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the adventure of english英文字幕
the adventure of english英文字幕全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The Adventure of EnglishHi everyone! Today, I want to talk about the amazing adventure of the English language. English is a super cool language that has traveled all over the world and made friends with lots of other languages.It all started way back in the olden days when English was just a baby language. It was hanging out with some Germanic languages like Old Norse and Old Frisian. Then, some fancy Latin and French words came along and made English sound even fancier.After a while, English got really popular and started traveling to all different countries. It went to America and learned some new words from Native American languages. Then, it went to India and picked up some words from Hindi. English even went to Japan and borrowed some words from Japanese!English has changed a lot over the years. It used to have lots of funny old words like "thou" and "ye." But now, we have way cooler words like "selfie" and "hashtag."English is also super flexible. It can mix and match words from different languages to create new ones. That's why we have words like "karaoke" from Japanese and "pizza" from Italian.So, next time you speak English, remember that you're part of a big adventure. English is always traveling, making friends, and changing. And who knows where it will go next? Maybe Mars will be speaking English one day!Keep exploring and having fun with the adventure of English! Bye-bye!篇2Title: The Adventure of EnglishHey everyone! Today I want to tell you all about the super cool adventure of English. English is a really important language that people all over the world use to communicate with each other. It's like a superpower that helps us connect and understand each other.So, English started out a loooong time ago, way back in the 5th century when some folks called the Anglo-Saxons brought their language to England. They mixed their language with the language of the local people, and that's how Old English was born. Can you imagine speaking Old English? It would sound so different!Time went on and English continued to change and evolve. In the 11th century, the Norman conquest happened and added a bunch of French words to the mix. Then in the 16th century, something really cool happened – the printing press was invented! This helped spread English even more.English really started to spread around the world during the British Empire days. It traveled to places like North America, Australia, India, and Africa. People all over started to learn English and use it in their everyday lives.Now, English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It's used in business, entertainment, and even on the internet! Isn't that amazing? It's like English went on this big adventure and now it's everywhere.So, remember, English is a super cool language with a really interesting history. It's a language that brings people together and helps us understand each other. Keep learning andpracticing English, and you'll be able to go on your own language adventure too!篇3Title: The Exciting Adventure of EnglishHey guys, have you ever wondered how English became the super cool language it is today? Well, let me tell you all about it in this awesome adventure of English!Long, long ago, English wasn't even a language yet. It all started with some tribes in Europe who spoke a language called Proto-Indo-European. As these tribes travelled and conquered new lands, their language evolved into different dialects. One of these dialects eventually became Old English, spoken by the Anglo-Saxons in England.But wait, the adventure doesn't stop there! In 1066, the Normans invaded England and brought their fancy French language with them. This led to a mix of Old English and Norman French, creating Middle English. Pretty cool, right?As time went on, English continued to evolve and absorb words from other languages like Latin, Greek, and German. Thismade English a super diverse language with words from all over the world!In the 16th century, English really took off with the invention of the printing press by William Caxton. Suddenly, books could be printed in English and more people started learning to read and write in their own language.Fast forward to today, and English is spoken by billions of people all around the world. It's the language of science, technology, and pop culture. How awesome is that?So, there you have it, the epic adventure of English from its humble beginnings to its global domination. Who knew a bunch of tribes and invaders could create such an amazing language? English truly is the coolest language ever!篇4The Adventure of EnglishHey guys, have you ever wondered how English came to be the language that we speak today? Let me tell you all about it in this exciting adventure of English!Our story begins way back in the fifth century when the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain. These tribes broughttheir languages with them, which eventually merged into what we now know as Old English. It was a mix of Germanic languages with a lot of cool words like "love", "house", and "mother".But wait, there's more! In 1066, the Normans invaded England and brought with them their language, Norman French. This mix of Old English and Norman French created Middle English, which was spoken by both the upper class and the common people.Fast forward to the 16th century when a guy named William Shakespeare came along. He wrote plays and poems in a style that influenced the English language in a major way. Many phrases that we still use today come from his works, like "break the ice" and "wild-goose chase".As time went on, English continued to evolve with the help of international trade and colonization. Words from other languages like Spanish, Dutch, and Arabic were added to the English vocabulary, making it even richer and more diverse.And now, here we are in the 21st century, speaking a language that has over a million words and is spoken by people all over the world. English truly is an amazing adventure that brings us all together.So there you have it, the adventure of English in a nutshell. It's a language that has been through a lot of changes and influences, but has come out stronger and more vibrant than ever. Let's keep exploring and learning new words together on this exciting journey of English!篇5Title: The Adventure of EnglishHey guys, today I want to tell you all about the amazing adventure of English! English is a super cool language that people all around the world speak. But do you know how it all started? Let me tell you all about it!A long, long time ago, in a land called England, there were some people called the Anglo-Saxons. They spoke a language called Old English, which sounded a bit like gibberish to us now. As time went on, the Normans invaded England and brought their fancy French words with them. This mix of Old English and French became Middle English, which was a bit easier to understand.Fast forward a few more centuries, and English went on a real adventure! It sailed across the seas with explorers like Christopher Columbus and Sir Francis Drake, spreading to placeslike America, Australia, and India. English picked up new words from all these different languages, making it even more interesting.In the 20th century, English became a real superstar thanks to movies, music, and the internet. Now, people from all over the world use English to talk to each other and share ideas. It's like a big global party where everyone speaks the same language!So, that's the adventure of English in a nutshell. It's been through a lot of twists and turns over the years, but it's still going strong. Who knows where English will go next? Maybe even outer space! Cool, right?Well, that's all for now. Thanks for listening to my little English adventure story. Catch you later, dudes!