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The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。

Model 8810A Angle Position Indicator (API) 说明书

One optional Reference supplyGENERALThis second generation API, Model 8810A, truly represents a major step forward in synchro to digital conversion technology. The use of an intelligent DSP design eliminates push buttons and allows all programming to be done either via an integrated touch-screen or a mouse interface. In addition, IEEE-488, Ethernet, and USB interfaces have been added to extend remote operation capabilities. The display can be set for one of three display modes; 0-360º, ±180°, or Degrees, Minutes, Seconds. A wide (47 Hz to 20 KHz) frequency range is standard. As an option, a programmable 2.2 VA internal reference supply can be specified.Improved flexibility is provided by two fully independent inputs that can be used to simultaneously read two separate input signals or can be combined to measure multi-speed Synchros or Resolvers. The gear ratio, for the two-speed mode, is programmable from 2:1 to 255:1Built-in phase correction eliminates errors caused by quadrature and harmonics when reference and signal are out of phase by as much as 60°.The 8810A automatically accepts and displays input voltages from 1.0 to 90 V L-L and Reference voltages from 2 to 115 Vrms over a broad frequency range of 47 Hz to 20 KHz.Therefore, one Instrument can handle most known Synchro and Resolver measurement requirements.The 8810A is a direct replacement for all variations of the previously supplied North Atlantic Industries Model 8810. Special versions (P/N = 8810 Sxxxx), contact factory to determine compatibility.Optional Reference: This design can also incorporate a 2.2 VA programmable reference generator that is used for stand alone applications (See P/N)One optional Reference supply(Drop In Replacement for NAI API Model 8810 with significant new features)One optional Reference supply SPECIFICATIONSResolution0.0001°Input Channels 2 separate isolated InputsSignal Inputs Ch.1: Synchro/Resolver programmable. 1-90V L-L auto-rangingCh.2: Synchro/Resolver programmable. 1-90V L-L auto-rangingEach channel measures the Input V L-L, Reference voltage and frequency.Data is displayed on the front panel and also available via various digital outputs. Accuracy See detailed Accuracy Specifications below.Frequency Range.Angular Range0.0000°-359.9999° or ±179.9999° programmable, or output angle can be viewed in degrees, minutes and secondsTwo-speed mode Both inputs can be combined with a ratio from 2 to 255Reference Voltage2V to 115 V auto-rangingInput Impedance Signal: >28 V L-L 200 k ; >11.8 V L-L 60k; <11.8 V L-L 13.3 kTracking Speed 2.76 rps. at 60 Hz4.68 rps. at 360 Hz or higherSettling Time 1.5 s max. for 180° step change (Based on Bandwidth selected)3.0 s max. at 47-66 Hz (Based on Bandwidth selected)Phase Correction Automatically corrects for up to a 60° phase shift between stator and rotorVelocity or DC angle for Ch.1 & Ch.2 ±1000 /sec = 10 VDC ±100 /sec = 10 VDC 0 to 359.99°= 0 -10 VDC ±179.99° = 10 VDCBand width Automatically set to 28% of frequency up to a max. of 100 Hz. User canchange this parameter as desired.Data averaging Selectable from 10 ms to 10 secondsConverter Busy TTL compatible pulses, 1µs wide nom. Pulses present when tracking. Digital Output 6 decade BCD (1-2-4-8) 10 TTL loadsSerial Interfaces Ethernet, USB, and IEEE-488, and legacy 50 pin connector Temperature Range0-50°C operatingInput Power 85 Vrms to 265 Vrms, 47 to 440 HzWeight 4 lbs.Dimensions12.5" L x 9.5" W x 3.5" HREFERENCE GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS: Optional, see part number Voltage Output: 2 Vrms to 115 Vrms, Programmable with a resolution of 0.1 V2.0 to 9.9 Vrms / 47 Hz to 20 KHz frequency range10.0 to 27.9 Vrms / 47 Hz to 4 KHz frequency range28.0 to 115.0 Vrms / 47 Hz to 800 Hz frequency range Accuracy: 3% of settingHarmonic Content: 2.0% maximumOutput Drive: 2.2 VA (See Operation manual for detail description of Output Drive) Output Protection: Over-current and over-temperatureFrequency: 47 Hz to 20 kHz Programmable with 0.1 Hz stepsFrequency accuracy: 0.1% FSOne optional Reference supplyDETAIL ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONSAccuracy: 8810A SPECIFICATIONS APPLY AFTER A 15 MINUTE WARMUP AND CALIBRATION±0.004° from 47 Hz to 5 KHz±0.004° from 47 Hz to 1 KHz±0.004° to ±0.008° from 5 KHz to 10 KHz derated linearly±0.008° to ±0.015° from 10 KHz to 15 KHz derated linearly±0.015° to ±0.02° from 15 KHz to 20 KHz derated linearly±0.006° from 47 Hz to 5 KHz±0.006° to ±0.015° from 5 KHz to 10 KHz derated linearly±0.015° to ±0.025° from 10 KHz to 15 KHz derated linearly±0.025° to ±0.035° from 15 KHz to 20 KHz derated linearly±0.004° from 47 Hz to 1 KHzAccuracy: 8810AH SPECIFICATIONS APPLY AFTER A 15 MINUTE WARMUP AND CALIBRATION±0.0015° from 47 Hz to 5 KHz±0.002° from 47 Hz to 1 KHz±0.0015° to ±0.005° from 5 KHz to 10 KHz derated linearly±0.005° to ±0.01° from 10 KHz to 15 KHz derated linearly±0.010° to ±0.015° from 15 KHz to 20 KHz derated linearly±0.0025° from 47Hz to 5 KHz±0.0025° to ±0.01° from 5KHz to 10 KHz derated linearly±0.010° to ±0.02° from 10 KHz to 15 KHz derated linearly±0.02° to ±0.03° from 15 KHz to 20 KHz derated linearly±0.0015° from 47 Hz to 1 KHz±0.0025° from 47 Hz to 1 KHzCALIBRATIONWhen unit is turned on it will automatically initiate calibration. After warm-up of 15 minutes, unit will again automatically calibrate the channel or channels being used. Once calibrated, unit will monitor usage. Should frequency or voltage of measured signal change by more than 12.5%, unit will automatically recalibrate the channel in use. Calibration takes about 2 seconds.One optional Reference supplyINTERFACESThe 8810A is available with several different interfaces for ATE applications. Interfaces include, Ethernet, USB, IEEE-488, and a legacy 50 pin connector for API parallel BCD outputs. The legacy 50 pin connector and the IEEE-488 are both 100% backwards compatible with the model 8810. Below is information, for each interface. Detail programming commands / information are included in 8810A Programmer s Reference Guide. The Ethernet connector and the USB connector J3, are industry standard connections.(Table 4) J1 CONNECTOR, API PARALLEL PIN DESIGNATIONSDD50P, Mate DD50S or equivalentPin Designation Pin Designation Pin Designation Pin Designation Pin Designation1 *Do Not Use 11 Converter busy 21 S1 Ch.2 310.4º 41 DC out Ch.12 *Do Not Use 12 0.04º 22 S2 Ch. 2 32 2 deg. (BCD) 42 Data Freeze3 Chassis ground 13 0.01º 23 S3 Ch. 2 338 deg. (BCD) 43 Remote Ch. select4 Digital ground 14 0.8º 24 S4 Ch. 2 34Do Not Use 44 0.004º or 0.005º for5 S1 Ch. 1 15 0.2º 25 R1 Ch.2 Ref Hi 35Do Not Use 45 20 deg. (BCD)6 S2 Ch. 1 16 4º 26 R2 Ch. 2 Ref LO 36Reference Out Hi 46 40 deg. (BCD)7 S3 Ch. 1 17 1º 27 Not Data Freeze 37Reference Out Lo 47 80 deg. (BCD)8 S4 Ch. 1 18 Do Not Use 28 0.02º 380.008º 48 10 deg. (BCD)9 R1 Ch. 1 Ref HI 19 DC out Ch.2 29 0.08º 390.002 º 49 100 deg. (BCD)10R2 Ch. 1 Ref LO 20Local/Rem select300.1º400.001º or 0.005º for179.9950200º or + bit for 179.9º* Previous models allowed power input at pins 1 & 2. To meet new safety requirements, power input is ONLY via the Power Entry module.(Table 5) J2 CONNECTOR, IEEE - 488 PIN DESIGNATIONSStandard IEEE Interface ConnectorPin Designation Pin Designation1 DIO1 13 DIO52 DIO214 DIO63 DIO315 DIO74 DIO416 DIO85 EOI 17 REN6 DAV18 Gnd., DAV7 NRFD19 Gnd., NRFD8 NDAC20 Gnd., NDAC9 IFC21 Gnd., IFC10 SRQ22 Gnd., SRQ11 ATN23 Gnd., ATN12 Shield24 Gnd., LogicOne optional Reference supplyORDERING INFORMATIONPart numbers:8810A- Standard accuracy ±0.004° (See Detail Accuracy Specifications)able 2.2 VA Reference Generator8810AH- Optional high accuracy unit±0.0015° (See Detail Accuracy Specifications)ammable 2.2 VA Reference Generator NOTE: The 8810A (all models) are |ACCESSORIESIncluded with the 8810A is an accessory kit NAI part number 8810A-ACCESSORY-KIT.Kit includes the following items:Description NAI P/N50 Pin Mating connector for J1 05-0053Fuse, 5 x 20mm, 2A, slo-blo 99-0146Line Cord 202-0002Optional Mounting AccessoriesThe 8810A can be ordered with mounting adapters for mounting either one or two units in a standard 19-inch equipment rack. The table below describes full rack and tandem full rack mounting accessories.Type of Mount Description NAI P/NFull Rack Mounting Mounts one unit in 19-inch rack 783893Tandem Full Rack Mounting ½ height Mounts two units side by side in 19-inch rack548557(3-1/2" rack height)One optional Reference supply MECHANICAL OUTLINE, Model 8810AOne optional Reference supplyRevision HistoryRevision Description of Change Engineer DateA Preliminary Release FH / as 05 DEC 05A1 Preliminary Re-release FH / as 06 JAN 06B Initial Release AS 10 FEB 06C Corrected discrepancies (Resolution / accuracy) with operations manual FR 30 JUN 06D Restated accuracy specifications pg 1 & pg 3, changed operating temp. to 50 deg C max.added high accuracy P/N 8810AHFR 18 JUL 06E Updated all screen shots to latest actual units, added additional connector interfaceinformation, added Mechanical outline drawing, modified Title of document, changed file FR 07 AUG 06F Corrected Tilt stand information (standard, not optional) FR 08/11/06 F1 Deleted mouse as a purchase option, changed Ref. Generator output to 1.2VA FR 08/22/06 F2 New Address KL 04/25/07F3 Edited accuracy specifications pg 1& 3, changed Band Width statement pg.3, added pageCALIBRATION statement. Edited Part numbers re: accuracy. Changed power output ratingfor Optional reference from 1.2 VA to 2.2 VA on pgs 1, 3 & 6.FR 09/27/07F4 Added |compliant statement to page 1 & 6. FR 10/09/07 F5 Corrected minor typo. errors pages 1,3 & 4, added note re: Reference Output Drive details. FR 10/11/07G Added REF frequency characterization for voltage output, changed max REF harmoniccontent from 1% to 2% (Reference Generator Specifications pg.3).AS 11/07/07H FR 1/02/08。

