-of-one-price posits that ability to arbitrage would force prices ofidentical goods to trade at equal prices. However, empirical evidence suggeststhat __________________________________________________________________________ areSiamese Twin Companiesequity carve outs closed-end fundsA and C all of the aboveoften mispriced.A)B)C)D)E)Answer: E Difficulty: DifficultEssay Questionspare and contrast the efficient market hypothesis with the school of thought termedbehavioral finance.Difficulty: DifficultAnswer:The efficient market hypothesis posits that investors are fully informed, rational,utility maximizers. Thus, security prices will fully reflect all information available to the investors. If any security becomes mispriced, the collective buying and sellingactions of investors will quickly cause prices to change. Given an efficient market, itwould be difficult to find a trading rule that would consistently outperform the market.Moreover, failure to uncover profitable trading strategies may be taken as proof of market efficiency. Behavioral finance argues that conventional theory ignores how real peoplemake decisions and that people make a difference. Behavioral finance says that investors possess two “ irrationalities ” . First, investors do not always process information correctly and secondly they often make systematically suboptimal decisions.Given less than perfectly rational investors, prices may be wrong and it still may be hard to exploit them. Thus, failure to uncover profitable trading strategies may not be taken as proof of market efficiency.48.Behavioral finance posits that investors possess information processing errors. Discuss theimportance of information processing errors then list and explain the four informationprocessing errors discussed in the text.Difficulty: DifficultAnswer:Information processing errors are important because they can lead investors to misestimate the true probabilities of possible events or associated rates of return. The four information processing errors are forecasting errors, overconfidence, conservatism, and sample size neglect Forecasting errors arise when people give too much weight to recent experience. This leads to forecasts that are too extreme. Overconfidence refers to traders believing that they are better than average. This belief that they are superior leads to frequent trading (and according to empirical evidence, lower returns). Conservatism refers investors being slow in responding to new information rather than acting immediately. Sample size neglect refers to investors ignoring the size of a sample and making inferences based on a small sample.49.Behavioral finance posits that investors possess behavioral biases. Discuss the importance ofbehavioral biases then list and explain the four behavioral biases discussed in the text.Difficulty: DifficultAnswer:Behavioral biases are important because even if information processing was perfect, individuals may tend to make less-than-fully rational decisions using thatinformation.The four behavioral biases are framing, mental accounting, regret avoidance, and prospect theory (or loss aversion). Framing refers to the tendency of investors to change preferences due to the way an investment is “ framed ” (i.e., in terms of risk or in termsreturn). Mental accounting is a specific form of framing where an investor takes a lot of risk with one investment account but little risk with another account. Regret avoidance refers to the tendency of investors to blame themselves more for an unconventional investment that was unsuccessful than a conventional investment that was unsuccessful. Prospect theory (loss avoidance) suggests that the investor's utility curve is not concave and defined in terms of wealth. Instead, the investor's utility function would be defined in terms of losses relative to current wealth. Thus, the utility curve is convex to losses and concave to gains giving rise to an s-shaped utility curve.50.Discuss what technical analysis is, what technical analysts do, and the relationship betweentechnical analysis, fundamental analysis, and behavioral finance.Difficulty: DifficultAnswer:Technical analysis attempts to exploit recurring and predictable patterns in stock prices to generate superior portfolio performance. To determine recurring patterns, technical analysts examine historical returns by means of charts and or time-series analysis (such as moving averages). Technical analysts do not deny fundamental analysis but believe that pricesadjust slowly to new information. Therefore, the key is to exploit the slow adjustment to the correct new price when information is released. Technical analysts also use volume and other data to assess market sentiment in an attempt to ascertain the future direction of the market. Behaviorists believe that behavioral biases may be related to both price and volume data. Thus, technical analysis can be related to behavioral finance.。
国际金融financetestbank4教学文案
国际金融Fi na n c e Te s t Ba nk4Chapter 4—Exchange Rate Determination加息会降低通货膨胀本国货币就增值涨价了，出口就会减少进口就会增加1. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0.73. Yesterday, thevalue of the Australian dollar was $0.69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%.a. depreciated; 5.80b. depreciated; 4.00c. appreciated; 5.80d. appreciated; 4.00ANS: CSOLUTION: ($0.73 $0.69)/$0.69 =5.80%PTS: 12. If a currency's spot rate market is ____, its exchange rate is likely to be____ to a single large purchase or sale transaction.a. liquid; highly sensitiveb. illiquid; insensitivec. illiquid; highly sensitived. none of the above.ANS: C PTS: 13. ____ is not a factor that causes currency supply and demand schedulesto change.a. Relative inflation ratesb. Relative interest ratesc. Relative income levelsd. Expectationse. All of the above are factorsthat cause currency supplyand demand schedules tochange.ANS: E PTS: 14. A large increase in the income level in Mexico along with no growth inthe U.S. income level is normally expected to cause (assuming nochange in interest rates or other factors) a(n) ____ in Mexican demand for U.S. goods, and the Mexican peso should ____.a. increase; appreciateb. increase; depreciatec. decrease; depreciated. decrease; appreciateANS: B PTS: 15. An increase in U.S. interest rates relative to German interest rateswould likely ____ the U.S. demand for euros and ____ the supply of euros for sale.a. reduce; increaseb. increase; reducec. reduce; reduced. increase; increaseANS: A PTS: 16. Investors from Germany, the United States, and the U.K. frequentlyinvest in each other based on prevailing interest rates. If Britishinterest rates increase, German investors are likely to buy ____ dollar-denominated securities, and the euro is likely to ____ relative to the dollar.a. fewer; depreciateb. fewer; appreciatec. more; depreciated. more; appreciateANS: A PTS: 17. When the "real" interest rate is relatively low