Building Applications for the Belgian eID card
BUILDING_THE_BRIDGE
O n October 17 and 18, 2023, the 3rd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation was held in Beijing, China. H.E. Mr. Srettha Thavisin, PrimeMinister of the Kingdomof Thailand, attended and engaged in discussionswith representatives from Chinese enterprises on bilateral investment and cooperation. On social media, he posted a doodle of a map of the proposed Land Bridge project in southern Thailand and commentedon the encouraging resultsof his communication with representatives from Chinese railway enterprises.On November 3, Srettha Thavisin met Chinese Ambassador to ThailandHan Zhiqiang and stressed Thailand’s enthusiasm about cooperating with China to fund and build the Land Bridge. Srettha Thavisin pledged to authorize the Ministry of Transport and Board of Investment (BOI) to negotiate with the Chinese government on specific investment means and other cooperation details of the project.Snowballing attentionon the project has ensured the bridge becomes a major component of China-Thailand connectivity cooperation. Canal or BridgeThe Land Bridge projectis located on the Isthmus ofKra, the narrow neck of theMalay Peninsula. The isthmusseparates the Gulf of Thailandto the east from the AndamanSea to the west and is only56 kilometers wide at itsnarrowest point.The area was an importantroute for the Maritime SilkRoad as early as in the HanDynasty (206 BC-AD 220).According to the Treatiseon Geography in the Book ofHan, the official dynastichistory of the Han Dynasty,the ancient Chenli Kingdomand Fugandulu Kingdom weresituated on the eastern andwestern sides of the MalayPeninsula, respectively, andpeople had to walk for morethan ten days to travel betweenthe two locations.The geographical dividemade maritime transportationbetween the two areas quiteinconvenient because shipshad to circumnavigate thepeninsula and cross the Straitof Malacca to shuttle back andforth, which contributed to thedevelopment of Singapore.Many leaders of Thailandhave sought to connect the twosides and develop the area intoa shipping, trade, and financialhub of Southeast Asia. As earlyas in the Ayutthaya Kingdom(1351-1767), nobles attempted todig a canal across the Isthmusof Kra to connect the PacificOcean and the Indian Ocean.Before the 20th Century,British and French colonizersrepeatedly proposed to theroyal family of the Chakridynasty that they could dig acanal in the area. In the 21stCentury, canal plans havecontinued to regularly featurein the planning of the Thaigovernment.However, the canal has stillnever passed the conceptualstage despite hundreds of yearsof discussion and planning,which could be attributed tothree specific factors.First, economic factors.A canal would help cut thetravel time between the twomajor oceans by two to fivedays by eliminating 900 to1,200 kilometers, but thatadvantage would be dwarfedby the performance of majorglobal canals. For example,the Panama Canal shortensvoyages by over 8,200kilometers, and the Suez Canalreduces journeys by morethan 10,000 nautical miles.Therefore, the appeal of a canalin the Isthmus of Kra wouldbe fairly limited, and it wouldlikely take much longer for theeconomic benefits to cover themassive construction costs.Second is the environment.The canal would bring notonly many ships but alsotheir pollution, whichcould be detrimental to thelocal tourism industry andecosystem of the beautifulThe Land Bridge project will bring both opportunities and challenges to ThailandSnowballingattention onthe projecthas ensuredthe bridgebecomesa majorcomponentof China-Thailandconnectivitycooperation.62Hand-drawn illustration of the Land Bridge project by Prime Minister of Thailand Srettha Thavisin. (SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM)Business & Industry65outlining plans to develop the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) and Southern Economic Corridor (SEC), boost industrial upgrades, and enhance international competitiveness.Currently, EEC is enjoying rapid progress, with the China-Laos-Thailand railway playing a key role in aligning it with the BRI. Construction of the SEC is poised to become a focal point for the new Thai government’s endeavors, and the Land Bridge project is expected to be linked to China’s 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which has strategic importance for both China and Thailand.The Land Bridge will advance economic and trade cooperationbetween both countries and facilitate alignment of supply and demand as well as connectivity.Thailand’s southern region is a major agricultural production area, and its agriculture contributes approximately 30 percent to the region’s GDP. The region has huge export demand for products such as rubber, seafood, wood products, and palm oil, but local demand for imports is smaller. This imbalance means that many vessels have to sail empty to local ports, which increases transportation costs.Hence, insufficient shipping capacity has pushed many products produced in southern Thailand to take a longer route. They would first be transported by land to the port of Penang in Malaysia or ports in Bangkok and Laem Chabang in eastern Thailand before being exported abroad. The problem has also dampened trade between China and Thailand despite China being the largest export market for agricultural products from southern Thailand. Laem Chabang Port and Chumphon Port, included in the Land Bridge project, are each designed to handle throughput of 20 million TEUs, making them well-positioned to address this problem effectively.The Thai government also proposed seizing the Land Bridge project as an opportunity to promote industrial upgrading and transformation in southern Thailand. The plan includesreclaiming land in the port areas and building supporting facilities as well as establishing industrial zones to attract foreign investment. The country has outlined plans to import electronic components from China, process them in the Land Bridge area, and then export the finished products to countries in Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and along the Pacific coast, which would make the country a crucial link in the transoceanic supply chain.China and Thailand have previously collaborated on the construction of the Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone in eastern Thailand, which has since served as a successful model for bilateral investment and industrial cooperation. Many expect the Land Bridge to replicate this cooperation model in southern Thailand.In addition to promoting China-Thailand trade, the Land Bridge project will inject greater vitality into cooperation between China and ASEAN. China-ASEAN trade and investment has been gaining momentum since the entry intoforce of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2022. According to the plan for the Land Bridge, Chumphon Port will become the largest port on the western coast of the Gulf of Thailand, and the oil and gas pipelines included in the project are designed to alleviate the increasing burden on the Strait of Malacca. Since Thailand is situated at the geographic center of ASEAN, the Land Bridge has great potential to become a hub for shipping, trade, and energy transportation. China’s extensive participation in the project will create a new route to extend the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The Thai government expects big things from the Land Bridge, and Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin has expressed considerable enthusiasm for China’s participation in theproject. However, the project still faces multiple difficulties and challenges.The first problem is funding. According to data