Child development and neuroscience
完整版发展心理学专业术语表
开展心理学专业术语表acceleration 力口速accommodation 顺应acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 获得性免疫缺陷综合征active engagement 积极参与acute medical conditions 急性疾病adaptation 适应adolescence青少年期adolescent growth spurt 青春期发育突进adolescent rebellion 青春期叛逆affordances 可用性alleles等位基因altruism利他主义ambivalent (resistant) attachment 矛盾型(抗拒型)依恋animism泛灵论anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症anoxia缺氧症Apgar scale阿普加量表art therapy 艺术疗法assimilation 同化asthma哮喘attachment 依恋attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 注意力缺陷/多动症authoritarian 专制型authoritative 权威型autism 自闭症autobiographical memory 自传体t己忆autonomy versus shame and doubt 自主对羞愧和疑心autosomes常染色体avoidant attachment 回避型依恋basic trust versus basic mistrust 根本信任对根本不信任Bayley Scales of Ifant Development 贝雷婴儿开展量表behavior therapy 行为治疗behavioral genetic 行为遗传学behaviorism 行为主义behaviorist approach 行为主义的方法bilingual双语使用者bilingual education 双语教学bioecological theory 生态学理论birth trauma 产伤body image身体意象brain growth spurts 脑的发育加速期Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales 布氏新生儿行为评价量表bulimia nervosa神经性贪食症bullying 欺负canalization 定型化case study 个案研究cell death 细胞死亡central executive 中央执行central nervous system 中枢神经系统centration 中央化cephalocaudal principle 头尾原贝Ucesarean delivery 剖腹产child-directed speech (CDS)儿语化childhood depression 儿童有B 抑症chromosomes 染色体chronic medical conditions 慢性疾病chronosystem 时序系统circular reaction 循环反响class inclusion 类包含classical conditioning 经典条件作用code mixing 语码混用code switching 语码转换cognitive development 认知开展cognitive neuroscience approach 认知神经科学的方法cognitive neuroscience 认知神经科学cognitive perspective 认知理论cognitive-stage theory cohort 同辈 commitment 承诺committed compliancecomponential element conceptual knowledge concordant 一致 concrete operations 具体运算conduct disorder (CD)品行障碍conscience 良心conservation 守恒constructive play 建构性游戏contextual element 情境元素contextual perspective 情境理论control group 限制组conventional morality (or morality of conventional role conformity)convergent thinking 聚合思维coregulation 共同约束corporal punishment 体罚correlational study 相关研究creativity 创造力crisis 危机 认知开展阶段理论约束性顺从成分元素概念性知识习俗道德critical period 关键期cross-modal transfer 跨通道迁移cross-sectional study 横断研究cultural bias文化偏见culture 文化culture-fair文化公平culture-free不受文化影响culture-relevant 文化相关decenter去中央化declarative knowledge 陈述性知识decoding 解码deductive reasoning 演绎推理deferred imitation 延迟模仿Denver Developmental Screening Test 丹佛开展筛选测验deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)脱氧核糖核酸dependent variable 因变量depth perception 深度知觉differentiation 分化difficult " children 困难型〞儿童discipline 训I练dishabituation 去习惯化disorganized-disoriented attachment 无组织-无目标依恋divergent thinking 发散思维dizygotic twins双卵性双胞胎dominant inheritance 显性遗传Down syndrome唐氏综合征drug therapy药物治疗dual representation hypothesis 双重表征理论dyslexia难语症early intervention 早期干预easy" children容易型〞儿童ecological theory of perception 生态知觉理论egocentrism 自我中央主义elaboration 精细力□工electronic fetal monitoring 胎心电子监护elicited imitation 诱导模仿embryonic stage 胚胎期emergent literacy 早期读写水平emotional maltreatment 情感虐待emotions 情绪empathy 同理心encoding 编码English-immersion 全英语教学enrichment 充实enuresis 尿床environment 环境episodic memory 情景记忆equilibration 平衡ethnic gloss种族曲解ethnographic study 人种志研究ethology习性学evolutionary psychology 进化心理学evolutionary/sociobiological perception 进化论 /社会生物学理论exosystem在外系统experiential element 经验元素experiment 实验experiental group 实验组explicit memory 外显记忆extended family 大家庭external memory aids 夕卜部记忆辅助手段family therapy 家庭治疗fast mapping快速映射fertilization 受精fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)胎儿酒精综合症fetal