in a given country, thenthe currency of that country is typically expected to be:a. weak, since the country'squoted interest rate would behigh relative to the inflationrate.b. strong, since the country'squoted interest rate would below relative to the inflationrate.c. strong, since the country'squoted interest rate would behigh relative to the inflationrate.d. weak, since the country'squoted interest rate would below relative to the inflationrate.ANS: D PTS: 18. Assume that the inflation rate becomes much higher in the U.K.relative to the U.S. This will place ____ pressure on the value of theBritish pound. Also, assume that interest rates in the U.K. begin torise relative to interest rates in the U.S. The change in interest rateswill place ____ pressure on the value of the British pound.a. upward; downwardb. upward; upwardc. downward; upwardd. downward; downwardANS: C PTS: 19. In general, when speculating on exchange rate movements, thespeculator will borrow the currency that is expected to appreciate andinvest in the country whose currency is expected to depreciate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 110. Baylor Bank believes the New Zealand dollar will appreciate over thenext five days from $.48 to $.50. The following annual interest ratesapply:Currency Lending Rate Borrowing Rate Dollars 7.10% 7.50%6.80%7.25%New Zealand dollar(NZ$)Baylor Bank has the capacity to borrow either NZ$10 million or $5million. If Baylor Bank's forecast is correct, what will its dollar profitbe from speculation over the five-day period (assuming it does not useany of its existing consumer deposits to capitalize on its expectations)?a. $521,325.b. $500,520.c. $104,262.d. $413,419.e. $208,044.ANS: ESOLUTION:1. Borrow $5 million.2. Convert to NZ$:$5,000,000/$.48 =NZ$10,416,667.3. Invest the NZ$ at anannualized rate of 6.80% overfive days.NZ$10,416,667 [1+ 6.80% (5/360)]= NZ$10,426,5054. Convert the NZ$ back todollars:NZ$10,426,505$.50 = $5,213,2525. Repay the dollars borrowed.The repayment amount is:$5,000,000 [1 +7.5% (5/360)]= $5,000,000[1.00104]= $5,005,2086. After repaying the loan, theremaining dollar profit is:$5,213,252$5,005,208 = $208,044 PTS: 111. Assume the following information regarding U.S. and Europeanannualized interest rates:Currency Lending Rate Borrowing Rate U.S. Dollar ($) 6.73% 7.20%Eu ro (?) 6.80% 7.28%Trensor Bank can borrow either $20 million or ?20 million. Thecurrent spot rate of the euro is $1.13. Furthermore, Trensor Bankexpects the spot rate of the euro to be $1.10 in 90 days. What isTrensor Bank's dollar profit from speculating if the spot rate of theeuro is indeed $1.10 in 90 days?a. $579,845.b. $583,800.c. $588,200.d. $584,245.e. $980,245.ANS: ASOLUTION:1. Borrow ?20 million.2. Convert the ?20 million to?20,000,000 $1.13 =$22,600,000.3. Invest the $22,600,000 at anannualized rate of 6.73% for90 days.$22,600,000 [1 +6.73% (90/360)]= $22,980,2454. Determine euros owed:?20,000,000 [1 + 7.28%(90/360)] = ?20,364,000.5. Determine dollars needed torepay euro loan:?20,364,000 $1.10 =$22,400,400.6. The dollar profit is$22,980,245 $22,400,400= $579,845.PTS: 112. The equilibrium exchange rate of pounds is $1.70. At an exchangerate of $1.72 per pound:a. U.S. demand for pounds wouldexceed the supply of poundsfor sale and there would be ashortage of pounds in theforeign exchange market.b. U.S. demand for pounds wouldbe less than the supply ofpounds for sale and therewould be a shortage of poundsin the foreign exchangemarket.c. U.S. demand for pounds wouldexceed the supply of poundsfor sale and there would be asurplus of pounds in theforeign exchange market.d. U.S. demand for pounds wouldbe less than the supply ofpounds for sale and therewould be a surplus of poundsin the foreign exchangemarket.e. U.S. demand for pounds wouldbe equal to the supply ofpounds for sale and therewould be a shortage of poundsin the foreign exchangemarket.ANS: D PTS: 113. Assume that Swiss investors have francs available to invest insecurities, and they initially view U.S. and British interest rates asequally attractive. Now assume that U.S. interest rates increase whileBritish interest rates stay the same. This would likely cause:a. the Swiss demand for dollarsto decrease and the dollar willdepreciate against the pound.b. the Swiss demand for dollarsto increase and the dollar willdepreciate against the Swissfranc.c. the Swiss demand for dollarsto increase and the dollar willappreciate against the Swissfranc.d. the Swiss demand for dollarsto decrease and the dollar willappreciate against the pound.ANS: C PTS: 114. The real interest rate adjusts the nominal interest rate for:a. exchange rate movements.b. income growth.c. inflation.d. government controls.e. none of the aboveANS: C PTS: 115. If U.S. inflation suddenly increased while European inflation stayed thesame, there would be:a. an increased U.S. demand foreuros and an increased supplyof euros for sale.b. a decreased U.S. demand foreuros and an increased supplyof euros for sale.c. a decreased U.S. demand foreuros and a decreased supplyof euros for sale.d. an increased U.S. demand foreuros and a decreased supplyof euros for sale.ANS: D PTS: 116. If inflation in New Zealand suddenly increased while U.S. inflationstayed the same, there would be:a. an inward shift in the demandschedule for NZ$ and anoutward shift in the supplyschedule for NZ$.b. an outward shift in thedemand schedule for NZ$ andan inward shift in the supplyschedule for NZ$.c. an outward shift in thedemand schedule for NZ$ andan outward shift in the supplyschedule for NZ$.d. an inward shift in the demandschedule for NZ$ and aninward shift in the supplyschedule for NZ$.ANS: A PTS: 117. If the U.S. and Japan engage in substantial financial flows but littletrade, ____ directly influences their exchange rate the most. If the U.S.and Switzerland engage in much trade but little financial flows, ____directly influences their exchange rate the most.a. interest rate differentials;interest rate differentialsb. inflation and interest ratedifferentials; interest ratedifferentialsc. income and interest ratedifferentials; inflationdifferentialsd. interest rate differentials;inflation and incomedifferentialse. inflation and incomedifferentials; interest ratedifferentialsANS: D PTS: 118. If inflation increases substantially in Australia while U.S. inflationremains unchanged, this is expected to place ____ pressure on the value of the Australian dollar with respect to the U.S. dollar.a. upwardb. downwardc. either upward or downward(depending on the degree ofthe increase in Australianinflation)d. none of the above; there willbe no impactANS: B PTS: 119. Assume that British corporations begin to purchase more suppliesfrom the U.S. as a result of several labor strikes by British suppliers.This action reflects:a. an increased demand forBritish pounds.b. a decrease in the demand forBritish pounds.c. an increase in the supply ofBritish pounds for sale.d. a decrease in the supply ofBritish pounds for sale.ANS: C PTS: 120. The exchange rates of smaller countries are very stable because themarket for their currency is very liquid.