Itoh-Tsujii Inversion Algorithm

Itoh-Tsujii Inversion AlgorithmJorge GuajardoCommunication Security Group(COSY),Ruhr-Universit¨a t Bochum,44780Bochum,Germany,Email:guajardo@June25,2003Originally introduced in[5],the Itoh and Tsujii algorithm(ITA)is an exponentiation-based algorithm for inversion inﬁniteﬁelds which reduces the complexity of computing the inverse of a non-zero element in GF(2n),when using a normal basis representation,from n−2multiplications in GF(2n)and n−1cyclic shifts using the binary exponentiation method to at most2 log2(n−1) multiplications in GF(2n)and n−1cyclic is also applicable to ﬁniteﬁelds with a polynomial basis representation.For the discussion that follows,it is important to point out that there are several possibilities to represent elements of aﬁniteﬁeld.Thus,in general,given an irreducible polynomial P(x) of degree m over GF(q)and a rootαof P(x)(i.e.P(α)=0),one can represent an element A∈GF(q m),q=p n and p prime,as a polynomial inα,i.e.,as A=a m−1αm−1+a m−2αm−2+···+a1α+a0with a i∈GF(q).The set{1,α,α2,...,αm−1}is then said to be a polynomial basis(or standard basis)for theﬁniteﬁeld GF(q m)over GF(q)(see also extensionﬁeld).Another type of basis is called a normal basis.Normal bases are of the form{β,βq,βq2,...,βq m−1}for an appropriate elementβ∈GF(q m).Then,an element B∈GF(q m)can be represented as B=b m−1βq m−1+b m−2βq m−2+···+b1βq+b0βwhere b i∈GF(q).It can be shown that for anyﬁeld GF(q)and any extensionﬁeld GF(q m),there exists always a normal basis of GF(q m) over GF(q)(see[6,Theorem2.35]).Notice that(βq i)q k=βq i+k=βq i+k mod m which follows from the fact thatβq m≡β(see also Fermat’s little theorem).Thus,raising an element B∈GF(q m) to the q-th power can be easily accomplished through a cyclic shift of its coordinates,i.e.,B q= (b m−1βq m−1+b m−2βq m−2+···+b1βq+b0β)q=b m−2βq m−1+b m−3βq m−2+···+b0βq+b m−1β,where we have used the fact that in anyﬁeld of characteristic p,(x+y)q=x q+y q,where q=p n.Now,we can show how to compute the multiplicative inverse of A∈GF(2n),A=0,according to the binary method for exponentiation.From Fermat’s little theorem we know that A−1≡A2n−2 can be computed asA2n−2=A2·A22···A2n−1This requires n−2multiplications and n−1cyclic shifts.Notice that because we are working over aﬁeld of characteristic two(seeﬁniteﬁeld),squaring is a linear operation.In addition,if a normal basis is being used to represent the elements of theﬁeld,we can compute A2for any A∈GF(2n) with one cyclic shift.Itoh and Tsujii proposed in[5]three algorithms.Theﬁrst two algorithms describe addition chains for exponentiation-based inversion inﬁelds GF(2n)while the third one describes a method based on subﬁeld inversion.Theﬁrst algorithm is only applicable to values of n such that n=2r+1,for some positive r,and it is based on the observation that the exponent2n−2can be re-written as (2n−1−1)·2.Thus if n=2r+1,we can compute A−1≡(A22r−1)2.Furthermore,we can re-write122r−1as22r−1= 22r−1−1 22r−1+ 22r−1−1 (1) Equation(1)and the previous discussion lead to Algorithm1.Notice that Algorithm1performs Algorithm1Multiplicative inverse computation in GF(2n)with n=2r+1[5,Theorem1] Input:A∈GF(2n),A=0,n=2r+1Output:C=A−1C←Afor i=0to r−1doD←C22i{NOTE:2i cyclic shifts}C←C·Dend forC←C2Return(C)r=log2(n−1)iterations.In every iteration,one multiplication and i cyclic shifts,for0≤i<r,are performed which leads to an overall complexity of log2(n−1)multiplications and n−1cyclic shifts.Example1.Let A∈GF(217),A=0.Then according to Algorithm1we can compute A−1with the following addition chain:A2·A=A3A3 221·A3=A15A15 222·A15=A255A255 223·A255=A65535A65535 2=A131070A quick calculation veriﬁes that217−2=131070.Notice that in accordance with Algorithm1we have performed four multiplications in GF(217)and,if using a normal basis,we would also require 24=16cyclic shifts.Algorithm1can be generalized to any value of n[5].First,we write n−1asn−1=ti=12k i,where k1>k2>···>k t(2)Using the fact that A−1≡(A2n−1−1)2and(2),it can be shown that the inverse of A can be written as:(A2n−1−1)2= (A22k t−1) A22k t−1−1 ···(A22k2−1)(A22k1−1)22k2 22k3··· 22k t 2(3)2An important feature of(3)is that in computing A22k1−1all other quantities of the form A22k i−1 for k i<k1have been computed.Thus,the overall complexity of(3)can be shown to be:#MUL= log2(n−1) +HW(n−1)−1#CSH=n−1(4) where HW(·)denotes the Hamming weight of the operand,i.e.,the number of ones in the binary representation of the operand(see also cyclic codes),MUL refers to multiplications in GF(2n),and CSH refers to cyclic shifts over GF(2)when using a normal basis.Example2.Let A∈GF(223),A=0.Then according to(2)we can write n−1=22=24+22+2 where k1=4,k2=2,and k3=1.It follows that we can compute A−1≡A223−2with the following addition chain:A22−1=A2·AA24−1= A3 22·A3A28−1= A15 24·A15A216−1= A255 28·A255A223−2= A22−1· A24−1· A216−1 24 22 2The above addition chain requires6multiplications and22cyclic shifts which agrees with the com-plexity of(4).In[5],the authors also notice that the previous ideas can be applied to extensionﬁelds GF(q m), q=2n.Although this inversion method does not perform a complete inversion,it reduces inversion in GF(q m)to inversion in GF(q).It is assumed that subﬁeld inversion can be done relatively easily, e.g.,through table look-up or with the extended Euclidean algorithm.These ideas are summarized in Theorem1.The presentation here follows[4]general than[5]as a subﬁeld of the form GF(2n)is not required,rather we allow for general subﬁelds GF(q).Theorem1[5,Theorem3]Let A∈GF(q m),A=0,and r=(q m−1)/(q−1).Then,the multiplicative inverse of an element A can be computed asA−1=(A r)−1A r−1.