篇6Once upon a time, there was a language called English. It was like a big puzzle with lots of interesting pieces that all fit together to make words and sentences. People all over the world spoke English and used it to talk to each other and share their ideas.But one day, something strange happened. The letters in the English language started to change, and new words appeared out of nowhere. It was like a magical spell had been cast on the language, and no one knew what was happening.The people who spoke English were very confused and didn't know what to do. They called in a group of brave adventurers to help them solve the mystery and figure out why the language was changing.The adventurers set off on a quest to discover the source of the strange magic that was affecting English. They traveled far and wide, meeting all sorts of interesting characters and overcoming many challenges along the way.Finally, after many days of searching, they found the culprit behind the language changes – a mischievous wizard who had been playing with the letters in English and creating new words just for fun.With their quick thinking and clever ideas, the adventurers were able to outsmart the wizard and restore English to its original form. The people who spoke English were overjoyed and grateful to the adventurers for saving their language.And so, the adventure of English came to an end, but the lessons learned along the way would never be forgotten. English was a language that was always changing and evolving, but with the help of brave adventurers, it would always remain a magical and fascinating puzzle for people to explore and enjoy.篇7Once upon a time, there was a language called English. It was a really old language, like super duper old. English had been around for a long time, and it had been through a lot of adventures.English started off in England, and it was just a little language back then. It didn't have a lot of words, and the words it did have were pretty different from the words we use today. But as time went on, English started to change and grow. It started borrowing words from other languages, like French and Latin.One of English's biggest adventures was when it went to America. The English language traveled across the ocean on big ships, and when it got to America, it met all kinds of new people and new words. English picked up words from Native American languages, as well as from languages spoken by African slaves.English kept on evolving and changing. It spread to other countries, like Australia and India, where it picked up even more new words and phrases. It became a really big and important language, spoken by millions of people all over the world.But English wasn't done with its adventures yet. In the modern age, English is still changing and growing. It's constantly adding new words, especially with the rise of technology and social media. English is a language that's always on the move, always exploring new places and meeting new people.So that's the story of English – a language that started small, but ended up as one of the biggest and most widely spoken languages in the world. And who knows what adventures English will have in the future? It's a language that's always full of surprises!篇8Oh my gosh guys, have you heard about the Adventure of English? It's like this super cool history of how English has evolved over time and become the language we speak today. Let me tell you all about it!So, like way back in the day, English wasn't even a thing. People were speaking all different kinds of languages in England,like Old English and Latin and stuff. But then, in the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons invaded and brought their language with them. That's when Old English started to take shape.Fast forward a few centuries to the Norman Conquest in 1066, when the Normans invaded England and brought French with them. That's when Middle English was born, with a mix of Old English and French words.Then, in the 16th century, the Renaissance happened and English started to change even more. People like Shakespeare were writing all these amazing plays and poems, and they were introducing new words and phrases into the language.And finally, in the modern era, English has become a global language spoken all over the world. It's the language of business, science, and technology. How cool is that?So yeah, that's the Adventure of English in a nutshell. It's been a wild ride, but now we get to enjoy all the cool books, movies, and music that English has to offer. English is awesome!篇9Title: The Adventure of EnglishHey guys! Today, let's talk about the super cool adventure of English! English is like a language superhero that has been on a crazy journey through time and space. Are you ready to join me on this amazing ride?So, first things first, did you know that English has its roots in the Germanic languages spoken by ancient tribes in what is now modern-day Germany and Scandinavia? Yep, that's right! Our language has some pretty tough ancestors.But wait, there's more! Old English, which sounds totally different from what we speak today, was brought to England by Anglo-Saxon invaders in the 5th century. They mixed it up with the Celtic languages already spoken in Britain and voila, Middle English was born!Fast forward to the 16th century, and bam! The Renaissance hit and English was like, "I'm ready to shine, baby!" Thanks to the works of famous writers like William Shakespeare, our language started to grow and evolve even more.And then, came the cherry on top – the British Empire! English spread all over the world like wildfire, picking up new words and phrases from different cultures along the way. It became a global language, spoken by millions of people all around the globe.But the adventure doesn't stop there! In the 20th century, English became the language of technology, business, and pop culture. From the internet to Hollywood movies, English is everywhere, and it's still changing and adapting every day.So there you have it, the incredible adventure of English! It's been a wild ride, but our language superhero is stronger and more popular than ever. So, let's keep on learning, speaking, and having fun with English! Who knows where this crazy language will take us next? Bring it on!篇10Once upon a time, there was a language called English. It was a funny language because it had lots of words from other languages mixed in. English went on a big adventure to become one of the most popular languages in the world.English started out in England, where people spoke Old English. But then some Vikings came along and brought their words with them. English liked these new words and decided to keep them. Later on, the French invaded and added even more words to English. English thought this was exciting and started to change even more.English went on a journey across the sea to America, where it met Native American languages and picked up some new words. Then it traveled to Africa and learned words from African languages. English went to India and China and Japan and brought back words from these places too.English loved to borrow words from other languages because it made it more interesting. People all over the world started learning English because it was so cool and had so many words to choose from. English became the language of science, business, and pop culture.Today, English is spoken by over a billion people worldwide. It's the language of the internet, Hollywood movies, and international diplomacy. English had a great adventure to get where it is today, and it's still changing and growing all the time. English is a language that's always up for a new adventure!。