stage 胎儿期fine motor skills精细动作技能foreclosure 同一性早闭formal operations 形式运算functional play功能性游戏gateway drugs 入毒品gender性另1Jgender constancy性别恒常性gender identity 性另1J认同gender roles 性另1J角色gender stereotypes 性另1J亥U板影响gender-schema theory 性另1J -图式理论gender-typing 性别原型generalized anxiety disorder 一般性焦虑障碍generic memory 通用记忆genes基因genetic code遗传密码genetic counseling 基因咨询genotype基因型genotype-environment correlation 基因型-环境相关genotype-environment interaction 基因型-环境交互作用germinal stage 胚芽期goodness of fit 吻合度gross motor skills粗略动作技能guided participation 弓I 导性参与habituation 习惯化handedness 禾U 手haptic perception 触觉感知heredity 遗传heritability 遗传力heterozygous 杂合的historical generation 特定历史时代的人holophrase 单词句Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment家庭环境观察测评系统homozygous 纯合的horizontal decalage 水平滞差hostile aggressive 敌意性攻击human development 开展心理学hypertension 高血压hypotheses 假设hypothetical-deductive reasoning 假设-演绎推理ideal self理想自我identification 认同identity 同一性identity achievement 同一性获得identity diffusion 同一性扩散identity statuses 同一性状态identity versus identity confusion 同——性对同——性混舌Limaginary audience 假象观众implicit memory 内隐记忆imprinting EMincomplete dominance 不完全显性independent variable 自变量individual differences 个体差异individual psychotherapy 个另1J心理治疗inductive reasoning 归纳推理inductive techniques 诱导技术industry versus inferiority 勤奋对自卑infant mortality rate 婴儿死亡率information-processing approach 信息力口工取向initiative versus guilt 主动对内疚instrumental aggression 工具性攻击integration 整合intelligent behavior 智力行为internalization 内化invisible imitation 不可见模仿IQ(intelligence quotient)tests 智商测验irreversibility 不可逆性Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 考夫曼儿童成套评估测验laboratory Observation 实验室观察language 语言language acquisition device(LAD) 语言习得机制lateralization单侧化优势learning perspective 学习理论life-span development 毕生开展linguistic speech 语言式讲话literacy读写水平longitudinal study 纵向研究long-term memory 长时记忆low birth weight彳氐体重儿macrosystem宏观系统maturation 成熟mechanistic model机械论开展模型menarche月经初期mental retardation 精神发育迟滞mesosystem中观系统metamemory 元记忆microsystem微观系统monozygotic twins 单卵性双胞胎moratorium 同一性延缓multifactorial transmission 多因素传递mutations 突变mutual regulation 相互调节myelination 髓鞘化nativism先天论natural childbirth 自然分娩naturalistic observation 自然观察neglect 无视neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸neonatal period 新生儿期neonate 新生儿neurons神经元niche-picking 匹配选择nonnormative 非常态的nonshared environmental effects 非共享环境影响normative 常态的nuclear family 核心家庭obesity 肥胖object permanence 客体永久性observational learning 观察学习obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 强迫症open adoption 公开领养operant conditioning 操作性条件作用operational definition 操作定义oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 对立违抗性障碍organismic model 有机论开展模型organization 组织Otis-Lennon School Ability Test欧提斯-列农学业水平测试overt aggression 外显攻击participant observation 参与观察parturition 分娩permissive 放任型personal fable 个人神话phenotype 表现型phonetic, or code-emphasis approach 语音或编码强调法physical abuse 身体虐待physical development 生理开展Piagetian approach皮亚杰理论的方法plasticity 可塑性play therapy游戏疗法polygenic inheritance 多基因遗传postconvertional morality (or morality of autonomous moral principles)后习俗道德postmature胎儿过度成熟power assertion 强制命令pragmatics 语用学preconventional morality 前习俗道德prejudice 偏见prelinguistic speech 前语言式讲话preoperational stage 前运算阶段prepared childbirth 有准备的分娩pretend play 假装游戏preterm (premature)infants 早产儿primary sex characteristics 第一性征private speech 自言自语procedural knowledge 程序性知识prosocial behavior 亲社会行为protective factors 保护因素proximodistal principle 远近原贝Upsychoanalytic perspective 