Investigation of Variability in Seed Size on Seedling Establishment of Buchholzia coriacea Engle
黄芪促进中枢神经系统再生与修复的研究进展
黄芪促进中枢神经系统再生与修复的研究进展张力【摘要】黄芪具有免疫调节、抗菌、利尿、强心等多方面药理作用.中医认为神经功能缺损通常是由肾精不足所致.黄芪作为补益中药可提高机体对创伤的修复能力,增加损伤部位血供,有利于神经再生,促进神经干细胞增殖及定向分化,从中提取的单体或有效成分对中枢神经系统再生与修复具有保护作用,形成功能性神经元,为治疗神经功能缺损疾病提供了临床应用前景.该文依据黄芪对神经再生不同作用并最终促进功能性神经再生的思路对其综述.【期刊名称】《医学综述》【年(卷),期】2014(020)003【总页数】3页(P398-400)【关键词】黄芪;中枢神经系统;再生;修复;神经干细胞;神经保护【作者】张力【作者单位】西安医学院解剖教研室,西安,710021【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R282.71中医药学对神经功能缺损疾病的治疗有较深刻的认识。
神经再生已成为当前国际神经科学和脑科学研究的热点,同时也成为中医药现代化发展的一个切入点。
近年来的研究表明,中药不仅可以保护神经细胞,提高神经元抵抗损伤的能力[1],还可以促进神经干细胞(neural stem cell,NSC)增殖及定向分化,形成功能性神经元,达到治疗神经功能缺损疾病的目的[2]。
了解中药的作用机制,有助于为中药的临床应用拓展思路。
1 黄芪的有效成分及作用《中国药典》中收载蒙古黄芪或膜荚黄芪的干燥根作为药用黄芪正品。
中国黄芪属特有植物——淡紫花黄芪可当做膜荚黄芪使用。
常见的药用黄芪及制品多为蒙古黄芪。
其注射液是经提取后制成的灭菌水溶液。
目前对黄芪药材及含君药黄芪的中成药均以黄芪皂苷Ⅳ(黄芪甲苷)作为质量评价指标[3]。
药理研究表明,黄芪注射液中不同化学成分具有不同的药理活性,主要有3种:黄芪皂苷、黄芪酮、黄芪多糖[4]。
此外,有研究发现一些中药配伍黄芪可提高机体对创伤的修复能力,增加损伤部位血供,有利于神经再生和修复[5]。
黄芪作为祖国医学常用的中药材之一,其药用历史悠久。
农作物品种审定标准棉花
农作物品种审定标准棉花英文回答：Cotton Variety Approval Standards.The approval of new cotton varieties is a critical step in ensuring the quality and productivity of cotton production. To achieve this, a set of standards must be established to guarantee that the varieties meet specific requirements. Here are the key standards for cotton variety approval:1. Yield Potential: Varieties must demonstrate high yield potential under various growing conditions. This is assessed through multi-location trials and comparison with existing varieties.2. Fiber Quality: The fiber quality of the variety is of paramount importance. It includes parameters such as fiber length, fineness, strength, and color. Thesecharacteristics are crucial for determining the suitability of cotton for different textile applications.3. Disease and Pest Resistance: Varieties must exhibit resistance to major diseases and pests that cansignificantly impact yield and quality. This includes resistance to pests such as boll weevils, aphids, and spider mites, as well as diseases like Verticillium wilt and Fusarium wilt.4. Adaptation to Specific Environments: Varieties must be adapted to the specific environmental conditions where they will be grown. This includes factors such as climate, soil type, and water availability.5. Seed Quality: The quality of the seed is essential for successful cultivation. Seeds must be treated to prevent disease transmission and ensure high germination rates.6. Genetic Purity: Varieties must meet specific genetic purity standards to maintain their uniformity and stabilityover time.7. Commercial Value: Varieties must have commercial value and be accepted by the industry. This includes factors such as market demand, spinning quality, and suitability for specific textile applications.中文回答：棉花品种审定标准。
现场流行病学基石——病例定义
Incidence
60 40 20 0 0 5 10 Time
监测到的病例总数 Total disease detected 疾病X Disease X
15
20
25
相似疾病 Similar disease
什么是病例定义?