七选五解题技巧,轻松锁定正确答案
【答题技巧】七选五解题技巧，轻松锁定正确答案题型解读分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读七选五解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的语言片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的“积句成章，积章成篇”就是这个道理。
分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。
语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。
构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。
应试技巧技巧一：从细节逻辑上判断——因果关系在做题时最重要的是要读懂空格前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。
在读懂意思的基础上，判断它们之间的关系来进一步确认答案。
因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
表示因果关系的连词有as a result结果，thus/therefore因此，so (such)...that如此……以至于等。
技巧二：从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。
如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。
我最喜欢的艺术形式摇滚乐英语作文
我最喜欢的艺术形式摇滚乐英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Favorite Art Form: Rock MusicIf you ask me what my favorite art form is, I won't hesitate for a second before blurting out "rock music!" To me, rock is so much more than just a genre of popular music. It's a culture, a way of life, and an expression of freedom and rebellion that has captivated and inspired generations.From the moment I first heard the raw, gritty riffs and primal drumbeats of bands like AC/DC and Led Zeppelin, I was hooked. There's just something so viscerally thrilling about rock's aggressive sound and anti-authoritarian attitude. It's music made by dropouts and misfits who dared to buck the system and blaze their own trail.But rock is about more than just making noise and sticking it to the man. At its core, it's an intensely creative and innovative art form that has pushed boundaries and reinvented itself decade after decade. Think about how hugely varied the "rock" category is - it encompasses everything from the blues-soakedrecords of old-school pioneers like Muddy Waters to the glamor and excess of '80s hair metal to the grungy, lo-fi sound of '90s alt-rock and so much more.What all the great rock bands have in common is a sense of freedom and experimentation. They blended and merged disparate genres, techniques, and instruments to create bold new hybrids that kept their music fresh and exciting. The best rock artists are also incredible poets and storytellers who tap into the core of the human experience with their lyrics about life, love, struggle, and finding your identity.To me, rock has always been about pushing boundaries and refusing to conform. It's punk rock icons like The Clash snarling their anti-establishment anthems. It's risky concept albums like Pink Floyd's "The Wall" that tackle big, complex themes. It's groups like Rage Against the Machine blending rap influences with crushing metal riffs to deliver a powerfully political message. This daring, convention-defying spirit is what draws me to the art form.On a personal level, rock has been the soundtrack to so many pivotal moments in my life. Those first few choruses of Guitar Hero that sparked my lifelong love for the genre. Grungy playlists that got me through the angst of my teenage years. Myfirst time crowd-surfing at a Foo Fighters show (scary but exhilarating!). Road trips where my friends and I would roll down all the windows and blast our favorite albums at top volume. Quiet nights alone where a melancholic rock ballad felt like the only thing that could soothe my heartache.Rock has been there for my highest highs and lowest lows. And that's because it's perhaps the most visceral, emotional style of music out there. The best rock songs are cathartic explosions of joy, anger, passion, and pain. When I'm furious at the world, I can immerse myself in Metallica's thunderous thrash metal and let out my aggression through the sheer force of the sound. When I'm feeling tender and introspective, I can let the soaring melodies and poetic lyrics of classic rock ballads like "Stairway to Heaven" wash over me.More than anything though, I'm drawn to rock because of the powerful sense of community and belonging it has always engendered. In an age where we're increasingly isolated from one another, rock shows and festivals are like a modern tribal gathering. When I'm packed into a sweaty club with hundreds of other long-haired, wild-eyed fanatics, all of us screaming along in unison to the same anthems, I feel an overwhelming sense ofconnection. We may be strangers, but in that moment we're united by our shared passion and energy.That anarchic, celebratory atmosphere is something I've always craved as an escape from the monotony and conformity of everyday life. At rock concerts, none of society's rules seem to apply. It's a rowdy, lawless space where you can be as weird, loud, and authentic as you want. You're free to cut loose and express yourself in a way that would get you locked up anywhere else!In that sense, rock has been a form of rebellion for me, even if my particular act of defiance is just throwing up the horns and rocking out like a maniac. It's a way to assert my identity and blow off steam in our increasingly regimented, sanitized world. The punk-inspired ethos of individuality, authenticity, and challenging the status quo is something that still feels vitally important, especially for someone like me who grew up as an outsider.That freewheeling, anti-establishment spirit; that air of danger and rule-breaking; that euphoric sense of belonging...that's the essence of rock that keeps me utterly devoted and passionate about the art form. Sure, some music snobs will turn up their noses and write off rock as just "a bunch of noise." But they're missing the point entirely. Rock has alwaysbeen about so much more than what you hear - it's a way of life, a worldview, and a source of identity and catharsis for generations of misfits and free spirits.While some musical styles leave me cold with their sterile overproduction and artistic constraints, rock still feels vital, raw, and uncompromising to me. It's kept its revolutionary spirit and power to move people on a gut level even as its sounds and styles have constantly evolved. Like the greats before them, modern torchbearers like Royal Blood are still finding new ways to channel that primal scream of pure, uncut expression.So that's why I will always be obsessed with this incredible art form. Rock isn't just my favorite genre of music...it's my way of life. It's the ears I use to hear the world, the lens I use to understand myself and question everything around me. To me, rock isn't just an art, but a way of engaging with life itself in an intense, authentic way. So you can keep your concertos and string quartets - I'll be busy head-banging and crowdsurfing at rock's modern sonic revolutionaries!