精神分析理论psychological aggression 心理攻击psychometric approach 心理测量的方法psychosexual development 性心理开展psychosocial development 心理社会开展puberty 青春期punishment 惩罚qualitative change 质变qualitative research 定性研究quantitative change 量变quantitative research 定量研究reaction range 反响范围real self真实自我recall回忆recessive inheritance 隐性遗传recognition 再认reflex behaviors 反射行为rehearsal 复述reinforcement 强化relational aggression 关系攻击representational ability 表征水平representational mappings 表征映射representational systems 表征系统resilient children 韧性儿童retrieval 提取risk factors风险因素rough-and-tumble play 追逐打闹游戏sample样本scaffolding 脚手架schemes 图式schizophrenia精神分裂症school phobia学校恐惧症scientific method 科学方法script 脚本secondary sex characteristics 第二性征secular trend 长势趋势secure attachment 平安依恋型self-awareness 自我意识self-conscious emotions 自我意识情绪self-definition 自我定义self-efficacy自我效能感self-esteem 自尊self-evaluative emotions 自我评价情绪self-regulation 自我调节sensitive periods 敏感期sensorimotor stage 感知运动阶段sensory memory 感觉记忆separation anxiety 别离焦虑separation anxiety disorder 别离焦虑障碍sequential study 序歹U研究seriation 排序sex chromosomes 性染色体sex-linked-inheritance 伴性遗传sexual abuse 性虐待sexual orientation 性取向sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)性传播疾病single representations 单一表征situational compliance 情境性顺从slow-to-warm-up ?children 慢热型〞儿童small-for-date(small-for-gestational age) infants 小于胎龄儿social capital 社会资本social cognition 社会认知social cognitive theory 社会认知理论social construction 社会建构social interaction model 社会互动模型social learning theory 社会学习理论social phobia社交恐惧症social promotion 社会促动social referencing 社会参照social-contextual approach 社会情境的方法socialization 社会化sociocultural theory 社会文化理论socioeconomic status(SES)社会经济地位spermarche 初精spontaneous abortion 自发性流产Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 斯坦福-比奈智力量表state of arousal 觉醒状态Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STA项滕伯格三元水平测验still-face“ paradigm 冷面'"范式storage 存储Strange Situation 陌生情境stranger anxiety 陌生人焦虑substance abuse 物质滥用substance dependence 物质依赖sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)胎儿猝死综合症symbolic function 符号功能syntax语法systems of action 动作系统tacit knowledge 内隐知识telegraphic speech 电报句temperament 气质teratogenic 致畸的theory理论theoryof mind 心理理论theory of multiple intelligences 多元智力理论transduction 转换transitive inference 传递性关系推理triarchic theory of intelligence 智力三元理论two-way(dual-language)learning 双向学习ultrasound 超声波violation-of-expectations 期望悖反的范式visible imitation 可见的模仿visual cliff 视崖visual guidance 视觉弓I导visual preference 视觉偏好visual recognition memory 视觉认知记忆visually based retrieval 基于视觉的提取Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-出)韦氏儿童智力量表Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence,Revised(WPPSI-ID )修订版韦克奇勒学前和小学智力量表whole-language approach 全语言教学法withdrawal of love 收回爱working memory 工作记忆zone of proximal development (ZPD) 最近开展区zygote受精卵。
关于自闭症的英文
Movement of “evidence-based” into Education
Campbell Collaboration formed (in the US) in 1990 to conduct systematic reviews of educational and social policy practices What Works Clearinghouse funded by Institute of Education Sciences operates through CC Evidence for Policy and Practice Information Center (EPPIC) at the University of London Institute of Education was created in 1993 Center for Evidence-Based Practice at Orelena Puckett Institute in North Carolina
Superior to pill placebo or alternative treatment Equivalent to well established treatment
Large series of single-case design studies (n>9) that use good experimental design and compare the intervention to another treatment
States