released by the Thai Cabinet, total investment in the Land Bridge project will exceed 1.012 trillion Thai Baht (US$27.72 billion), which is more than twice the total cost of the first and second phases of the Bangkok-Nong Khai section of the China-Thailand High-speed Railway. The construction period for the Land Bridge will be lengthy and will involve massive costs as well as significant investment risks. Now, the Thai government is attracting investment for the project through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, which brings the challenge of coordinating the interests of various participants.The second obstacle isenvironmental consideration. The Land Bridge could have adverse effects on the marine ecosystem in Southern Thailand and potentially lead to losses for local tourism and fishery due to increased maritime traffic. Therefore, multiple rounds of environmental assessments are necessary before advancing theproject, including listening to voices from local people and gaining their trust to address the concerns of the community.Lastly, the project faces challenges from both domestic and international political environments. Domestically, the Thai government needs to address issues of uneven resource allocation across regions, and internationally, it must navigate competition with neighboring countries for maritime resources. As the American Indo-Pacific strategy proceeds, the United States and India could becomenervous about China gaining greater influence in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. If Thailand adheres to its traditional conservative “balanced diplomacy,” the Land Bridge project could get stuck.About the author Tian Lin is a lecturer at the School of Asian Studies at Beijing Foreign Studies University.。
小学英语 英语故事(名人故事)化学家利奥贝克兰
化学家利奥·贝克兰化学家利奥·贝克兰[1] In the opening scene of The Graduate, Benjamin Braddock (played by a young Dustin Hoffman) is awkwardly working an affluent Southern California crowd at a graduation party arranged for him by his parents when a family friend offers one of the century's most famous pieces of cine-matic advice: "I just want to say one word to you. Just one word: plastics."[2] Millions of moviegoers winced and smiled. The scene neatly captured their own late '60s ambivalence toward the ever more synthetic landscape of their times. They loved their cheap, easy- to-clean Formica countertops, but envied-and longed for-the authentic touch and time-lessness of marble and wood. The chord struck by that line in The Graduate under-scored how much had happened in the six decades since the summer of 1907, when Leo Baekeland made the laboratory break-through that would change the stuff our world is made of.[3] A Belgian-horn chemist-entrepreneur, Baekeland had a knack for spotting profitable opportunities. He scored his first success in the 1890s with his invention of Velox, an improved photographic paper that freed photographers from having to use sunlight for developing images. With Velox, they could rely on artificial light, which at the time usually meant gaslight but soon came to mean electric. It was a far more dependable and convenient way to work. In 1899 George Eastman, whose cameras and developing services would make photogra-phy a household activity, bought full rights to Velox for the then astonishing sum of $ 1 million.[4] With that windfall, Baekeland, his wife Celina(known as "Bonbon") and two children moved to Snug Rock, a pala-tial estate north of Yonkers, N.Y., over-looking the Hudson River. There, in a barn be converted into a lab, he began foraging for his next big hit. It wasn't long before the burgeoning electrical industry seemed to say just one word to him: insulators.[5] The initial tease for Baekeland----"Doc Baekeland" to many-was the rising cost of shellac. For centuries, the resinous secretions that Laccifer lacca beetles de-posited on trees had provided a cottage in-dustry in southern Asia, where peasants heated and filtered it to produce a varnish for coating and preserving wood products. Shellac also happened to be an effective electrical insulator. Early electrical workers used it as a coating to insulate coils, and molded it into stand-alone insulators by pressing together layers of shellac-impreg-nated paper.[6] When electrification began in earnest in the first years of the century, de-mand for shellac soon outstripped supply. Baekeland recognized a killer ap when he saw one. If only he could come up with a synthetic substitute for shellac.[7] Others nearly beat him to it. As early as 1872, German chemist Adolf Von Baeyer was investigating the recalcitrant residue that gathered in the bottom of glass-ware that had been host to reactions be-tween phenol (a turpentine-like solventdis-tilled from coal tar, which the gas-lighting industry produced in bulk) andformalde-hyde (an embalming fluid distilled from wood alcohol). Von Baeyer set his sights on new synthetic dyes, however, not insulators. To him, the ugly, insoluble gunk in his glassware was a sign of a dead end.[8] To Baekeland and others aiming to find commercial opportunities in the nascent electrical industry, that gunk was a signpost pointing toward something great. The chal-lenge for Baekeland and his rivals was to find some set of conditions----some slippery ratio of ingredients and heat and pressure that would yield a more workable, shellac-like substance. Ideally it would be some-thing that would dissolve in solvents to make insulating varnishes and yet be as moldable as rubber.[1]在电影（毕业生》的片头场景中，本杰明·布拉多克（由年轻的达斯廷·霍夫曼扮演）在父母为他安排的毕业晚会上，很不习惯地周旋在一群富裕的南加州人中，此时，一位友人说出了本世纪最著名的一条电影对白：“我只想跟你们说一个词，就一个词：塑料。
Fueter定理在八元数中的推广
Fueter定理在八元数中的推广廖建全; 曹俊飞【期刊名称】《《广东第二师范学院学报》》【年(卷),期】2019(039)005【总页数】8页(P53-60)【关键词】Fueter定理; 八元数; O-解析函数【作者】廖建全; 曹俊飞【作者单位】广东第二师范学院数学系广东广州510303【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O174.30 引言如果f(z)是上半平面某区域上的复解析函数，且f(z)=u(s,t)+iv(s,t),z=s+it,则Fueter定理指出以下四元数值函数[1]是四元数解析的，这里文[2]将以上结果推广到偶数维的Clifford代数空间. 对于Rm+1中的基元e0,e1,…,em，e0=1是单位元，e1,…,em的乘法满足关系eiej+ejei=-2δij. 此时对上半平面复解析函数f(z)=u(s,t)+iv(s,t)，对应的Clifford值诱导函数为这里则成为一个Clifford值左解析函数，这里为m+1维Laplace算子.以上可以发现m+1为偶数时才为正整数，使得有直接的意义. 但稍后，文[3]将这个结果推广到m+1为奇数时也成立，此时要将考虑为一个恰当的伪微分算子.文[4]进一步将文[2]的结果推广如下:当m+1为偶数时，设为关于变量的k阶齐次Clifford值左解析函数，则成为一个Clifford值左解析函数. 随后，文[5]利用Fourier变换等工具将文[4]的结果推广到对一般的正整数m也是成立的.一个代数Α是可除的指的是∀0≠x∈Α有逆存在，即给定x∈Α，必定存在y∈Α使得xy=yx=1，并称y为x的逆. 一个赋范代数是指其范数满足‖xy‖=‖x‖‖y‖,x,y∈Α. 一个代数称为交错的是指由其中任意两个元生成的子代数是结合的. 即代数Α称之为交错的如果(xx)y=x(xy),(xy)x=x(yx),(yx)x=y(xx),∀x,y∈Α.实数域R上有限维的交错的(赋范)可除代数只有4种[6-8]:实数R，复数C，四元数H，八元数O. 它们具有关系:R⊂C⊂H⊂O. 关于乘法，R和C是交换的且是结合的，H是结合的但非交换的，而O是既非结合又非交换的. 四元数H由爱尔兰数学家和物理学家W. R. Hamilton[9]于1843年发现，八元数O由英国的J.I.Graves于1844年和A. Cayley于1845年分别独立发明[6]，因此八元数也称为Cayley代数. 1878年，W. K. Clifford创立了一种宇宙代数R(n)，现称之为Clifford 代数[10]. 其对乘法是结合但非交换的，且R(0)=R，R(1)=C，R(2)=H，R(3)≠O，并且当n≥3时，R(n)不是可除代数.因此把经典复分析理论向高维推广有两个发展方向:复分析→四元数分析→Clifford 分析；复分析→四元数分析→八元数分析.四元数分析的发展始于20世纪30年代，在此后的20多年时间里，瑞士数学家R. Fueter和他的学生的优秀工作使得四元数分析趋于完善[1,11-12]. 四元数分析是单复变函数论向高维发展的一个辉煌成就. Clifford分析的建立始于20世纪70年代，在R.Delanghe， F.Brackx， F.Sommen等[13-16]的努力下得到了长足的发展. 八元数分析始于P.Dentoni和M.Sce等[17-19]. 但由于八元数乘法的非结合和非交换性，八元数分析直到最近20多年来才取得一定的进展. 1995年以来，李兴民、彭立中等[20-26]发表了一系列关于八元数分析的文章. 他们引进了O-解析函数的概念，建立了八元数中的Cauchy积分公式、Taylor展式和Laurent展式等.本文将探讨Fueter定理在八元数中的推广，给出定理的严格证明. 下面第1节是关于八元数的基础知识，第2节是八元数框架下Fueter定理的严格证明.1 预备知识八元数是实数域上一个八维代数. 设R8的一组基为{e0,e1,e2,e3,e4,e5,e6,e7}. 令M={(1,2,3),(1,4,5),(2,4,6),(3,4,7),(2,5,7),(6,1,7),(5,3,6)}，规定这些基元之间的乘法如下[20]:且对任意三元组(α,β,γ)∈M，有eαeβ=eγ=-eβeα，eβeγ=eα=-eγeβ，eγeα=eβ=-eαeγ，我们就得到八元数代数O.对任意x∈O，x可表示为和分别称为x的实部和虚部. x的共轭定义为非负数称为x的范数. 对x,y∈O，有于是非零x∈O的逆为八元数是一个非结合代数，即对x,y,z∈O，(xy)z=x(yz)一般不再成立，称[x,y,z]=(xy)z-x(yz)为x,y,z的结合子，则所定义的结合子满足以下关系式[20]:设Ω为R8中的一个连通非空开集. 