Article III – The Judicial Branch
英美概况生词
第一章1.historical 历史的prehistoric 史前的historian 历史学家2.heroic 英雄的heroine 女英雄3.conqueror 征服者4.warlike 好战的5.forefather 祖先6.regain 重新获得7.reestablish 重新建立8.reformation 改革9.recall 召回10.restore 恢复11.colonization 开拓殖民地colonial 殖民地的colonist 殖民地开拓者12.descendant 后裔13.migration 移民migrant 移民者Celt(n) 凯尔特人reject(v) 反对warlike (adj) 好战的intermittently (adv) 间歇地civilization (n) 文明inspiration(n) 灵感territory (n) 领土monument (n) 纪念碑，标石the Continent 欧洲大陆contribute (v) 贡献rival (n) 对手mountainous (adj) 多山的badge (n) 徽章，象征fierce (adj) 残忍的，凶猛的throne (n) 王位radiate (v) 辐射，向周围扩展capitalism(n) 资本主义Hadrian’s Wall 哈德良长城Anglo-Saxon (n) 盎格鲁-撒克逊人Church of England 英国国教magical (adj) 有魔力的behead (v) 斩首，砍头ruthless (adj) 残忍的，无情的Viking (n) 北欧海盗Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂sacrifice(v) 牺牲Norman Conquest 诺曼征服dismiss (v) 解散striking (adj) 显著的，突出的reign (n) 君主的统治execution (n) 处决Tower of London 伦敦塔abolish (v) 废除fortress (n) 堡垒，要塞witness (v) 见证imperialism (n) 帝国主义oppress (v) 压迫supremacy (n) 至高权力feudalism (n) 封建主义overtake (v) 追上，赶上claim (v) 声称investment (n) 投资Atlantic (adj) 大西洋的solemnly (adv) 庄严地descendant (n) 后代surrender (v) 投降Mongoloid (n) 蒙古人intense(adj) 强烈的Bering Strait 白令海峡slavery (n) 奴隶制度migrate (v) 迁移plantation (n) 大农场adapt (v) 使适应abolish (v) 废除the Caribbean islands 加勒比群岛federal (adj) 联邦的permanent (adj) 永久的discontent (adj) 不满的race (n) 种族resolve (v) 解决conflict (n) 冲突fundamental (adj) 重要的act (n) 法令semi-independent (adj) 半独立的lodge (V) 提供临时住宿debtor (n) 债务国creditor (n) 债权国slogan (n) 口号disguise (v) 伪装unparalleled (adj) 前所未有的militia (n) 民兵neutral (adj) 中立的confront (v) 遇到fascist (adj) 法西斯的第二章1.mostly 多半，主要地2.collectively 共同地3.geographically 地理上，地理学上Confusing (adj) 令人困惑的changeable (adj) 可改变的，多变的abbreviate (V) 缩写，简略headquarter (n) 总部square kilometer 平方公里extensive (adj) 广泛的，大规模的population (n) 人口，全体居民destination (n) 目的地colonial power 殖民国家domestic (adj) 本国的，国内的monarchy (n) 君主统治，君主国flagpole (n) 旗杆highland zone 高地lowland zone 低地forecourt (n) 前庭，前院administrative (adj) 行政的，管理的territory (n) 领土stunning (adj) 令人惊奇的，漂亮的independent (adj) 独立的architecture (adj) 建筑学，建筑式样populous (adj) 人口众多的picturesque (adj) 风景如画的mountainous (adj) 多山的specialist (adj) 专业的plateaus (n) 高原rugged (adj) 崎岖的，多岩石的temperate (adj) 温和的combination (n) 结合maritime (adj) 海洋的sparsely (adv) 稀少地instable (adj) 不稳定的federal (adj) 联邦的chilly (adj) 寒冷的volcanic (adj) 火山的eclectic (adj) 折中的vacationland (n) 度假胜地cosmopolitan (adj) 世界性的headquarter (n) 总部ling-established (adj) 历史悠久的embassy (n) 大使馆significantly (adv) 意义深远的institution (n) 制度，机构venue (n) 场所residence (n) 居住，住处prominent (adj) 突出的principal (adj) 主要的(n)负责人executive (adj) 行政的(n)主管downtown (adj) 商业区的，闹市区的ancillary (adj) 附属的，辅助的complex (n) 综合体premiere (n) 初次公演commercial (adj) 商业的release (n) 发布，发行financial (adj) 财政的，金融的boulevard (n) 大街transportation (n) 运输sidewalk (n) 人行道manufacturing (n) 制造round-trip (adj) 往返的exert (v) 尽力，发挥permanent (adj) 永久的entertainment (n) 娱乐rimmed (adj) 边上环绕的borough (n) 行政区bronze (n) 青铜unique (adj) 独一无二的honoree (n) 领奖人mass transit 大众交通municipal (adj) 市政的diversity (n) 多样性honorary (adj) 荣誉的，名誉上的immigrant (n) 移民ceremonial (adj) 仪式的primarily (adj) 主要地wildlife (n) 野生动物corporate (adj) 公司的第三章1.traditional 传统的2.formal 形式上的3.ceremonial 礼仪上的4.symbolic 象征性的5.exemplary 模范的6.privatise 使私有化Privatization 私有化7.nationalise 使国有化nationalization 国有化8.distributive 分配的distribution 分配9.resignation 辞职10.proposal 建议11.approval 赞同，同意12.arrival 到达ernmental 政府的14.constitutional 符合宪法的monarchy (n) 君主制度sovereign (n) 君主，国王crown (v) 加冕heir (n) 继承人govern (v) 统治，治理executive branch 行政机构monarch (n) 君主exemplary (adj) 值得仿效的successor (n) 继承人extramarital (adj) 婚外的squander (v) 挥霍，浪费parliament (n) 议会baron (n) 男爵，贵族House of Commons 下议院House of Lords 上议院the legislative 立法机构scrutinize (v) 仔细检查Lords Spiritual 宗教贵族Lords Temporal 世俗贵族inherit (v) 继承life peer 终身贵族constituency (n) 选区supervise (v) 监督，管理general election 大选residence (n) 公馆，住宅the Cabinet 内阁originate (v) 起源于Whig Party 辉格党Tory Party 托利党Liberal Party 民主党conserve (v) 保护，保留individualism (n) 