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 121. The phrase "the dollar was mixed in trading" means that:a. the dollar was strong in someperiods and weak in otherperiods over the last month.b. the volume of trading wasvery high in some periods andlow in other periods.c. the dollar was involved insome currency transactions,but not others.d. the dollar strengthenedagainst some currencies andweakened against others.ANS: D PTS: 122. Assume that the U.S. places a strict quota on goods imported fromChile and that Chile does not retaliate. Holding other factors constant,this event should immediately cause the U.S. demand for Chilean pesos to ____ and the value of the peso to ____.a. increase; increaseb. increase; declinec. decline; declined. decline; increaseANS: C PTS: 123. Any event that increases the U.S. demand for euros should result ina(n) ____ in the value of the euro with respect to ____, other thingsbeing equal.a. increase; U.S. dollarb. increase; nondollar currenciesc. decrease; nondollar currenciesd. decrease; U.S. dollarANS: A PTS: 124. Any event that reduces the U.S. demand for Japanese yen shouldresult in a(n) ____ in the value of the Japanese yen with respect to ____, other things being equal.a. increase; U.S. dollarb. increase; nondollar currenciesc. decrease; nondollar currenciesd. decrease; U.S. dollarANS: D PTS: 125. Any event that increases the supply of British pounds to be exchangedfor U.S. dollars should result in a(n) ____ in the value of the Britishpound with respect to ____, other things being equal.a. increase; U.S. dollarb. increase; nondollar currenciesc. decrease; nondollar currenciesd. decrease; U.S. dollarANS: D PTS: 126. Any event that reduces the supply of Swiss francs to be exchanged forU.S. dollars should result in a(n) ____ in the value of the Swiss francwith respect to ____, other things being equal.a. increase; U.S. dollarb. increase; nondollar currenciesc. decrease; nondollar currenciesd. decrease; U.S. dollarANS: A PTS: 127. Assume that the U.S. experiences a significant decline in income, whileJapan's income remains steady. This event should place ____ pressure on the value of the Japanese yen, other things being equal. (Assumethat interest rates and other factors are not affected.)a. upwardb. downwardc. nod. upward and downward(offsetting)ANS: B PTS: 128. News of a potential surge in U.S. inflation and zero Chilean inflationplaces ____ pressure on the value of the Chilean peso. The pressure will occur ____.a. upward; only after the U.S.inflation surgesb. downward; only after the U.S.inflation surgesc. upward; immediatelyd. downward; immediatelyANS: C PTS: 129. Assume that Canada places a strict quota on goods imported from theU.S. and that the U.S. does not retaliate. Holding other factorsconstant, this event should immediately cause the supply of Canadian dollars to be exchanged for U.S. dollars to ____ and the value of theCanadian dollar to ____.a. increase; increaseb. increase; declinec. decline; declined. decline; increaseANS: D PTS: 130. Assume that Japan places a strict quota on goods imported from theU.S. and the U.S. places a strict quota on goods imported from Japan.This event should immediately cause the U.S. demand for Japaneseyen to ____, and the supply of Japanese yen to be exchanged for U.S.dollars to ____.a. increase; increaseb. increase; declinec. decline; declined. decline; increaseANS: C PTS: 131. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text as a factoraffecting exchange rates?a. relative interest rates.b. relative inflation rates.c. government controls.d. expectations.e. all of the above are mentionedin the text as factors affectingexchange rates.ANS: E PTS: 132. If a country experiences high inflation relative to the U.S., its exportsto the U.S. should ____, its imports should ____, and there is ____pressure on its currency's equilibrium value.a. decrease; increase; upwardb. decrease; decrease; upwardc. increase; decrease; downwardd. decrease; increase; downwarde. increase; decrease; upwardANS: D PTS: 133. If a country experiences an increase in interest rates relative to U.S.interest rates, the inflow of U.S. funds to purchase its securities should____, the outflow of its funds to purchase U.S. securities should ____,and there is ____ pressure on its currency's equilibrium value.a. increase; decrease; downwardb. decrease; increase; upwardc. increase; decrease; upwardd. decrease; increase; downwarde. increase; increase; upwardANS: C PTS: 134. An increase in U.S. inflation relative to Singapore inflation placesupward pressure on the Singapore dollar.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 135. When expecting a foreign currency to depreciate, a possible way tospeculate on this movement is to borrow dollars, convert the proceedsto the foreign currency, lend in the foreign country, and use theproceeds from this investment to repay the dollar loan.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 136. Since supply and demand for a currency are constant (primarily dueto government intervention), currency values seldom fluctuate.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 137. Relatively high Japanese inflation may result in an increase in thesupply of yen for sale and a reduction in the demand for yen.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 138. The main effect of interest rate movements on exchange rates isthrough their effect on international trade.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 139. Country X frequently engages in trade flows with the U.S. (such asimports and exports). Country Y frequently engages in capital flowswith the U.S. (such as financial investments). Everything else heldconstant, an increase in U.S. interest rates would affect the exchange rate of Country X's currency more than the exchange rate of Country Y's currency.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 140. Increases in relative income in one country vs. another result in anincrease in the first country's currency value.a. Trueb. False41. Trade-related foreign exchange transactions are more responsive tonews than financial flow transactions.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 142. Signals regarding future actions of market participants in the foreignexchange market sometimes result in overreactions.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 143. The markets that have a smaller amount of foreign exchange tradingfor speculatory purposes than for trade purposes will likely experience more volatility than those where trade flows play a larger role.