Nervous Systems Chapter 48 Vocabulary and Review
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a complex and fascinating process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout the animal's life. Understanding the development of the nervous system is crucial for understanding how it functions and how it can be affected by various factors. Tissue samples are an important tool for studying the development of the nervous system, as they allow researchers to examine the structure and function of the nervous system at a cellular and molecular level. One of the key aspects of nervous system development is the formation of neural stem cells, which give rise to the various cell types that make up the nervous system. Tissue samples can be used to study the development of neural stem cells and the factors that regulate their proliferation and differentiation. This information is important for understanding how the nervous system develops and how it can be repaired or regenerated after injury or disease. In addition to studying neural stem cells, tissue samples can also be used to study the development of specific types of neurons and glial cells, which are the building blocks of the nervous system. By examining the expression of specific genes and proteins in these cells, researchers can gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that govern their development and function. This information is crucial for understanding how the nervous system is wired and how it functions to regulate behavior and physiology. Furthermore, tissue samples can be used to study the development of the nervous system in different animal species, allowing researchers to compare and contrast the mechanisms of nervous system development across evolutionary lineages. This comparative approach can provide valuable insights into the evolution of the nervous system and the factors that have shaped its development over millions of years. By studying the nervous system in a diverse range of animal species, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of its development and function. Moreover, tissue samples can also be used to study the effects of environmental factors on nervous system development. For example, researchers can expose developing nervous system tissue to different chemicals or toxins todetermine how they affect the development of neural stem cells and other cell types. This research is important for understanding how environmental factors can impact nervous system development and how they may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders and other neurological conditions. In conclusion, tissue samples are a valuable tool for studying the development of the nervous system in animals. By examining the structure and function of nervous systemtissue at a cellular and molecular level, researchers can gain insight into the mechanisms that govern its development and function. This information is crucialfor understanding how the nervous system develops, how it can be affected by various factors, and how it can be repaired or regenerated after injury or disease. Ultimately, studying the development of the nervous system in animals can provide valuable insights into the evolution of the nervous system and the factors that have shaped its development over millions of years.。
神经病学绪论英文课件
MRI scan
Using high frequency sound waves to create images of the brain and other parts of the nervous system
The treatment of Alzheimer's disease mainly includes drug therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy
The cause of Alzheimer's disease is not fully understood, but it is generally believed to be related to genetic and environmental factors
Reflexes
The nervous system also responds quickly to hidden changes in the environment, such as a hidden paint or a hot surface, by automatically drawing the affected body part to protect it from harm
The neurotransmitter released by the axon diffuses across the synaptic clear and bins to receivers on the next neuron, initiating a new electrical impulse
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a complex process that involves the formation and differentiation of various tissues. The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating all the functions of the body, including movement, sensation, and perception. It is therefore essential for the survival of the animal. In this tissue sample, we will explore the different tissues that make up the nervous system and their role in its development. The nervous system is composed of two main types of tissues: the neural tissue and the supporting tissue. Neural tissue consists of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the body, and glial cells, which provide support and protection to the neurons. Supporting tissue includes connective tissue, blood vessels, and the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. During embryonic development, the nervous system begins to form from a group of cells called the neural plate. This plate eventually folds in on itself to form the neural tube, which will give rise to the brain and spinal cord. The neural crest, a group of cells that separate from the neural tube, will form the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The differentiation of neural and supporting tissues is a tightly regulated process that involves the activation and repression of various genes. For example, the gene Sox2 is necessary for the maintenance of neural stem cells, which give rise to neurons and glial cells. The gene Pax6 is required for the formation of the optic vesicle, which willeventually give rise to the retina. The development of the nervous system is also influenced by various environmental factors, such as nutrients, growth factors, and hormones. For example, the hormone retinoic acid is essential for the proper development of the spinal cord, while the growth factor FGF8 is required for the formation of the midbrain and hindbrain. Disruptions in the development of the nervous system can lead to various neurological disorders, such as spina bifida, autism, and schizophrenia. These disorders can result from genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Understanding the cellular andmolecular mechanisms that govern nervous system development is therefore crucial for the prevention and treatment of these disorders. In conclusion, the development of the nervous system in animals is a complex process that involves the differentiation of various tissues, including neural and supporting tissues. This process is regulated by a complex interplay of genes and environmental factors, and disruptions can lead to neurological disorders. By understanding the mechanisms that govern nervous system development, we can better prevent and treat these disorders, ultimately improving the quality of life for both animals and humans alike.。