篇2My Favorite Art Form: Rock MusicRock music isn't just a genre or a style of music to me - it's an entire culture, lifestyle, and art form that I'm completely obsessed with. From the raw energy and emotion to the creativity and self-expression, rock speaks to me on a deep level that no other music can. It's a world I've been drawn into ever since I was a kid, one that continues to inspire me to this day.I still vividly remember the first time I truly experienced the power of rock. I was probably around 10 years old, and my older cousin let me listen to some of his favorite bands on his beaten up old radio - AC/DC, Guns N' Roses, Metallica. The sheer force of the distorted guitars, pounding drums, and powerful vocals completely blew me away. This was like nothing I'd heard from the pop and dance music on the radio. The intensity, attitude, and passion behind the music moved something deep inside me.I felt so alive and energized listening to it.From that point on, I became obsessed with rock, devouring every album, song, and band I could get my hands on. I learned everything there was to know about the history and evolution of the genre, from its roots in blues, rockabilly, and rock and roll to its branching into hard rock, punk, metal, and all the varied subgenres. But rock wasn't just a musical interest for me - it was a total lifestyle.The fashion, with its leather jackets, ripped jeans, bandt-shirts, and wild hairstyles immediately appealed to me as this bold, in-your-face way of rebelling against societal norms. The idea of rocking out on the guitar as a form of self-expression resonated deeply. And the overall culture of individuality, fighting against authority, and not giving a damn what anyone thinks - that was something I wanted to be a part of.As I grew up, my obsession with rock only intensified. I started a band with some friends in high school, and we'd spend hours jamming together after class, working on original songs and covers of our favorite bands. The rush of playing those powerful chords and shredding on the guitar is something I'll never forget. Rock became my greatest creative outlet, a way to channel my thoughts, emotions, and teenage angst into something raw yet beautiful.On a deeper level though, what really solidified my love for rock was the way it gave me a community and real sense of belonging. The rock scene, whether it was going to local shows, festivals, or meeting up with other fans, provided me with this incredible network of people who just got it. We may have looked different on the outside, but we were all united by ourpassion for the music and the culture surrounding it. Rock formed the core of my identity during those formative years.Of course, I don't just love rock for its sound, culture, and community - I'm in awe of it as a true art form as well. To me, the most legendary rock bands weren't just great musicians, they were artists in the purest sense. They could take those basic elements of guitars, bass, drums, and vocals, and craft them into these incredible sonic landscapes that told a story, expressed complex emotions, and provided a window into different perspectives. Just listen to songs like "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin, "Comfortably Numb" by Pink Floyd, or "Welcome to the Jungle" by Guns N' Roses - each one is a miniature masterpiece in its own right.And the live performances - there's nothing quite like the experience of seeing a great rock band perform right in front of you. The sheer power, energy, and raw passion they summon forth is like a religious experience. Whether it's the epic guitar solos that seem to transcend the physical world, the soulful vocal melodies that send shivers down your spine, or just the pure unrestrained intensity of it all, it's an artistic demonstration like nothing else. Every time I attend a killer rock concert, I walk away feeling electrified and utterly inspired.Rock is more than just music to me though - it's a philosophy and way of life that I aspire to. The spirit of rock is all about rebelling against restrictive norms and forging your own path. It's about expressing yourself authentically without holding back. It's about turning up the volume toungodly levels and drowning out all the noise and negativity of the world, if only for a brief moment. In many ways, rock truly captures the chaos, passion, and beautiful madness of the human experience.That's why rock will always be my number one art form and greatest love. Yeah, musicianship and technical skill are obviously important elements. But what really elevates rock to an art is the way it taps into those primordial urges we all have - the need to shout at the top of our lungs, shake everything up, kick back against a rigid society, and pour our very soul out in the most visceral yet creative way possible.I can still remember playing the opening chords of "Smells Like Teen Spirit" in my high school band's garage, feeling that power and intensity rumbling through every bone in my body. Or going to see my first Metallica show and being blown away by the heavy, almost spiritual experience of 50,000 fans headbanging together to "Master of Puppets." Or even listening to Jack White shred out an incredible guitar solo in "Blue Orchid"on my headphones while doodling in class. Moments like these are seared into my mind and soul. This is the true essence of rock, the reason I'll never stop craving that rush of energy and creative expression.For me, and so many others, rock isn't just a genre or a fad - it's a way of life, a unifying culture, a artistic movement, and one of the most unique mediums for channeling the full depth of the human experience. It's passion and creativity amplified to aroof-raising level. And I'll never stop being obsessed with it.篇3My Favorite Art Form: Rock MusicWhen it comes to artistic expression, few genres can match the raw power and energy of rock music. As a student, I find rock to be the perfect outlet for channeling the angst, rebellion, and passion that often accompany the tumultuous years of youth. From the moment I first heard the opening riffs of a classic rock anthem, I was hooked – drawn in by the electrifying guitar solos, the pounding rhythms, and the unapologetic lyrics that spoke to the very core of my being.Rock music is a versatile art form, encompassing a wide range of subgenres, each with its own distinct sound and culturalsignificance. From the gritty, blues-infused tones of classic rock to the adrenaline-fueled frenzy of punk rock, and the progressive, experimental realms of alternative rock, the genre offers something for every taste and mood.At its essence, rock music is a rebellion against conformity, a defiant expression of individuality and a celebration of the unconventional. Its origins can be traced back to the 1950s, when young musicians in the United States and the United Kingdom began fusing elements of blues, country, and rhythm and blues, creating a new sound that would eventually captivate generations of listeners.One of the aspects that I find most compelling about rock music is its ability to articulate the raw emotions and experiences of youth in a way that resonates deeply with its audience. From the angst-ridden anthems of grunge bands like Nirvana to the heart-wrenching ballads of emo icons like My Chemical Romance, rock music has a knack for giving voice to the trials and tribulations of adolescence and young adulthood.Moreover, rock