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 144. Liquidity of a currency can affect the extent to which speculation canimpact the currency's value.a. Trueb. False45. Forecasting a currency's future value is difficult, because it is difficultto identify how the factors affecting the currency value will change,and how they will interact to impact the currency's value.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 146. The standard deviation should be applied to values rather thanpercentage movements when comparing volatility among currencies.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 147. Movements of foreign currencies tend to be more volatile for shortertime horizons.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 148. If a currency's spot market is ____, its exchange rate is likely to be ____to a single large purchase or sale transaction.a. liquid; highly sensitiveb. illiquid; insensitivec. liquid; insensitived. none of the aboveANS: C PTS: 149. The value of euro was $1.30 last week. During last week the eurodepreciated by 5%. What is the value of euro today?a. $1.365b. $1.235c. $1.330d. $1.30ANS: BSOLUTION: $1.3 (1 .05) = $1.235 PTS: 150. Government controls can only affect the supply of a given currencyfor sale and not the demand.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 151. If one foreign currency will appreciate against the dollar, then allforeign currencies will appreciate against the dollar but by differentdegrees.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 152. Assume that the income levels in U.K. start to rise, while U.S. incomelevels remain unchanged. This will place ____ pressure on the value of British pound. Also, assume that U.S. interest rates rise, while theBritish pound remains unchanged. This will place ____ pressure on the value of British pound.a. downward; downwardb. upward; downwardc. upward; upwardd. downward; upwardANS: D PTS: 153. If the Fed announces that it will decrease the U.S. interest rates, andEuropean Central Bank takes no action, then the value of euro will____ against the value of U.S. dollar. The Fed's action is called ____intervention.a. appreciate; directb. depreciate; directc. appreciate; indirectd. depreciate; indirectANS: C PTS: 154. Assume that the total value of investment transactions between U.S.and Mexico is minimal. Also assume that total dollar value of tradetransactions between these two countries is very large. Now assumethat Mexico's inflation has suddenly increased, and Mexican interestrates have suddenly increased. Overall, this would put ____ pressure on the value of Mexican peso. The inflation effect should be ____pronounced than the interest rate effect.a. downward; moreb. upward; morec. downward; lessd. upward; lessANS: A PTS: 155. If U.S. experiences a sudden surge in inflation and surge in interestrates while Japanese inflation and interest rates remain unchanged,the value of Japanese yen will ____ against the U.S. dollar.a. appreciateb. depreciatec. remain unchangedd. cannot be determined fromthe information provided.ANS: D PTS: 156. If the Japanese yen is expected to appreciate against the U.S. dollarand interest rates in the U.S. and Japan are similar, banks may tryspeculating on this anticipated exchange rate movement by borrowing ____ and investing in ____.a. yen; dollarsb. yen; yenc. dollars; yend. dollars; dollarsANS: C PTS: 157. British investors frequently invest in the U.S. or Italy, depending onthe prevailing interest rates. If Italian interest rates suddenly rise high above U.S. rates, the investors will ____ the supply of pounds to beexchanged for dollars and thus put ____ pressure on the value of the pound against the U.S. dollar.a. increase; downwardb. decrease; upwardc. increase; upwardd. decrease; downwardANS: B PTS: 158. The equilibrium exchange rate of the Swiss franc is $0.90. At anexchange rate $.83:a. U.S. demand for Swiss francswould exceed the supply offrancs for sale and therewould be a shortage of francsin the foreign exchangemarket.b. U.S. demand for Swiss francswould be less than the supplyof francs for sale and therewould be a shortage of francsin the foreign exchangemarket.c. U.S. demand for Swiss francswould exceed the supply offrancs for sale and therewould be a surplus of francs inthe foreign exchange market.d. U.S. demand for Swiss francswould be less than the supplyof francs for sale and therewould be a surplus of Swissfrancs in the foreign exchangemarket.ANS: A PTS: 159. Financial flow foreign exchange transactions are more responsive tonews than trade-related transactions.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 160. Assume that the British government eliminates all controls on importsby British companies. Other things being equal, the U.S. demand forpounds would ____, the supply of pounds for sale would ____, and the equilibrium value of the pound would ____.a. increase; increase; increaseb. decrease; increase; decreasec. remain unchanged; increase;decreased. remain unchanged; increase;increaseANS: C PTS: 161. Country X frequently engages in trade flows with the U.S. (such asimports and exports). Country Y frequently engages in capital flowswith the U.S. (such as financial investments). Everything else heldconstant, an increase in U.S. inflation would affect the exchange rateof Country Y's currency more than the exchange rate of Country X'scurrency.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 162. Assume that U.S. inflation is expected to surge in the near future. Theexpectation of surge in inflation will most likely place ____ pressure on U.S. dollar immediately.a. upwardb. downwardc. nod. cannot be determinedANS: A PTS: 163. When the Japanese yen appreciates against the U.S. dollar, this meansthat the U.S. dollar is strengthening relative to the yen.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 164. Illiquid currencies tend to exhibit less volatile exchange ratemovements than liquid currencies.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 165. The supply curve for a currency is downward sloping since U.S.corporations would be encouraged to purchase more foreign goodswhen the foreign currency is worth less.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 166. Relatively high Japanese inflation may result in an increase in thesupply of yen for sale and a reduction in the demand for yen, otherthings being equal.a. Trueb. FalseANS: T PTS: 167. If the British government desires an appreciation in its currency withrespect to the U.S. dollar, it would consider intervening in the foreign exchange market by buying dollars with pounds.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 168. Country X frequently engages in trade flows with the U.S. (such asimports and exports). Country Y frequently engages in financial flows with the U.S. (such as financial investments). Everything else heldconstant, an increase in U.S. interest rates would affect the exchange rate of Country X's currency more than the exchange rate of Country Y's currency.a. Trueb. FalseANS: F PTS: 169. Illiquid currencies tend to exhibit ____ volatile exchange ratemovements, as the equilibrium prices of their currencies adjust to ____changes in supply and demand conditions.a. less; even minorb. less; only largec. more; even minord. more; only largee. none of the aboveANS: C PTS: 170. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text as a factoraffecting exchange rates?a. Relative interest ratesb. Relative inflation ratesc. Government controlsd. Expectationse. All of the above are mentionedin the text as factors affectingexchange rates.ANS: E PTS: 171. Which of the following events would most likely result in anappreciation of the U.S. dollar?a. U.S. inflation is very high.b. The Fed indicates that it willraise U.S. interest rates.c. Future U.S. interest rates areexpected to decline.d. Japan is expected to increaseinterest rates in the nearfuture.ANS: B PTS: 172. Which of the following interactions will likely have the least effect onthe dollar's value? Assume everything else is held constant.a. A reduction in U.S. inflationaccompanied by an increase inreal U.S. interest ratesb. A reduction in U.S. inflationaccompanied by an increase innominal U.S. interest ratesc. An increase in U.S. inflationaccompanied by an increase innominal, but not real, U.S.interest ratesd. An increase in Singapore'sinflation accompanied by anincrease in real U.S. interestratese. An increase in Singapore'sinterest rates accompanied byan increase in U.S. inflation.ANS: C PTS: 173. If a country experiences high inflation relative to the U.S., its exportsto the U.S. should ____, its imports should ____, and there is ____pressure on its currency's equilibrium value.a. decrease; increase; upwardb. decrease; decrease; upwardc. increase; decrease; downwardd. decrease; increase; downwarde. increase; decrease; upwardANS: D PTS: 174. If a country experiences an increase in interest rates relative to U.S.interest rates, the inflow of U.S. funds to purchase its securities should____, the outflow of its funds to purchase U.S. securities should ____,and there is ____ pressure on its currency's equilibrium value.a. increase; decrease; downwardb. decrease; increase; upwardc. increase; decrease; upwardd. decrease; increase; downwarde. increase; increase; upward ANS: C PTS: 1。
ptest包的说明文档说明书
Package‘ptest’October14,2022Type PackageTitle Periodicity Tests in Short Time SeriesVersion1.0-8Date2016-11-12Author Yuanhao Lai and A.I.McLeodMaintainer A.I.McLeod<***************>Depends R(>=3.0),Description Implements p-value computations using an approximation to the cumulative distribu-tion function for a variety of tests for periodicity.These tests include harmonic regres-sion tests with normal and double exponential errors as well as modifica-tions of Fisher's g test.An accompanying vignette illustrates the application of these tests. License GPL(>=2)LazyData trueNeedsCompilation yesImports quantreg(>=5.0)RoxygenNote5.0.1Suggests knitr,boot,lattice,rmarkdown,GeneCycle,VignetteBuilder knitrRepository CRANDate/Publication2016-11-1221:41:37R topics documented:alpha (2)B1 (3)B2 (4)B3 (5)Cc (6)cdc15 (7)cdc28 (7)12alpha fitHReg (8)pgram (9)ptestg (10)ptestReg (12)simHReg (14)Index16 alpha Microarray time series experiment for yeast cell cycle from alpha ex-perimentDescription6,178yeast genes expression measures(log-ratios)with series length18from the alpha factor ex-periment.Usagedata(alpha)FormatMatrix with6178rows and18columns.Some missing data.Rows and columns are labelled.-attr(*,"dimnames")=List of2..$:chr[1:6178]"Y AL001C""Y AL002W""Y AL003W""Y AL004W".....$:chr[1:18]"alpha0""alpha7""alpha14""alpha21"...SourceThe data is extracted from the ExpressionSet of the R package yeastCC.ReferencesSpellman,P.T.,Sherlock,G.,Zhang,M.Q.,Iyer,V.R.,Anders,K.,Eisen,M.B.,...&Futcher,B.(1998).Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae by microarray hybridization.Molecular biology of the cell,9(12),3273-3297.Dudoit S(2016).yeastCC:Spellman et al.(1998)and Pramila/Breeden(2006)yeast cell cycle microarray data.R package version1.12.0.Examplesdata(alpha)qqnorm(colMeans(alpha,na.rm=TRUE))qqnorm(rowMeans(alpha,na.rm=TRUE))B13 B1Benchmark set B1DescriptionList for yeast genes which are most likely to be periodic(the benchmark set1in de Lichtenberg et al.(2005)).Usagedata(B1)FormatA vector containg113genes’names.DetailsA total of113genes previously identified as periodically expressed in small-scale experiments.Theset encompasses the104genes used by Spellman et al.(1998)and nine genes added by Johansson et al.(2003).SourceThe raw data can be downloaded from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cellcycle/yeast_benchmark/ benchmark.php.ReferencesDe Lichtenberg,U.,Jensen,L.J.,Fausboll,A.,Jensen,T.S.,Bork,P.,&Brunak,S.(2005).Compar-ison of computational methods for the identification of cell cycle-regulated genes.Bioinformatics, 21(7),1164-1171.Examplesdata(alpha)data(B1)alphaB1<-alpha[rownames(alpha)\%in\%B1,]4B2 B2Benchmark set B2DescriptionList for yeast genes which are most likely to be periodic(the benchmark set2in de Lichtenberg et al.(2005)).Usagedata(B2)FormatA vector containg352genes’names.DetailsGenes whose promoters were bound(P-value below0.01)by at least one of nine known cell cycle transcription factors in both of the Chromatin IP studies by Simon et al.(2001)and Lee et al.(2002).To obtain a benchmark set that is independent of B1,we removed all genes included in B1(50).The resulting benchmark set,B2,consists of352genes of which many should be expectedto be cell cycle regulated,since their promoters are associated with known stage-specific cell cycle transcription factors.SourceThe raw data can be downloaded from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cellcycle/yeast_benchmark/ benchmark.php.ReferencesDe Lichtenberg,U.,Jensen,L.J.,Fausboll,A.,Jensen,T.S.,Bork,P.,&Brunak,S.(2005).Compar-ison of computational methods for the identification of cell cycle-regulated genes.Bioinformatics, 21(7),1164-1171.Examplesdata(alpha)data(B2)alphaB2<-alpha[rownames(alpha)\%in\%B2,]B35 B3Benchmark set B3DescriptionList for yeast genes which are less likely to be periodic(the benchmark set3in de Lichtenberg et al.(2005)).Usagedata(B3)FormatA vector containg518genes’names.DetailsGenes annotated in MIPS(Mewes et al.,2002)as’cell cycle and DNA processing’.From these,we removed genes annotated specifically as’meiosis’and genes included in B1(67),leaving518genes.As a large number of genes involved in the cell cycle are not subject to transcriptional regulation (not periodic),and because B1was explicitly removed,a relatively small fraction of these genes should be expected to be periodically expressed.SourceThe raw data can be downloaded from http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/cellcycle/yeast_benchmark/ benchmark.php.ReferencesDe Lichtenberg,U.,Jensen,L.J.,Fausboll,A.,Jensen,T.S.,Bork,P.,&Brunak,S.