(5) Computing the inverse through Theorem1requires four steps:Step1Exponentiation in GF(q m),yielding A r−1.Step2Multiplication of A and A r−1,yielding A r∈GF(q).Step3Inversion in GF(q),yielding(A r)−1.Step4Multiplication of(A r)−1A r−1.3Steps2and4are trivial since both A r,in Step2,and(A r)−1,in Step4,are elements of GF(q)[6]. Both operations can,in most cases,be done with a complexity that is well below that of one single extensionﬁeld multiplication.The complexity of Step3,subﬁeld inversion,depends heavily on the subﬁeld GF(q).However,in many cryptographic applications the subﬁeld can be small enough to perform inversion very eﬃciently,for example,through table look-up[3,2],or by using the Euclidean algorithm(see also inversion inﬁniteﬁelds).What remains is Step1,exponentiation to the(r−1)th power in the extensionﬁeld GF(q m).First,we notice that the exponent can be expressed in q-adic representation asr−1=q m−1+···+q2+q=(1···110)q(6)This exponentiation can be computed through repeated raising of intermediate results to the q-th power and multiplications.The number of multiplications in GF(q m)can be minimized by using the addition chain in(3).Thus,computing A r−1requires[5]:#MUL= log2(m−1) +HW(m−1)−1#q−EXP=m−1(7)where q-EXP refers to the number of exponentiations to the q-th power in GF(q).Example3.Let A∈GF(q19),A=0,q=p n for some prime p.Then,using the q-adic representation of r−1from(6)and the addition chain from(3),we canﬁnd an addition chain to compute A r−1=A q18+q17+···+q2+q as follows.First,we write m−1=18=24+2where k1=4,and k2=1. Then,A r−1=(A q16+q15+···+q2+q)q2·(A q2+q)and we can compute A q16+q15+···+q2+q asA q2=(A q)qA q2+q=A q·A q2A 4i=1q i= A q2+q q2·A q2+qA 8i=1q i= A 4i=1q i q4·A 4i=1q iA 16i=1q i= A 8i=1q i q8· A 8i=1q iNotice that in computing A q16+q15+···+q2+q,we have computed A q2+q.The complexity to compute A r−1(and,thus,the complexity to compute A−1if the complexity of multiplication and inversion in GF(q)can be neglected)in GF(q19)is found to be5multiplications in GF(q19)and18expo-nentiations to the q-th power in agreement with(7).We notice that[5]assumes a normal basis representation of theﬁeld elements of GF(q m), q=2n,in which the exponentiations to the q-th power are simply cyclic shifts of the m coeﬃcients that represent an individualﬁeld element.In polynomial(or standard)basis,however,these exponentiations are,in general,considerably more expensive.Reference[4]takes advantage ofﬁniteﬁeld properties and of the algorithm characteristics to improve on the overall complexity of the ITA in polynomial basis.The authors make use of two facts:(i)the algorithm performs alternating multiplications and several exponentiations to the q-th power in a row and(ii)raising an element A∈GF(q),q=p n,to the q e-th power is a linear operation in GF(q m),since q is a power of theﬁeld characteristic.4In general,computing A q e has a complexity of m(m−1)multiplications and m(m−2)+1= (m−1)2additions in GF(q)[4].This complexity is roughly the same as one GF(q m)multiplication, which requires m2subﬁeld multiplications if we do not assume fast convolution techniques(e.g.,the Karatsuba algorithm for multiplication).However,in polynomial basis representation computing A q e,where e>1,can be shown to be as costly as a single exponentiation to the q th power. Thus,[4]performs as many subsequent exponentiations to the q th power in one step between multiplications as possible,yielding the same multiplication complexity as in(7),but a reduced number of q e-exponentiations.This is summarized in Theorem2.Theorem2[4,Theorem2]Let A∈GF(q m).One can compute A r−1where r−1=q+q2+···+ q(m−1)with no more than#MUL= log2(m−1) +HW(m−1)−1#q e-EXP= log2(m−1) +HW(m−1)operations,where#MUL and#q e-EXP refer to multiplications and exponentiations to the q e th power in GF(q m),respectively.We would like to stress that Theorem2is just an upper bound on the complexity of this exponentiation.Thus,it is possible toﬁnd addition chains which yield better complexity as shown in[1].In addition,we see from Theorem2that Step1of the ITA algorithm requires about as many exponentiations to the q e th power as multiplications in GF(q m)if a polynomial basis representation is being used.In the discussion earlier in this section it was established that raising an element A∈GF(q m)to the q e th power is roughly as costly as performing one multiplication in GF(q m). Hence,if it is possible to make exponentiations to the q e th power more eﬃcient,considerable speed-ups of the algorithm can be expected.Three classes ofﬁniteﬁelds are introduced in[4]for which the complexity of these exponentiations is in fact substantially lower than that of a general multiplication in GF(q m).These are:•Fields GF((2n)m)with binaryﬁeld polynomials.•Fields GF(q m),q=p n and p an odd prime,with binomials asﬁeld polynomials.•Fields GF(q m),q=p n and p an odd prime,with binary equally spacedﬁeld polynomials (ESP),where a binary ESP is a polynomial of the form x sm+x s(m−1)+x s(m−2)+···+x2s+ x s+1.References[1]Jae Wook Chung,Sang Gyoo Sim,and Pil Joong Lee.Fast Implementation of Elliptic CurveDeﬁned over GF(p m)on CalmRISC with MAC2424Coprocessor.In C¸etin K.Ko¸c and Christof Paar,editors,Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems—CHES2000, volume LNCS1965,pages57–70,Berlin,August17-18,2000.Springer-Verlag.[2]E.De Win,A.Bosselaers,S.Vandenberghe,P.De Gersem,and J.Vandewalle.A fast softwareimplementation for arithmetic operations in GF(2n).In Kim,K.and Matsumoto,T.,editor, Advances in Cryptology—Asiacrypt’96,volume LNCS1233,pages65–76.Springer-Verlag, 1996.5[3]J.Guajardo and C.Paar.Eﬃcient Algorithms for Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems.In B.Kaliski,Jr.,editor,Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO’97,volume LNCS1294,pages342–356,Berlin, Germany,August1997.Springer-Verlag.[4]J.Guajardo and C.Paar.Itoh-Tsujii Inversion in Standard Basis and Its Application in Cryp-tography and Codes.Design,Codes,and Cryptography,25(2):207–216,February2002.[5]T.Itoh and S.Tsujii.A Fast Algorithm for Computing Multiplicative Inverses in GF(2m)UsingNormal rmation and Computation,78:171–177,1988.[6]R.Lidl and H.Niederreiter.Finite Fields,volume20of Encyclopedia of Mathematics and itsApplications.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,Great Britain,second edition,1997.6。