What is a case definition?
• 一套标准
Comparisons must reflect changes or differences in the disease
疾病监测的病例定义必须始终保持一致
Case definitions for surveillance need to be consistent over time.
报告病例数 Reported Cases
构建病例定义
Construction of case definitions
监测系统病例定义应用实例
Applying case definitions
病例一览表
Line Listing
疾病的时间序列
Time sequence of illness
为什么使用病例定义?
Why use a case definition?
病例的错误分类可导致流行病学分析偏差
Misclassified cases can bias epidemiologic analysis
暴露 Exposed 病例 Cases 真实 True 相似疾病
Similar disease
小计 Total
非病例 Not Cases 900 960
1860
一个典型的病例定义（临床诊断）：麻疹 A typical case definition: measles
植物遗传嵌合体及其在观赏植物育种中的应用
植物学通报 2005, 22 (6): 641￣647 Chinese Bulletin of Botany综 述植物遗传嵌合体及其在观赏植物育种中的应用李明银 ① 何云晓( 绵阳师范学院生命科学与工程系园林科学研究所 绵阳 621000)摘要 植物嵌合体是由2种或者2种以上遗传型细胞组成的特殊的植物结构, 它在西欧国家观赏植物产 业中发挥着非常重要的作用。
本文根据有关资料及作者在德国柏林洪堡大学园艺科学所多年的研究结 果,着重介绍了植物嵌合体的概念及形成机理、植物嵌合体的分类以及植物嵌合体繁殖中的特点,植物 嵌合体的作用, 并简要地讨论了其在植物育种中的生产开发和利用问题。
关键词 天竺葵, 嵌合体, 异倍型嵌合体, 细胞转移, 细胞突变, 试管培养, 异花异色株Plant Chimeras and Application in the Breeding of the Ornamental PlantLI Ming-Yin① HE Yun-Xiao( Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Mianyang Normal University , Mianyang 621000)AbstractThe plant chimera contains at least 2 different genotypes in the shoot apex of plantsand plays an important role in the ornamental plant market in Europe. This review of the literature and investigations at the horticultural science institute of Humboldt University of Berlin covers the definition, theory of formation, important characteristics, classification and function of the plant chimera and its application in the breeding of ornamental plants. Key words Pelargonium zonale , Plant chimera, Cytochimera, Layer translocation, Cell mutation, In vitro culture, Mixed flower众所周知 , 淀粉植物、蛋白质植物以及 油料植物可以提供生物能源, 以满足人们物质 生活的需要 , 而观赏植物则具有赏心悦目的 色、香、形 , 可以满足人们精神生活的需 要。
转基因植物下的害虫预测预报的作文
转基因植物下的害虫预测预报的作文英文回答：Predicting and forecasting pest outbreaks ingenetically modified (GM) crops is crucial for effective pest management and ensuring crop productivity. By understanding the potential risks and vulnerabilities of GM crops to pest infestations, scientists and farmers can take proactive measures to prevent or control pest outbreaks.One approach to predicting pest outbreaks in GM cropsis through the use of mathematical models. These models take into account various factors such as the biology and behavior of the pests, environmental conditions, and the specific traits of the GM crop. By inputting data on these factors, the models can simulate and predict the likelihood and severity of pest outbreaks.For example, let's consider a GM crop that has been genetically engineered to produce a toxin that is harmfulto a specific pest. The mathematical model would incorporate information on the pest's population dynamics, the toxicity of the GM crop, and the environmental conditions that favor pest growth. By running the model, scientists can predict when and where the pest outbreaks are likely to occur, allowing farmers to take targeted actions such as applying insecticides or implementing pest-resistant management strategies.Another approach to pest prediction in GM crops is through the use of monitoring and surveillance systems. These systems involve regularly monitoring the crop fields for signs of pest infestations, such as the presence of pest eggs, larvae, or damage to the plants. By collecting and analyzing this data, scientists can identify patterns and trends, which can be used to forecast pest outbreaks.For instance, let's say a GM crop has been engineered to express a gene that attracts a specific predator of the pest. By monitoring the presence and abundance of the predator in the crop fields, scientists can predict when the predator population is high enough to effectivelycontrol the pest population. This information can then be used to implement targeted release of the predator or other biological control measures.In conclusion, predicting and forecasting pest outbreaks in GM crops is essential for effective pest management. Mathematical models and monitoring systems are valuable tools that can help scientists and farmers anticipate and mitigate pest infestations in GM crops. By using these approaches, we can ensure the sustainability and productivity of GM crops while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides.中文回答：预测和预报转基因植物下的害虫爆发对于有效的害虫管理和保证作物产量至关重要。
遗传改良作物杂草化的风险
Green bridges
Yellow rust infection of wheat
绿桥
小麦的黄锈病感染
Yarham DJ, Gladders P. 1993. Effects of volunteer plants on crop diseases. Aspects of Applied Biology 35: 75-82
How may a GM crop affect these endpoints?