(2005).Compar-ison of computational methods for the identification of cell cycle-regulated genes.Bioinformatics, 21(7),1164-1171.Examplesdata(alpha)data(B3)alphaB3<-alpha[rownames(alpha)\%in\%B3,]6Cc Cc Microarray time series experiment for Caulobacter crescentus bacte-rial cell cycleDescriptionIn this microarray experiment there are3062genes measured every1hour.There are19is missing gene labels and these have been given labels ORFna1,...,ORFna19.There310with duplicate labels.Of these duplicate labels,295are duplicated twice,12are duplicated3times and3are duplicated 4times.Duplicate labels are renamed ORF...to ORF...a and ORF...b etc.Usagedata(Cc)FormatMatrix with3062rows and11columns.Some missing data.Rows and columns are labelled.-attr(*,"dimnames")=List of2..$:chr[1:3062]"ORF06244a""ORF03152a""ORF03156a""ORF03161a".....$:chr[1:11]"1""2""3""4"...DetailsGene expression from synchronized cultures of the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus(Laub et al., 2000).(Laub et al.,2000)identified553genes whose messenger RNA levels varied as a function of the cell cycle but their statistical analysis was not very sophisticated and they probably identified too many genes.Wichert et al.(2004)found that44genes were found which displayed periodicity based on the Fisher’s g-test using a FDR with q=0.05.ReferencesLaub,M.T.,McAdams,H.H.,Feldblyum,T.,Fraser,C.M.and Shapiro,L.(2000)Global analysis of the genetic network controlling a bacterial cell cycle Science,290,2144-2148.Wichert,S.,Fokianos K.and Strimmer K.(2004)Identifying periodically expressed transcrips in microarray time series data.Bioinformatics,18,5-20.Examplesdata(Cc)qqnorm(colMeans(Cc,na.rm=TRUE))qqnorm(rowMeans(Cc,na.rm=TRUE))cdc157 cdc15Microarray time series experiment for yeast cell cycle from cdc15ex-perimentDescription6,178yeast genes expression measures(log-ratios)with series length24from the cdc15experiment. Usagedata(cdc15)FormatMatrix with6178rows and24columns.Some missing data.Rows and columns are labelled.-attr(*,"dimnames")=List of2..$:chr[1:6178]"Y AL001C""Y AL002W""Y AL003W""Y AL004W".....$:chr[1:24]"cdc15.10""cdc15.30""cdc15.50""cdc15.70"...SourceThe data is extracted from the ExpressionSet of the R package yeastCC.ReferencesSpellman,P.T.,Sherlock,G.,Zhang,M.Q.,Iyer,V.R.,Anders,K.,Eisen,M.B.,...&Futcher,B.(1998).Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae by microarray hybridization.Molecular biology of the cell,9(12),3273-3297.Dudoit S(2016).yeastCC:Spellman et al.(1998)and Pramila/Breeden(2006)yeast cell cycle microarray data.R package version1.12.0.Examplesdata(cdc15)qqnorm(colMeans(cdc15,na.rm=TRUE))qqnorm(rowMeans(cdc15,na.rm=TRUE))cdc28Microarray time series experiment for yeast cell cycle from cdc28ex-perimentDescription6,178yeast genes expression measures(log-ratios)with series length17from the cdc28experiment. Usagedata(cdc28)8fitHRegFormatMatrix with6178rows and17columns.Some missing data.Rows and columns are labelled.-attr(*,"dimnames")=List of2..$:chr[1:6178]"Y AL001C""Y AL002W""Y AL003W""Y AL004W".....$:chr[1:17]"cdc28.0""cdc28.10""cdc28.20""cdc28.30"...SourceThe data is extracted from the ExpressionSet of the R package yeastCC.ReferencesSpellman,P.T.,Sherlock,G.,Zhang,M.Q.,Iyer,V.R.,Anders,K.,Eisen,M.B.,...&Futcher,B.(1998).Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae by microarray hybridization.Molecular biology of the cell,9(12),3273-3297.Dudoit S(2016).yeastCC:Spellman et al.(1998)and Pramila/Breeden(2006)yeast cell cycle microarray data.R package version1.12.0.Examplesdata(cdc28)qqnorm(colMeans(cdc28,na.rm=TRUE))qqnorm(rowMeans(cdc28,na.rm=TRUE))fitHReg Fits Three Parameter Harmonic RegressionDescriptionEstimates A,B and f in the harmonic regression,y(t)=mu+A*cos(2*pi*f*t)+B*sin(2*pi*f*t)+e(t).The default algorithm is enumerative but an exact non-linear LS option is also provided.UsagefitHReg(y,t=1:length(y),algorithm=c("enumerative","exact"))Argumentsy series.t Time points.algorithm method for the optimizationDetailsProgram is interfaced to C for efficient computation.ValueObject of class"HReg"produced.pgram9 Author(s)A.I.McLeod and Yuanhao LaiExamplesset.seed(193)z<-simHReg(10,f=2.5/10,1,1)ans<-fitHReg(z)ans$freq#optimal frequency=0.2376238##ORF06806in Cc dataset.z<-c(0.42,0.89,1.44,1.98,2.21,2.04,0.82,0.62,0.56,0.8,1.33)ans2<-fitHReg(z,algorithm="exact")sum(resid(ans2)^2)#0.2037463ans1<-fitHReg(z)sum(resid(ans1)^2)#0.242072#compare with nls()t<-1:length(z)ans<-nls(z~mu+alpha*cos(2*pi*lambda*t+phi),start=list(mu=1,alpha=1,lambda=0.1,phi=0.0))coefficients(ans)sum(resid(ans)^2)#0.2037pgram Periodogram computationDescriptionThe periodogram is computed.Usagepgram(z,fr="default",method=c("periodogram","regression"))Argumentsz time series vector of length n,say.fr use"default"for usual Fourier frequencies,1/n,...,floor(n/2)/n.Set fr=N,to evaluate the periodogram at the Fourier frequencies corresponding to a time se-ries of length N.Finally set fr to any desired set of frequencies.Note frequenciesare in cycles per unit time sometimes called temoral frequency to distinguishfrom angular frequency.Both are widely used in time series.method either periodogram or regression10ptestg DetailsUses FFT.So if the length of z is a highly composite number,the computation is very efficient.Otherwise the usual DFT is used.ValuePeriodogram evaluated at the Fourier frequencies or R-square.Author(s)A.I.McLeod and Yuanhao LaiExamplesz<-sunspot.yearn<-length(z)I<-pgram(z)f<-I[,1]I<-I[,2]plot(f,I,xlab="f",ylab="f",type="l")title(main="Periodogram for Annual Sunpots,1700-1988")#z<-c(0.42,0.89,1.44,1.98,2.21,2.04,0.82,0.62,0.56,0.8,1.33)fr<-(1:50)/101pgram(z)pgram(z,fr=101)pgram(z,fr=fr)pgram(z,method="regression")pgram(z,method="regression",fr=101)pgram(z,method="regression",fr=fr)ptestg Test short time series for periodicity based on periodogramsDescriptionThis function is used to test the existence of the periodicity for a short time series(length<=100).Several methods based on periodograms are provided with the response surface method imple-mented for efficiently obtaining accurate p-values.Usageptestg(z,method=c("Fisher","robust","extended","extendedRobust","FisherRSR"),multiple=FALSE)ptestg11Argumentsz A series or a matrix containg series as columnsmethod The statistical test to be used.See details for more information.multiple Indicating whether z contains multiple series.DetailsThe null hypothesis is set as no peridicities,H0:f=0.Discriptions of different test statistics(meth-ods)are as follow:Fisher:The Fisher’s g test statistic.The p-value is computed directly from the exact distribution.robust:The robust g test proprosed in Ahdesmaki et al.