个人主义nickname (n) 绰号，昵称distribution(n) 分配redistributive (adj) 再分配的National Health Service 国民医疗服务体系financial (adj) 财政的，金融的resignation (n) 辞职Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政部长article (n) 条款Congress (n) 国会provide (n) 规定federal (adj) 联邦的checks and balances 三权分立the legislative branch 立法机构the executive branch 行政机构the judicial branch 司法机构coin (v) 制造硬币regulate (v) 控制，管理republican (adj) 共和的guarantee (n) 保证，担保amendment (n) 修正案assemble (v) 集合，集会property (n) 财产fundamental (adj) 基础的，基本的veto (v) 否决Capitol 美国国会The Senate 参议院Levy(v) 征收the House of Representatives 众议院Supreme Court 最高法院senator (n) 参议员resident (n) 居民exclusive (adj) 专有的，独立的consent (v) 同意confirmation (n) 确认prestigious (adj) 有声望的，有威信的issue (v) 发表，发布administration (n) 管理，行政部门appoint (v) 任命ambassador (n) 外交大使commander-in-chief 总司令secretary (n) 部长presidency (n) 总统职位presidential (adj) 总统的mansion (n) 宅邸，公馆Court of Appeals 上诉法庭constitutional (adj) 合乎宪法的unconstitutional (adj) 违反宪法的interpret (V) 解释，说明logo(n) 标识clear-cut (adj) 清晰的Democratic Party 民主党Republican Party 共和党ideology (n) 思想advocate (v) 提倡，主张terrorist (n) 恐怖主义者invasion (n) 入侵privileged (adj) 有特权的minority (n) 少数depression (n) 经济萧条时期Franklin Roosevelt’s New-deal 罗斯福新政conviction (n) 坚定的信仰devastate (v) 毁坏transparency (n) 透明度第四章1.spiritual 精神上的2.national 国家的3.traditional 传统的4.personal 个人的5.historical 历史的6.numerous 无数的7.famous 著名的8.religious 宗教的9.harmonious 和谐的10.dangerous 危险的11.far-reaching 深远的12.far-seeing 有远见的13.far-ranging 广泛的14.long-lasting 持久的15.long-standing 长存的16.long-suffering 长期受苦的17.self-improvement 自我完善的17.self-reliance 自立18.self-study 自学19.self-confidence 自信20 .self-sufficiency 自足fundamental(adj) 基本的resident (n) 居民denomination (n) 教派census (n) 人口普查archbishop (n) 大主教reformation (n) 改革landmark (n) 标志worship (n) 礼拜heritage (n) 遗产conquest (n) 征服object (v) 反对persecution (n) 迫害roller coaster 过山车hatred (n) 憎恨glorify (v) 赞美prayer (n) 祈祷sermon(n) 布道witness(v) 见证respectively (adv) 分别地baptism (n) 洗礼funeral (n) 葬礼interpretation (n) 诠释impress(v) 留下印象architecture (n) 建筑contrast (n) 对比dome(n) 穹顶admit (v) 录取salvation (n) 救赎obligation (n) 义务handicapped (n) 残疾人talent (n) 才华creativity (n) 创造力tolerance (n) 宽容anniversary (n) 周年accountability (n) 有责任endow (v) 捐赠unalienable (adj) 不可剥夺的awareness(n) 意识eagerness(n) 渴望multinational (adj) 多民族的survey (n) 调查Judaism (n) 犹太教inaugural speech 就职演说patchwork (n) 接凑物phenomenon (n) 现象kaleidoscope (n) 万花筒Eastern Orthodox Church 东正教Easter (n) 复活节stable (n) 马厩choir (n) 唱诗班crucify (v) 用十字架钉死betrayal (n) 背叛disciple (n) 门徒，弟子depict (v) 描写clergy (n) 神职人员impact (n) 影响procedure (n) 程序patriotism (n) 爱国主义disaster (n) 灾难victim (n) 受难者achievement (n) 成就consistently (adv) 一贯地persistent (adj) 持久的accumulation(n) 积累conservative (adj) 保守的destiny (n) 命运outstanding (adj) 杰出的，显著的superiority (n) 优越性assume(v) 推测，假想confidentiality (n) 机密，保密individual (n) 个人contribute (v)contribute (v) 奉献，贡献volunteerism (n) 志愿精神deduction (n) 扣除accomplish (V) 完成第五章1.co-educated 混合教育的2.co-produced 合作生产的cation 教育4.preschool 学前的5.equipment 装备ernment 政府7.intermediate 中间的8.extracurricular 课外的9.specialized 专业化的10.weakness 弱点state school 国立学校independent school 私立学校private school 私立学校public school 贵族学校，私立学校nursery school 幼儿园compulsory (adj) 强制的，义务的obligation （n）义务facility (n) 设施financial (adj) 财政的primary school 小学equipment (n) 设备stationery (n) 文具league table 学校等级表truancy (n) 逃学academic year 学年hygiene (n) 卫生学handicraft (n) 手工艺secondary school 中学comprehensive school 综合学校grammar school 文法学校potential (n) 潜力recruit (v) 招聘certify (v) 证明admittance (n) 进入权higher education 高等教育maintenance grant 助学金implement (V) 执行Oxford University 牛津大学Cambridge University 剑桥大学alumni (n) 校友entity (n) 实体the University of London 伦敦大学federation (n) 联盟Open University 开放大学degree offered 授予的学位Bachelor’s degree 学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctor’s degree 博士学位dissertation (n) 专题论文exhaustive （adj）全面的thesis (n) 论文local government 地方政府elementary education 小学教育secondary education 中学教育higher education 高等教育compulsory (adj) 义务的undergraduate 本科生kindergarten 