称f∈C1(Ω, O)是在Ω上的左(右)O-解析函数，如果这里:Dirac算子D及其伴随算子定义为对O-解析函数来说，与复解析函数一样，在其解析定义域内都是无穷次可微的[20]. 而由结合子的性质，易见对O-解析函数f，有则任意左(右)解析函数的每一分量都是实调和函数. 如果f同时左O-解析和右O-解析，称f为O-解析函数. 若f 在整个R8都(左)O-解析，则称f为(左)O-整函数.根据八元数解析函数的定义，须注意到形如f(x)=xn(n∈Z)这样简单的函数都不是一个左O-解析函数.如果φ是在R8中的实值调和函数，由于则成为一个O-解析函数. 对这样的解析函数，我们称为Stein-Weiss解析函数. 这是E. M. Stein和G. Weiss[27]为了在高维情形建立Hp空间，将复解析函数的概念推广到高维，引入了以他们名字命名的共轭调和函数系(解析函数). 对Stein-Weiss解析函数这里fi都是实值函数，满足以下方程:Stein-Weiss解析函数在八元数分析中是具有核心地位的函数，它可以表示一个实值调和函数的共轭梯度，满足上面最后一个方程组，八元数解析函数的正交基都是Stein-Weiss解析函数[30]，并且一个重要的性质是，一个Stein-Weiss解析函数右乘一个八元数常数仍是一个八元数左解析函数[28]，这是八元数解析函数非右模的一个恰当的替代，对克服八元数的非结合造成的困难提供许多帮助.关于八元数和八元数分析的更多工作可参考[28-35].2 Fueter定理在八元数中的推广定理1 设f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)是在上半平面某个区域Ω上的复解析函数，将x,y和i分别替换为和得到一个关于变量的八元数值诱导函数则对任意k阶齐次O-解析函数为在的左O-解析函数.定理中的k自然是非负整数,是缺变量x0的. 当k=0时就回到最基本的情形:对定理1中的为左O-解析函数(事实上，是一Stein-Weiss解析函数).对于缺变量x0的O-解析函数如果是左O-解析的，则必然也是右O-解析的(所以定理1中的不分左右解析). 事实上，由于这里[f]i表示O-值函数f的第i个实值分量函数. 则由可得与而故为证定理1，首先对给出以下引理.引理1 设为关于变量的k阶齐次O-解析函数，则为中的O-解析函数.证明对由于齐次性与解析性，首先有以及这里表示关于变量的七维Laplace算子. 由此得到而对于k阶齐次O-解析函数有于是与证明一样，得到因此定理1的证明由于对每一复解析函数f(x+iy)可以写为(∂x-i∂y)h(x,y)，这里h(x,y)为关于x,y的二元实值调和函数. 于是对上半平面某区域Ω上的解析函数f(x+iy)，其八元数诱导函数可以写为而对任意实值函数h(x0,r)，有从而有于是故要证明是O-解析的，只要证明由于对任意实值函数g(x0,r)，有再由引理1的结果，得由此得到(1)而(2)因此对一般的正整数s，有(3)因为h(x0,r)是关于x0与r调和的，由(1)得到代入式(2)结果，连续推导得到再次使用式(1)，得到(4)由式(3)结果可得代入式(4)得到因此这就完成定理1的证明.推论1 对定理1中的为Stein-Weiss解析函数.事实上，说明了推论1的正确性.现记表示f(z)由Fueter定理构造得到的O-解析函数. 下面举例说明τ(f)的具体表达式.对于由前可得代入得到对于复解析多项式zn(n∈Z+)，易见其诱导函数为xn，此时对应的u与v可写为注意到当s≤n时，有代入以上结果，得到当n≥6时有对指数函数ez，由于ez=(∂x-i∂y)excos y，得到h(x0,r)=ex0cos r，从而参考文献:【相关文献】[1] FUETER R.Die dunktionentheorie der differetialgleichungen Δu=0 und ΔΔu=0 mit vier reellen variablen[J].Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici,1934,7:307-330.[2] SCE M.Osservazioni sulle serie di potenze nei moduli quadratici[J].Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei,1957，23(8):220-225.[3] QIAN T.Generalization of Fueter’s result to Rn+1[J].Rendiconti Lincei Matematica e Applicazioni,1997，8(9):111-117.[4] SOMMEN F.On a generalization of Fueter’s theorem[J].Journal of Analysis and its Applications,2000，19(4):899-902.[5] KOU K I,QIAN T,SOMMEN F.Generalizations of Fueter’s theorem[J].Methods and Applications of Analysis,2002，9(2):273-289.[6] BACZ J C.The octonions[J].Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society,2002,39:145-205.[7] BACZ J C.On quaternions and octonions:their geometry,arithmetic,andsymmetry[J].Bulletin of The American Mathematical Society,2005,42:229-243.[8] JACOBSON N.Basic algebra[M].New York:W H Freeman and Company,1985.[9] HAMILTON W R.Elements of quaternions[M].New York:Chelsea Publishing Company,1969.[10] CLIFFORD W K.Application of Grassman’s extensive algebra[J].American Journal of Mathematics,1878,1:350-358.[11] FUETER R.Analytische funktionen einer quaternionenvariablen[J].Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici,1932，4:9-20.[12] SUDBERYA.Quaternionic analysis[J].Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1979，85:199-225.[13] BRACKX F,DELANGHE R,SOMMEN F.Clifford analysis[M].Boston:Pitman Advanced Publishing Program,1982.[14] DELANGHE R,SOMMEN F,SOUCEK V.Clifford algebra and spinor valued functions:a function theory for Dirac operator[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer,1992.[15] GiLBERT J E,MURRAY M A.Clifford algebras and Dirac operators in harmonic analysis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.[16] HESTENES D,SOBCZYK G.Clifford algebra to geometric calculus,a unified language for mathematics and physics[M].Dordrecht:Reidel Publishing Company,1984.[17] DENTONI P,SCE M.Funzioni regolari nell’algebra di Cayley[J].Rendiconti delSeminario Matematico della Università di Padova,1973,50,:251-267.[18] MANOGUE C A,DRAY T.Octonionic Möbius transformations[J].Modern Physics Letters A,1999,14:1243-1255.[19] NONO K.On the octonionic linearization of Laplacian and octonionic function theory[J].Bulletin of Fukuoka University of Education Part III,1988,37:1-15.[20] LI X M.Octonion analysis[D].Beijing:Peking University,1998.[21] LI X M,PENG L Z.On Stein-Weiss conjugate harmonic function and octonion analytic function[J].Approximation Theory and its Applications,2000,16:28-36.[22] LI X M,PENG L Z.Taylor series and orthogonality of the octonion analyticfunctions[J].Acta Mathematica Scientia,2001,21B(3):323-330.[23] LI X M,PENG L Z.The Cauchy integral formulas on the octonions[J].Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society-Simon Stevin,2002,9:47-64.[24] LI X M,PENG L Z.Three-line theorems on the octonions[J].Acta Mathematica Sinica,2004,47(3B):483-490.[25] LI X M,PENG L Z,QIAN T.Cauchy integrals on Lipschitz surfaces in octonionic spaces[J].Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,2008,343:763-777.[26] LI X M,ZHAO K,PENG L Z.The Laurent series on the octonions[J].Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras,2001,11(2):205-217.[27] STEIN E M,WEISS G.On the theory of harmonic functions of several variables I.The theory of Hpspaces[J].Acta Mathematica,1960,103:26-62.[28] LIAO J Q,LI X M.The necessary and sufficient condition for [D,φ(x),λ]=0[J].Acta Mathematica Sinica,2009,52A(6):1085-1090.[29] LIAO J Q,LI X M,WANG J X.Orthonormal basis of the octonionic analyticfunctions[J].Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,2010,366(1):335-344. [30] LIAO J Q,WANG J X,LI X M.The all-associativity of octonions and itsapplications[J].Analysis in Theory and Applications,2010,26(4):326-338.[31] LIAO J Q,LI X M.An improvement of the octonionic Taylor type theorem[J].Acta Mathematica Scientia,2011,31B(2):561-566.[32] LIAO J Q,LI X M.A note on Laurent series of the octonionic analyticfunctions[J].Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras,2012,22(2):415-432.[33] LIAO J Q,WANG J X.The necessary and sufficient condition for D(φ(εx))=0[J].Acta Mathematica Sinica,2013,56A(4):597-604.[34] LIAO J Q.A substitute for the set of left k-analytic functions is not a rightmodule[J].Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations,2013,58(7):963-974.[35] LIAO J Q,LI X M.On k-analytic functions of an octonionic variable[J].Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras,2017,27(4):3149-3166.。
国际工程常用词汇中英文对照表(01 商务)
Cost Plus Persentage Fee Contract
Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract
Cost Plus Guaranteed Maximum Contract
Maximum Cost plus Fee Contarct
6
银皮书：设计采购施工（EPC）/交钥匙工程合同 条件
Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey
7 绿皮书：简明合同格式
Short Form of Constract
8 土木工程施工分包合同条件（配套红皮书） 9 金皮书：设计、建造及运营项目合同条件 10 粉皮书：施工合同条件——多边开发银行和谐版 11 蓝绿皮书：疏浚与吹填工程合同条件
ULC
Factory Mutual Insurance Company
FM
China Compulsory Product Certification CCC
Development Business
International Business Opportunities Service
联合国刊物 世行刊物
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Property Federation
Scottish Building Contract Committee
Underwriters Laboratories
UL
Underwriters Laboratories Canada
缩写/备注 SSST TSST
GMP RFP IFB ITB ITT
雅思阅读全真模考题：短信电视的进化版
雅思阅读全真模考题：短信电视的进化版小站独家，最新雅思阅读全真模拟试题。
一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。
小站精心整理了一批雅思阅读模拟试题。