New York Department of Health California Department of Human Resources National Academy of Sciences National Autism Center—National Standards Project National Academy of Pediatrics Rogers Dawson & Osterling Odom, Brown, et al. (2003)
国外心理学期刊排名
外国心理学期刊排名分类整理一、总论2《Psychological bulletin》（心理学公报）【美】3《Psychological review》（心理学评论）【美】5《Psychological reports》（心理学报告）【美】17《Annual review of psychology》（心理学年度评论）【美】25《Psychological science》（心理科学）【美】41《American psychologist》（美国心理学家）【美】42《Professional psychology, research and practice》（专业心理学，研究及实践）【美】73《British journal of psychology》（英国心理学杂志）【英】86《American journal of psychology》（美国心理学杂志）【美】90《Scandinavian journal of psychology》（斯堪的纳维亚心理学杂志）【英】--------------------- 二、实验10《Journal of experimental psychology.Learning,memory,and cognition》（实验心理学杂志学习、记忆和认识）【美】14《Journal of experimental psychology.Human perception and performance》（实验心理学杂志.人类知觉与行为）【美】38《Journal of experimental psychology. General》（实验心理学杂志.总论）【美】74《Behavior research methods,instruments & computers》（行为研究方法、仪器与计算机）【英】72《Journal of experimental psycholoy Animal behavior processes》（实验心理学杂志.动物行为过程）【美】---------------------- 三、测量50《Psychological assessment》（心理评价）【美】（？）70《Educational and psychological measurement》（教育与心理测量）【英】--------------- 四、个性与社会性（一）社会心理》（社会心理学杂志）【美】81《The Journal of social psychology》（社会心理学杂志）【美】75《Social psychology quarterly》（社会心理学季刊）【美】76《European journal of social psychology》（欧洲社会心理学杂志）【英】64《Journal of experimental social psychology》（实验社会心理学杂志）【美】（二）个性与社会性》（个性与社会心理学杂志）【美】1《Journal of personality and social psychology》（个性与社会心理学杂志）【美】15《Personality and individual differences》（个性与个体差异）【英】30《Personality & social psychology bulletin》（个性与社会心理学公报）【美】53《Journal of personality assessment》（个性评估杂志）【美】62《Journal of personality》（个性杂志）【美】---------------- 五、发展教育12《Developmental psychology》（发展心理学）【美】40《Journal of educational psychology》（教育心理学杂志）【美】43《Child abuse & neglect》虐待与忽视儿童研究【英】65《Journal of comparative psychology》（比较心理学杂志）【美】58《Journal of experimental child psychology》（实验儿童心理学杂志）【美】77《Infant behavior & development》（婴儿行为与发育）【美】------------------- 六、行为（一）行为研究及应用》（应用行为分析杂志）【美】47《Journal of applied behavior analysis》（应用行为分析杂志）【美】56 《Ethology》（行为学）【德】（二）认知行为学4《Behavioral & brain sciences》（行为与大脑科学）【英】80《Behavioral neuroscience》（行为神经科学）【美】------------------ 七、精神分析66《The International journal of psycho-analysis》（国际心理分析杂志）【英】----------------- 八、认知（一）认知总论24《Cognitive psychology》（认知心理学）【美】26《Cognition》（认知）【荷兰】82《Cognitive science》（认知科学）【美】（二）生物心理学9《Journal of cognitive neuroscience》（认知神经科学杂志）【美】16《Psychophysiology》（心理生理学）【英】28《Brain research》（大脑研究）【荷兰】》（身心研究杂志）【美】（？）37《Journal of psychosomatic research》（身心研究杂志）【美】（？）44《Neuropsychology》（神经心理学）【美】46《Behavioural brain research》（行为大脑研究）【荷兰】55《Cognitive neuropsychology》（认知神经心理学）【英】78《Neuropsychologia》（神经心理学）【英】84《Biological psychology》（生物心理学）【荷兰】85《Psychobiology》（心理生物学）【美】87《Brain and cognition》（大脑与认知）【美】（三）具体认知运用7《Perceptual motor skills》（感知与运动技能）【英】21《Journal of memory and language》（记忆与语言杂志）【美】23《Journal of affective disorders》（情感紊乱杂志）【荷兰】29《Perception & psychophysics》（知觉与心理学）【美】31《Vision research》（视觉研究）【英】35《Brain and language》（大脑与语言）【美】36《Memory and cognition》（记忆与认知）【美】48《Perception》（知觉）【英】88《Language and cognitive processes》（语言与认知过程）【英】89《Memory》（记忆）【英】（四）社会认知与治疗45《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》（组织行为与人类决策过程）【美】》（认知治疗与研究）【美】67《Cognitive therapy and research》（认知治疗与研究）【美】----------------- 九、应用（一）咨询与应用6《Journal of consulting and clinical psychology》咨询心理学与临床心理学杂志【美】20《Journal of applied psychology》（应用心理学杂志）【美】52《Journal of counseling