J. Orson 1993. The penalties of volunteer crops. Aspects of Applied Biology 35: 1-8
GM作物怎样影响这些终点?
J. Orson 1993. The penalties of volunteer crops. Aspects of Applied Biology 35: 1-8
Abundance – crop yield High-quality – nutritional value of crops
Varied – diversity of crops
评估终点来源于下列目标
3
大量 – 作物产量
高质量 – 作物营养含量 变化性 – 多样作物种类
Weediness in agricultural habitats – conceptual model 农业环境中的杂草化– 概念模型
Risk assessments for weediness of genetically modified crops
MHRA OOS调查译文
Out Of Specification Investigations.OOS调查MHRA：英国药品和健康产品管理局怎么使用OOS调查流程图？导航：这个文件使用幻灯片浏览。
点击流程图幻灯片里这些带有粗边的工艺步骤框，会带你到一个新的幻灯片有更详细的有关步骤。
每走一步都有链接返回到浏览幻灯片。
这将向上滑动。
这将下滑到下一张幻灯片实验室分析实验室分析OOS/OOT典型结果调查必须在以下情况中：---批次放行检验和原材料的检验。
---过程控制测试：如果数据用于批量计算/决定，以及档案和分析证书。
---对成品和或原料药销售批次的稳定性研究，正在进行/跟进的稳定（无压力测试）---先前放行的在OOS调查中作为参考样品的批次，显示出有OOS或可疑结果。
---临床试验批次。
所有溶液和试剂必须被保留，直到所有数据都被第二个人确定为是在已定义的验收标准范围内。
药典对特定的测试的附加分析有具体的标准（即S1，S2和S3测试的溶解级规范；20个附加试验的剂量均匀度单位规范；无菌检测）。
然而，如果样品测试标准通常是第一级的测试，以及一个样品必须在新的水平测试，这应该是它没有按照正常的发展趋势进行调查。
当努力达到生产过程的终点即生产过程的调整（如PH值，粘度）时，OOS过程不适用于过程测试。
并进行可变参数的研究，检查变化（工艺验证中的可变参数）的影响。
OOS/ OOT结果OOS结果-------测试的结果不符合预先规定的验收标准（例如，提出申请，药物主文件，经核准的营销提交，或官方药典或内部验收标准）。
----测试结果超出了药典或公司文件规定的验收标准（即，原料规格，过程中/最终产品测试等）。
超趋势（OOT）结果------通常是一个稳定的结果，不遵循预期的趋势，无论是与其他批次的稳定性或相对于先前稳定性研究收集的结果相比较。
然而起始原料和过程样品的趋势也可能产生趋势外的数据。
其结果不一定是OOS，但看起来并不像一个典型的数据点。
[全]CPIM供应链资格考试题库含答案
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CPIM供应链资格考试题库含答案The question below is based on the following information: Which of the followingdistributions would be the central warehouse allocation of 120 units of inventory to districtwarehouses A, B, and C if the equal run-out method were used? Warehouse Daily usage On-hand inventoryA 10 60B 30 160C 20 14020 units to A, 60 units to B, 40 units to C20 units to A, 80 units to B, 20 units to C （√）100 units to A, 0 units to B, 20 units to C20 units to A, 53 units to B, 47 units to CA warehouse has 20,000 orders per year with an average of 10 line items per order. The warehouse experiences 800 backorders per year averaging 5 line items per backorder. What level of customer service is achieved when the percentage of line items shipped onschedule is used?96%97%98% （正确答案）99%Which of the following communicates in-transit inventories to a warehouse?Bill of distributionMaster scheduleOrder acknowledgment to warehouseDistribution requirements planning （√）Which of the following data is an input to distribution requirements planning?Location pointsOrder valueShipping schedulesInterplant demand （正确答案）Which of the following issues is most likely to lead to the use of a short-term, rather than long-term,forecasting process?How to respond to a competitor＇s test marketing of a new product （正确答案）How to configure the supply chain to support a new market segment Whether to outsource a capital-intensive subassembly process Whether to take a price-leadership or a product-differentiation posture Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on the length of the forecast horizon?Cumulative product lead timePurpose of the forecast （正确答案）Frequency of forecast revisionSize of forecast periodWhich of the following statements about both econometric models and market research is true?They can be used in place of adaptive smoothingThey are useful in aggregate planning （√）They are useful in forecasting at the stockkeeping unit levelThey are examples of intrinsic forecasting techniquesWhen quantitative data are being evaluated, a very small bias in a forecast can best be explained by which of the following statements? The absolute values of all forecast errors were approximately equal. The variability of forecast data was skewedA very small alpha factor was used.Positive forecast errors approximately offset negative forecast errors （√）The forecast tracking signal is the ratio of the:cumulative error to the MAD. （√）cumulative error to the forecastforecast to the MADstandard deviation to the MADA demand filter can best be used for which of the following purposes? To remove seasonal variability from forecast dataTo remove scrap loss from a work center historyTo adjust the alpha factorTo flag a large order （√）Elements calculated in the master scheduling process include allocations.time fences.service-parts forecastavailable-to-promise （√）Available-to-promise data facilitates the process ofinventory planningcapacity planningforecastingorder entry （正确选项）A bill of resources typically contains information about a product＇s inventory balanceskey work centers （√）production schedulecomplete list of componentsWhich of the following actions is best for a company to take when a 