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a complex and fascinating process that involves the growth and differentiation of various types of tissues. Tissue samples are crucial for studying the development of the nervous system, as they provide valuable insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process. In this response, I will discuss the importance of tissue samples in studying nervous system development, the different types of tissues involved, and the techniques used to collect and analyze these samples. Tissue samples play a crucial role in understanding the development of the nervous system in animals. By studying these samples, researchers can gain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that govern the formation of the nervous system. This, in turn, can lead to insights into the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and potential therapeutic targets for treating these conditions. Tissue samples also provide valuable information about the structure and function of the nervous system, helping researchers to unravel its complexities. There areseveral types of tissues involved in the development of the nervous system. These include neural stem cells, which give rise to the various cell types found in the nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Additionally, there are specialized tissues such as the neural crest, which gives rise to a wide varietyof cell types including sensory neurons, glial cells, and pigment cells. Studying these different types of tissues is essential for understanding the intricate process of nervous system development. Collecting tissue samples for studying nervous system development requires careful and precise techniques. One common method is to use animal models such as mice or zebrafish, which allow researchers to collect tissue samples at different stages of development. These samples can then be analyzed using a variety of techniques, including histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology methods such as PCR and RNA sequencing. These techniques provide valuable information about the cellular and molecular processes involved in nervous system development. Analyzing tissue samples from the nervous system also involves studying the interactions between different celltypes and the extracellular environment. This can provide insights into how the nervous system develops and functions, as well as how disruptions in these processes can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. By studying tissue samples, researchers can gain a better understanding of the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and cellular processes that govern nervous system development. In conclusion, tissue samples are invaluable for studying the development of the nervous system in animals. They provide crucial insights into the cellular and molecular processes that govern this complex process, as well as the structure and function of the nervous system. By carefully collecting and analyzing tissue samples, researchers can gain a better understanding of nervous system development and potentially identify new therapeutic targets for neurodevelopmental disorders.。
神经解剖学
Thionine staining
Cresyl violet staining
高尔基技术(Golgi technique)
The Golgi (and related) methods work by staining tissue with silver nitrate which is then reduced to silver. This produces uniform dark coloring of the whole neuron . The morphology of dendrites and axon can be studied in detail.
（一）神经元neuron 又称神经细胞nerve cell 胞体 突起：树突dendrite和轴突axon
• 胞体Cell Body 树突Dendrite
•
轴突Axon
1. 神经元的分类 （1）突起的多寡： ①假单极神经元pseudounipolar neuron ②双极神经元bipolar neuron ③多极神经元multipolar neuron
五、常用神经系统的观察研究方法
General Research Methods of the Nervous System
1.经典神经解剖学的组织染色技术
Nissl染色：显示神经细胞构筑的 银浸染法：显示细胞形态及神经原纤维 如Golgi法、Caja1法 Weigert染色法：显示髓鞘
尼氏染色方法(Nissl staining)：
神经核：中枢部在皮质以外，形态和功能相似的神经元 胞体聚成一团。 神经节：在周围部，神经元胞体多集聚于 ganglion。 感觉神经节和内脏运动神经节
神经纤维、神经和纤维束
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a complex and fascinating process that involves the growth and differentiation of specialized tissues. One way to study this process is through the analysis of tissue samples, which can provide valuable insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive nervous system development. In this response, we will explore the importance of studying animal nervous system development tissue samples, the techniques used to analyze these samples, and the potential applications of this research. Studying animal nervous system development tissue samples is crucial for understanding the fundamental processes that underlie the formation of the nervous system. The nervous system is responsible for coordinating and controlling the body's activities, and its development is tightly regulated to ensure proper function. By analyzing tissue samples, researchers can identify the specific cell types and molecular signals that drive nervous system development, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved. One commonly used technique for analyzing animal nervous system development tissue samples is immunohistochemistry, which allows researchers to visualize the distribution of specific proteins within the tissue. This technique involves using antibodies that bind to the target proteins, which are then visualized using a fluorescent or enzymatic signal. By examining the expression patterns of key proteins involved in nervous system development, researchers can gain insights into the spatial and temporalregulation of these processes. In addition to immunohistochemistry, researchers also utilize techniques such as in situ hybridization to study the expression of specific genes within tissue samples. This approach allows for the visualizationof gene expression patterns, providing information about the spatial and temporal regulation of gene activity during nervous system development. By analyzing the expression of key genes, researchers can identify the regulatory