如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心，那么这一系列的模拟题真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么！Texting! the television 2A THERE was a time when any self-respecting television show,particularly one aimed at a young audience, had to have an e-mail address. But on Europe's TV screens, such addresses are increasingly being pushed aside in favour of telephone numbers to which viewers can send text messages from their mobile phones. And no wonder: according to research about to be published by Gartner, aconsultancy, text messaging has recently overtaken Internet use in Europe. One of the fastest-growing uses of text messaging, moreover, is interacting with television. Gartner’s figures show that 20% of teenagers in France, 11 % in Britain and 9% in Germany have sent messages in response to TV shows.B This has much to do with the boom in “reality TV” shows, such as“Big Brother”, in which viewers’ voles decide theoutcome. Most reality shows now allow text-message voting, and in some cases, such as the most recent series of “Big Brother” in Norway, the majority of votes are cast in this way. But there is more to TV-texting thanvoting. News shows encourage viewers to send in comments; games shows allow viewers to compete; music shows take requests by text message;and broadcasters operate on-screen chartrooms. People tend to have their mobiles with them on the sofa, so “it’s a very natural for m of interaction,” says Adam Daum of Gartner.C It can also be very lucrative, since mobile operators charge premiumrates for messages to particular numbers. The most recent British series of “Big Brother”, for example, generated 5.4m text-message votes and ￡1.35m (S2. lm) in revenue. According to a re port from Van Dusseldorp& Partners, a consultancy based in Amsterdam, the German edition of MTV's “Videoclash”，which invites viewers to vote for one of two rival videos, generates up to 40,000 messages an hour, each costing curo0.30 ($0.29). A text contest alongside the Belgian quiz show “1 Against 100” (以一敌百)attracted 110.000 players ina month, each of whom paid euro 0.50 per question in an eight-roundcontest. In Spain, a cryptic-crossword(神秘的猜字游戏) clue is displayed before the evening news broadcast; viewers are invited to text in their answers at a cost of euro 1, for a chance to win a curo300 prize. On a typical day, 6,000 people take part. TV-related text messaging now accounts for an appreciable share of mobile operators' data revenues. In July, a British operator, mmO2, reportedbetter-than-expected financial results, thanks to the flood of messages caused by “Big Brother”. Operators typically lake 40-50% of the revenue from each message, with the rest divided between the broadcaster, the programme maker and the firm providing themessage-processing system. Text-message revenues are already a vital element of the business model for many shows. Inevitably, there is grumbling（怨言）that the operators take too much of thepie. Endemol, the Netherlands-based production company behind “Big Brother”, and many other reality TV shows has started building its own database of mobile-phone users. The next step will be to establish direct billing relationships with them, and bypassthe operators(运营商).D Why has the union of television and text message suddenly proved sosuccessful? One important factor is the availability of special four-, five- or six-digit numbers, called “shortcodes”(简码).Each operator controls its own shortcodes, and only relatively recently have operators realised that it makes sense to co-operate and offer shortcodes that work across all networks. The availability of such common shortcodes was a breakthrough, says Lars Becker of Flytxt, a mobile-marketing firm, since shortcodes are far easier to remember when flashed up on the screen.E The operators' decision to co-operate in order to expand the marketis part of a broader trend, observes Katrina Bond of Analysys, a consultancy. Faced with a choice between protecting theirmargins and allowing a new medium to emerge, operators have always chosen the first. WAP(无线应用协议），a technology for reading cut-down web pages on mobile phones, failed because operators were reluctant to share revenue with content providers. Having learnt their lesson, operators are changing their time. In France, one operator. Orange, has even gone so far as to publish a rate card for text-message revenue-sharing, a degree of transparency(透明度）that would once have been unthinkable.F At a recent conference organised by Van Dusseldorp &Partners, HanWeegink of CMG, a firm that provides text-message infrastructure, noted that all this is subtly changing the nature of television.Rather than presenting content to viewers, an increasing number of programmes involve content that reacts to the viewer's input. That was always the promise of interactive TV, of course. Interactive TV was supposed to revolve around fancy set-top boxes that plug directly into the television. But that approach has a number of drawbacks, says MrDaum. It is expensive to develop and test software for multiple and incompatible types of set-top box, and the market penetration, at 40% or less, is lower than that for mobile phones, which are now owned by around 85% of Europeans. Also, mobile-phoneappli cations can be quickly developed and set up. “You can get to market faster, and with fewer grasping(贪婪的) intermediaries,”says MrDaum. Providers of set-top box technology are addingtext-messaging capabilities to their products.G The success of TV-related texting is a reminder of howeasily anelaborate technology can be unexpectedly overtaken by a simpler, lower-tech approach. It does not mean that the traditional approach to interactive TV is doomed: indeed, it demonstrates that there is strong demand for interactive services. People, it seems, really do want to do more than just stare at the screen. If nothing else, couch potatoes like to exercise their thumbs.Questions 28-32The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-EChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi an existed critical system into operating in a new wayii Overview of a fast growing businessiii profitable games are gaining more concernsiv Netherlands takes the leading rolev a new perspective towards sharing the businessopportunitiesvi opportunities for all round prevalent applicationsvii revenue gains and bonus shareviii the simpler technology prevails over complex onesix set-top box provider changed their mind28 Paragraph A29 Paragraph B30 Paragraph C31 Paragraph D32 Paragraph EQuestions 33-35Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.33 33.In Europe, a consultancy suggested that young audiences spend moremoney on:A thumbing text messageB writing E-mailC watching TV programD talking through Mobile phones34 What happened when some TV show invited audience to participate:A get attractive bonusB shows are more popular in Norway than in other countriesC change to invite them to the reality showD their participation could change the result35 Interactive TV change their mind of concentrating set-top box butswitched to:A increase their share in the marketB change a modified set-top boxC build an embedded message platformD march into European marketQuestions 36-40Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.A Lars Becker FlytxtB Katrina Bond of AnalysysC EndemolD CMCE mmO2F Gartner36 offer mobile phone message technology37 earned considerable amount of money through a famous program38 shortcodes are convenient to remember when turn up39 build their own mobile phone operating applications40 it is easy for people to send messages in an interactive TV结构（一句话概括每段大意）A段：短信在电视节目中日趋盛行B段：短信在节目中流行的原因C段：短信为运营商带来巨大收益D段：简码的运用是电视短信成功的重要因素E段：运营商的利益分配机制F段：互动电视的利与弊雅思阅读全真模考题:短信-电视的进化版。
Belimo 空调技术文档说明书