(2005),where the p-value is computed bythe response surface regression method.extended:The extended Fisher’s g test statistic,which extend the Fisher’s g test by enlarging thesearching region of the frequency from the fourier frequencies to be En=j/101|j=1,...,50andj/101≥1/n.The p-value is computed by the response surface regression method.extendedRobust:Extend the frequency searching region of the robust En=j/101|j=1,...,50andj/101≥1/n.The p-value is computed by the response surface regression method.FisherRSR:Only for experimental purposes,the Fisher;s g test with p-value computed form theresponse surface regression method.ValueObject of class"Htest"produced.An object of class"Htest"is a list containing the following components:obsStat Vector containing the observed test statistics.pvalue Vector containing the p-values of the selected tests.freq Vector containing the estimated frequencies.Author(s)Yuanhao Lai and A.I.McLeodReferencesFisher,R.A.(1929).Tests of significance in harmonic analysis.Proc.Roy.Soc.A,125,54-59.Ahdesmaki,M.,Lahdesmaki,H.,Pearson,R.,Huttunen,H.,and Yli-Harja O.(2005).BMC Bioin-formatics6:117./1471-2105/6/117.MacKinnon,James(2001):Computing numerical distribution functions in econometrics,Queen’sEconomics Department Working Paper,No.1037.See AlsoptestRegExamples#Simulate the harmonic regression model with standard Gaussian error termsset.seed(193)##Non-Fourier frequencyz<-simHReg(n=14,f=2/10,A=2,B=1,model="Gaussian",sig=1)ptestg(z,method="Fisher")ptestg(z,method="robust")ptestg(z,method="extended")ptestg(z,method="extendedRobust")ptestg(z,method="FisherRSR")#Performe tests on the alpha factor experimentdata(alpha)##Eliminate genes with missing observationsalpha.nonNA<-alpha[complete.cases(alpha),]##Using the multiple option to do the test for all the genes##Transpose the data set so that each column stands for a genealpha.nonNA<-t(alpha.nonNA)result<-ptestg(alpha.nonNA,method="extended",multiple=TRUE)str(result)#The movtivating example:gene ORF06806in Ccdata(Cc)x<-Cc[which(rownames(Cc)=="ORF06806"),]plot(1:length(x),x,type="b",main="ORF06806",xlab="time",ylab="Gene expression")ptestg(x,method="Fisher")#Fail to detect the periodicityptestg(x,method="robust")ptestg(x,method="extended")ptestReg Test short time series for periodicity with maximum likelihood ratiotestsDescriptionThis function is used to test the existence of the periodicity for a short time series(length<=100).Likelihood ratio tests under the Gaussian or the Laplace assumptions are provided with the response surface method implemented for efficiently obtaining accurate p-values.UsageptestReg(z,method=c("LS","L1"),multiple=FALSE)Argumentsz A series or a matrix containg series as columnsmethod The statistical test to be used.See details for more information.multiple Indicating whether z contains multiple series.DetailsThe null hypothesis is set as no peridicities,H0:f=0.Discriptions of different test statistics(meth-ods)are as follow:LS:The-2loglikelihood ratio test statistic based on the likelihood ratio test with normal noises, where the p-values are efficiently computed by the response surface method.L1:The-2loglikelihood ratio test statistic based on the likelihood ratio test with Laplace noises, where the p-values are efficiently computed by the response surface method.ValueObject of class"Htest"produced.An object of class"Htest"is a list containing the following components:obsStat Vector containing the observed test statistics.pvalue Vector containing the p-values of the selected tests.freq Vector containing the estimated frequencies.Author(s)Yuanhao Lai and A.I.McLeodReferencesIslam,M.S.(2008).Peridocity,Change Detection and Prediction in Microarrays.Ph.D.Thesis,The University of Western Ontario.Li,T.H.(2010).A nonlinear method for robust spectral analysis.Signal Processing,IEEE Trans-actions on,58(5),2466-2474.MacKinnon,James(2001):Computing numerical distribution functions in econometrics,Queen’s Economics Department Working Paper,No.1037.See AlsofitHReg,ptestgExamples#Simulate the harmonic regression model with standard Gaussian error termsset.seed(193)#Non-Fourier frequencyz<-simHReg(n=14,f=2/10,A=2,B=1,model="Gaussian",sig=1)ptestReg(z,method="LS")#Normal likelihood ratio testptestReg(z,method="L1")#Laplace likelihood ratio testfitHReg(z,algorithm="exact")#the nls fitted result#Performe tests on the alpha factor experimentdata(alpha)##Eliminate genes with missing observationsalpha.nonNA<-alpha[complete.cases(alpha),]##Using the multiple option to do the test for all the genes##Transpose the data set so that each column stands for a genealpha.nonNA<-t(alpha.nonNA)result<-ptestReg(alpha.nonNA,method="LS",multiple=TRUE)str(result)#The movtivating example:gene ORF06806in Ccdata(Cc)x<-Cc[which(rownames(Cc)=="ORF06806"),]plot(1:length(x),x,type="b",main="ORF06806",xlab="time",ylab="Gene expression")ptestg(x,method="Fisher")#Fail to detect the periodicityptestReg(x,method="LS")#The periodicity is significantly not zeroptestReg(x,method="L1")#The periodicity is significantly not zerosimHReg Simulate harmonic regression modelsDescriptionSimulates a harmonic regression.Possible types of models are normal,t(5),Laplace,cubic and AR1.UsagesimHReg(n,f,A,B,model=c("Gaussian","t5","Laplace","cubic","AR1"),phi=0,sig=1)Argumentsn Length of series.f Frequency.A Cosine amplitude.B Sine amplitude.model The model used for generating the error term.See details.phi Only used if AR1error distribution is selected.sig The standard error of the series.DetailsGenerate a harmonic series y with length n,where y t=A∗cos(2∗pi∗f∗t)+B∗sin(2∗pi∗f∗t)+sig∗e t,t=1,...,n,and e comes from one of the following specified distributions with mean0and standard error1:Gaussian:A standard normal distribution(i.i.d.).t5:A t distribution with5degrees of freedom(i.i.d.,standardized to mean0and variance1).Laplace:A Laplace(double exponential)distribution(i.i.d.,standardized to mean0and variance1).cubic:A standard normal distribution for e,but y=y3this time.AR1:An AR(1)series with autocorrelation paramater phi(standardized to mean0and variance1).ValueVector of length n,simulated harmonic series.Author(s)A.I.McLeod and Yuanhao LaiReferencesMcLeod,A.I.,Yu,Hao and Krougly,Z.(2007),Algorithms for Linear Time Series Analysis:With R Package,Journal of Statistical Software23,51-26.See AlsofitHReg,ptestRegExamples#Simulate the harmonic regression model with standard Gaussian error termsz<-simHReg(10,f=2/10,1,2,model="Gaussian",sig=1)#Fourier Frequencyplot(1:10,z,type="b")#Simulate the AR(1)errorsz<-simHReg(10,f=0/10,0,0,model="AR1",phi=0.2,sig=1)acf(z)Index∗datasetsalpha,2B1,3B2,4B3,5Cc,6cdc15,7cdc28,7∗tsfitHReg,8pgram,9ptestg,10ptestReg,12simHReg,14alpha,2B1,3B2,4B3,5Cc,6cdc15,7cdc28,7fitHReg,8,13,15pgram,9ptestg,10,13ptestReg,11,12,15simHReg,1416。
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地震勘探原理试题（B ）参考答案
一、填空
1、用于石油和天然气勘探的物探方法,主要有重力勘探, 磁法 勘探, 电法 勘探和__地震 勘探.其中最有效的物探方法是地震勘探。
2、地震勘探分为 反射波 地震法、 折射波 地震法和透射波地震法三种，用于石油和天然气勘探主要是____反射波____地震法,其它两方法用的较少.。
3、地震勘探的生产工作步骤为：野外地震采集， 室内资料处理 ， 室内资料解释 。
4、 根据炮点、___检波点____和地下反射点三者之间的关系,要连续追踪反射波,炮点和接收点之间需要保持一定的相互位置关系.这种关系称为___观测系统______.
