Copy of 2009-ch3
principles of marketing (Armstrong & Kotler) ch3
Focused on consistent products and
“Plan to Win”
reliable service—core competencies. Introduced the “It’s what I eat and what I do. . . I’m loving it” ad campaign and revamped Web site to help consumers understand how to live balanced, active lives. Involved nutrition experts in menu redesign. Added upscale restaurants, such as McCafe coffee shops and offered healthier food options: Go Active! Adult Happy Meal; white meat McNuggets; various salads. Results: Increased sales by 42% while profits quadrupled.
• Resellers • Physical distribution firms • Marketing services agencies • Financial intermediaries
Prentice Hall, Copyright 2009 3-9
The Microenvironment
Customers:
►Five
types of markets that may purchase a company’s goods and services.
有机钙钛矿CH3NH3PbI3晶体的合成及表征观察1
有机钙钛矿CH3NH3PbI3晶体的合成及表征观察1Synthesis and characterization of organic - inorganic perovskiteCH3NH3PbI3 crystalAbstractSince 2012, CH3NH3PbX3 perovskite as new photosensitive material for dye sensitized solar cells has become new research direction in the field of the solar cell materials in the world. Synthesis and characterization of CH3NH3PbI3 are studied in this paper.First of all, methyl amine and hydriodic acid solution were mixed and stirred at 0 ℃for 2h. CH3NH3I was obtained after drying the mixed solution. Then, the CH3NH3I and PbI2 were put in butyl lactone solution to form a yellow transparent solution, which was heated at 100 ℃for 15 minutes to get the desired perovskite CH3NH3PbI3. The thermogravimetric and heat change of yellow transparent solution were done by TG-DSC. The CH3NH3PbI3 crystal structure and surface morphology were characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that: perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 formed at temperatures less than 167 ℃and decomposed after the temperature over 167 ℃. PerovskiteCH3NH3PbI3 shows black color and the crystalline structure ofCH3NH3PbI3 at room temperature is tetragonal with unit cell parameters a=b=8.872A, c=12.637A. The perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 film has high density. Stability of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 is poor. Black CH3NH3PbI3 in the air for a long time becomes into yellow. Instability of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 is discussed, based on the thermodynamics关键词：P erovskite、CH3NH3PbI3、Crystalline structure、CH3NH3I目录第一章绪论 (1)§1.1钙钛矿的晶体结构 (1)§1.1.1原始钙钛矿 (1)§1.1.2有机／无机杂化晶体 (1)§1.1.3 有机／无机杂化CH3NH3PbI3的晶体结构 (2)§1.2 究背景及意义 (2)§1.2.1 CH3NH3PbX3钙钛矿电池 (2)§1.2.2 CH3NH3PbI3钙钛矿晶体 (4)§1.3 CH3NH3PbI3钙钛矿的合成 (4)§1.3.1 (4)§1.3.2 CH3NH3PbI3钙钛矿薄膜的合成方法 (5)§1.4实验的主要研究内容与目的 (5)第二章实验过程 (6)§2.1实验材料与设备 (6)§2.1.1实验材料及试剂 (6)§2.1.2实验设备 (6)§2.2 实验方法和流程 (7)§2.2.1试样准备 (8)§2.2.2 甲胺醇与氢碘酸的反应制备MAI (8)§2.2.3 MAI与碘化铅的反应制备CH3NH3PbI3 (8)§2.2.4 XRD试样制备 (8)§2.2.5 SEM试样的制备 (9)§2.2.6 TG-DSC试样的观察 (9)第三章实验结果和数据分析 (10)§3.1 TG-DSC曲线分析 (10)§3.2 XRD结果 (11)§3.3 SEM结果分析 (14)§3.4 MAPbI3稳定性观察 (15)第四章分析与讨论 (17)§4.1 MAPbI3稳定性分析 (17)§4.2 有效利用MAPbI3的几种建议 (18)结论 (19)致谢 (20)参考文献 (21)第一章绪论§1.1钙钛矿的晶体结构§1.1.1原始钙钛矿钙钛矿指CaTiO，化学式为CaTiO3、属立方晶系的氧化物。
Training Process ESEC 2009SSI Level 3 中文版
Presentation Name