T e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .121Custom Globe Valve Retrofit Solution FormUGSP SeriesDimensions A, B, & C relate to the existing valve stem. Dim A is the stem diameter where it is NOT threaded (Style A), or grooved (Style B). Dim B refers to the length of the threaded region on the valve stem or top region of the grooved stem. Dim C is the actual thread specification for the threaded style stem (1/4-28, 5/16-24, 3/8-24, 7/16-20 & 1/2-20 are typical). Dim C for the grooved style is the measurement of the stem groove height. This information is used to design a stem adapter which will connect the valve stem to the new linkage drive rack. It is important to specify the correct thread pattern, as incorrect data will prevent the stem adapter from attaching to your valve. If you cannot determine the correct thread spec, you can send a nut from the valve stem and we will match the correct specification. In some cases where older valves are concerned, some valve stems must be trimmed in the field to allow attachment of the linkage system. In these cases, a stem adapter is designed to “bite” into the smooth surface of the valve stem itself.Dimensions D1, D2 & D3 are used to determine the height of the linkage assembly required to clear the valves’ full stroke. A minimum of two dimensions are required to manufacture the correct linkage system for your valve. These dimensions also provide the information necessary to determine valve stroke. The maximum stroke from Belimo globe valve retrofit systems is 1.500”.Dimension E refers to the valve bonnet diameter (regardless if threads are present or not). Over time, impurities will react to the bonnet threads and corrode them to the point where they no longer meet the original thread specification. Because of this, we manufacture slip fit collars designed to slide over the bonnet threads, and locking setscrews are provided which “bite” into the original threads. All retrofit systems are designed to work with the raw valve body and do not account for previous actuation components which must be removed from the valve body before attaching the new linkage system.Dimension F refers to the thread specification on threaded bonnets, and refers to the minor diameter on slip on bonnets (Landis type). This information helps us determine the length of the locking devices required to hold the collar onto the bonnet.Dimensions G & H are used to determine working height of the bonnet region of your globe valve, while Dim I is used in calculating the minimum ID of the collar that will fit over the packing nut. Additionally, information about the environment and process in which this linkage system will be utilized should be provided.All the requested information contained on this form is required to guarantee the complete, perfect fit of your retrofit system. Keep in mind that retrofit kits are designed with close-tolerance components which afford the most efficient linkage systems. Measurements rounded to the nearest 1/8 or 1/16 inch will not perform as well as a kit designed around careful measurements using proper equipment. Our designs are typically +.005” tolerance.Required Tools - calipers, thread gauge, and retrofit formWe will do our best to provide a linkage system designed around your specifications and measurements. However, we cannot be held responsible for linkages which do not fit as a result of incorrect data given to Belimo. We will re-work components which do not fit properly for a nominal fee. To reduce the possibility of incorrect linkage solutions, we respectfully request that you fill out the retrofit form completely and forward thatinformation with your order. This will serve as a double check between your valve and the actuator/linkage package designed for your application.Actuation, weather shields and linkages cannot be pre-assembled at the Belimo factory prior to your receipt. The linkages are designed to be attached onto the valve body first, then optional weather shields, and finally actuation products.Close-off pressures are calculated using actuator torque, valve stroke, and valve area. Other factors may affect the rated close-off pressures, including flow rates, system maintenance schedules, chemicals used in the shot feeder process, vicinity to pumps, condition of valve stem seals, and assembly of linkage material in the field.Valves that are being considered for retrofit of actuation should be analyzed for their life expectancy before the retrofit has taken place. Valves that leak through stem seals or casings will continue to leak with the new linkage system in place, maybe even more so. Rebuilding the packing on these valves may be more costly than replacing the valves themselves. In some instances, older valve stem heights will require field modifications to the valve in order to utilize the retrofit kit. Belimo takes no responsibility for the operation of these valves after they have been modified.Instructions for Completing this FormT e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .Custom Globe Valve Retrofit Solution FormUGSP SeriesFAIL SAFE: FAIL POSITION: VOLTAGE _____ACTUATOR 2 WAY/3 WAY:VALVE SIZE:MEDIA TEMP:MEDIA TYPE:SYSTEM PRESSURE:VALVE MANUFACTURE:VALVE SERIES:VALVE MODEL:VALVE TAG/LOCATION:QUANTITY:COMPANY:JOB NAME:PO#:PHONE:EMAIL:NOTE: THIS INFORMATION WILL BE UTILIZED IN THE FABRICATION OF A CUSTOM LINKAGE SYSTEM FOR YOUR VALVE REQUIREMENT; THEREFORE, IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE ABOVE DIMENSIONS BE FURNISHED WITH READINGS TAKEN TO THE NEAREST .001". ANY ERRONEOUS DIMENSIONS FURNISHED WHICH RESULT IN IMPROPER FIT OF THIS LINKAGE SYSTEM ARE NOT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF BELIMO AIRCONTROLS. ANY REWORK REQUIRED WILL RESULT IN AN EXTRA CHARGE.CUSTOM KITS ARE DESIGNED TO YOUR UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS AND ARE NOT RETURNABLE.COMPANY CONTACT/DIMENSIONS PROVIDED BY: ____________________________________________________________________ DATE: ___________________T e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .158Custom Butterfl y Valve Retrofi t Solution FormUFSP SeriesPlease keep in mind that all dimensions should be taken with ALL original actuation and hardware components removed from the valve body.Examples of dimensions A & B (Dim A and Dim B) relate to the TOP mounting holes on the butterfl y valve body. These holes are usually arranged onthe body in either an “X” pattern (MOUNT STYLE 1), or a cross pattern (MOUNT STYLE 2). This information is entered on the UFSP Series Butterfl y Valve Retrofi t Form in the MOUNT STYLE section. The length of the valve stem sticking out of the top of the valve body is recorded under Dim C . The TOP mounting holes are usually drilled through the top fl ange, but sometimes are threaded. Enter this information on the form next to the mount style information previously recorded.Next is the valve stem data. The fi ve styles of valve stems cover 98% of the butterfl y valves ever produced. Examine the valve being retrofi tted to establish which shaft style matches the diagrams above. Use caution when recording these dimensions. Careless use of calipers will result in a sloppy and possibly dysfunctional linkage system. Dim D refers to the valve stem diameter and should be measured at several points up and down as well as around the stem itself. Dim E refers to the length of the drive surface available, whether it be a key, fl atted surface, or the distance a drive hole is from the top of the stem. There are two types of keys (Keyway-Shaft Style 4 and Woodruff Key-Shaft Style 5). Please select the key size as noted in the column “For Shaft Style 4 & 5”. Dim F refers to the width of the drive surface. This is the most critical dimension for correct linkage operation. Please measure accordingly. In addition, we require information about the environment and process in which this linkage system will be utilized.The form must be completed in its entirety to guarantee the complete, perfect fi t of your retrofi t system. Keep in mind that retrofi t kits are designed with close-tolerance components which afford the most effi cient linkage system for the facility. Measurements rounded to the nearest 1/8 or 1/16 inch will not perform as well (sometimes not at all) as a kit designed around