psychology》（咨询心理学杂志）【美】（二）临床8《Psychological medicine》（心理医学）【美】13《Psychosomatic medicine》（身心医学）【美】18《Behaviour research and therapy》（行为研究和治疗）【英】19《Pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior》（药理学、生物化学和行为）【美】22《The Journal of child psychology and psychiatry & allied disciplines》(儿童心理学、精神病学及相关学科杂志）【英】32《Psychopharmacology bulletin》（精神鞠理学公报）【美】33《Journal of studies on alcohol》（酒精研究杂志）【美】83《Journal of clinical child psychology》（临床儿童心理学杂志）【美】（临床）79《Journal of pediatric psychology》（儿科心理学杂志）【英】71《British journal of clinical psychology》（英国临床心理学杂志）【英】68《Clinical psychology review》（临床心理学评论）【英】（三）其他领域11《Journal of abnormal psychology》（变态心理学杂志）【美】51《Journal of abnormal child psychology》（变态儿童心理学杂志）【美】27《Health psychology》（健康心理学）【美】34《Psychology and aging》（心理学与衰老）【美】39《International journal of eating disorders》（国际进食障碍杂志）【美】》（创伤应激反应杂志）【美】54《Journal of traumatic stress》（创伤应激反应杂志）【美】》（运动与训练心理学杂志）【美】69《Journal of sport & exercise psychology》（运动与训练心理学杂志）【美】63《Addictive behaviors》（成瘾行为）【英】61《Journal of vocational behavior》（职业行为杂志）【美】》（法律和人类行为）【美】59《Law and human behavior》（法律和人类行为）【美】60《Sex roles》（性别作用）【美】57《Ergonomics》（人机学）【英】注：原始数据来源于网络，保留排名顺序后自己进行了分类。
关于儿童虐待的社会工作实践 Social Work Practice with Child Physical Abuse
• Question: What assistance is available for the abused children and the abusive parents? • 问题：对于受虐儿童和施虐家长，有哪些辅导和服务？
Consequences of Child Physical Abuse: Short Term 儿童身体虐待的短期后果 • Persistent fear response may make children hyper alert to danger signals 持续的恐惧使得儿童对危险信号有过激的反应 • Repeated abuse can cause trauma and PTSD 多次虐待可产生创伤和创伤后综合症 • Improper brain development 大脑发育障碍 • Impaired learning abilities in school 学习能力受阻 • Less language development 语言能力下降 • Less developed social and emotional skills 社交和情绪管理技巧下降 • Head trauma, blindness, cerebral palsy, disabilities 头部创伤，致盲，中风，致残
Howchildrenlearnlanguage
How children learn language:What Scientists SayBetween birth and five years of age, the human brain is hard-wired for learning multiple languages. After age five, this critical window begins to close and it gets much harder to acquire a new language and a good accent.Founded on clinical research in child development, neuroscience and linguistics, Little Pim is for families who want to take advantage of their young child’s fertile, yet brief, window for learning more than one language with ease.The award-winning Little Pim series provides an interactive method with all the tools necessary for parents to become their child’s first language tutor even if the language is new to them too. By structuring and encouraging parent-child interaction, Little Pim’s unique method fosters maximum language learning.The ResearchInfancy and early childhood is the ideal time to immerse your child in a foreign language. Babies gain understanding long before they can speak and benefit from having a rich language environment. That is because babies learn to talk by listening. Research tells us that the more words babies hear, the faster they learn to talk. Frequent daily exposure to words and active social engagement helps the brain pathways that foster language learning to develop more fully.