music has played a pivotal role in shaping cultural movements and catalyzing social change. The counterculture of the 1960s, for instance, was inextricably linked to the rise of psychedelic rock, with bands like The Doors andPink Floyd using their music as a vehicle for exploring consciousness expansion and challenging societal norms. Similarly, the punk rock movement of the 1970s was a direct response to the perceived complacency and conformity of mainstream culture, with bands like The Ramones and The Sex Pistols embracing a raw, stripped-down sound that embodied the ethos of rebellion and anti-establishment sentiment.Beyond its cultural impact, rock music has also served as a powerful medium for self-expression and personal growth. For many young artists, the genre provides a canvas upon which they can explore their identities, wrestle with their demons, and find solace in the shared experiences of their peers. The cathartic release of belting out lyrics or shredding a guitar solo can be a profoundly therapeutic experience, allowing individuals to channel their emotions in a constructive and creative manner.Personally, rock music has been a constant companion throughout my academic journey, providing a soundtrack to the highs and lows of student life. Whether I'm cramming for exams, navigating the complexities of social dynamics, or simply seeking solace in the familiar embrace of a beloved song, rock has been there for me, offering a sense of connection and validation that few other art forms can match.One of my fondest memories is attending my first live rock concert, an experience that left an indelible mark on my soul. The electric atmosphere, the thunderous applause, and the shared camaraderie with fellow fans created a sense of belonging that transcended the boundaries of age, race, or background. In that moment, we were all united by our love for the music, our collective passion serving as a powerful reminder of the universal language that rock music speaks.As I look to the future, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and anticipation for the ways in which rock music will continue to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape of artistic expression. With the advent of new technologies and the ever-increasing globalization of culture, the possibilities for cross-pollination and experimentation within the genre are endless.Perhaps we'll see the emergence of new subgenres that blend rock with elements of electronic music or world rhythms, pushing the boundaries of what we currently define as "rock." Or maybe we'll witness a resurgence of classic rock influences, with a new generation of artists paying homage to the pioneers who paved the way for the genre's enduring legacy.Regardless of the direction it takes, I am confident that rock music will continue to captivate and inspire generations of listeners, serving as a beacon of artistic expression and a voice for the disenfranchised and the misunderstood. For as long as there are young hearts yearning to break free from the shackles of convention, there will be rock music to provide them with the anthems they need to fuel their rebellion and chase their dreams.In a world that often feels chaotic and overwhelming, rock music offers a sanctuary – a place where we can lose ourselves in the thunderous beats and searing melodies, and find solace in the shared experiences of those who have walked a similar path. It is an art form that transcends language barriers and cultural divides, speaking to the universal human yearning forself-expression, catharsis, and connection.So, crank up the volume, let the power chords wash over you, and embrace the liberating power of rock music. For within its electrifying rhythms and soul-stirring lyrics lies a timeless truth –that in a world that often tries to silence our individuality, the act of rocking out is an act of defiance, a celebration of the human spirit, and a testament to the enduring power of artistic expression.。
句子Translation
我爱我的那个丽，可爱迷人有魅力； 我恨我的那个丽，要和他人结伉俪； 她大方又美丽；和我出逃去游历； 她的芳名就叫艾米丽，家住东方人俏丽。
6. It was a splendid population- for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. 出来这群人个个都出类拔萃；因为那些 呆板，呆滞，呆头呆脑的呆子都呆在了 家里。
6. Texas Big, bold and friendly, Texas offers colorful scenery, an exciting choice of recreational opportunities and a unique pride in its local hospitality. Covering over 431,000 square kilometers, Texas is the second largest state in America. Choose from an array of scenic settings for a truly memorable travel adventure. Take in the surf and sun all year long on Padre Island. Ride the range as cowboy or cowgirl at an authentic guest or working ranch. Dine out in style after a day of city shopping. Discover the original handicrafts and semitropical climate of the Rio Grande Valley. Range:山脉 ranch: 大牧场
苏格兰编年史英文
苏格兰编年史英文The History of Scotland is a long and complex one, with a rich and diverse culture that has been shaped by a variety of influences over the centuries.The earliest known inhabitants of what is now Scotland were the Picts, a Celtic people who lived in the region from prehistoric times until around the 10th century AD, when they were gradually assimilated into the Gaelic-speaking population.In the 9th and 10th centuries, Scotland was invaded and settled by Norse Vikings, who established a number of independent kingdoms in the region. These kingdoms eventually coalesced into a single, unified kingdom under the rule of Kenneth MacAlpin, who is traditionally regarded as the first king of Scotland.During the Middle Ages, Scotland was a fiercely independent nation, with a strong monarch and a distinct legal and political system. The country engaged in frequent wars with its southern neighbor, England, and also maintained close ties with the continent, particularly with France.The 16th century saw the rise of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, which had a profound impact on the country's religious and political life. The Reformation led to a long and bitter struggle between Catholic and Protestant factions, as well as a series of conflicts with England that culminated in the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI of Scotland also became James I of England.The 18th century saw the gradual erosion of Scotland's independence, as the country was gradually incorporated into the United Kingdom. This process culminated in the Act of Union of 1707, which merged the parliaments of Scotland and England into a single governing body.Despite this, Scotland has retained a strong sense of national identity and has continued to play a significant role in British and international affairs. In recent years, there has been a growing movement for Scottish independence, and the country now has its own devolved parliament with extensive powers over domestic affairs.Today, Scotland is a modern, vibrant nation with a rich cultural heritage and a proud history. Its people continue to celebrate their traditional customs and festivals, and the country remains a popular destination for tourists from around the world.。
BBKNNR批量平衡KNN工具的中文名字说明书