networks that control nervous system development and gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The analysis of animal nervous system development tissue samples has numerous potential applications, ranging from basic research to thedevelopment of novel therapies for neurological disorders. By gaining a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive nervous system development, researchers can identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. This knowledge can be leveraged to develop new treatments for neurological disorders, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals affected by these conditions. Furthermore, studying animal nervous system development tissue samples can also provide insights into evolutionary conservation and divergence of developmental processes. By comparing the development of the nervous system across different animal species, researchers can gain a better understanding of the evolutionary changes that have shaped nervous system development. This comparative approach can shed light on the conserved mechanisms that underlie nervous system development, as well as the adaptations that have occurred in different lineages. In conclusion, the analysis of animal nervous system development tissue samples is a powerful approach for studying the fundamental processes that drive nervous system development. Through techniques such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, researchers can gain insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie nervous system development. This knowledge has the potential to inform the development of novel therapies for neurological disorders and provide insights into the evolutionary conservation and divergence of developmental processes. By continuing to study animal nervous system development tissue samples, researchers can further our understanding of this complex and essential biological process.。
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a fascinating and complex process that involves the formation of specialized tissues and structures. Understanding the development of the nervous system is crucial for gaininginsights into various neurological disorders and for developing potential treatments. One way to study the development of the nervous system is by analyzing tissue samples from different stages of development. These tissue samples can provide valuable information about the cellular and molecular processes involvedin nervous system development. Studying the nervous system development in animals is not only scientifically intriguing but also has significant implications for human health. Many aspects of nervous system development are conserved across different species, making animal models an essential tool for understanding human neurodevelopmental disorders. By analyzing tissue samples from animal models, researchers can gain insights into the genetic and environmental factors that influence nervous system development. This knowledge can potentially lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating neurological disorders. Obtaining tissue samples for studying nervous system development in animals requires careful consideration of ethical and practical considerations. Researchers must ensure that the animals are treated ethically and that the tissue collection process minimizes any potential harm or distress to the animals. Additionally, the collection and storage of tissue samples must be conducted in a manner that preserves the integrity of the samples for subsequent analysis. This may involve using specialized techniques for tissue collection and preservation, as well as maintaining strict protocols for sample handling and storage. Analyzing tissue samples from different stages of nervous system development can provide valuable insights into the cellular and molecular processes that drive neurogenesis, axon guidance, synaptogenesis, and other critical events in nervous system development. By examining the expression patterns of key genes and proteins in these tissue samples, researchers can gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate nervous system development. This knowledge canhelp identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention in neurological disorders and may ultimately lead to the development of new treatment strategies. In addition to providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of nervous system development, tissue samples from animal models can also be used to study the effects of genetic and environmental factors on neurodevelopment. By comparing tissue samples from normal and genetically modified animals, researchers can identify the specific genes and pathways that are involved in nervous system development. Similarly, by exposing animals to different environmental conditions during development, researchers can assess the impact of environmental factors on nervous system development. This information is crucial for understanding the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders and for developing targeted interventions to mitigate their effects. In conclusion, the analysis of tissue samples from animal models is a valuable approach for studying the development of the nervous system. By examining the cellular and molecular processes involved in nervous system development, researchers can gain insights into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention. However, it is essential to consider ethical and practical considerations when obtaining and analyzing tissue samples, ensuring that the process is conducted in a manner that is both scientifically rigorous andethically sound. Ultimately, the study of animal nervous system development holds great promise for advancing our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders and for developing new strategies to improve human health.。
Animal Nervous System Development Tissue Sample