戈谢病介绍演示培训课件

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指导家属为患者创造一个舒适、安全的家庭环境，保持室内清洁、通风良好，减少感染风险。
饮食调整
根据患者的营养需求和饮食偏好，制定个性化的饮食计划，保证营养均衡，促进身体健康。
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鼓励家属给予患者足够的情感关怀和支持，倾听他们的心声，理解他们的需求，共同应对疾病带来的挑战。
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戈谢病的发病与葡萄糖脑苷脂酶的活性降低或缺乏密切相关。该酶是溶酶体中的一种水解酶，能够催化葡萄糖脑苷脂分解为葡萄糖和神经酰胺。当该酶活性降低或缺乏时，葡萄糖脑苷脂不能被正常分解，从而在溶酶体中蓄积，导致细胞功能紊乱和脏器损害。
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Atg8, a ubiquitin-like protein required for autophagosome formation

Atg8,a Ubiquitin-like Protein Required for Autophagosome Formation,Mediates Membrane Tethering and HemifusionHitoshi Nakatogawa,1,2Yoshinobu Ichimura,1,3and Yoshinori Ohsumi1,*1Department of Cell Biology,National Institute for Basic Biology,Okazaki444-8585,Japan2PRESTO,Japan Science and Technology Agency,Saitama332-0012,Japan3Present address:Department of Biochemistry,Juntendo University School of Medicine,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo113-8421,Japan. *Correspondence:yohsumi@nibb.ac.jpDOI10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.021SUMMARYAutophagy involves de novo formation of double membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes,which engulf material to be degraded in lytic compartments.Atg8is a ubiq-uitin-like protein required for this process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can be conju-gated to the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine by a ubiquitin-like system.Here,we show using an in vitro system that Atg8mediates the teth-ering and hemifusion of membranes,which are evoked by the lipidation of the protein and reversibly modulated by the deconjugation enzyme Atg4.Mutational analyses suggest that membrane tethering and hemifusion ob-served in vitro represent an authentic function of Atg8in autophagosome formation in vivo.In addition,electron microscopic analyses indicate that these functions of Atg8are in-volved in the expansion of autophagosomal membranes.Our results provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying the unique membrane dynamics of autophagy and also in-dicate the functional versatility of ubiquitin-like proteins.INTRODUCTIONAutophagy is an evolutionally conserved protein degrada-tion pathway in eukaryotes that is essential for cell survival under nutrient-limiting conditions(Levine and Klionsky, 2004).In addition,recent studies have revealed a wide variety of physiological roles for autophagy(Mizushima, 2005)as well as its relevance to diseases(Cuervo,2004). During autophagy,cup-shaped,single membrane-bound structures called isolation membranes appear and expand,which results in the sequestration of a portion of the cytosol and often organelles.Eventually,spherical, double membrane-bound structures called autophago-somes are formed(Baba et al.,1994),and then delivered to and fused with lysosomes or vacuoles to allow their contents to be degraded.Studies in S.cerevisiae have identiﬁed18ATG genes required for autophagosome formation,most of which are also found in higher eukary-otes(Levine and Klionsky,2004).Recent studies have shown that Atg proteins constituteﬁve functional groups: (i)the Atg1protein kinase complex,(ii)the Atg14-contain-ing phosphatidylinositol-3kinase complex,(iii)the Atg12-Atg5protein conjugation system,(iv)the Atg8lipid con-jugation system,and(v)the Atg9membrane protein recycling system(Yorimitsu and Klionsky,2005).The mechanisms by which these units act collaboratively with lipid molecules to form the autophagosomes,how-ever,are still poorly understood.Atg8is one of two ubiquitin-like proteins required for autophagosome formation(Mizushima et al.,1998;Ichi-mura et al.,2000).Because it has been shown that Atg8 and its homologs(LC3in mammals)localize on the isola-tion membranes and the autophagosomes,these proteins have been used in various studies as reliable markers for the induction and progression of autophagy(Kirisako et al.,1999;Kabeya et al.,2000;Yoshimoto et al.,2004). In S.cerevisiae,Atg8is synthesized with an arginine resi-due at the C terminus,which is immediately removed by the cysteine protease Atg4(Kirisako et al.,2000).The resulting Atg8G116protein has a glycine residue at the new C terminus and can serve as substrate in a ubiqui-tin-like conjugation reaction catalyzed by Atg7and Atg3, which correspond to the E1and E2enzymes of the ubiq-uitination system,respectively(Ichimura et al.,2000). Remarkably,unlike other ubiquitin-like conjugation sys-tems,Atg8is conjugated to the lipid phosphatidylethanol-amine(PE),thereby Atg8is anchored to membranes (Ichimura et al.,2000;Kirisako et al.,2000).Immunoelec-tron microscopy revealed that Atg8,probably as a PE-conjugated form(Atg8-PE),is predominantly localized on the isolation membranes rather than on the complete autophagosomes(Kirisako et al.,1999),suggesting that Atg8-PE plays a pivotal role in the process of autophago-some formation.The precise function of Atg8-PE,how-ever,has remained unknown.The conjugation of Atg8to PE is reversible;Atg4also functions as a deconjugation enzyme,resulting in the Cell130,165–178,July13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.165release of Atg8from the membrane(Kirisako et al.,2000). This reaction is thought to be important for the regulation of the function of Atg8and/or the recycling of Atg8after it has fulﬁlled its role in autophagosome formation.We reconstituted the Atg8-PE conjugation reaction in vitro with puriﬁed components(Ichimura et al.,2004). Here,we show using this system that Atg8mediates the tethering and hemifusion of liposomes in response to the conjugation with PE.These phenomena observed in vitro are suggested to reﬂect a bonaﬁde in vivo function of Atg8 in the expansion of the isolation membrane.Based on mutational analyses and structural information,the mech-anisms of Atg8-mediated membrane tethering and hemi-fusion as well as its regulation are discussed.This study sheds light on the molecular basis of unconventional membrane dynamics during autophagy,which is gov-erned by the Atg proteins.RESULTSLipidation of Atg8Causes Clustering of LiposomesIn VitroAs reported previously(Ichimura et al.,2004),when puri-ﬁed Atg8G116(hereafter,referred to as Atg8),Atg7,and Atg3were incubated with liposomes containing PE in the presence of ATP,Atg8-PE was efﬁciently formed (Figure1A,lanes1–6).Intriguingly,the reaction mixture became turbid during the incubation(Figure1B),which under a light microscope,was found to be a result of grad-ually forming aggregates(Figure1C).Both the degree of turbidity and the size of the aggregates appeared to corre-late with the amount of Atg8-PE produced in the mixture. Size-distribution analyses using dynamic light scattering (DLS)clearly showed that the aggregates formed in an Atg8-PE dose-dependent manner(Figure1D).These aggregates disappeared when the samples were treated with the detergent CHAPS(Figure1E,+CHAPS).In addi-tion,if a small amount of PE modiﬁed with theﬂuorescent dye7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl(NBD)was included in the liposome preparation,the aggregates became uniformlyﬂuorescent(Figure1E,NBD-PE).These results