Package‘bbknnR’November20,2023Title Perform Batch Balanced KNN in RVersion1.1.0Date2023-11-17Description A fast and intuitive batch effect removal tool for single-cell data.BBKNN is origi-nally used in the'scanpy'python package,and now can be used with'Seurat'seamlessly. License MIT+file LICENSEEncoding UTF-8Depends R(>=4.1.0),methods,utilsLinkingTo Rcpp(>=1.0.8)Imports future,glmnet,Matrix,magrittr,Rcpp,RcppAnnoy,reticulate,rlang,Rtsne,Seurat,SeuratObject,tidytable,uwot(>=0.1.14)LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.2.3URL https:///ycli1995/bbknnR,https:///Teichlab/bbknn,https://bbknn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/BugReports https:///ycli1995/bbknnR/issuesSuggests dplyr,knitr,rmarkdown,testthat(>=3.0.0),patchworkConfig/testthat/edition3VignetteBuilder knitrNeedsCompilation yesAuthor Yuchen Li[aut,cre]Maintainer Yuchen Li<********************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-11-2015:10:09UTC12panc8_small R topics documented:panc8_small (2)RidgeRegression (3)RunBBKNN (4)Index8panc8_small A small example version of the pancreas scRNA-seq datasetDescriptionA subsetted version of the pancreas scRNA-seq dataset to test BBKNNUsagepanc8_smallFormatA Seurat object with the following slotsfilledassays Currently only contains one assay("RNA"-scRNA-seq expression data)counts-Raw expression data•data-Normalized expression data•scale.data-Scaled expression data•var.features-names of the current features selected as variable•meta.features-Assay level metadata such as mean and variancemeta.data Cell level metadataactive.assay Current default assayactive.ident Current default identsgraphs Emptyreductions Dimensional reductions:currently PCAversion Seurat version used to create the objectcommands Command historySourceSeuratData https:///satijalab/seurat-dataRidgeRegression3 RidgeRegression Perform ridge regression on scaled expression dataDescriptionPerform ridge regression on scaled expression data,accepting both technical and biological cate-gorical variables.The effect of the technical variables is removed while the effect of the biological variables is retained.This is a preprocessing step that can aid BBKNN integration.UsageRidgeRegression(object,...)##Default S3method:RidgeRegression(object,latent_data,batch_key,confounder_key,lambda=1,seed=42,verbose=TRUE,...)##S3method for class SeuratRidgeRegression(object,batch_key,confounder_key,assay=NULL,features=NULL,lambda=1,run_pca=TRUE,npcs=50,="pca",reduction.key="PC_",replace=FALSE,seed=42,verbose=TRUE,...)Argumentsobject An object...Arguments passed to other methodslatent_data Extra data to regress out,should be cells x latent databatch_key Variables to regress out as technical effects.Must be included in column names of latent_dataconfounder_key Variables to to retain as biological effects.Must be included in column names of latent_datalambda A user supplied lambda sequence.pass to glmnetseed Set a random seed.By default,sets the seed to42.Setting NULL will not set a seed.verbose Whether or not to print output to the consoleassay Name of Assay ridge regression is being run onfeatures Features to compute ridge regression on.If features=NULL,ridge regression will be run using the variable features for the Assay.run_pca Whether or not to run pca with regressed expression data(TRUE by default) npcs Total Number of PCs to compute and store(50by default) Dimensional reduction name(pca by default)reduction.key Dimensional reduction key,specifies the string before the number for the dimen-sion names(PC by default)replace Whether or not to replace original scale.data with regressed expression data (TRUE by default)ValueReturns a Seurat object.ReferencesPark,Jong-Eun,et al."A cell atlas of human thymic development defines T cell repertoire forma-tion."Science367.6480(2020):eaay3224.RunBBKNN Perform batch balanced KNNDescriptionBatch balanced KNN,altering the KNN procedure to identify each cell’s top neighbours in each batch separately instead of the entire cell pool with no accounting for batch.The nearest neighbours for each batch are then merged to create afinal list of neighbours for the cell.Aligns batches in a quick and lightweight manner.UsageRunBBKNN(object,...)##Default S3method:RunBBKNN(object,batch_list,n_pcs=50L,neighbors_within_batch=3L,trim=NULL,approx=TRUE,use_annoy=TRUE,annoy_n_trees=10L,pynndescent_n_neighbors=30L,pynndescent_random_state=0L,use_faiss=TRUE,metric="euclidean",set_op_mix_ratio=1,local_connectivity=1,seed=42,verbose=TRUE,...)##S3method for class SeuratRunBBKNN(object,batch_key,assay=NULL,reduction="pca",n_pcs=50L,graph_name="bbknn",set_op_mix_ratio=1,local_connectivity=1,run_TSNE=TRUE,TSNE_name="tsne",TSNE_key="tSNE_",run_UMAP=TRUE,UMAP_name="umap",UMAP_key="UMAP_",min_dist=0.3,spread=1,seed=42,verbose=TRUE,...)Argumentsobject An object...Arguments passed to other methodsbatch_list A character vector with the same length as nrow(pca)n_pcs Number of dimensions to use.Default is50.neighbors_within_batchHow many top neighbours to report for each batch;total number of neighboursin the initial k-nearest-neighbours computation will be this number times thenumber of batches.This then serves as the basis for the construction of a sym-metrical matrix of connectivities.trim Trim the neighbours of each cell to these many top connectivities.May help with population independence and improve the tidiness of clustering.The lowerthe value the more independent the individual populations,at the cost of moreconserved batch effect.Default is10times neighbors_within_batch times thenumber of batches.Set to0to skip.approx If TRUE,use approximate neighbourfinding-RcppAnnoy or pyNNDescent.This results in a quicker run time for large datasets while also potentially in-creasing the degree of batch correction.use_annoy Only used when approx=TRUE.If TRUE,will use RcppAnnoy for neighbour finding.If FALSE,will use pyNNDescent instead.annoy_n_trees Only used with annoy neighbour identification.The number of trees to construct in the annoy forest.More trees give higher precision when querying,at the costof increased run time and resource intensity.pynndescent_n_neighborsOnly used with pyNNDescent neighbour identification.The number of neigh-bours to include in the approximate neighbour graph.More neighbours givehigher precision when querying,at the cost of increased run time and resourceintensity.pynndescent_random_stateOnly used with pyNNDescent neighbour identification.The RNG seed to usewhen creating the graph.use_faiss If approx=FALSE and the metric is"euclidean",use the faiss package to com-pute nearest neighbours if installed.This improves performance at a minor costto numerical precision as faiss operates onfloat32.metric What distance metric to use.The options depend on the choice of neighbour algorithm."euclidean",the default,is always available.set_op_mix_ratioPass to’set_op_mix_ratio’parameter for umaplocal_connectivityPass to’local_connectivity’parameter for umapseed Set a random seed.By default,sets the seed to42.Setting NULL will not set a seed.verbose Whether or not to print output to the consolebatch_key Column name in meta.data discriminating between your batches.assay used to construct Graph.reduction Which dimensional reduction to use for the BBKNN input.Default is PCA graph_name Name of the generated BBKNN graph.Default is bbknn.run_TSNE Whether or not to run t-SNE based on BBKNN results.TSNE_name Name to store t-SNE dimensional reduction.TSNE_key Specifies the string before the number of the t-SNE dimension names.tSNE by default.run_UMAP Whether or not to run UMAP based on BBKNN results.UMAP_name Name to store UMAP dimensional reduction.UMAP_key Specifies the string before the number of the UMAP dimension names.tSNE by default.min_dist Pass to’min_dist’parameter for umapspread Pass to’spread’parameter for umapValueReturns a Seurat object containing a new BBKNN Graph.If run t-SNE or UMAP,will also return corresponded reduction objects.ReferencesPola´n ski,Krzysztof,et al."BBKNN:fast batch alignment of single cell transcriptomes."Bioinfor-matics36.3(2020):964-965.Index∗datasetspanc8_small,2glmnet,4panc8_small,2RidgeRegression,3RunBBKNN,4umap,6,78。