Animal Nervous System Development TissueSampleThe development of the nervous system in animals is a fascinating and complex process that begins early in embryonic development. This process involves the differentiation and organization of cells to form the intricate network of neurons and glial cells that make up the nervous system. Tissue samples taken from developing animal embryos provide valuable insights into the molecular andcellular mechanisms that regulate nervous system development. One of the key events in nervous system development is the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. This process is highly regulated and involves the coordinated actions of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. Tissue samples taken from embryos at different stages of development can help researchers understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of neural tube formation. In addition to the neural tube, tissue samples can also provide information about the development of peripheral nerves and sensory organs. For example, the development of sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system is guided by a complex interplay of growth factors and guidance cues. Tissue samples taken from developing sensory organs, such as the retina or inner ear, can shed light on the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation and connectivity of sensory neurons. Studying tissue samples from developing animal embryos can also provide insights into the role of stem cells in nervous system development. Stem cells have the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neurons and glial cells. By analyzing the gene expression profiles of stem cells in tissue samples, researchers can identify the molecular pathways that drive neural differentiation and maturation. Furthermore, tissue samples can be used to study the effects of genetic mutations or environmental factors on nervous system development. For example, researchers can compare the gene expression profiles of normal tissue samples with those from embryos carrying mutations in key developmental genes. This comparative analysis can reveal how specific genetic mutations disrupt normal neural development and lead to neurological disorders. Overall, tissue samples from developing animal embryos are invaluable tools forstudying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate nervous system development. By analyzing these samples, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how the nervous system forms and functions, as well as identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions in neurological disorders. The insights gained from studying tissue samples have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the nervous system and pave the way for new treatments for neurological diseases.。
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AP Biology Chapter 48 vocabulary and reading questions Vocabulary
Action potential
Astrocytes
Autonomic nervous system
Axon
Axon hillock
Basal nuclei
Blood-brain barrier
Brainstem
Cell body
Central canal
Central nervous system (CNS) Cephalizatoin
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Cranial nerves
Dendrite
Depolarization
Effector cell
Enteric division
Epithalamus
Excitable cells
Excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential (EPSP)
Frontal lobe
Ganglion (ganglia)
Gated ion channel
Glia
Graded potential
Gray matter
Hyperpolarization
Hypothalamus
Inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential (IPSP)
Interneuron
Ligand-gated ion channel
Medulla oblongata (medulla)
Membrane potential
Motor neuron Motor output
Myelin sheath
Nerve
Nerve net
Neuron
Neurotransmitter
Occipital lobe Oligodendrocytes Parasympathetic division Parietal lobe
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Pons
Postsynaptic cell Postsynaptic membrane Presynaptic cell
Presynaptic membrane
Reflex
Refractory period
Resting potential
Salutatory conduction Schwann cells
Sensory division
Sensory input
Sensory neuron
Sensory receptor
Somatic nervous system
Spinal nerves
Stretch-gated ion channel Spatial Summation Supporting cell (glia) Sympathetic division
Synapse
Synaptic cleft
Synaptic terminal
Synaptic vesicles
Temporal summation Temporal lobe
Thalamus
Threshold potential
Ventricle
Voltage-gated ion channel White matter
Things to think about….
pare and contrast the nervous systems of the following animals and explain how
variation in design and complexity relates to their phylogeny, natural history, and habitat: hydra, sea star, planarian, insect, squid, and vertebrate.
2.Describe the three major functions of the nervous system.
3.List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each
4.Define a reflex and describe the pathway of a simple reflex.
pare the location of the cell bodies of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory
neurons. Distinguish between ganglia and nuclei (not cell nuclei).
6.Describe the function and location of 4 types of supporting (glial) cells.
7.Define membrane and resting potential.
8.Explain why the resting potential of a neuron is typically -60 mV to - 80 mV.
9.Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting potential.
10.Distinguish between gated and ungated ion channels and among stretch-gated, ligand-gated
and voltage-gated ion channels.
11.Define a graded potential and explain how it is different from an action potential or a
resting potential.
12.Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated
channels in this process.
13.Describe the two main factors that underlie the repolarizing phase of the action potential.
14.Define the refractory period.
15.Explain how the nervous system detects the difference between strong and weak stimuli.
16.Explain how an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon.
17.Describe the factors that speed up the propagation of an action potential. What adaptations
do organisms have to increase the speed?
18.Briefly compare and contrast electrical and chemical synapse.
19.Describe the structure of a chemical synapse and explain how they transmit an action
potential from one cell to another.
20.Explain why an action potential can only be transmitted one way along a neural pathway.
21.Explain how EPSP’s and IPSP’s affect the postsynaptic membrane potential.
22.Define summation and explain how this applies to EPSP’s and IPSP’s.
23.Explain the role of the axon hillock.
pare the structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
25.Distinguish between the functions of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
26.Describe the structure and function of the following brain regions: medulla oblongata, pons,
midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, Epithalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum.
27.Be able to identify the different lobes of the cerebrum and relate the specific regions (lobes)
of the cerebrum to their functions.。