2-week plant shutdown for retooling is planned for the next year? Increase planned production （正确答案）Alter the strategic planIncrease material requirements planning safety-stock levels Decrease the planned sales level during the shutdownThe most effective way to cope with uncertainty of demand and to improve customer service is to reduce:lead times （正确答案）backlogssafety stockproduct optionsWhich of the following tools is used to accommodate forecast errors when developing the master production schedule?Planning time fenceFirm planned ordersSafety stock （√）Available-to-promiseIn an assemble-to-order environment, which of the following factors is most significant in determining which items should be master scheduled?Size of the forecast errorLength of the master schedule horizonNumber of levels in the bill of materialNumber of product options （正确答案）Rough-cut capacity planning is best used to:determine labor requirementsestablish order prioritiesassess the load on a work centerevaluate the master production schedule （正确选项）The question below is based on the following information: Which of the following weekly production rates best supports these criteria?In a repetitive manufacturing environment where a level production ratemust be maintained, the following customer backog must be satisfied with NO late shipment;Week Customer backlog qty1 782 683 904 585 56707880 （√）90Translation of a master production schedule directly into key resources results in a:bill of laborproduction schedulefinal assembly schedulerough-cut capacity plan （正确选项）Which of the following statements is true about items that appear on a final assembly schedule?They are used as input to the production planThey are released without regard for component availabilityThey are stated in terms of end items or customer orders （正确选项）They do not appear on a shipment scheduleIn a capacity-constrained situation, which of the following actions is best to take if marketing wants to increase production of a master schedule item?Increase production of the item, but do not make any other changes Increase production of the item, and decrease production of another item （√）Increase production of the item, and change the production planIf the item is within the demand time fence, let the computer make the changeautomaticallyIf the master production schedule is overstated, which of the following short-term actions is most appropriate?The demand time fence should be moved outLot sizes should be decreasedSafety stocks should be decreasedFirm planned orders should be rescheduled （正确答案）In an assemble-to-order environment, which of the following indicators is most appropriatefor measuring the effectiveness of the master scheduling process? Number of stockoutsCapacity utilizationCustomer order fill rate （正确答案）Aggregate inventoryProduction is being planned to emphasize the utilization of a critical and very expensivepiece of capital equipment. Which of the following production planning strategies should beused?ChaseLevel （√）Cost-basedCombinationSales and operations planning in a make-to-stock environment is concerned with projectingitem forecastsinventory （√）backlogbookingsWhich of the following forecasting methods is most appropriate for projecting demand for aproduct family?Single exponential smoothingPyramid （正确答案）FocusSimple averageThe greatest risk of aggregating product families at too high of a level for sales andoperations planning is that:it will be more difficult to reconcile the sales plans with the business plan imbalances between the demand plan and resources may not be visible （正确答案）the resource planning process will be more complicatedthe sales forecasts will not be as accurate for the larger product families In a make-to-order environment, if cumulative production exceeds cumulative demand,which of the following outcomes will result?Inventory will increaseThe backlog will increaseExcess capacity will existThe backlog will decrease （正确选项）Which of the following inputs to the demand planning phase of sales and operationsplanning typically is most important for a product line that is made to customer order?Statistical information about historical salesAn analysis of past forecast errorsInformation about planned pricing actionsSales force input about customer plans （√）A firm uses the level production planning approach to produce a product family to stock.Senior management has requested that the finished-goods inventory for the product familybe reduced by 18% over the sales and operations planning horizon. Which of the followingstatements best