careful measurements using proper equipment. Our designs are typically +.005” tolerance.Required tools - calipers and retrofi t form.DISCLAIMERWe will do our best to provide a linkage system designed around your specifications and measurements. However, we cannot be held responsible for linkages which do not fit as a result of incorrect data given to Belimo. We will re-work components which do not fit properly for a nominal fee. To reduce the possibility of incorrect linkage solutions, we respectfully request that you fill out the retrofit form completely and forward thatinformation with your order. This will serve as a double check between your valve and the actuator/linkage package designed for your application.Actuation, weather shields and linkages cannot be pre-assembled at the Belimo factory prior to your receipt. The linkages are designed to be attached onto the valve body first, then optional weather shields, and finally actuation products.Close-off pressures are calculated using actuator torque, valve stroke, and valve area. Other factors may affect the rated close-off pressures,including flow rates, system maintenance schedules, chemicals used in the shot feeder process, vicinity to pumps, condition of valve stem seals, and assembly of linkage material in the field.Valves that are being considered for retrofit of actuation should be analyzed for their life expectancy before the retrofit has taken place. Valves that leak through stem seals or casings will continue to leak with the new linkage system in place, maybe even more so. Rebuilding the packing on these valves may be more costly than replacing the valves themselves. In some instances, older valve stem heights will require field modifications to the valve in order to utilize the retrofit kit. Belimo takes no responsibility for the operation of these valves after they have been modified.Instructions for Completing this FormT e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .FAIL SAFE: FAIL POSITION: VOLTAGE_____ACTUATOR DIM F:DIM E:DIM D:SHAFT STYLEDIM G:DIM H:2 WAY/3 WAY:VALVE SIZE:MEDIA TEMP:MEDIA TYPE:VALVE MANUFACTURE:VALVE SERIES:VALVE MODEL:VALVE TAG/LOCATION:COMPANY:JOB NAME:PO#:PHONE:CUSTOM KITS ARE DESIGNED TO YOUR UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS AND ARE NOT RETURNABLE.COMPANY CONTACT/DIMENSIONS PROVIDED BY: ____________________________________________________________________ DATE: ___________________T e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .165Ball valves with-out a mounting fl ange are typically not designed for installing actuation, therefore the valve design may not support modulation outside of manual usage. Belimo does not recommend retrofi tting these types of ball valves.All dimensions should be taken with ALL original actuation and hardware components removed from the valve body.An example using Mounting Style 3: Dimensions A & B (Dim A and Dim B ) relate to the TOP mounting holes on the ball valve body. These holes are usually arranged on the body in a “X” pattern (MOUNT STYLE 3). This information is entered on the UBSP Series Ball Valve Retrofi t Form in the MOUNT STYLE section. The length of the valve stem sticking out of the top of the valve body is recorded under Dim D and E . The TOP mounting holes are usually drilled through the top fl ange, but sometimes are threaded. Enter this information on the form next to the mount style information previously recorded.MOUNT STYLE 3: Dimensions A & B (Dim A and Dim B ) relate to the TOP mounting holes on the ball valve body. These holes are usually arranged on the body in a “X” pattern (MOUNT STYLE 3). This information is entered on the UBSP Series Ball Valve Retrofi t Form in the MOUNT STYLE section. The length of the valve stem sticking out of the top of the valve body is recorded under Dim D and E . The TOP mounting holes are usually drilled through the top fl ange, but sometimes are threaded. Enter this information on the form next to the mount style information previously recorded.STEM STYLE: Examine the valve being retrofi tted to establish which stem style matches the diagrams above. Use caution when recording these dimensions. Dim H refers to the valve stem diameter and should be measured at several points up and down as well as around the stem itself. Dim E refers to the length of the drive surface available, whether it is a key or fl atted surface. Dim F refers to the width of the drive surface or the distance across the fl ats. This is the most critical dimension for correct linkage operation. Please measure accordingly. Lastly please specify thedesired actuator orientation in reference to the valve body using the ports as reference, i.e. over the “A” port etc. We have also includes an ISO-5211 standard dimension chart for reference. If the valve is labeled please specify its “F” number so that we may confi rm the dimensions per the ISO spec.In addition, we require information about the environment and process in which this linkage system will be utilized. As well as the frequency of use the current actuator runs. This will help to ensure the longevity of the new linkage and actuator. Having the prior actuator spec and model will help.The form must be completed in its entirety to guarantee the complete, perfect fi t of your retrofi t system. Keep in mind that retrofi t kits are designed with close-tolerance components which afford the most effi cient linkage systems. Measurements rounded to the nearest 1/8 or 1/16 inch will not perform as well (sometimes not at all) as a kit designed around careful measurements using proper equipment. Our designs are typically +.005” tolerance.Required tools - calipers and retrofi t form. We will do our best to provide a linkage system designed around your specifications and measurements. However, we cannot be held responsible for linkages which do not fit as a result of incorrect data given to Belimo. We will re-work components which do not fit properly for a nominal fee. To reduce the possibility of incorrect linkage solutions, we respectfully request that you fill out the retrofit form completely and forward thatinformation with your order. This will serve as a double check between your valve and the actuator/linkage package designed for your application.Actuation, weather shields and linkages cannot be pre-assembled at the Belimo factory prior to your receipt. The linkages are designed to be attached onto the valve body first, then optional weather shields, and finally actuation products.Close-off pressures are calculated using actuator torque, valve stroke, and valve area. Other factors may affect the rated close-off pressures, including flow rates, system maintenance schedules, chemicals used in the shot feeder process, vicinity to pumps, condition of valve stem seals, and assembly of linkage material in the field.Valves that are being considered for retrofit of actuation should be analyzed for their life expectancy before the retrofit has taken place. Valves that leak through stem seals or casings will continue to leak with the new linkage system in place, maybe even more so. Rebuilding the packing on these valves may be more costly than replacing the valves themselves. In some instances, older valve stem heights will require field modifications to the valve in order to utilize the retrofit kit. Belimo takes no responsibility for the operation of these valves after they have been modified.Instructions for Completing this FormT e c h .D o c - 07/14 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .Custom Ball Valve Retrofi t Solution FormFAIL SAFE: FAIL POSITION: ACTUATOR ORIENTATION:ACTUATOR DIM H:DIM G:DIM F:STEM STYLEDIM I:DIM J:2 WAY/3 WAY:VALVE SIZE:MEDIA TEMP:MEDIA TYPE:SYSTEM PRESSURE:VALVE MANUFACTURE:VALVE SERIES:VALVE MODEL:VALVE TAG/LOCATION:QUANTITY:COMPANY:JOB NAME:PO#:PHONE:EMAIL:NOTE: THIS INFORMATION WILL BE UTILIZED IN THE FABRICATION OF A CUSTOM LINKAGE SYSTEM FOR YOUR VALVE REQUIREMENT; THEREFORE, IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE ABOVE DIMENSIONS BE FURNISHED WITH READINGS TAKEN TO THE NEAREST .001". ANY ERRONEOUS DIMENSIONS FURNISHED WHICH RESULT IN IMPROPER FIT OF THIS LINKAGE SYSTEM ARE NOT THE RESPONSIBILITY OF BELIMO AIRCONTROLS. ANY REWORK REQUIRED WILL RESULT IN AN EXTRA CHARGE.CUSTOM KITS ARE DESIGNED TO YOUR UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS AND ARE NOT RETURNABLE.COMPANY CONTACT/DIMENSIONS PROVIDED BY: ____________________________________________________________________ DATE: ___________________B。