生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译
1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。
2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。
Elna缝纫机说明书
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If you happen to spot a broken link on our website while trying to download Elna sewing machine instruction manual pdf, please inform us about that so we can fix it and help you obtain the file you need.Finally, we always try to optimize our server setup to provide the safest and fastest downloads, so you won’t be wasting time and Internet traffic if you use our website.Aerosmith Songs Aerosmith Songs Find all Aerosmith Songs, Lyrics and more ! Home Lyrics Albums All Songs A-Z Music Videos Shop Contact Privacy Policy rss feed 2012 02.28 Aerosmith is Back, Steven Tyler says Category: Aerosmith News / Tags: no tag / Comments Off Rock band Aerosmith to hit the road June 18th. You can currently see Steven Tyler each week on American Idol, but as busy as he is, he still manages to find time to care about the band. Tyler said Aerosmith have been in studio for the last month. Tyler currently seems in great spitits, with good reasons as Idol and Aerosmith are both going well. Aerosmith is working with producer Jack Douglas (Toys in the Attic, Draw the Line) and as every fan would expect, the classic Aerosmith sound is to be brought back. According to Tyler, the next Aerosmith songs will have a vintage sound . So far, the session feel like they did back in the day, according to Tyler. I m having such a good time writing again, said the singer. And even more good news for all fans, Aerosmith will hit the road beginning this June. June 18th it starts, he said. So spread the word. 2011 05.17 Aerosmith Tough Love: Best Of The Ballads to be released on May 10th Category: Aerosmith Albums, Aerosmith News / Tags: no tag / Add Comment Tough Love: Best Of The Ballads by Aerosmith will be released on May 10th, 2011 via Geffen Records. Buy from Amazon MP3 Download on Amazon Track List : 01. Angel 02. Amazing 03. Love In An Elevator 04. Cryin 05. What It Takes 06. Rag Doll 07. Crazy 08. Deuces Are Wild 09. Livin On The Edge 10. Blind Man 11. Janie s Got A Gun 12. Dream On According to The Hollywood Reporter in early February, sales of Aerosmith s greatest hits collections had increased by more than 250% following Steven Tyler s appearance as a judge for American Idol s 10th season. Sales of Big Ones (1994 Compilation) increased by 260% after the show s premiere on January 19th. Devil s Got a New Disguise: The Very Best of Aerosmith (2004) saw increased sales of 146% after 2 weeks. Two other greatest hits collections have seen sales increase of 137% and 147%. In the meantime, Aerosmith s single I Don t Want To Miss A Thing has been downloaded 34,000 times during the week of January 30th, a 363% increase, while the 1973 hit Dream On had 26,000 downloads (+318% compared to the week before). Tom Hamilton, Aerosmith bassist, told the Boston Herald that Steven Tyler thinks he has enough time and energy to continue leading the band while being an American Idol judge. Steven s been very emphatic in saying that the way his time is arranged on the show leaves room to work on a record. He s been taking great pains to remind everybody of that, so hopefully that s the way it will come out. , Hamilton said. 2011 02.06 Aerosmith songs sales rise thanks toAmerican Idol Category: Aerosmith News / Tag: Aerosmith, American Idol / Add Comment Steven Tyler s presence since American Idol premiere gave aerosmith songs sales a huge boost. Since the 2011 season premiere, Steven Tyler being part of American Idol jury seems to bring back aerosmith songs popularity. 70 s and 80 s songs like I don t want to miss a thing and Dream on are now hitting Billboard s top list. While nobody expected this before, Steven Tyler probably had this in mind when he signed for the Fox TV channel s reality show. If some people thought that the 10th season would suffer from the absence of Simon Cowell, Steven Tyler s presence seems to matter so much that American Idol doesn t lack him anymore. So far, Steven Tyler has been a pretty striking presence on Idol, said Rushfield. He s a wild character, and he s pretty much pushed Simon Cowell out of people s minds in just two weeks. Only a few episodes were enough to bring back Aerosmith songs popularity in the USA, which sales has dramaticaly incresed just after the show aired on Fox TV. As he had never watched the show before, it seems almost clear that Tyler was on to something : getting involved with American Idol would bring back Aerosmith s popularity to its highest in almost a decade. Aerosmith songs I don t want to miss a thing (1998) and two versions of Dream on (1973) now rank respectively #22, #77 and #115 on Apple s iTunes chart. In addition, according to Billboard, Steven Tyler s off-the-cuff duet with Lauren Alaina of I Don t Want to Miss a Thing , that aired on Jan. 27th, followed by the original music video, led this song to enter Billboard s Digital Songs Chart at #54. The ballad that had raigned #1 for four weeks in 1998 sold 34 000 downloads in a week between Jan. 24th and 30th, a 363% increase. 2011 02.01 New Aerosmith songs are to come in 2011 ! Category: Aerosmith News / Tag: Aerosmith / Add Comment Aerosmith will release a new album in 2011. They have already begun jamming sessions for new songs. Not long ago, dispite rumors of turbulences in the band, Joey Kramer (Aerosmith s drummer), revealed that the band intended to release an old school album in 2011. The latest Aerosmith s studio album, Honkin on Bobo had been released in 2004. It has been followed by several years of unrest, with rumors of a potential split. While a recent article in the New York Post claimed that because of Steven Tyler s commitment tu be a judge on American Idol contest, the band couldn t be able to work, Dina LaPolt, Tyler s attorney replied by stating this fact : four of a band s members, including Steven Tyler (lead singer), Brad Whitford (guitarist) and Tom Hamilton (Bassist) are currently involved in jamming sessions in Marti Frederiksen s studios in Los Angeles. Producer Marti Frederiksen have been a long time studio collaborator for Aerosmith. Only Joe Perry (guitarist) is missing because of indefinite involvments, and there is still no information about when he will be joining the four others, though he is planning on rejoining them soon. According to Frederiksen, in an interview with , the jamming sessions are taking place in great conditions; with lots of work, inspiration and fun. Fans will be craving for a tour supporting this new album, as Aerosmith s show are know to be simply amazing. This new album is to be released this year, and it will as long as member can keep it together ! 