幼儿园curriculum (n) 课程academic year 学年intermediate (adj) 中间的scope (n) 范围supervision (n) 管理stadium (n) 体育场gymnasium (n) 体育馆competitive (adj) 有竞争力的obtain (v) 获得specialized (adj) 专业化的vocational training 职业培训critical-thinking 批判性思维acquire (v) 获得reflection (n) 反映maximum (adj) 最大程度的moral (adj) 道德的singular (adj) 突出的entrance exam 入学考试category (n) 分类trustee (n) 理事layman (n) 业余人士freshman (n) 大学一年级sophomore (n) 大学二年级junior(n) 大学三年级senior (n) 大学四年级（毕业班）credit (n) 学分Harvard University 哈佛大学Yale University 耶鲁大学Princeton University 普林斯顿大学Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 麻省理工学院benefactor (n) 捐助者elite (n) 精英。
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照
【珍藏】美国政府结构名称中英文对照GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES美国政府CONSTITUTION宪法一、LEGISLATIVE BRANCH立法部门Congress国会Senate参议院House of Representatives众议院Architect of the Capitol国会大厦Congressional Budget Office国会预算办公室General Accounting Office总会计署Government Printing Office印刷局Library of Congress美国国会图书馆Office of Technology Assessment国会技术评估办公室Stennis Center for Public Service ：Stennis公众服务中心二、EXECUTIVE BRANCH行政部门President总统Vice President副总统Executive Office of the President总统行政办公室Council of Economic Advisers总统经济顾问委员会Council on Environmental Quality总统环境质量委员会National Economic Council国家经济委员会National Security Council国家安全委员会Office of Management and Budget管理与预算办公室Office of National AIDS Policy国家艾滋病政策办公室Office of National Drug Control Policy国家麻醉品控制政策办公室Office of Science and Technology Policy科技政策办公室President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Boa rd总统国外情报顾问委员会U.S. Trade Representative美国贸易代表White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Out reach 白宫妇女办公室Department of Agriculture农业部Department of Commerce商业部Department of Defense国防部Department of Education教育部Department of Energy能源部Department of Health and Human Services卫生和公共事业部Department of Housing and Urban Development住宅与城市发展部Department of the Interior内务部Department of Justice司法部Department of Labor劳工部Department of State国务院Department of Transportation交通部Department of the Treasury财政部Department of Veterans Affairs退伍军人事务部Independent Establishments, Government Corporations, and Quasi-official Agencie s独立机构、政府法人社团和半官方中介机构Advisory Council on Historic Preservation历史保护咨询委员会Central Intelligence Agency中央情报局Commission on Civil Rights民权委员会Commodity Futures Trading Commission商品期货贸易委员会Consumer Product Safety Commission消费者产品安全委员会Corporation for National Service国家服务团Environmental Protection Agency环保局Equal Employment Opportunity Commission平等就业机会委员会Export-Import Bank of the United States美国进出口银行FarmCredit Administration农业信贷管理局Federal Communications Commission联邦通讯委员会Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation联邦储蓄保险公司Federal Election Commission联邦选举委员会Federal Emergency Management Agency联邦紧急事务管理局Federal Labor Relations Authority联邦劳工关系局Federal Maritime Commission联邦海事委员会Federal Reserve System联邦储备银行系统Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board联邦退休储蓄和投资委员会Federal Trade Commission联邦贸易委员会General Services Administration总务管理局Merit Systems Protection Board功绩制保护委员会National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空航天局National Archives and Records Administration国家档案局National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities国家艺术人文基金会National Labor Relations Board国家劳工关系委员会National Railroad Passenger Corporation国家铁路客运公司National Performance Review国家绩效评估委员会National Science Foundation国家科学基金会National Transportation Safety Board国家交通安全委员会Nuclear Regulatory Commission核管理委员会Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission职业安全与健康管理局Office of Government Ethics政府道德办公室Office of Personnel Management人事管理办公室Office of Special Counsel特别检察官办公室Overseas Private Investment Corporation海外私人投资公司Peace Corps和平队Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation养老金受益担保公司Postal Rate Commission邮政费率委员会Railroad Retirement Board铁道职工退休委员会Securities and Exchange Commission证券交易委员会Selective Service System义务兵役管理部Small Business Administration小企业主利益保护局Smithsonian Institution史密森学会Social Security