采用国际标准和国外先进标准制修订GBT 18244《建筑防水材料老化试验方法》国家标准
1GB/T 18244《建筑防水材料老化试验方法》制修订采用的国际标准和国外先进标准标准是衡量产品质量的技术依据，试验方法是检验产品质量的技术手段。
衡量试验方法是否适用于产品标准，要考虑三方面因素：1）能否准确反映产品的性能，或准确分析材料的化学成分与测定其状态。
2）试验方法的重复性与再现性好，不同实验室、不同实验室人员测得的结果在试验误差允许的范围内。
3）试验方法的应用，不仅仅是科研院所和质检机构，还有大量的产品生产企业和使用单位。
因此，还要考虑使用的方法、仪器情况、经济性、是否便于操作等因素。
《中华人民共和国标准化法》（2017年11月4日修订版）指出：“制定标准应当在科学技术研究成果和社会实践经验的基础上，深入调查论证，广泛征求意采用国际标准和国外先进标准制修订GB/T18244《建筑防水材料老化试验方法》国家标准杨斌，赵婷婷，陈斌（建筑材料工业技术监督研究中心，北京100024）摘要：介绍了制定GB/T 18244—2000《建筑防水材料老化试验方法》与本次修订该国家标准采用的国际标准和国外先进标准的内容与背景，以便广泛听取、收集行业内外对修订国家标准的意见与建议。
关键词：建筑防水材料老化试验方法；标准修订；采标文章编号：1007-497X （2020）-S2-0049-08中图分类号：TU504；TU57文献标志码：AAmendment of National Standard GB/T 18244“Test Methods for Resistance to Weathering of Building WaterproofingMaterials ”by Adopting International Standardsand Advanced Foreign StandardYang Bin ，Zhao Tingting ，Chen Bin（Building Material Industry Technology Supervision &Research Center,Beijing 100024,China ）Abstract:The article introduces the content and background of the international standards and advanced foreign standardsadopted for the establishment and this amendment of standard GB/T 18244“Test methods for resistance to weathering of building waterproofing materials ”,for the purpose of hearing and collecting extensive advises and suggestions on this amendment.Key words:test methods for resistance to weathering of building waterproofing materials;standard amendment;adoptingstandard—————————————收稿日期：2020-10-29作者简介：杨斌，男，1941年生，教授级高工，全国轻质与装饰装修建筑材料标准化技术委员会建筑防水材料分技术委员会顾问，长期从事标准研究、制修订和管理工作。
PFERD 螺纹钻石裁切轮、裁切盘、槽盘、螺纹裁切轮、PFERD POLIFAN 磨盘、CC-GRI
11/2018 S u b j e c t t o t e c h n i c a l m o d i fi c a t i o n s .August Rüggeberg GmbH & Co. KG · PFERD-Werkzeuge Hauptstrasse 13 · D-51709 Marienheide · PFERD quality certified according to ISO 9001.This user information summarizes the information required for the safe use of reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, cup wheels, grinding wheels, diamond cut-off wheels , POLIFAN flap discs, CC-GRIND grinding discs and CC-GRIND-SOLID grinding discs from PFERD (referred to below as …grinding tools“) onstationary cut-off machines, hand-held grinders and hand-held cut-off machines (both referred to below as …grinders“). In addition to this user information, user information relating to the grinder, as well as the applicable provisions on health and safety at work, should always be observed. Finally, when beeing used in Australia the AS 1788.1 and 1788.2 should always be observed.This user information complies with EC Directive 2001/95/EC on general product safety.Explanation of the labelling of grinding tools■■Always observe the instructions on the grinding tool, the grinder and all accompanying user information.■■Only use grinding tools which meet current safety standards.These products carry the relevant EN resp. AS standard number and the …oSa“ mark:•EN 12413 for grinding tools with bonded abrasives(reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, cup wheels and grinding wheels) •EN 13236 for grinding tools with diamond or boron nitrate (diamond cut-off wheels)•EN 13743 for coated abrasives(POLIFAN flap discs, CC-GRIND grinding discs) •AS 1788.1■■Use a grinding tool that is suitable for the respective application. A tool that can not be clearly identified should never be used.Observe any use restrictions, warnings and safety instructions on the grinding toolsNot permitted for hand-held grindingNot permitted for face grindingNot permitted for wet grindingDo not use if damaged Only permitted with a back-up pad Refer to instruction manual/bookletWear eye protectionWear ear protectionWear protective gloves Wear a respirator/mask■■Grinding tools for hand-held grinding with bond types B (e.g. cup wheels) and BF (reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, grinding wheels) must not be used after their expiry date. The expiry date is stated as the month and year, e.g. 04/2017. The bond type is always marked on the label.Storage of grinding tools■■Grinding tools should be stored in such a way as to prevent any adverse effects caused by moisture, frost or large temperature variations and so as to avoid mechanical damage. Do not use resinoid-bonded grinding tools or grinding tools using coated abrasives that have been exposed to severe humidity, damp, or high temperatures.Mounting principle for grinding tools■■Only use grinders that are intended for use with the relevant tool.■■Never use a grinder that is not in good condition.■■Use only grinding tools whose outer diameter and centre-hole diameter and/or thread match the specifications of the grinder.■■Never use damaged grinding tools. Grinding tools must be visually inspected and checked for any possible damage before each use.■■Keep mounting components clean and in good mechanical condition. Replace them if they become damaged or worn. If the manufacturer of the grinder provides clamping devices and special wrenches of the grinding tools (e.g. a key), then these are to be used. Tighten the clamping mechanism finger tight.■■In principle, only clamping flanges having a contact surface with the same outer diameter and which are identically shaped on the contact side are to be used.For Australia only: According to Australian Standards, for wheels of type 27 and 28 equal to or greater than 180 mm the locking nut shall seat within the depressed portion of the wheel. The flange adjacent to the wheel shall be equal to or greater than one-third of the wheel diameter and the outer part of the flange shall be free and clear from the wheel. For details see AS 1788.■■For large diameter cut-off wheels, use blotters between the grinding tool and clamping components if required.■■Prevent the grinder from accidentally turning on, before mounting or changing the grinding tool by disconnecting the power supply.■■Never exceed the maximum operating speed of a grinding tool. Make sure that the rotational speed of the grinder (rev/min, 1/min, RPM or min -1) does not exceed the maximum permissible speed given on the grinding tool, the accompanying label or packaging.■■Do not make any unauthorized changes to grinding tools.■■If a diamond cut-off wheel is a marked with a specified direction of rotation, this must be complied with.■■Each time that a tool is mounted, perform a trial run at operating speed, with the guard properly installed, for at least 30 seconds. During the trial run, the grinder must be held in such a way that in the event of any failure of the abrasive tool the operator is not struck by any fragments.■■Stationary cut-off wheels must only be used on appropriate stationary cut-off machines. They are not permitted for hand-held or manually guided grinding. If a maximum power output of the cut-off machine is indicated on the wheel label, it must never be exceeded.