2011 01.30 Aerosmith Songs : Over 40 years of Rock n Roll Category: Aerosmith News / Tag: Aerosmith, Aerosmith biography, Aerosmith songs / Add Comment Aerosmith Songs Over 40 years of Rock n Roll The American band Aerosmith is one of the kind that has gone to hell and back. Their history is split in two main periods : the first is before they went into drugs and alcohol, and the other is after the rehab. Aerosmith was formed by the end of 1969 in Sunapee (New Hampshire) when two bands merged : Chain Reaction, which was led by Steven Tallarico, and Jam Band, which included Joe Perry and Tom Hamilton. The first Aerosmith songs Their first gig was played in 1970 in Massachusetts, featuring Steven Tallarico on vocals, Joe Perry on lead guitar, Ray Tabano on rhythms, Tom Hamilton on bass, and Joey Kramer on drums. Ray Tabano left the band to be replaced by Brad Whitford in 1971, and came back later to become their marketing director. As the band s reputation started to grow, Steven Tallarico changed his name to Steven Tyler in 1972. Their first self-titled album (Aerosmith) was released in 1973, after they signed a contract with Columbia Records. The single Pandora s Box was included on Get your Wings, which was released in 1974 and went gold. Then Sweet Emotion became their first song hitting Top 40, and the billboard Top 20 Album Chart was hit by Toys in the Attic. 80 000 fans has been gathered for their first stadium show at Pontiac Silverdome (Michigan) on June 12th, 1976. Tickets were sold out within only 12 hours. Rocks was released in 1976 and became platinum. Several singles including Nobody s Fault and Draw the Line were released throughout 1977. In 1979, the band has been deeply affected by disagreements between Steven Tyler and Joe Perry and split up. Aerosmith reformed in 1984 with Tim Collins as a new manager, and took a fresh start with new songs and albums. Done with Mirrors was released in 1985, before Run D.M.C. gave the band a push by covering Walk This Way. Steven Tyler and Joe Perry agreed to consider a rehab, and made great efforts to stay sober. Aerosmith songs and awards Dude (Looks Like A Lady), featured on album Permanent Vacation released in 1987, was nominated for Best Group Video andBest Stage Performance in 1988 s MTV Video Music Awards. In the meantime, Angel topped 3rd on the Billboard Charts. Janie s Got a Gun earned the band a Grammy award after they released Pump in 1989. In 1993, Livin On the Edge, Cryin , Crazy and Amazing, all from Get a Grip, hit the charts. Their first number one hit was I Don t Want to Miss a Thing, that they recorded for the movie Armageddon. Aerosmith got its place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after Just Push Play, including Jaded was released in 2001. An all-blues album recorded in 2003 brought back previews fans, and earned the band new ones at the same time. Now, after more than 40 years, Aerosmith is still rocking and rolling, touring and recording new songs ! Click here for a complete list of Aerosmith songs Previous Entries Special Offers Test And Keep AFree iPhone 4S ! Browse Albums Lyrics All Songs A-Z Music Videos Shop Contact Privacy Policy Links AeroForceOne | Official fan club Aerosmith on MySpace Aerosmith | Official Website Wikipedia page for Aerosmith 2011 Elna sew fun sewing machine pdf instructionElna Sew Fun Sewing machine PDF instruction manual in English. Categories Categories Elna Sew Fun Sewing machine PDF instruction manual in English .repair manual for dodge grand caravan.pdfElna manuals - ecraterElna 2006 Sewing Machine Instruction Manual Pdf. $5.00. Elna 2004 Sewing Machine Instruction Manual Pdf. $5.00. 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颜色和波长
LED防静电
LED产品在加工生产的过程中 要采取防静电措施，如：工作台 要接地，工人要穿防静电服装， 带防静电环，以及带防静电手套 等，有条件的可以安装防静电离 子风机，进入生产车间人员做人 体静电综合测试等，同时要保证 生产车间的湿度在65% 左右，以 免空气过于干燥产生静电，尤其 是绿色LED容易被静电损坏。另外， 不同质量档次的LED抗静电能力也 不一样，质量档次高的LED抗静电 能力要强一些。据统计，由于操 作不当，LED产品有30%被静电损 坏。
LED产业链
衬 底
（ 、蓝宝石、 、金属；）
Байду номын сангаас
外 延
（发光材料） （芯片）
工程
（应用）
灯具
（应用）
光源
（封装）
史福特所在位置
史福特所在位置
史福特所在位置
LED芯片介绍
1、 LED芯片分类介绍
2、 不同结构LED芯片的性能简介
3、垂直结构LED芯片的制成
Led芯片的结构
LED芯片有两种基本结构，水平结构（Lateral）和垂直结构 （Vertical）。横向结构LED芯片的两个电极在LED芯片的同一侧， 电流在n-和p-类型限制层中横向流动不等的距离。垂直结构的LED 芯片的两个电极分别在LED外延层的两侧，由于图形化电极和全部 的p-类型限制层作为第二电极，使得电流几乎全部垂直流过LED外 延层，极少横向流动的电流，可以改善平面结构的电流分布问题， 提高发光效率，也可以解决P极的遮光问题，提升LED的发光面积。
白光LED色区的划分
White Binning Information
LED封装形式
为满足不同产品的需要，LED的封装形式也出现了多样化，下面简 单介绍一下：
LED封装形式
LED基础知识
1、照明术语介绍
2、重点介绍LED结温和热阻 3、温度对LED的影响
4、 常用LED 光电参数介绍
照明术语
LED色彩丰富
由于LED带宽比较窄， 颜色纯度高，因此LED 的色彩比其他光源的色 彩丰富得多。 据有关专家计算， LED的色彩比其他光源 丰富30%,因此，它能够 更准确的反应物体的真 实性，当然也更受消费 者的青睐！
LED发光原理
发光二极管的核心部分是由p 型半导体和n型半导体组成的晶片， 在p型半导体和n型半导体之间有 一个过渡层，称为p-n结。在某些 半导体材料的PN结中，注 入的少 数载流子与多数载流子复合时会 把多余的能量以光的形式释放出 来，从而把电能直接转换为光能。 PN结加反向电压，少数载流子难 以注入，故不发光。
Led 知 识
LED简介
1、LED的定义 2、LED的特点
3、发光原理
什么是LED
LED 是取自 Light Emitting Diode 三个字的 缩写，中文译为 “发光二极管”，顾名思义发光 二极管是一种可以将电能转化为 光能的电子器件具有二极管的特 性。
LED光源的特点
电 压：LED使用低压电源，单颗电压在1.9-4V之间，比使用高压 电源更安全的电源。 效 能：光效高，目前实验室最高光效已达到 161 lm/w（cree）,是 目前光效最高的照明产品。 抗震性：LED是固态光源，由于它的特殊性，具有其他光源产品不能 比拟的抗震性。 稳定性：10万小时，光衰为初始的70% 响应时间：LED灯的响应时间为纳秒级，是目前所有光源中响应时间 最快的产品。 环 保：无金属汞等对身体有害物质。 颜 色：LED的带快相当窄，所发光颜色纯，无杂色光，覆盖整过可 见光的全部波段，且可由R\G\B组合成任何想要可见光。
LED应用
LED应用
LED应用
LED应用
LED应用
LED应用
谢谢！
总热阻为各层热阻之和
光输出与温结的 关系
LED的光输出随着结温的升高而降低
颜色和波长
光的颜色是否可以看见是由它的波长决定，光的波长是以纳 米（nm）为单位。发光二极管发出的光几乎都是一致的也就是说 它几乎都是在一个波长，发出非常纯的颜色。可见光的波长范围 为380nm~780nm，以下是光的颜色和它的波长： 中红外线红光： 4600nm - 1600nm --不可见光 低红外线红光： 1300nm - 870nm --不可见光 850nm - 810nm -几乎不可见光 近红外线光:（780~740nm）
二、 LED采用荧光粉实现白光主要有三种方法，但它们并没有完 全成熟，由此严重地影响白光LED在照明领域的应用。
白光LED的实现方法
第一种方法是：在蓝色LED芯片上涂敷能被蓝光激发的黄色荧光粉， 芯片发出的蓝光与荧光粉发出的黄光互补形成白光。该技术被日本 Nichia公司垄断，而且这种方案的一个原理性的缺点就是该荧光体 中Ce3＋离子的发射光谱不具连续光谱特性，显色性较差， 难以满 足低色温照明的要求。同时发光效率还不够高，需要通过开发新型 的高效荧光粉来改善。 第二种方法是：在蓝色LED芯片上涂敷绿色和红色荧光粉，通过芯片 发出的蓝光与荧光粉发出的绿光和红光复合得到白光。该类产品虽 显色性较好，但所用荧光粉的转换效率较低，尤其是红色荧光粉的 效率需要较大幅度的提高，因此推广也较慢。
水平型芯片性能介绍
水平型产品以普瑞芯片为代表，芯片的主要特点是： 光效一般：最高在 100 lm\w左右； 电压高：蓝光在3.4~4V； 热阻高：使用蓝宝石衬底导热性差。芯片本身的热阻在 4~6 ‘C/W;
亮度一般：由于采用水平结构，电流横向动，电流密度不均，容易局 部烧坏；为弥补这一缺陷，在芯片的上表面做ITO.ITO将以 减少出光为代价。同一尺寸芯片，发光面窄，亮度低。 光利用率低：65%左右的光从正面发出，35%的光从侧面发出，靠反射来
市场上通常所说的3500K、4000K、6500k等等多少色温的 说法其实不是很科学的，因为从CIE图中我们可以看出，同一 色温在图中不是对应唯一的点，它跟色坐标是一对多的关系。 为了解决这一问题，行业中通常将自己生产的LED对其色坐标 进行归纳总结，最终将其肉眼看起来差别不明显的LED归到一 起，这样分选出来的LED在CIE中就对应了一个小小区域，这就 是色区。 用色区来划分LED产品，是整过行业通用的方法，请看下 图：
LED封装
1、LED封装图工艺
2、白光LED制造方法 3、白光LED色区的划分
4、 LED与传统灯具的对比
LED封装；
白光LED的实现方法
白光LED的实现方法
一、配色，白平衡 白色是红绿蓝三色按亮度比例混合而成，当光线中绿色的亮度 为69%，红色的亮度为21％，蓝色的亮度为10％时，混色后人眼感 觉到的是纯白色。但LED红绿蓝三色的色品坐标因工艺过程等原因 无法达到全色谱的效果，而控制原色包括有偏差的原色的 亮度得到 白色光，称为配色。
光通量(φ ) 是: 点光源或非点光源在单位时间内所发出的能量,其中可产生视觉者(人能感觉 出来的辐射通量)即称为光通量。光通量的单位为流明(简写lm),1流明(lumen或 lm)定义为一国际标准烛光的光源在单位立体弧角内所通过的光通量。 光照度： 可用照度计直接测量。光照度的单位是勒克斯，是英文lux的音译，也可写 为lx。被光均匀照射的物体，在1平方米面积上得到的光通量是1流明时，它的 照度是1勒克斯。 发光强度： 简称光强，国际单位是candela（坎德拉）简写cd。Lcd是指光源在指定方 向的单位立体角内发出的光通量。光源辐射是均匀时，则光强为I=F/Ω ，Ω 为 立体角，单位为球面度（sr）,F为光通量，单位是流明，对于点光源由I=F/4 。 左右。
照明术语
光亮度： 表示发光面明亮程度的，指发光表面在指定方向的发光强度与垂直且指定方 向的发光面的面积之比，单位是坎德拉/平方米。对于一个漫散射面，尽管各个方 向的光强和光通量不同，但各个方向的亮度都是相等的。电视机的荧光屏就是近 似于这样的漫散射面，所以从各个方向上观看图像，都有相同的亮度感。 光 效：光源发出的光通量除以光源的功率。它是衡量光源节能的重要指标。单位： 每瓦流明（Lm/w）。 显色性：光源对物体呈现的程度，即颜色的逼真程度。常称“显色指数”单位： Ra。 色 温：光源发射光的颜色与黑体在某一温度下辐射光色相同时，黑体 的温度称为该光源的色温。单位：开尔文（k）。 光束角：通常称角度，指于垂直光束中心线之一平面上，发光强度等于50%最大发 光强度的二个方向之间的夹角 。
白光LED的实现方法
第三种方法：在紫光或紫外光LED芯片上涂敷三基色或多种颜色的荧 光粉，利用该芯片发射的长波紫外光（370nm－380nm）或紫光 （380nm－410nm）来激发荧光粉，从而实现白光发射。该种LED的显 色性更好，但存在与第二种方法类似的问题，且目前转换效率较高 的红色和绿色荧光粉多为硫化物体系。这类荧光粉发光稳定性差、 光衰较大，故还没批量使用。
达到出光，利用率低。
唯一的优点就是：便于集成封装。不过，它也是缺点，由于没解决好散 热，所以集成封装只有加速它的衰减，不可取。
垂直芯片剖析
垂直芯片的制成
垂直LED制造的方法
制造垂直结构LED芯片有两种基本方法： 一、剥离生长衬底； 二、不剥离生长衬底 。 其中生长在砷化镓生长衬底上的垂直结构GaP基LED芯片有两种 结构： 一、不剥离导电砷化镓生长衬底：在导电砷化镓生长衬底上层 迭导电DBR反射层，生长 GaP 基LED外延层在导电DBR反 射层上。 二、剥离砷化镓生长衬底：层迭反射层在GaP基LED外延层上， 键合导电支持衬底，剥离砷化镓衬底。导电支持衬底包括， 砷化镓衬底，磷化镓衬底，硅衬底，金属及合金等。