Administration社会保障部Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州河谷授权委员会U.S. Agency for International Development美国国际开发署U.S. International Trade Commission美国国际贸易委员会U.S. Postal Service美国邮政服务局U.S. Trade and Development Agency美国贸易及发展署Voice of America美国之音三、JUDICIAL BRANCH司法机构Supreme Court最高法院U.S. Courts of Appeals美国地区法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit美国联邦巡回地区法院U.S. District Courts联邦地方法院U.S. Court of Federal Claims联邦申诉法庭U.S. Court of International Trade国际贸易法院U.S. Tax Court税务法院U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces武装部队地区法院U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals退伍军人地区法院Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts美国法院行政管理办公室Federal Judicial Center联邦司法中心。
法律英语教学大纲
《法律英语》教学大纲一、序言（一）课程发展的历史沿革西北政法学院于20世纪90年代中期开设法律英语课程，是我国是较早开设该课程的高等院校之一。
当时开设此类课程的院校只有中国政法大学、西南政法大学。
由于学校和学院的高度重视，个别教师的积极参与，法律英语课程一直是我院的特色课程，并成为法律英语专业的核心课程。
经过十几年的教学实践，除了积累了较丰富的经验外，还培养出了一支集科研与教学为一体，职称比例、年龄结构合理的教师队伍。
其科研成果和教学经验在我国的西北五省区处领先地位，并在全国仍具有一定的影响力。
早在1993年，由谢立新任主编、范小玲、樊林波任副主编出版的《法学英语教程》（中国政法大学出版社）是我国最早的法律英语教材之一。
通过一定量的教学实践并在总结前书成功编写经验的基础上，由谢立新、马庆林共同完成的《新编法学英语教程》(2000年12月由上海外语教育出版社出版)，除了作为西北政法大学外国语学院法律英语专业和全校法学专业的指定教材外，还被其他院校广泛使用，如，中南财经政法大学、中山大学、海南大学、解放军政治学院、西北大学、西安科技大学、宁夏大学等，并受到教师和学生的普遍好评。
在教学过程中，为了使学生的学习更具有针对性、更能适应社会对法律+英语复合型人才的需求，我们曾经于1999年和2003年就法律英语课程的课时安排、教学内容、教学手段等在学生中进行过实际调查（主要采用问卷调查的形式）。
根据调查结果和师生们的反馈意见，我们及时撤换掉了一些稍显陈旧的内容，与此同时也加大了部门法和案例法的教学比例以强调学生的社会实践能力，尤其是突出了当今社会与法律密切相关的话题。
另外，为了改变学生知识结构单一这一现状，我们还增加了英美司法文书、法律翻译、法律语言学、英美法概论等选修课程以丰富学生的专业知识和文化背景知识。
2004年法律英语课程被西北政法大学正式确定为精品课程建设项目。
经过2年多时间的相互合作和共同努力，课程组成员顺利完成该课程所需的课程大纲、教案、学习参考文献目录、试题库、实践教学指导计划、教学辅助资料阅读、国外经典案例分析等分项内容的建设工作，其中法律英语教学课件还于2006年分别获得“西北政法大学首届青年教师多媒体课件比赛”一等奖，“第六届全国多媒体课件大赛优秀奖”。
英语notetaking范文
英语notetaking范文Effective note-taking is a crucial skill for students and professionals alike. Whether you are attending a lecture, participating in a meeting, or conducting research, the ability to capture key information concisely and accurately can have a significant impact on your academic or professional success. In this essay, we will explore the importance of note-taking, discuss various techniques and strategies, and provide a sample of an effective note-taking format.Importance of Note-takingNote-taking serves several important functions. First and foremost, it helps you actively engage with the material being presented. By actively listening and recording key points, you are more likely to retain the information and better understand the concepts being discussed. This is particularly important in educational settings, where the ability to recall and apply the knowledge learned can directly impact academic performance.Moreover, effective note-taking allows you to create a personalized record of the information, which can be invaluable for futurereference. Whether you are preparing for an exam, reviewing for a presentation, or simply need to revisit a topic, having a well-organized set of notes can save you time and effort, and ensure that you have access to the essential information when you need it.In a professional context, note-taking is equally important. During meetings, conferences, or client discussions, being able to capture the key points, action items, and decisions made can help you stay on top of your responsibilities, communicate effectively with colleagues, and ensure that important information is not lost.Note-taking Techniques and StrategiesThere are various approaches to note-taking, and the most effective method may vary depending on the individual, the subject matter, and the context in which the notes are being taken. However, there are some general principles and strategies that can be applied to enhance the effectiveness of your note-taking.One widely recognized note-taking technique is the Cornell method. This method involves dividing the page into three sections: a note-taking area, a cue column, and a summary section. The note-taking area is used to record the main points, while the cue column is used to jot down