■■Clamping flanges for stationary cut-off wheels must meet today‘s requirements according to EN ISO 16089 (Europe) and/or AS 1788 (Australia). Our PFERD sales department will be happy to advise e of grinding tools■■Ensure that the correct abrasive product is selected for the desired application. Never use a product if it cannot be properly identified.■■Always be aware of the potential dangers during use of grinding tools.■■Always use protective equipment and guards in compliance with the operating instructions for the grinder and make sure they are properly mounted and in good condition before you switch on the grinder. The guard must always be positioned in such a way that it is located between the operator and the tool. Sparks should not fly in the direction of the operator.■■The workpiece must be fixed without tension by appropriate clamping devices or by its own weight.■■The grinder must always be turned on before the grinding tool comes into contact with the workpiece.■■Always bring grinding tools carefully into contact with the workpiece surface.■■Always guide cut-off wheels in a straight line. No lateral load should be applied to the cut-off wheel and it should not be used for face grinding.■■Only use diamond cut-off wheels on materials listed on the label.■■Grinders may only be put down once they have been turned off and have come to a complete stop.Hazards due to tool breakage, abrasive particles, sparks, dust, fumes, noise and vibration and bodily contact with the abrasive product at operation speed■■The use of appropriate personal protective equipment is required for all grinding operations to provide protection against mechanical impacts, abrasive particles, sparks, dust and fumes, noise and vibration. This includes eye protection, ear protection, respiratory protection and hand protection. Long-sleeved, flame-resistant clothing and appropriate safety footwear must be worn. Tie back long hair and do not wear loose clothing, ties or jewellery. These rules apply notonly to the operator of the grinder but also to any other persons in the working environment.■■Inhalation of grinding dust can lead to lung damage. Make sure that sufficient extraction or other appropriate measures are provided during grinding work.■■Do not use grinding tools in the vicinity of flammable materials. Flammable and explosive substances must be removed from the working environment before starting work. This includes, for example, dust deposits (especially aluminium dust), cardboard, packaging material, textiles, wood and wood chips, as well as flammable liquids and gases.■■In the event of excessive vibrations stop the grinder and investigate the cause of the vibration. Take immediate action, when using a grinding tool, if you begin to experience tingling, stinging or numbness in the hand or arms.■■Prevent accidental start-up of the grinder during the process of mounting or changing an abrasive product. Isolate grinders from their power source where necessary.■■Never remove guards from grinders where fitted and ensure they are in good condition and properly adjusted before starting the machine.■■After switching off the grinder, ensure the abrasive product has come to rest before leaving the machine unattended. Disposal of grinding tools■■Worn or defective grinding tools must be disposed of according to all local resp. national regulations.■■Note that grinding tools may become contaminated by work on certain materials.■■Grinding tools for disposal should be destroyed in a clearly visible manner in order to prevent re-use.■■Further information can be obtained from the manufacturer‘s Voluntary Product Information and Safety Data Sheet (SDS).。
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Building applications for the Belgian eID
PKCS#15 logical data structure
PIN to activate authentication or signature keys
certificates belonging to the card holder’s private keys
FedICT eID SDK
Sample code in Visual Basic
Set RetStatus = EIDlib1.Init("", 0, 0, lHandle) If (RetStatus.GetGeneral = 0) Then Set RetStatus = EIDlib1.GetID(MapColID, CertifCheck) strName = MapColID.GetValue("Name") Label1.Caption = strName End If
Building applications for the Belgian eID
read straight from a card validate the content and return the parsed, interpreted result to the application create or work with a binary copy of the public data
FedICT eID software
• Microsoft Windows
– CryptoAPI CSP for Internet Explorer, Outlook, .NET, …
• OS neutral standards
– PKCS#11 for Linux, MacOSX, Windows and Sun Solaris
Building appliቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱations for the Belgian eID
Microsoft: eID toolkits
Your client .NET class Card
.NET class Address
.NET class Identity
Microsoft add-on
Managed C++ class FedICT eidlib FedICT CSP
3. ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
Building applications for the Belgian eID
Building Applications for the Belgian eID card
Tools and SDK
FedICT eID software
Building applications for the Belgian eID
JavaCard
Building applications for the Belgian eID
OS and applications on the card
Multi-application JavaCard
ID
3rd party classes JavaCard FrameWork JavaCard Virtual Machine card OS and functions
Note: This diagram shows the logical links between the PKCS#15 objects.
Building applications for the Belgian eID
Application Areas
1. DATA CAPTURE
2. IDENTIFICATION & AUTHENTICATION
• • • • • • • • • • •
smart card naam + natNR adres foto digitale handtekening zelf-beveiliging polycarbonaat speciale bedrukking asynchrone kaart uitgereikt door RRN
signed by RRN
signed by RRN
Building applications for the Belgian eID
2 Data Sets on the card
eID specific data
ID
address
authentication
digital signature
signed by RRN
Building applications for the Belgian eID
FedICT eID SDK
API Dev. Platform Java C Visual Basic Delphy .NET C ActiveX Java application Java applet
VBA, VBscript
Perl Web app
Building applications for the Belgian eID
FedICT eID SDK
Each function returning signed data always checks the signature, toghether with the integrity of the whole certificate chain. The function returns • the status of the signature check (long) • the global status of the certificate validation (long) • for each certificate
Building applications for the Belgian eID
FedICT eID SDK
• BEID_Init() – set OCSP and CRL policy • BEID_Exit() • BEID_GetID() BEID_GetAddress() BEID_GetPicture() • BEID_GetRawData() BEID_SETRawData()
'Set RetStatus = EIDlib1.GetAddress(MapColAddress, CertifCheck)
'strStreet = MapColAddress.GetValue("Street") Set RetStatus = EIDlib1.Exit()
Building applications for the Belgian eID
Microsoft: eID support today
Middleware • Windows 98,Me,NT 4.0, 2000, XP Windows logon • Possible but requires custom GINA logon module Office • Full support in Office 2003 Internet Explorer • Full support SSL in 5.5 and above Web Sites • ASP and ASP .NET • SSO with Federal Portal Applications • Can do signing and data capture
public toolkits
Building applications for the Belgian eID
Microsoft: eID toolkits
– – – – – the certificate the certificate’s label the individual checking status the individual validation status the individual policy used: OCSP or CRL
FedICT eID SDK
• BEID_BeginTransaction() BEID_EndTransaction() • BEID_SelectApplication() • BEID_ReadFile() BEID_WriteFile()
Building applications for the Belgian eID
Building applications for the Belgian eID
OS and applications on the card
Multi-application JavaCard
applet 1
applet 2
applet 3
3rd party classes JavaCard FrameWork JavaCard Virtual Machine card OS and functions
– select the right application before reading the identity file – ensure they are not interrupted in the middle of a file read – interpret the contents of a file based on the card version
JavaCard
Building applications for the Belgian eID
2 Data Sets on the card
PKCS#15 data structure
ID
address
authentication key + certificate