company confidential
Page 19
Machine working principle 机器工作原理
特点 Single or dual wire mode Fully motorized in X, Y, Z Solder wire diameter range
Welcome to the World of
Soft Solder Process Training 2009SSI
Softsolder Technology
Time Planning
09:00AM – 09:30AM 09:30AM – 10:00AM 10:30AM – 10:45AM 10:45AM – 11:15AM 11:15PM – 12:00PM 13:30PM – 14:30PM 14:45PM – 15:00PM 15:00PM – 17:00PM
Page 4
<Name Presentaion>
Presentation Name
company confidential
Page 4
Machine Overview
Page 5
<Name Presentaion>
Presentation Name
company confidential
Page 5
Flow of Material材料流程
Leadframe 框架
Solder wire 焊锡丝
Wafer晶元
Die Bonded Leadframes Loaded in magazine 粘有芯片的框架装载 入料盒中
Page 8
<Name Presentaion>
环孢素-英国药典bp2009
CiclosporinGeneral Notices(Ph Eur monograph 0994)Comparison ciclosporin CRS.B. Examine the chromatograms obtained in the assay.Results The principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution is similar in retention time to the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a). TESTSAppearance of solutionThe solution is clear (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution Y5, BY5or R7(2.2.2, Method II).Dissolve 1.5 g in anhydrous ethanol R and dilute to 15 ml with the same solvent.Specific optical rotation (2.2.7)- 185 to - 193 (dried substance).Dissolve 0.125 g in methanol R and dilute to 25.0 ml with the same solvent.Related substancesLiquid chromatography (2.2.29).Solvent mixture acetonitrile R, water R (50:50 V/V).Test solution Dissolve 30.0 mg of the substance to be examined in the solvent mixture and dilute to 25.0 ml with the solvent mixture.Reference solution (a)Dissolve 30.0 mg of ciclosporin CRS in the solvent mixture and dilute to 25.0 ml with the solvent mixture.Reference solution (b)Dilute 2.0 ml of reference solution (a) to 200.0 ml with the solvent mixture.Reference solution (c)Dissolve the contents of a vial of ciclosporin for system suitability CRS in 5.0 ml of the mobile phase.Column:— size: l = 0.25 m, Ø = 4 mm;— stationary phase: octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3-5 µm);— temperature: 80 °C.The column is connected to the injection port by a steel capillary tube about 1 m long, having an internal diameter of 0.25 mm and maintained at 80 °C.Mobile phase phosphoric acid R, 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether R, acetonitrile R, water R (1:50:430:520 V/V/V/V).Flow rate 1.5 ml/min.Detection Spectrophotometer at 210 nm.Injection20 µl of the test solution and reference solutions (b) and (c).Run time 1.7 times the retention time of ciclosporin.System suitability Reference solution (c):— retention time : ciclosporin = 25 min to 30 min; if necessary, adjust the ratio of acetonitrile to water in the mobile phase; — peak-to-valley ratio : minimum 1.4, where H p = height above the baseline of the peak due to ciclosporin U and H v = height above the baseline of the lowest point of the curveseparating this peak from the peak due to ciclosporin; if necessary, adjust the ratio of 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether to acetonitrile in the mobile phase.Limits:— any impurity : for each impurity, not more than 0.7 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) (0.7 