keywords, questions, or ideas that can be used to review and recall the information later. The summary section, located at the bottom of the page, is used to summarize the key takeaways fromthe notes.Another popular method is the outlining approach, which involves organizing the information in a hierarchical structure, using headings, subheadings, and bullet points to create a clear and logical flow. This method can be particularly effective for capturing the overall structure and relationships between different concepts.The mindmapping technique is another useful note-taking strategy. This involves creating a visual representation of the information, using a central topic or idea as the starting point and then branching out with related concepts, ideas, and connections. This can help you see the big picture and identify patterns and relationships that may not be as evident in a linear note-taking format.In addition to these structured approaches, there are also more flexible note-taking techniques, such as the use of abbreviations, symbols, and shorthand. These can help you capture information more quickly and efficiently, especially in situations where the paceof the presentation or discussion is fast.Regardless of the specific technique you choose, it is important to experiment and find the approach that works best for you. The key is to develop a note-taking system that allows you to capture the essential information in a way that is easy for you to understand andreference later.Sample Note-taking FormatTo illustrate an effective note-taking format, let us consider a sample note-taking exercise for a lecture on the history of the United States Constitution.I. Introduction to the US ConstitutionA. Purpose and significance1. Establish a framework for government2. Protect the rights and freedoms of citizensB. Historical context1. Drafting and ratification2. Amendments and revisionsII. Structure of the ConstitutionA. Preamble1. Outlines the purpose and principles2. Sets the tone for the documentB. Articles1. Article I - Legislative branch2. Article II - Executive branch3. Article III - Judicial branch4. Remaining articlesIII. Key Principles and ConceptsA. Separation of powers1. Checks and balances2. Preventing concentration of powerB. Federalism1. Division of power between federal and state governments2. Roles and responsibilitiesC. Individual rights and liberties1. Bill of Rights2. Amendments and expansionsIV. Ongoing Debates and InterpretationsA. Originalism vs. living document1. Strict interpretation2. Evolving interpretationB. Contemporary issues and challenges1. Balancing individual rights and government power2. Addressing societal changes and technological advancementsV. ConclusionA. Enduring significance of the ConstitutionB. Importance of civic engagement and understandingThis sample note-taking format demonstrates the use of headings, subheadings, and bullet points to organize the information in a clearand logical manner. The use of the Cornell method is also evident, with the cue column on the left-hand side and the summary section at the bottom of the page.By following this structured approach, you can ensure that your notes are comprehensive, easy to review, and effectively capture the key information presented. Of course, you may need to adapt and personalize this format to suit your own learning style and the specific requirements of the subject matter or context.In conclusion, effective note-taking is a vital skill that can have a significant impact on your academic and professional success. By understanding the importance of note-taking, exploring various techniques and strategies, and practicing a structured approach, you can develop a note-taking system that works best for you and helps you to actively engage with and retain the information you encounter.。
三权分立的英文名词解释