describes the relationship between total demand and total productionrequired for the product family over the planning horizon?There is not sufficient data to determine the relationshipTotal production required will be greater than total demandTotal production required and demand will be equalTotal production required will be less than total demand （正确选项）Which of the following processes typically is linked directly to the customer-order processing component of demand management for a firm that finishes and packages goods to customer order?Master scheduling （正确答案）Detailed material planningBusiness planningResource planningWhich of the following types of activities links the marketplace, sister plants, warehouses and distribution channels?Sales managForecast managementResource managementDemand management （正确答案）A company is transitioning from a make-to-stock production environment to a finish-to-order production environment. Which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur as a result of the transition? Forecasts will become more detailedPlanning or phantom bills of material will be created （正确答案）Less training will be required in the distribution centersInventory levels will be increasedThe production plan relates to a firm＇s financial planning because it is used to:calculate standard product costsdetermine variable costsproject payroll costsidentify future cash needs （√）The resource profile approach to rough-cut capacity planning is desirable in the manufacture of parts with lengthy lead times because the approach:uses detailed data about time standards for each product at the key resourcesassumes that all components are built in the same period as the end item considers the historical portion of the total plant time requiredtime phases labor requirements （正确选项）An outcome of top management＇s participation in sales and operations planning involves the:investigation of detailed trade-offs by top managementdefinition of trade-offs by top managementdelegation of trade-off resolutions to middle managementresolution of broad trade-offs by top management （√）Which of the following groups receives the LEAST benefit from extending the demand planning time fence in the master schedule? ManufacturingShippingCustomers （√）Production schedulingThe primary purpose of a pre-sales and operations planning meeting between representatives from different business functions is to: reconcile differences in recommendations （正确答案）discuss changes in demand for end itemsprepare recommendations for the demand planning phaseprepare recommendations for the supply planning phaseWhich of the following outcomes indicates the effectiveness of a master schedule?The number of product families is in the range of 5 to 15.The master schedule meets the target level of responsiveness. （正确选项）Customer service performance measures are reviewed regularly. Finance and accounting participate in the development of the master schedule.Identification of performance problems in providing a high line-item service ratio provides anopportunity to:address imbalances in the customer order miximprove order-promising information （√）redesign sales and marketing incentivesreduce customer-demanded delivery timeWhich of the following inputs is important to forecasts used in the sales and operations planning process?Customer plans （√）Inventory levelsCapacity constraintsSales quotasWhich of the following activities would enhance a customer relationship management program?Moving from a make-to-order strategy to a make-to-stock strategy Using an exponential smoothing forecastCollecting point-of-sale data （正确选项）Implementing an enterprise resources planning systemSince introducing distribution requirements planning, management at a company has had increased complaints from staff at satellite warehouses that the variances of local demandare being ignored, and they often are unable to meet demand. An effective response from management would be to:implement an ABC inventory management strategyincrease safety stock at the central warehouse of items that are repeatedly out of stockallow adjustments to the forecast based on input relating to local sales activity （正确选项）permit last-minute changes to the production scheduleWhich of the following objectives is a critical performance measurement in distribution network logistics?Increasing the service level （√）Increasing cash-to-cash cycle timeIncreasing inventory days of supplyDecreasing inventory turnoverIn a make-to-stock environment, which of the following factors is a key determinant of inventory levels necessary