“Babies and young children have incredible early learning skills and are uniquely equipped to learn the building blocks of one or more languages starting at birth,” said Dr. April Benasich, Little Pim Advisor and Director of the Infancy Studies Laboratory at the Center for Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University. “The developing brain unconsciously tracks the sounds and contours of the languages that surround them, noting the patterns and the subtle differences between sounds. This is an ideal time to introduce foreign languages to kids and to encourage cross-linguistic learning.”Babies and young children can differentiate between the sounds of any language in the world. Babies hear their mother’s voices before birt h and know the rhythm of their native language as newborns. Once born, babies can understand and discriminate the sounds of every language in the world. The sound elements or building blocks of language are called phonemes, and repeated studies show that adults are not as attuned as babies in perceiving phonemes.Why do young children have this language advantage? Humans needed language, as early as possible, to evolve. The sooner an early human could learn to talk, the greater his chance of survival. He could quickly respond to life-saving commands such as “Stop!” or “Run!” After language acquisition is set in motion, the brain devotes its energy to other things, and unused functions weaken.Bilingual learners are flexible and may acquire two languages in the time in which monolinguals acquire one. According to a report published in Science Express, July 2009, children acquire their native language according to a well-defined timeframe. Surprisingly, although children raised in bilingual environments have to learn roughly twice as much about language as their monolingual peers, the speed of acquisition is comparable in monolinguals and bilinguals. The article shows that preverbal 12-month-old bilingual infants have become more flexible at learning speech structures than monolinguals. When given the opportunity to simultaneously learn two different regularities, bilingual infants learned both, whereas monolinguals learned only one of them. Hence, bilinguals may acquire two languages in the time in which monolinguals acquire one because they quickly become more flexible learners.By five years of age, the early learning window begins to close. As they become attuned to their native language (or languages), children gradually lose the ability to tell the subtle sounds (phonemes) in foreign languages apart. Their innate ability gradually declines, and by five years of age, the most advantageous window of opportunity has begun to close. When people are introduced to new foreign sounds later in life, they can no longer hear the difference, thus making it much harder to imitate these sounds.Early foreign language exposure enhances a child’s primary language development, and his or her brain power. Scientists continue to explore how a child acquires a language with speed and ease, but experts already agree to dismiss the idea that bilingualism can be confusing for a young child. “This idea was dramatically reversed in a landmark study by Elizabeth Peal and Wallace Lambert at McGill University in Montreal that showed a general superiority of bilinguals over monolinguals in a wide range of intelligence tests and aspects of school achievement,” said Dr. Ellen Bialystok, Professor of Psychology at Y ork University, Canada.Regarding this link between fluency and improved IQ, Dr. Andrea Mechelli of University College London published in Nature her team’s research that found “grey matter” density in scans of the left-brain was greater in bilinguals than in monolinguals. The brain’s left side is responsible for processing information and controlling aspects of sensory perception, memory and speech. Dr. Mechelli found this increase was most significant in children who had learned a foreign language