per cent);— total : not more than 1.5 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) (1.5 per cent); — disregard limit : 0.05 times the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) (0.05 per cent).Heavy metals (2.4.8)Maximum 20 ppm.The residue obtained in the test for loss on drying complies with test C. Prepare the reference solution using 2 ml of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R .Loss on drying (2.2.32)Maximum 2.0 per cent, determined on 1.000 g at 60 °C at a pressure not exceeding 15 Pa for 3 h.Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)Less than 0.84 IU/mg, if intended for use in the manufacture of parenteral dosage forms without a further appropriate procedure for the removal of bacterial endotoxins. Dissolve 50 mg of the substance to be examined in a mixture of 280 mg of ethanol (96 per cent) R and 650 mg of polyoxyethylated castor oil R and dilute to the required concentration using water for BET.ASSAYLiquid chromatography (2.2.29) as described in the test for related substances with the following modifications.Injection Test solution and reference solution (a).System suitability Reference solutions (a):— repeatability : maximum relative standard deviation of 1.0 per cent after 6 injections.Calculate the percentage content of C 62H 111N 11O 12 from the declared content of ciclosporin CRS.STORAGEIn an airtight container , protected from light. If the substance is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof container.IMPURITIESA. different ciclosporins [difference with ciclosporin (R = CH3: ciclosporin A)]: ciclosporin B [7-L-Ala]; ciclosporin C [7-L-Thr]; ciclosporin D [7-L-Val]; ciclosporin E [5-L-Val]; ciclosporin G [7-(L-2-aminopentanoyl)]; ciclosporin H [5-D-MeVal]; ciclosporin L [R = H]; ciclosporin T [4-L-Leu]; ciclosporin U [11-L-Leu]; ciclosporin V [1-L-Abu],B. [6-[(2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(methylamino)octanoic acid]]ciclosporin A,C. isociclosporin A.。
第二节亲核重排反应-(1)
H OH NaNO2 HCl
H NH2
+
O H
H H
H+
t Bu
H OH
H N2 +
t Bu
O H
反式迁移 H
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
应用：利用这些反应可以合成一些用别的方法难于合成 的含季碳原子的化合物。例如：
CH3 CH3
CH3
C O
CH3((12))M H g3+ (O Hg)
H
H OC O O H
O HO H O C 2 H 5
四、霍夫曼（Hofmann）重排
脂肪族、芳香族以及杂环族酰胺类化合物用氯或溴及碱液（NaoCl或NaOBr） 处理，失去羰基生成减少一个碳原子的伯胺的反应称为霍夫曼降级反应，也称 为霍夫曼重排。
O
RCN H 2B r 24 N a O H R N H 22 N a B rN a 2 C O 32 H 2 O
C H 3C H 3
H 3 C
C H 3
H +H 3 CC H 3C H 3 C H 3
O HO H
O HO + H 2
H 2 O
H3C
CH3 CH3
+OH CH3
H+ H3C
O
CH3 CH3
CH3
A.其他类型的邻二醇也可以发生类似反应。用下式表示：
迁移基团可以是甲基，也可以是其他烷基或者芳基，甚至可以是氢原子。 例如：（四个类型应用实例）[注意两个问题:①C+和②迁移基团]
当迁移基团为
时，反应可能经过如下中间体：
+
.
H3C C CH2+
工具书与文献检索试题
、单项选择1、纸质信息源的载体是（纸张）2、逻辑“与”算符是用来组配（不同检索概念，用于缩小检索范围）。
3、关于搜索引擎的查询规则，正确的是：（D ）A. 引号（“”）的作用是括在其中的多个词被当作一个固定短语来检索。
B. 标题检索是在网页标题中查找输入的检索词，其命令一般用“ title ”，其格式为title ：检索式。
C. 站点检索是在网站地址域名中检索输入的词，其命令一般用“ host ”，其格式为host ：检索式。
D. 以上都正确。
4、以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等，并经公开发表或出版的各种文献，称为（一次文献. ）5、中国国家标准的代码是（GB ）6、根据国家相关标准，文献的定义是指“记录有关（知识）的一切载体。
”7、利用文献后面所附的参考文献进行检索的方法称为（追溯法）。
8、如果检索结果过少，查全率很低，需要调整检索范围，此时调整检索策略的方法有（用逻辑“或” 或截词增加同族概念）等9、数据检索以特定的数值为检索对象, 它包括（数据、图表、公式）10、《中国学术期刊全文数据库》的词频控制应在（文摘、全文等字段检索所得的文献量过大）场合下使用11、如果打算了解最新即时的专业学术动态，一般可参考（专业学会网站）12、（雅虎）属于目录引擎。