suggest that the aggregates generated during the produc-tion of Atg8-PE were clusters of liposomes.When the proteins were denatured with urea,the clus-ters of liposomes dissociated,although Atg8remained conjugated to PE(Figure1E,+urea and Figure1F,lane 2),indicating that the liposomes aggregated due to some function of the Atg8protein rather than an artifact caused by Atg8-PE as the lipid with the extraordinarily large head group.When the aggregates were sedimented by centrifugation,Atg8-PE co-precipitated with the lipo-somes(Figure1G,lane2),whereas Atg7,Atg3,and unconjugated Atg8did not(Figure1G,lane3).The sedimented liposomes containing Atg8-PE remained clustered even if they were brieﬂy sonicated(Figure1H, ppt.).These results suggested that Atg8-PE molecules function to tether together membranes to which they are anchored.Atg8-PE Also Mediates Liposome FusionWe also examined if membrane fusion occurred between the liposomes connected by Atg8-PE.To this end,we took advantage of a well-characterized lipid mixing assay (Struck et al.,1981).This method is based on energy transfer from NBD to lissamine rhodamine B(Rho),each of which is conjugated to PE.Because the amino group of the ethanolamine moiety is modiﬁed with the dyes, these lipids cannot be conjugated with Atg8.If both of the conjugated dyes are present at appropriate concen-trations in the same liposome,theﬂuorescence of NBD is effectively quenched by Rho(Figure2A,compare col-umns1and4).If a‘‘NBD+Rho’’liposome is fused with a‘‘nonlabeled’’liposome,which results in an increase of the average distance between the two dyes on the membrane,the NBDﬂuorescence will be dequenched.A mixture of the nonlabeled and NBD+Rho liposomes were subjected to the conjugation reaction.The resulting liposome clusters were dissociated by proteinase K treat-ment,followed byﬂuorescence measurements.Remark-ably,a signiﬁcant ATP-dependent increase of theﬂuores-cence was observed(ATP is required for the production of Atg8-PE;Figure2B,column6).This increasedﬂuores-cence was not observed with samples of nonlabeled lipo-somes alone,NBD+Rho liposomes alone,or a mixture of nonlabeled liposomes and liposomes containing NBD-PE but not Rho-PE(Figure2B,columns1-3).These results suggest that membrane fusion occurred between the lipo-somes tethered together by Atg8-PE.The increasedﬂuo-rescence was only observed if the reaction mixture was treated with proteinase K(Figure2B,columns4and6). This appeared to be due to the presence of Atg7and/or Atg3rather than Atg8or some effect of the clustering, because the NBDﬂuorescence was not increased by the addition of Atg4(Figure2B,column5),which detached Atg8from the membranes and dissociated the clusters of liposomes(see below).Instead,decreasing the con-centrations of the conjugation enzymes allowed the dequenching of the NBDﬂuorescence to be detected without proteinase K digestion(Figure2B,column7). The fusion of the liposomes was examined with various amounts of Atg8(Figure2C).The level of fusion increased Atg8dose-dependently and reached maximum at2m M (Figure2C).In contrast,a larger amount of Atg8produced an inhibitory effect(data not shown).This suggested that formation of the large aggregates resulted from excessive tethering by Atg8-PE,which no longer lead to fusion. We also carried out time-course experiments to roughly estimate the fusion rate using the lower concentrations of the conjugation enzymes(Figure2D),which eliminated the need for the proteinase K treatment(Figure2B).It should be noted that the incubation time includes the times re-quired for the formation of Atg8-PE and the subsequent tethering and fusion reactions.Under these conditions, the band of Atg8-PE could be seen on an SDS-PAGE gel after a10min incubation,and the reaction was completed within30min(Figure S1in the Supplemental Data available with this article online).It appeared that166Cell130,165–178,July13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.Figure1.Membrane Tethering Function of Atg8-PE In Vitro(A–C)Puriﬁed Atg8(10m M),Atg7(1m M),and Atg3(1m M)were incubated with liposomes(350m M lipids)composed of55mol%DOPE,30mol% POPC,and15mol%blPI in the presence(lanes1–6)or absence(lanes7–12)of1mM ATP at30 C for the indicated time periods,followed by urea-SDS-PAGE and CBB-staining(A),measurement of the absorbance at600nm(B),or observation under a light microscope(Nomarski images)(C).(D)Conjugation reactions with the various amounts of Atg8were performed as described in(A).After incubation for60min,the size distribution of the aggregates was examined using DLS measurements.d.nm,apparent diameter(nm).(E and F)The conjugation reactions were carried out as described in(A).They were further incubated at30 C for30min in the presence of either 6M urea or1%CHAPS and were then subjected to microscopy(E)or urea-SDS-PAGE and CBB-staining(F).The reaction was also performed with liposomes containing1mol%NBD-labeled DOPE(thus containing54mol%unlabeled DOPE),followed byﬂuorescence microscopy.Aﬂuo-rescence image with aﬁlter for YFP(NBD-PE,FL)and a Nomarski image(NBD-PE,DIC)are shown.(G and H)Atg8(30m M),Atg7(2m M),and Atg3(2m M)were incubated with liposomes(350m M lipids)consisting of70mol%DOPE and30mol% POPC in the presence of1mM ATP at30 C for45min(total).The mixture was microcentrifuged at15,000rpm for10min to generate the pellet (ppt.)and the supernatant(sup.)fractions.The fractions were brieﬂy sonicated and were analyzed by urea-SDS-PAGE(G)or observed under a light microscope(H).In this experiment,blPI was omitted to prevent Atg7and Atg3from tightly binding to the liposome.We showed that Atg8could also cause hemifusion of liposomes with this lipid composition.Cell130,165–178,July13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.167the liposomes began to fuse shortly after the formation of Atg8-PE.The fusion reaction proceeded concurrently with the conjugation reaction and continued for 30min after the completion of the Atg8-PE production (Figure 2D,ﬁlled circles).Small liposomes <100nm in diameter tend to sponta-neously fuse (Chen et al.,2006),and the liposomes we used in the above experiments were 70nm in diameter (Figure 1D).However,we also showed that Atg8-PEcaused a signiﬁcant level of fusion between larger lipo-somes in spite of their stability against spontaneous fusion (Figure S1).Taken together,these results suggest that not only tethering but also fusion of the liposomes is mediated by Atg8-PE.The Atg8-Mediated Membrane Fusion Is Hemifusion Recent in vitro studies on membrane fusion mediated by SNARE proteins and a class of viral proteinsrevealedFigure 2.Membrane Hemifusion Occurs between Liposomes Tethered by Atg8-PE(A and B)Nonlabeled (55mol%DOPE,30mol%POPC,and 15mol%blPI),NBD-labeled (55mol%DOPE,29mol%POPC,15mol%blPI,and 1mol%NBD-DOPE),and NBD+Rho-labeled (55mol%DOPE,27.5mol%POPC,15mol%blPI,1mol%NBD-DOPE,and 1.5mol%Rho-DOPE)liposomes were mixed in the differ-ent combinations and ratios indicated.Their relative intensities of the NBD ﬂuorescence ob-served are shown (the value obtained with a 4:1mixture of the nonlabeled and NBD+Rho lipo-somes was deﬁned as 1)(A).These mixtures of liposomes were incubated with Atg8(4m M),Atg7(0.5or 1.0m M),and Atg3(0.5or 1.0m M)in the presence (ﬁlled columns)or absence (open columns)of 1mM ATP for 60min,and were then treated with 1unit/ml apyrase.The mixtures were further incubated for 30min with the buffer (columns 4and 7),1m M Atg4(columns 5and 8),or 0.2mg/ml proteinase K (columns 1-3,6and 9),followed by measure-ment of the NBD ﬂuorescence.The experi-ments were repeated three times and the average ﬂuorescence values divided by those obtained from the original liposome samples (F/F 0)are presented with error bars for the stan-dard deviations (B).