三权分立的英文名词解释Three Separation of PowersIntroduction:The concept of separation of powers is a fundamental principle in modern democratic governance. It ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single individual or entity, thereby preventing the abuse of power and promoting checks and balances within a government system. In this article, we will delve into the meaning and significance of the three separate powers: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.The Executive Branch:The executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. It is headed by the President or Prime Minister, and their role is to execute the will of the government. This branch is responsible for making important decisions, such as foreign policy, national security, and day-to-day governance. Its power lies in the ability to make final decisions, veto legislation, and appoint key officials. By having an independent executive branch, the system ensures that the head of state or government can act decisively without interference from other branches.The Legislative Branch:The legislative branch is responsible for making laws. It consists of the Parliament, Congress, or any other legislative body, and its primary function is to debate, propose, and pass legislation. This branch represents the will of the people and serves as a check on the executive branch. It has the power to initiate investigations, impeach officials, approve budgets, and make amendments to existing laws. The legislative branch ensures that the government acts in accordance with the interests and needs of its citizens.The Judicial Branch:The judiciary branch is responsible for interpreting and applying laws. It consists of judges and courts, which are independent of the executive and legislative branches. Thejudiciary acts as a neutral arbiter, ensuring that laws are applied fairly and in accordance with the constitution. Its role is to settle disputes, protect individual rights, and uphold the rule of law. The judiciary exercises the power of judicial review, which allows it to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional. This power ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful.Importance of Separation of Powers:The separation of powers is vital for the functioning of a democratic system. It prevents the concentration of power in a single entity and provides a system of checks and balances. Firstly, it safeguards individual liberties by ensuring that no single branch of government has unchecked power. By dividing power, it limits the potential for abuse and tyranny. Secondly, it promotes accountability and transparency. Each branch acts as a check on the others, ensuring that no branch acts beyond its authority. This accountability ensures that government actions are open to scrutiny and public debate. Thirdly, separation of powers maintains the stability of a democracy. It minimizes the risk of a power struggle between branches, as each branch has its own sphere of influence and responsibilities.Conclusion:The concept of separation of powers is a cornerstone of modern democratic governance. It ensures that power is not concentrated and abused, and promotes a system of checks and balances. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches each play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of a democracy. Through an independent executive, a representative legislature, and an impartial judiciary, the separation of powers fosters accountability, protects individual rights, and ensures the rule of law.。
US Political System
• The constitutions and laws of any state must not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution.
Successful Amendments
• The Constitution has twenty-seven amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously by 1791. The following seventeen were ratified separately over the next two centuries.
• The great weakness of the system is that it makes government slow and complicated which is a huge disadvantage in a world of fast-moving political and economic developments.
• This is also known as 'checks and balances‘.