to support customer demand? Service level （正确选项）Capable-to-promiseAvailable-to-promiseService costsA single-level, centralized distribution network would be most appropriate for a firm whose products are:large, and with a long required delivery time （正确答案）large, expensive, and with a high level of demandheavy, inexpensive, and with a short required delivery timesmall, inexpensive, and distributed throughout the worldThe question below is based on the distribution center requirements shown below: How many units of product X should be planned to satisfy the demand for period 6?Lead time=2 periodsLot size=20SS=20PD Period1 2 3 4 5 6Forecast 40 10 30 60 50 80PAB 50 30 20 30 30Planned receipt 20 0 40 60Planned orders 40 6010080 （正确选项）6040Which of the following costs is most likely to decrease when the number of warehouses in a distribution network increases?Inventory costsPackaging costsTransportation costs （√）Handling costsWhich of the following criteria is used to determine safety stock in a distribution center?Seasonal index valueAlpha factor levelEconomic order quantityProbability of stocking out （正确选项）Which of the following items is required for making realistic customer promises?Feasible master schedules （√）Procedures for managing abnormal demandFinished-goods safety stockFinished-goods safety stockA firm manufactures four product families in a single facility using one production line for each product family. It has selected the hybrid approach to production planning and has specified that there will be no more than four changes in production rates per production line in a year. Resource planning will have to be performed for:each item when there is a change in the production rate for the family each production line for each month in the production planning horizon each product family and production line weeklyeach product family when there is a change in the production rate for the family （√）Which of the following considerations is most important when selecting forecasting software?Computational speedCost of data storageAbility to forecast over multiple planning horizons （正确选项）Ability to forecast capacity requirementsDuring which of the following process steps of sales and operations planning would resource planning be carried out?Demand planning phaseSupply planning phase （正确选项）Pre-sales and operations planning meetingExecutive sales and operations planning meetingWhich of the following functional objectives of a distribution system is most consistent with lower inventories?Low transportation costsFast deliveriesLow warehousing costs （√）High customer serviceThe primary outputs of the pre-sales and operations planning (S&OP) meeting are:decisions about and authorization of the planthe recommendations and agenda for the executive S&OP meeting （正确答案）a statistical forecast and field sales worksheeta capacity-constraints analysis and second-pass spreadsheetsWhen the overall distribution requirements planning system is structured to achieve a high level of customer service, the outcome generally will be:lower inventory levels and higher total costhigher inventory levels and lower total costlower inventory levels and lower total costhigher inventory levels and higher total cost （√）In which of the following environments does demand change from dependent to independent at the raw material level?Finish-to-orderMake-to-order （正确选项）Assemble-to-orderMake-to-stockThe question below is based on the following information: A company has chosen to execute a level production plan. What is the productionrate per period?Beginning inventory: 8 unitsDesired ending inventory: 0 unitInventory carrying cost: $5/unit/periodStockout cost: $25/unit/periodPeriod 1 2 3 4 5Forecast 100 125 120 95108 （正确选项）110112115From a management perspective, the choice of transportation mode and routing primarilywill affect the:manufacturing systemplanning horizonforecasted demandsafety stock level （正确选项）Key linkages managed by distribution requirements planning within the supply chain include links to:forecasted demand and material requirements planninglogistics systems and demand management （正确选项）customers onlyvendors onlyThe following question is based on the following information: In Period 1, the quantity that would be exploded to component parts is:Lead time=0 Lot size=20DTF=0 PDF=4On hand=10 SS=3Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Forecast 10 10 15 10 10 5 10 10 15Customer PO 5 2 1MPS 20 20 20581020 （正确答案）The following question is based on the following information: The master production schedule quantity