(C)A 4:1mixture of the nonlabeled and NBD+Rho liposomes was incubated with various amounts of Atg8,1.0m M Atg7,and 1.0m M Atg3in the presence (open circles)or absence (ﬁlled circles)of ATP,and the samples were then treated with proteinase K,followed by measuring the NBD ﬂuorescence.(D)The conjugation reactions were performed with the mixed liposomes used for the lipid mixing assay,0.5m M Atg7,and 0.5m M Atg3in the presence or absence of Atg8(4m M)and ATP.After incubation for the indicated time periods,an aliquot of the samples was immediately subjected to the ﬂuorescence measurements.The values that were obtained by subtracting the signals observed in the absence of ATP from those observed in the presence of ATP are presented.(E)The lipid mixing assay was performed with 4m M Atg8,1m M Atg7,and 1m M Atg3in the presence or absence of ATP (white bars in columns 3and 2,respectively)as described in(C).For PEG-induced fusion reactions,the mixed liposomes were incubated at 37C for 30min in the presence or absence of 12.5%PEG 3350(white bars in columns 5and 4,respectively).These samples as well as the original liposomes (column 1)were then incubated with 20mM sodium dithionite on ice for 20min in the presence (black bars)or absence (gray bars)of 0.5%Triton X-100,followed by the NBD ﬂuorescence measurement.168Cell 130,165–178,July 13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.that fusion proceeds through an intermediate state called hemifusion,in which outer(contacting)leaﬂets of two apposed lipid bilayers merge,while inner(distal)leaﬂets remain intact(Chernomordik and Kozlov,2005).It was also reported that fusion can be arrested or delayed at the hemifusion state under some conditions.Therefore, we investigated whether the liposome fusion caused by Atg8in vitro was complete fusion(the merger of both inner and outer leaﬂets)or hemifusion(Figure2E).This can be examined using the membrane impermeable reductant sodium dithionite that selectively abolishes theﬂuores-cence of NBD conjugated to the lipid head group in the outer leaﬂet(Meers et al.,2000).Accordingly,when so-dium dithionite was added to the original liposomes,the background level of the NBDﬂuorescence was decreased by about50%,whereas it was hardly detected in the pres-ence of the detergent(Figure2E,column1).Strikingly,the NBDﬂuorescence increased by the Atg8-mediated fusion was totally eliminated by addition of sodium dithionite to the same level as those observed in the original lipo-somes and the reaction mixture incubated without ATP (Figure2F,columns1-3).Whereas,we conﬁrmed that in liposome fusion induced by polyethylene glycol(PEG), which causes complete fusion(Akiyama and Ito,2003), about half of the increasedﬂuorescence was retained af-ter sodium dithionite treatment(Figure2F,columns4and 5).Taken together,membrane fusion mediated by Atg8 in vitro was suggested to be hemifusion.To obtain direct evidence of hemifusion,we analyzed the morphology of liposomes by electron microscopy (Figures3A–3E),in which liposomal membranes were observed as double white lines that correspond to the outer and inner leaﬂets.When the clusters of liposomes formed by Atg8-PE were analyzed,tight junctions between the liposomes were observed(Figures3B and 3C,arrowheads).Consistent with the biochemical results suggesting that complete fusion does not occur,the size of the individual liposomes did not appear to signiﬁcantly increase(compare Figures3A and3B).Instead,hallmarks of hemifusion,trifurcated structures formed by one contin-uous outer leaﬂet and two separate inner leaﬂets,could be observed at the junction between the liposomes(Figures 3C–3E,arrows).These results strongly support our con-clusion that Atg8-PE causes hemifusion of liposomes. Atg8Forms a Multimer in Responseto the Conjugation with PEWe also performed immunoelectron microscopy of the liposomes clustered by Atg8-PE(Figures3F–3I).Intrigu-ingly,Atg8-PE tended to be enriched at the junction be-tween the liposomes(Figures3G–3J).While,if the mixture incubated without ATP was similarly analyzed,the signal was rarely observed on the liposome(Figure3F;the gold particles observed should represent unconjugated Atg8 adsorbed onto the grid).These results indicate that Atg8-PE is directly involved in the tethering and hemifu-sion of liposomes.We observed that‘‘naked’’liposomes do not associate with liposomes carrying Atg8-PE(data not shown), suggesting that tethering should be achieved due to interactions between Atg8-PE molecules on different membranes.We therefore examined the intermolecular interaction of Atg8-PE by crosslinking experiments(Fig-ure4).The reaction mixture containing Atg8-PE or unconjugated Atg8was incubated with the lysine-to-lysine reactive crosslinker DSS.We found that a crosslink adduct with a molecular weight of 24kDa on a SDS-PAGE gel speciﬁcally appeared in the sample containing Atg8-PE(Figure4A,lane5).Considering the molecular weights of the proteins included,this adduct should represent an Atg8-PE homodimer.Immunoblotting anal-yses with anti-Atg8revealed that two additional crosslink adducts of about37and100kDa were also speciﬁcally produced in the Atg8-PE-containing sample(Figure4B, lanes2–4and Figure S2).These products were immuno-stained neither with anti-Atg7nor anti-Atg3(data not shown),suggesting that they represent a trimer and a larger multimer of Atg8-PE,respectively,and thus that Atg8multimerizes in response to PE conjugation. We also showed that this multimerization correlates with the membrane tethering ability of Atg8(see below), indicating that interactions between Atg8-PE molecules on different membranes are responsible for the tethering of the membranes.The Membrane-Tethering and HemifusionFunctions of Atg8Are Modulatedby the Deconjugation Enzyme Atg4Our results suggest that the membrane-tethering and hemifusion functions of Atg8are evoked by the conjuga-tion with PE,whereas Atg4functions as a deconjugase that cleaves the linkage between Atg8and PE(Kirisako et al.,2000).We reconstituted this reaction in vitro.After producing Atg8-PE using the conjugation reaction,the re-action was terminated by adding apyrase to deplete the remaining ATP.When puriﬁed Atg4was then added, Atg8-PE was rapidly and almost completely deconjugated (Figure4C,lanes1-6).In contrast,when the Atg4was pretreated with the cysteine protease inhibitor N-ethylma-leimide(NEM),the deconjugation reaction did not occur (Figure4C,lanes7–12).These results clearly show that Atg4is sufﬁcient for the deconjugation of Atg8-PE.Upon deconjugation,the liposome aggregates immediately dissociated(Figure4D).In addition,we