13、搜索含有“ data bank ” 的PDF文件，正确的检索式为：（"data bank" filetype:pdf ）14、就课题“查找‘钱伟长论教育' 一文他人引用情况而言” ，选择（中国知网中的中国引文数据库），可以得到相关的结果。
15、要从事物名称角度全面地查找互联网上的信息，可使用（主题）搜索引擎。
16、（主题检索途径）是指通过文献信息资料的主题内容进行检索的途径。
17、《中国期刊网CNK》〉是（全文数据库）数据库。
18、要查找李平老师所发表的文章，首选途径为（著者途径）19、关于搜索引擎的一般查询规则，不恰当的是：（截词符通常用星号（*）表示，一般只用在词的前面。
13-有机硅在PV及LED中的应用——黄文迎
LED中的有机材料 LED中的有机材料 Silicone materials in LED
1. 窗口透镜材料 lens material 2. 荧光粉的粘合剂 fluorescent powder adhesive 3. 芯片底胶 Clip rear adhesive
封装材料的种类和用途
Categories and applications of encapsulating materials 白光LED封装材料 封装材料 白光 White light LED encapsulating material
硅橡胶 Silicone resin
单组分Single-component 体胶 液体胶 Liquid glue PV密封胶 PV密封胶 PV sealant 双组分 bi-component
硅树脂 Silicone resin
有机硅材料所涉及的行业
Silicone in following industries
电子电器 electrical & 厌氧结构胶 Anaerobic structural electronics
adhesive 环氧树脂胶粘剂 Epoxy resin adhesive UV 胶粘剂 UV Adhesive UV 胶粘剂 UV Adhesive
加成型硅橡胶、聚酰亚胺 加成型硅橡胶 Addition type silicone rubber, polyimide
汽车工业 Automobile 工程建筑 Construction
化工材料 Chemical materials
应用领域 机械制造 有机硅胶粘剂 Silicone adhesive
Application Mechanical engineering area 电子电器 Electrical& Electronics 再生能源 Renewable Energy
CH3经典热爆炸理论(2009级硕士生用)
13、经典的热爆炸理论（3. Thermal Theory of Classical Explosion ）（12h 左右）3.1 概况[回顾一下第二章的内容： ● 能量守恒方程的一般形式：tTc q T v∂∂='''+∇σλ2 ● 温度梯度的散度22222222zTy T x T T ∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=∇(直角坐标)三维坐标: 2222222211zTT r r T r r T T ∂∂+∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=∇ϕ(柱坐标) 222222222221tan 1sin 12ψψψϕψ∂∂+∂∂+∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=∇Tr T r T r r T r r T T (球坐标) 一维坐标的通式： )(12r Tr r r T j j ∂∂∂∂=∇ ● 能量守恒方程通式: tTc q r T r r r v j j ∂∂='''+∂∂∂∂σλ)(1—非稳定态（ign t ，T -t ）● 热平衡方程0)(1='''+∂∂∂∂q r Tr rr j j λ—稳定态（临界性参数）]经典热爆炸理论 Semenov Sys. 1928Frank-Kamenetskii Sys. 1939 Thomas Sys. 1958A类形状：一维简单规则形状（one dimensional, simple, regular shape）无限大平板无限长柱球j)2j j为几何因子(=(=j)1)0(=三大经典系统的特点：343.2 均温系统热爆炸(Semenov Sys.) 3.2.1 基本方程 ● 基本方程 tTc q r T r r r j j ∂∂='''+∂∂∂∂v)(1σλ(单位体积) ● 体系的热产生速率G q(T ): RT E m n e AT VQc q V T q/G )(-='''= (3.2.1) G q 与T 成指数关系 ● 通过界面交换的热量即系统散消于环境中的热量服从Newton 冷却定律：)()(L a T T S T q-=χ （3.2.2） L q 与T 成线性关系 把式（3.2.1）和(3.2.2)代入基本方程中有tTc V T T S e AT VQc va RT E m n ∂∂=---σχ)(/ (3.2.3)50)(/=---a RT E m n T T S e AT VQc χ将G q(T )和L q (T )作在一张图中,此图称热图图3.1 热图crT a,cr6散热与放热分析—热图（1） 热平衡（热守恒）：散热速率=放热速率(A,B,C 点均满足热平衡条件；A 稳定平衡点、B 不稳定平衡点(不存在)、C 点临界点;（2） 当G q(T )大于L q (T ), 放热曲线总在散热直线上方，热失衡（热积累(↑T )—自燃, 即结果朝着图中的右上方两个箭头方向发展，最终导致爆炸发生；（3） 当G q(T )小于L q (T ), 在A,B 之间,热散失在放热曲线上方，由于散热快而↓T —)最终与放热速率相等，达到新的热平衡点A 点，不发生爆炸，称A 点为稳定平衡点（解释原因）; （4） 当放热曲线与散热直线相切时，此系统处于临界热平衡状态（临界状态）：热平衡点存在与不存在的界限, 称临界点（相切），相应的状态称为临界状态;（5） 临界条件： 当G q(T )等于L q (T ), 且热产生与热散失速率曲线相切时, 切点满足的条件,即临界条件7⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧==⋅⋅⋅⋅dT q d dT q d q q //L G LG （3.2.4） （6）临界环境温度：cr ,a T 即系统处于临界状态时对应的环境温度。
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Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
CPU 在进程间的切换
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.17
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
进程调度队列 4.2 Process Scheduling Queues
Threads
Single thread of control allows the process to perform only one task
at one time.