5、地震勘探的分辨率一般可分为___水平___分辨率和___垂直____分辨率。
6、影响地震水平叠加效果的因素主要有 界面倾斜 ， 动校正速度 。
7、地震波速度,一般随地层深度的增大而 _增大__, 随地层压力的增大而增大。
8、经过动校正和水平迭加， _有效波____得到加强, ___干扰波___受到压制。
9、经动校正和水平迭加,并将所有的新地震道,放在相应的___反射___点位置,就构成了该测线的______水平叠加______时间剖面。
10、在等t0平面图上, 等值线越密说明地层倾角越____大____。
二、判断题（正确用√表示，错误用×表示）
1、根据干扰波和有效波之间的差别,采用组合法可以消除干扰波.( × )
2、地震波沿测线传播的速度为视速度.( √ )
3、地震层速度是地层厚度与地震波穿过该地层时所用时间的比.( × )
4、迪克斯公式所求的速度为均方根速度.( × )
5 、反射波振幅越大,信噪比越高.( × )
6、反射界面倾角越大, 记录点与反射点位置偏移越大.( √)
7、有波阻抗就会产生反射波.( × )
8、凸型反射界面反射波在水平迭加时间剖面上形态扩大.( √ ) 9、等t0平面上构造形态与等H平面图上形态一一对应.( × )
10、当地下存在着两个或两个以上的良好反射界面时,会产生一些来往于各界面之间的反射
波,这种波称为多次波.( √ )
三、名词解释（可借助于图和公式回答） 1、 均方根速度
把水平层状介质情况下的反射波时距曲线近似当作双曲线求出的波速度，也就是把各层的速度值的平方按时间加权平均，再取平方根。
∑∑===
n i n
i i
i
i R t
V t V 1
1
2/，V n 称为n层水平层状介质的均方根速度。
2、 叠加速度
将共中心点处的反射波时距曲线看成双曲线,使叠加效果最好的那个速度就是叠加速度。
2
a
V 2
22
x t t +=
式中V A 为叠加速度。
3、 正常时差
在水平界面情况下，各观测点相对于爆炸点纯粹是由于炮检距不同而引起的反射波旅行时
差。
即002
2
0t t V
x t t t −+=−=Δ 4、 地震水平时间切片
地震水平时间切片就是用一个水平面去切三维数据体得出某一时刻t 各道的信息。
5、 地震连续介质
所谓地震连续介质是认为在界面两侧介质的速度是不相等的,有突变,但界面上部的覆盖层的波速不是常数,而是连续变化的。
四、试分别画出均匀覆盖介质水平界面和倾斜界面地质模型共炮点反射波时距曲线；根据图中参数和坐标写出相应的时距曲线方程
解: (1)均匀覆盖介质水平界面地质模型共炮点反射波时距曲线
时距曲线方程为:t 2=t 02+(x 2/v 2
)
(2) 均匀覆盖介质倾斜界面地质模型共炮点反射波时距曲线
设界面的倾角位ϕ，时距曲线方程为
ϕ
sin 441
22xh h x V
t −+=
五 计算题
1．计算t0＝1.0S,波速V＝3000m/s,在炮检距x=1000m 的动校正量（精确到毫秒）
解：据正常时差公式
s t t V x t t t 541.0113000
10002
2
0022
0≈−+=−+=
−=Δ
即动校正量约为0.541s。
2．如下图是一层状介质模型，其中ρ为密度，单位为克/立方厘米，V 是速度，单位是米 /秒，h 是厚度，单位为米，R 表示界面。
（1） 计算深度为400米处的平均速度；
（2） 指出哪几个界面能产生地震折射波？并计算其临界角；
（3） 指出哪几个界面能产生地震反射波？并计算R 1界面的反射系数。
R0 ρ1=2.20 V1=2500 h1=200
R 1 ρ2=2.30 V2=5000 h2=100
R 2 ρ3=2.30 V3=3000 h3=180
R 3 ρ4=2.33 V4=3200
解：（1）根据平均速度的公式
折射波
（3）第1，2，3个界面能 、简述题
射波勘探中的主要干扰波类型及其压制方法? 滤波等；井中注水，埋井，大偏移3）虚反射，压制方法：采用垂直叠加法或反褶积方法。
心叠加技术及各种特殊交混回响（鸣震），压制方法：主要采用反褶积滤波压制。
2、什
检波。
播方向不同和统计效应来震水平叠加时间剖面的形成及其主要特点？
激发的信号,经过动校正后叠加面上的地层分界面,与时间剖面上的反0）（＋＋＝
m/s 433.03000
10050001002500200//1111
≈==∑∑∑∑====n
i i
n i i i n
i i i
n
i i av t V t V h h V （2）第1，3各界面能产生 产生地震反射波
六1、 简述地震反答:（1）面波，压制方法：检波器组合法、滤波等。
（2）声波，压制方法：改善爆炸条件，处理时通过距。
（（4）多次反射波，压制方法：野外采用多次覆盖技术，共中处理等。
（5）底波、（6）侧面波，压制方法：水平叠加、偏移归位等。
么是组合检波，它在地震勘探中的主要作用是什么?答：将多个检波器串联或并联在一起接受地震波，称为组合组合检波在地震勘探中的主要作用是：利用干扰波与有效波的传压制干扰波的一种有效方法。
主要压制面波、声波等低速度规则干扰波及无规则的随机干扰。
3、简述地答:将不同接收点接收到的来自地下同一个反射点的不同起来即可得到水平地震叠加剖面.其主要特点有:
（1）在测线上同一点,根据钻井资料得到的地质剖射波同相轴在数量上、出现位置上,常常不是一一对应的。
（2）时间剖面的纵坐标是双程旅行时t 。
35
.02500
2.25000
3.211221≈××==
＋＋V V R ρρ2500
2.25000
3.21122××－－V V ρρ2
V c 1sin V =
θo
3o
169.63595000
3000
arcsin(60)50002500
==＝θarcsin(
＝θ
（3）反射波振幅、同相轴及波形本身包含了地下地层的构造和岩性信息,如振幅的强弱与地层结构、介质参数密切相关。
（4）地震剖面上的反射波是由多个地层分界面上振幅有大有小、极性有正有负、到达时间有先有后的反射子波叠加、复合的结果。
而复合子波的形成取决于地下地层结构的稳定性,如薄层厚度、岩性、砂泥岩比等。
（5）水平叠加剖面上常出现各种特殊波,如绕射波、断面波、回转波、侧面波等,这些波的同相轴形态并不表示真实的地质形态。
4、简述断层在地震水平叠加时间剖面的识别标志？
答：（1）反射波同相轴错断
（2）反射波同相轴数目突然增减或消失，波组间隔突然变化
（3）反射波同相轴形状突变，反射零乱或出现空白带
（4）反射波同相轴发生分叉，合并，扭曲，强相位转换
（5）异常波的出现（绕射波，断面波）
5、什么地质条件下容易产生地震绕射波，用什么办法可以消除它？
答：地震波在传播的过程中，如果遇到一些地层岩性的突变点（如短程的断棱，地层尖灭点，不整合面的突起点等），这些突变点会变成新的震源，再次发出球面波，向四周传播，这种波称为绕射波。
通过偏移叠加处理,可以有效地收敛绕射波。