Terms of Office
• The President has a term of 4 years. • Members of the Senate serve for 6 years. • Members of the House of Representatives
美国概况政治地理
美国概况政治地理美国概况-政治习题(2008-10-12 15:29:05)Political System1. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. CongressC. President2. The general election in America is held every _____ years.A. 5B. 4C. 6D. 33. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is _____.A. donkeyB. elephantC. eagle4. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution.A. The CabinetB. The Supreme CourtC. PresidentD. Congress5. The symbol of the US Republic Party is _____.A. tigerB. elephantC. donkey6. The political system of the US is based on the following except _____.A. federalismB. the constitutional monarchyC. the separation of powersD. respect for the constitutionE. the rule of law7. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive8. The number of Congressmen from each state varies depending on _____.A. the size of the areaB. the size of the populationC. the traditionD. the wealth9. The Democratic Party of America was founded in _____.A. 1845B. 1828C. 178710. There are _____ departments in American Government.A. 13B. 14C. 1511. The law-making or the legislative body in the government is _____.A. the Supreme CourtB. the CongressC. the CabinetD. the president's committee12. All states in America have the legislative branch of two houses except the state _____.A. NebraskaB. NevadaC. Oregon13. In each state there are about _____ counties on average.A. 30B. 50C. 6014. The members in the Senate must be at least _____ years old and those in the Representative _____ years old.A. 40, 30B. 30, 26C. 30, 2515. The tenure of office of federal judges is _____ years long.A. 8B. for lifeC. 516. The Democratic and the Republican Parties gradually lost their differences after _____.A. 1865B. 1860C. 187017. There are _____ presidential electors for all the states.A. 535B. 100C. 538D. 43518. The Federal Government and the states governments are supposed to _____ each other.美国概况政治地理A. guideB. controlC. keep independence from19. If the president wants to put a treaty into effect, he has to get the approval by two thirds of the _____.A. SenateB. CabinetC. CongressI. Fill in the Blanks1. Only the _____ _____ has the right to interpret the constitution.2. There are _____ voting members in the House of Representatives.3. Each of the fifty states of US elects _____ senators.4. There are _____ judges in the Supreme Court of America.5. The first ten amendments added to the constitution in 1791 was called the _____ _____ _____.6. The Federal Constitution consists of _____ articles and _____ amendments.7. The balance is always kept among the three branches of the power of the government and this is called the “System of _____ and _____”.8. The _____ determines the government and divides the power of the government into three branches.9. The official presidential residence is the _____ _____.10. _____ is the only way in which the president can legally be removed from office.11. In 1974 President _____ was impeached and he resigned his office before a trial could take place.12. The parties in the US choose all their candidates for election, except for president, as “_____ _____”.13. In American history _____ presidents have been assassinated.14. The president who was first assassinated in 1865 was _____ _____.15. The American Congress is made up of two houses: the _____ and the House of _____.16. In the US the chief function of _____ is to make laws.17. The Democratic Party grew out of the _____.18. There are _____ persons in the Jury.19. There are _____ members in the Senate.20. The head of he House of Representatives is called the _____.21. According to the _____, the president should be a citizen born in the US territory.22. The two main parties are the Democratic and the _____ Party.II. Explain the Following Terms1. FBI2. The President-electIII. Answer the Following Questions1. What is the role of the US congress? What is the criticism of the Congress in the American Press?2. What are the main features of the State government?美国概况-地理习题(2008-10-12 15:30:39)1. The _____ part of America consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range.A. easternB. westernC. northeastern2. In eastern _____ lies Death Valley, 85 metres below sea level.C. ArizonaB. Utah A. California美国概况政治地理3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB. Coast RangeC. Cascades Mountains4. The _____ lies between the Colorado Plateaus and Columbia PlateausA. Great BasinB. Colorado ValleyC. Great Plains5. The famous Yellowstone National Park is situated in northwestern part of _____.A. CaliforniaB. ArizonaC. Wyoming6. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern _____, which is cut by the Colorado River.A. ArizonaB. UtahC. Montana7. Among the five Great Lakes, only _____ is wholly within the United States.A. ErieB. SuperiorC. Michigan8. Only the climate in the southern part of _____ is tropical.A. FloridaB. GeorgiaC. Virginia9. Washington, the capital of the US, is on the _____ river.A. PotomacB. DelawareC. St. Laurence10. The width of the Niagara Fall is about _____ metres and the drop average _____ metres.A. 1650, 50B. 1240, 49C. 1540, 4911. _____ part is the most densely populated region in America.A. The southernB. The northeasternC. The western12. The Great Salt Lake lies in northern _____.A. IdahoB. ArizonaC. NevadaD. Utah13. _____ has been called the “cradle of American Liberty”.A. PhiladelphiaB. PlymouthC. Boston14. About _____ of the world's annual agricultural products come from the United States.A. halfB. one thirdC. two thirds15. The highest mountain in the U.S. is Mount _____.A. AppalachianB. MekinleyC. Rocky16. Mount Mekinley lies in the _____ Range.A. Sierra NevadaB. CascadesC. Alaska17. The two largest Chinatowns are located in the following cities except _____.A. New YorkB. San FranciscoC. Miami18. The