Many modern OS have extended the process concept to allow a
Linux对PCB的定义
#define TASK_RUNNING #define TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE #define TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE #define TASK_STOPPED
0 1 2 4
#define TASK_TRACED
/* in tsk->exit_state */ #define EXIT_ZOMBIE #define EXIT_DEAD
8
16 32 64
/* in tsk->state again */
#define TASK_DEAD
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.13
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Linux对PCB的定义
等待-waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur 就绪-ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor 终止-terminated: The process has finished execution
Process in Memory
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.7
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Linux堆栈的分配
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.5
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
4.1Process Concept
An operating system executes a variety of programs:
4.1Process Concept（进程概念） 4.2Process Scheduling（进程调度） 4.3Operations on Processes（进程操作） 4.4Cooperating Processes（进程协作） 4.5Interprocess Communication（进程通信） 4.6Communication in Client-Server Systems
其中状态TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE和TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE均
表示进程处于睡眠状态， TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE表示进程处于 深度睡眠“而不受signal（“软中断”）的打扰， TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE则可被唤醒。深度睡眠一般只用于临界区 和关键性的部位。“可中断”的睡眠是通用的。 TASK_ZOMBIE表示进程已经“去世” exit,而“户口”还未注销 TASK_STOPPED主要用于调试目的“挂起”状态 task_struct的定义在include/linux/sched.h中给出 struct task_struct { volatile long state;/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */ void *stack; atomic_t usage; unsigned int flags;/* per process flags, defined below */ unsigned int ptrace; int lock_depth;。。。。
A process includes:
program counter Stack（堆栈） data section（数据区）
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.6
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Batch system – jobs（批处理） Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Process – a program in execution; process execution must
progress in sequential fashion（必须以串行化方式考虑）
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.9
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Diagram of Process State
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.8
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process State
As a process executes, it changes state
新-new: The process is being created
运行-running: Instructions are being executed
完成某一特定功能的程序 是程序的一次执行过程 是动态有生命的，当它执行时存在，否则消亡
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.4
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Chapter 4: Processes
3.10
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process
Process state：new,Running,Waiting,Ready,Terminated Program counter CPU registers:包含（累加器，索引寄存器，堆栈指针，通用寄存器） CPU scheduling information：调度队列的指针，进程优先级 Memory-management information: Base and Limit Registers, page
Chapter 3: 进程Processes
研究生考试
教育部决定,从2009年起对全国硕士研究初试科目进行调整及命题形式进行改革。计算机科学 与技术学科的初试科目调整后为4门,即政治理论、外国语、数学一和 计算机学科专业基础综合。计算机学科专业基础综合的考试内容包 括:数据结构、计算机组成原理、操作系统和计算机网络,重点考查考 生掌握相关基础知识、基本理论和分析问题解决问题的能力。 根据2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机科学与技术学 科联考计算机学科专业基础综合考试大纲的规定,试卷的内容结构为: 数据结构45分,占30%;计算机组成原理45分,占30%;操作系统35分,约 占23%;计算机网络25分,约占17%。试卷题型结构为:单项选择题80 分(40小题,每小题2分),综合应用题70分。
table, segment table(段表）
Accounting information（计帐信息）：CPU时间，实际使用时间，时间
界限，记账数量，进程数
I/O status information：分配给进程的I/O设备表，打开文件列表
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
Operating System Concepts - 7th Edition, Feb 7, 2006
3.2
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2005
研究生考试
进程管理是重点和难点之所在。考点既可以出现在选择题中，又可以出在综 合应用题中。按照大纲考点的顺序，诸如进程的概念、基本特征、组成结构 ，进程与程序的区别与联系，进程的状态及其相互转换的条件及过程，进程 间的通信方式，线程的定义以及和进程的区别与联系，调度的基本概念、时 机、切换过程和各种调度算法，进程同步相关的概念，实现同步与互斥的机 制，信号量和PV操作，管程的基本组成结构和运行过程，死锁的基本概念， 死锁产生的四个必要条件，预防、避免、检测和解除死锁的原理与方法，这 些点都可以出现在选择题中进行考查。对于综合应用题，重点应该放在PV操 作，调度算法和银行家算法。其中，用PV操作实现经典同步问题及其变形是 整个操作系统考试的最难点，也是最大的热点。要注意收集往年各校考过的 PV操作应用题，把常见的经典题型做会做熟，力求看到题目就能想到相关的 解题套路。调度算法的难点在于计算不同调度算法下调度的效率，建议使用 时间轴的方法解决相关的调度时间计算问题。银行家算法是系统做资源分配 的时候防止发生死锁的一种方法，该算法的难点在于搞清楚各种不同表格的 含义，能够看懂并且会做出相关的表格，由表格推出结果。 /show/896050.html