that should be placed in Period 7 is: Lead time=0 Lot size=20DTF=0 PDF=4On hand=10 SS=3Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Forecast 10 10 15 10 10 5 10 10 15Customer PO 5 2 1MPS 20 20 20101320 （√）The question below is based on the following distribution requirements plan: Lead time is 1 week, lot size is 30, and safety stock is 0. Planned order releases would occur in which ofthe following sequences?Period 1 2 3 4 5 6Gross requirements 20 15 18 23 26 27Scheduled receipt 30PAB 12WK 3, 4, 6WK 2, 3, 5 （正确答案）WK 2, 3, 4WK 3, 4, 5The question below is based on the following production environment information: In which facility would product unit costs most likely be reduced through a setup reduction program?Facility A Facility B Facility C Facility DProduct volume High High Lower LowerProduct variety High Lower High LowerProduction LT Long Short Long ShortOperation/product Many Few Many FewProduction resources Many Many Few FewFacility AFacility BFacility C （正确选项）Facility DDistribution requirements planning would most directly interface with: material requirements planningMPS （√）CRPwarehouse facility planningA Canadian-based company has a long-term contract with a US-based supplier. The Canadian company has been experiencing short shipments and variations of the supply lead time with the US supplier for a few months. Which of the following is the mostappropriate action for the master production scheduler in this situation? Ask the purchasing manager to work with the supplier to improve their shippingquantity accuracy and lead time stabilityAsk the purchasing manager to terminate the contract with this supplier, and lookfor a better supplierApply safety stock and safety lead time while planning the master productionschedule.Apply safety lead time according to the target service level while planning themaster production schedule. （正确选项）Which of the following actions is part of the pre-sales and operations planning meeting?Developing an updated financial view of the business （正确选项）Authorizing spending changes for productionEnsuring the production plan considers all elements of demand Reviewing business performanceWhich of the following goals is the primary outcome of distribution requirements planning?Maintain an appropriate inventory level at all locations （正确答案）Accurately feed the gross requirements into the master production scheduleDecouple the distribution plan from the production planDeliver products in the quantities requested by the customerA company wanting to maintain a high level of customer service at the lowest inventory carrying cost should place safety stock in:customer＇s facilitiesa central warehouse （正确答案）central and field warehousesfield warehousesWhich of the following tradeoffs should be considered to improve the performance of a distribution network?Reduce cost but improve customer service by using full truckload or carloadshipmentsIncrease inventory turns but decrease costs by shipping more frequently Improve profit but decrease inventory by not scrapping obsolete productImprove fill rate but decrease inventory turns by adding safety stock （√）In the master scheduling process, customer orders are the only source of demand in periodsIn the master scheduling process, customer orders are the only source of demand inpwithin the item lead timebefore the demand time fence （正确答案）between the demand and planning time fencesWhich of the following actions would most likely lead to an achievable master production schedule?Committing to customer requested shipment datesLimiting changes in periods after the planning time fenceKeeping safety stock for key subassembliesMinimizing changes in periods before the demand time fence （正确选项）Sales has identified an opportunity to develop a new market for a product family and requested an increase in the production plan. Which of the following actions would be mostappropriate in this situation?The proposed change should be presented to top management for a decision. （正确选项）The production plans for other product families should be reduced. The sales and operations plan should be regThe request should be rejected.Capacity planning occurs at what stage of the Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) process?Demand planning phaseSupply planning phase （正确答案）Pre- SOP meetingExecutive SOP meetingWhich of the following would typically be a consideration in a distribution requirements planning (DRP) environment?How to monitor forecast error at central warehouseWhether to use safety lead time or safety stockWhere to carry safety stock （正确选项）Whether to aggregate distribution forecastsWhich process converts the sales and operations plan into gross labor hours, floor space, and machine hours?Resource planning （√）Rough cut capacity planningCapacity requirements planningFinite load planningUsing a trial and error approach is most effective in which of the following production planning strategies?LevelConstantChaseMixed （√）The primary task of demand management in an assemble-to-order environment is to define the:availability of inventory to meet the customer＇s ordercustomer＇s order in terms of product families.customer＇s order in terms of specific components and options. （正确答案）raw materials required to complete the customer＇s orderWhich of the following effects is likely to occur in a successful Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment implementation?Increased inventory turns （正确答案）Increased gross revenueIncreased cycle time to marketIncreased cost of componentsA tailor shop is shifting its main business from assemble-to-order to make-to-order. The customer order decoupling point will shift:from WIP to raw material （正确答案）from finished goods to WIPfrom raw material to WIPfrom WIP to suppliersThe most appropriate approach for developing forecasts for strategic business planning is:casual analysiscustomer inputsquantitative statistical methodseconomic growth models （正确选项）The question below is based on the following information: The mean absolute deviation for the above forecast is:Period Actual Forecast Error1 9 11 -22 11 8 33 12 8 44 8 9 -15 3 8 -553 （正确答案）-11A company manufactures at several plants around the world and uses a multi-echelon distribution network. Customer service levels in this situation would be highest when safety stock is stored at the:central and field warehouses （正确选项）factories and field warehousescentral warehousefactoriesIf actual production for an item is less than the master production schedule due to material shortages, the first step in resolving the problem should be to:overstate the production plan.reschedule the past due orders. （正确选项）move in the time fence.revise the rough-cut capacity planWhich of the following criteria is the most meaningful measure when evaluating the effectiveness of distribution systems in fulfilling customer needs?The level of inventoryPerformance to budgetCash-to-cash cycle timeOrder-fill rate （√）Which of the following considerations is valid when selecting a mode of transportation?Financial viability of the supplierTransit time consistency （√）Ownership of equipmentAge of equipmentJupiter Company produces 3,000 cars per month. It offers five different models with over 1,000 different model/option/color packages. Jupiter has established a collaborative relationship and electronic link with its supplier of door trim. Suppliers are given 5 days＇notice of requirements and are expected to deliver directly to the final assembly area in the actual sequence in which each specific car is to be assembled. Jupiter needs which of the following pieces of information from its supplier of door trim?Production planSales planAvailability of resources （正确选项）Bills of materialWhich of the following is an advantage of the focus forecasting technique?It uses qualitative forecasting methods.It evaluates multiple forecasting methods. （正确答案）It combines top-down and bottom-up forecasts.It gathers information from pools of experts.Which of the following is typically an output of the master scheduling process?Sales forecastsResource requirements plansInterplant demandsProjected available balances （正确答案）Which of the following factors should be considered when evaluating a master production schedule change?Capacity requirements planCritical ratio of planned ordersLoad for key work centers （正确答案）Bill of material accuracySales and Operation Planning＇s (S&OP) primary objective is:to reduce the forecast variance.to finalize the demand plan.to align operations with the business plan （正确选项）to create a long-term strategy.A forecasting method that responds slowly to changes in demand would be most appropriate when the historical demand pattern shows a major: random component （正确答案）trend componentcyclical componentseasonal componentWhich of the following techniques typically uses the bills of material for master schedule items in determining the capacity required?Bill of resourcesFinite forward schedulingAdvanced production scheduling (APS) （正确选项）Critical path method (CPM)The primary objective of distribution network design is to balance total distribution cost with which of the following factors?。