before the age of five.Little Pim’s method is modeled on how we naturally acqu ire language. Research shows that children learn best when their parents or caregiver actively play with them while naming items and actions in their daily life. The repetitive action of a child seeing an object, hearing the parent name it and then saying that name back to the parent is an essential part of a child’s primary language development. Little Pim’s DVDs are modeled on this natural way of learning. The award-winning Little Pim series provides an interactive method with all the tools necessary for parents to become their child’s first language tutor even if the language is new to them too. By structuring and encouraging parent-child interaction, Little Pim’s unique method fosters maximum language learning.。
学前儿童发展心理学历史
学前儿童发展心理学历史The history of preschool child development psychology traces its origins to the late 19th century, when early theorists and researchers began to explore the psychological development of young children. This field has evolved significantly over the years, incorporating various theories and approaches to understand how children grow and develop cognitively, emotionally, and socially.学前儿童发展心理学的历史可追溯到19世纪末，当时早期的理论家和研究者开始探索幼儿的心理发展。
这一领域多年来发生了显著变化，融入了各种理论和方法来理解儿童在认知、情感和社会方面的成长和发展。
Early pioneers in this field such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky proposed influential theories on child development, emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes and social interactions in a child's growth. Their works laid the foundation for subsequent research and theories in preschool child development psychology.该领域的早期先驱者，如让·皮亚杰和列夫·维果茨基，提出了有关儿童发展的影响深远的理论，强调认知过程和社交互动在儿童成长中的重要性。
儿童心智发展测评量表
儿童心智发展测评量表是用于评估儿童认知、言语、社交和运动等方面发展水平的工具。
以下是一些常用的儿童心智发展测评量表：1. 爱迪尔儿童发展量表（Ages and Stages Questionnaires，ASQ）：-ASQ是一种广泛使用的儿童发展筛查工具，涵盖了多个领域，包括沟通、社交、大运动、小运动、问题解决等。
2. 巴耶尔发展量表（Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development）：-用于评估婴幼儿的发展水平，包括认知、语言、社交情绪和精细运动等方面。
3. 韦氏婴幼儿智力发展量表（Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence，WPPSI）：-针对3至7岁儿童，评估智力发展，包括智力配备、执行功能、记忆等。
4. 斯坦福-比奇心理学发展量表（Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales）：-适用于2至85岁的个体，评估智力发展，包括言语、数量、记忆、推理等。
5. 丹尼尔斯发展量表（Denver Developmental Screening Test，DDST）：-用于早期儿童发展筛查，包括个人-社会、粗大动作、细小动作和语言等领域。
6. 克雷文儿童行为测验（CRAFFT）：-主要用于评估青少年的行为和情感问题，涵盖了社会、学术、家庭、自我感觉等方面。
7. 费耶尔斯-哈里斯儿童行为检查清单（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）：-用于评估3至18岁儿童和青少年的社交行为、情感问题和学术问题等。
8. 皮亚杰儿童发展量表（Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development）：-描述了儿童智力发展的不同阶段，包括感觉运动期、前运算期、具体运算期和形式运算期。
请注意，这些量表仅为参考，选择量表时应根据具体评估的目的、儿童的年龄和特定领域的需求来选择。
高二入学考试英语试题+答案
高二全能知识竞赛英语试题时量：120分钟总分：150分第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，选择正确选项。
1.What does the man mean ?A. The woman’s hat bothers him.B. His wife is annoyed by the woman.C. His wife wants a hat like the woman’s.2.Why does the woman change her plan ?A. She changes the route.B. There’s no flight at the moment.C. She is busy with her work.3.What’s the man’s attitude toward the woman’s work ?A. Sorry.B. Satisfied.C. Disapproving.4.What does the woman think of the kitchen ?A. Small.B. ModernC. Complete5.What does the man think of John ?A. Foolish.B. Greedy.C. Jealous第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听第6段材料，回答6、7题。
6.What kind of food does the man usually like ?A. Chinese food.B. Western food.C. Japanese food.7.Where is the Chinese restaurant ?A.On the second floor.B. On the fifth floor.C.On theseventh floor.听第7段材料，回答8、9题。