world's largest freshwater lake is Lake _____.A. SuperiorB. OntarioC. Victoria19. The world-famous Niagara Falls lie between lakes of _____.A. Erie and MichiganB. Erie and OntarioC. Superior and Haron20. _____ of the America's territory is covered with forests.A. 1/4B. 1/5C. 1/321. Texas, having belonged to _____, was annexed by the U.S. in 1845.A. FranceB. RussiaC. Mexico22. Hawaii is in the _____ Ocean.A. AtlanticB. IndianC. Pacific23. The American black population consists of _____ of the total population.A. 1/10B. 1/5C. 1/924. _____ is the largest state in area in the U.S.A.C. AlaskaB. Louisiana A. Florida美国概况政治地理25. The United States today is the _____ largest country in size in the world.A. thirdB. fifthC. fourth26. About half of the total population is concentrated in the following areas except _____.A. Atlantic CoastB. Pacific CoastC. NorthwestD. around the Great LakesE. Gulf of Mexico27. There are _____ river systems in the U.S.A.A. 8B. 3C. 628. Detroit is famous for the production of _____.A. automobileB. timberC. bamboo29. The City St. Louis in America is called the gateway towards the _____.A. EastB. WestC. NortheastD. Southwest30. The city _____ is given the nickname “Space City of U.S.A.”.A. BostonB. HoustonC. San Francisco31. The _____ were the original inhabitants in America.A. blacksB. IndiansC. Puerto Ricans32. The steel and iron industries are mainly distributed around the city of _____, providing _____ percent of the total output each year.A. Pittsburgh, 60B. Chicago, 50C. New York, 6033. The largest industrial city in America is _____.A. ChicagoB. BostonC. Houston34. Only the climate in the southwestern part of Florida belongs to _____.A. subtropicalB. continentalC. tropical35. ?_____ is famous for many stores and shops.A. Wall StreetB. BroadwayC. Fifth Avenue36. In _____ people can find the historical spot, the Independence National Historical Park.A. PhiladelphiaB. St. LouisC. San Francisco37. Boston is situated in Boston Bay, _____.A. MaineB. MassachusettsC. Connecticut38. The Columbia River and the Colorado River belong to the system of _____.A. the GulfB. the AtlanticC. the PacificI. Fill in the blanks1. The United States is situated in the _____ part of _____ America.2. The U.S. is bounded by _____ on the north and by _____ and the Gulf of Mexico on the south.3. To the west of America lies the _____ Ocean.4. To the east of America lies the _____ Ocean.5. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of _____.6. The _____ part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.7. The famous _____ National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming.8. The western part of the central plain is also called the “_____ _____”.9. The Mississippi River flows from the _____ lakes to the Gulf of _____.10. The lowest point in the whole of North America is _____ _____.11. The world-known _____ _____ lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.12. The largest island salt lake in North America is the _____ _____ Lake.13. The United States includes _____ states and a _____ district, the District of Columbia.美国概况政治地理14. The Declaration of Independence was first read on July 4th, _____.15. The two main tributaries of the _____ River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.16. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of _____ and the United States.17. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the _____ _____ _____ _____.18. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “_____ _____”.19. The largest state, _____, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.20. There rises the tendency of shifting the centre of industries from the _____ to the _____.21. The famous _____ _____ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.22. _____ is the centre of theatres in America.23. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the _____ and _____ City.24. _____ is the second largest in population in the U.S.25. The two youngest states are _____ in the northeastern part of America and _____ in the central Pacific.26. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of _____ origin.27. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the _____ century.28. The Death Valley is _____ metres below sea level.29. The population of the United States is about _____ million.30. The Statue of Liberty Island in _____ _____ harbour.31. _____ _____ is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.32. _____ _____ is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.33. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into _____ regions.34. The nickname of Houston City is _____ _____.35. _____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.36. _____ _____ is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.37. The Library of Congress is in the city of _____.38. New England is located in the _____ corner of the country.39. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in _____.40. The Middle Atlantic Region is marked by its industry. It is often called the _____ Northeast. II. Explain the Following Terms1. “The backbone of the continent”2. melting pot。
第三节 美国宪法的产生和发展
对马萨诸塞州宪的评价
“If I were called upon to select a single fact or enterprise which more nearly than any other single thing embraced the significance of the American Revolution . . . I should choose the formation of the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780. . . ."
——制宪会议提交给国 会的通函
宪法的批准
宪法草案
国会
各州选举 人民代表 组成制宪 会议批准
宪法的批准
最初的宪法草案被交由各州批准才能获得生效，这需 要13州中的9个州的同意。 宪法存在着两个方面的问题致使其在一些州的通过受 到了阻碍： 1. 宪法虽然平衡了大小州的利益，但是并不可能做到
完全平衡，宪法中参议院的规定对小州非常有利； 2. 宪法没有《权利法案》，有部分州认为强大的中央
Life Liberty Pursuit of happiness
பைடு நூலகம்
Purpose of gov’t To secure rights
Measure of Justice
Right of revolution Limits to the right of revolution
Consent of the governed
--John Adams, in a letter to Abigail Adams
《独立宣言》摘录
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.