found that multi-merization of Atg8is also reversible;the crosslink adducts corresponding to the Atg8-PE dimer(Figure4A,lane6)as well as the trimer and the multimer(data not shown)were hardly formed when DSS was added after the deconjuga-tion reaction.We also showed that the presence of Atg4in the conjugation reaction retarded the accumulation of Atg8-PE and accordingly interfered with the tethering and hemifusion of the liposomes(data not shown).It was indicated that membrane tethering and hemifusion by Atg8can be regulated by the balance between the conjugation and deconjugation reactions.Cell130,165–178,July13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.169Identiﬁcation of Mutations that Impair the Postconjugational Function of Atg8In VivoIf the function of Atg8-PE we observed in vitro was involved in autophagosome formation in vivo,Atg8mutants deﬁ-cient for this function should result in defective autophagy.To examine this idea,we performed structure-based and systematic mutational analyses of Atg8(Figure 5).The structures of mammalian homologs revealed that Atg8family proteins consist of two domains:an N-terminal heli-cal domain (NHD)and a C-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (ULD)(Paz et al.,2000;Coyle et al.,2002;Sugawara et al.,2004;Figures 5E–5H).Among the highly conserved residues in the ULD,we selected those with side chains that were exposed on the domain surface (Figure 5A),and individually replaced them with alanine,except that serine was substituted for Ala75.Consequently,we didnot mutate residues suggested to be important for interac-tions with the conjugation enzymes,because these resi-dues are conserved only for their hydrophobic nature (Sugawara et al.,2004).The Atg8variants were expressed from centromeric plasmids in D atg8yeast cells,and their autophagic activities were biochemically assessed (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures ).In nutrient-rich media,the autophagic activity was low in all of the mutant cells as well as in the wild-type cells (data not shown).In contrast,in nitrogen starvation conditions,which strongly induced autophagy,a number of mutants were found to have defective autophagic phenotypes (Figure 5B).Ala-nine replacement of seven residues,Ile32,Lys48,Leu50,Arg65,Asp102,Phe104,and Tyr106,signiﬁcantly impaired the autophagic activity to 30%–60%of that of the wild-type (Figure 5B).Immunoblotting analyses showedthatFigure 3.Electron Microscopic Analyses of the Liposomes Tethered and Hemi-fused by Atg8-PEConjugation reactions were performed with 4m M Atg8,1m M Atg7,and 1m M Atg3in the presence (B–E and G–I)or absence (A and F)of ATP for 60min and subjected to phospho-tungstic acid-staining and electron micros-copy (A–E).The junctions between the lipo-somes and the structures suggested to represent hemifusion are indicated with arrow-heads and arrows,respectively.The same samples were also subjected to immunostain-ing using puriﬁed anti-Atg8-IN-13and anti-rab-bit IgG conjugated with 5nm gold particles,fol-lowed by phosphotungstic acid-staining and electron microscopic observation (F–I).To as-sess the enrichment of Atg8-PE at the junction of the liposomes (J),images of two contacting liposomes as shown in G and H were randomly picked up (n =41).The lengths of contacting (CR)and noncontacting regions (non-CR)of the liposomal membranes were measured (white bars),thereby the number of gold parti-cles on each region (gray bars)was divided,in which the length of the contacting region was doubled,to calculate the linear density (black bars).The average values are presented with error bars for the standard deviations.170Cell 130,165–178,July 13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.a substantial amount of each of the Atg8mutant proteins accumulated in the cells (Figure 5D),although there were some differences in their mobilities in SDS-PAGE analysis;for instance the PE-conjugated and unconjugated forms of the D102A mutant exhibited almost the same mobility.None of the mutations signiﬁcantly affected the formation of Atg8-PE (Figure 5D),suggesting that the mutations impaired a function of Atg8that was exerted after the conjugation with PE.Notably,these mutants accumulated different levels of unconjugated Atg8under the starvation conditions (Figure 5D,starvation),which allowed us to classify them into three groups.For the class I mutants K48A and L50A,the levels of the unconjugated forms were similar to that of the wild-type (Figure 5D,denoted in purple).On the other hand,compared to the wild-type,lower levels of the unconjugated forms were detected in the class II mutants I32A,D102A,F104A and Y106A (Figure 5D,denoted in red),whereas a larger amount of the unconju-gated class III mutant R65A accumulated (Figure 5D,denoted in orange).We then mapped the mutated resi-dues onto the three-dimensional structure of LC3(Suga-wara et al.,2004),which revealed that class of the mutant corresponded to the location of the mutation.All the class II residues were clustered in a speciﬁc region on the ULD (hereafter,referred to as the class II region),and the two neighboring class I residues were located close to the class II region (Figure 5E).In contrast,the class III residue was located away from the other mutated residues (Fig-ures 5G and 5H).The NHD of Atg8contains two helices:a 1and a 2(Figure 5A).We constructed two mutants,one with a dele-tion of a 1(D N8)and a second bearing deletions of both helices (D N24).It was shown that the NHD is involved in autophagy partially but signiﬁcantly;the D N8and D N24mutations decreased the autophagic activity by about 30and 40%,respectively (Figure 5C).We also showed that the deletions did not affect the stability of the proteins or the formation of the PE conjugates (Figure S3).Effects of the Atg8Mutations on the Membrane-Tethering FunctionWe next examined whether the mutations affected the liposome-clustering ability of Atg8in vitro (Figure 6).Figure 4.The Membrane-Tethering Function and Multimerization of Atg8Are Reversibly Regulated in Response to Conjugation with PE(A)Conjugation reactions were performed as described in Figure 3in the presence (lanes 2,3,5,and 6)or absence (lanes 1and 4)of ATP.They were mixed with 1unit/ml apyrase,and then incubated with (lanes 3and 6)or with-out (lanes 1,2,4,and 5)puriﬁed Atg4(0.5m M)at 30 C for 30min.These samples were further incubated with (lanes 4–6)or without (lanes 1–3)100m M DSS for 30min,and then analyzed by urea-SDS-PAGE and CBB-staining.(B)The reaction mixture including ATP was in-cubated with different concentrations of DSS as indicated,followed by urea-SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-Atg8-IN13.We also identiﬁed a crosslink product that reacted with anti-Atg3(Atg8xAtg3).(C and D)The conjugation reactions performed as described in Figure 1A were mixed with 1unit/ml apyrase.Atg4(0.5m M)pretreated with (lanes 7–12)or without (lanes 1–6)10mM NEM was then added,and the samples were incubated for the indicated time periods and subjected to urea-SDS-PAGE and CBB-stain-ing (C).The same samples were also observed under a light microscope (D).Cell 130,165–178,July 13,2007ª2007Elsevier Inc.171。

奥替溴胺化学结构式

奥替溴胺化学结构式
奥替溴胺化学结构式：CHBrN₂O₄
中文名称：奥替溴铵
中文别名：异雄酮.异雄酮；N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-2-[[4[[2-(辛基)苯甲酰]氨基]苯甲酰]氧基]乙烷铵溴化物；奥替溴胺
英文名称：Octylonium Bromide
奥替溴铵是一种抗毒蕈碱。

其化学式为N,N-二乙基-N-甲基-2-[[4[[2-(辛基)苯甲酰]氨基]苯甲酰]氧基]乙烷铵溴化物，是一种白色粉末，熔点为30-133 ℃。

临床上奥替溴铵是一种血小板活化因子的拮抗剂，可作为镇痛、抗炎、抑制子宫收缩和抗肿瘤剂。

奥替溴铵常用来解痉。

对于消化道平滑肌能够发挥强烈的解痉作用。

X2 高档蓝牙耳机用户指南说明书

X2GUIDE UTILISATEURFRANÇAISBOÎTIER DE RANGEMENT INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS DÉTAILLÉESLE BOÎTIER DE RANGEMENTle côté opposé pour l’insérer.3À L’INTÉRIEUR DU BOÎTIERDE RANGEMENTPochette d’accessoiresCâble de chargement2 x S2 x L2 x MAttaches-Fils(pour plus tard)4par dessousl’oreille5ORIENTATION G-DG DINSTALLATION SOUS OREILLE:DROIT6CHOISIR LA BONNE TAILLE D’EMBOUTS AURICULAIRES AMÉLIORE L’ÉCOUTE78Ti Inm Glissez l'embout en mousse Comply™sur la monture de l'écouteur X2.12Compressez l'embout en mousse Comply™ en le roulant avec les PLY TM34Tirez votre oreille vers l'arrière. Insérez la totalité de l'embout en mousse dans votre oreille.Maintenez-le en place pendant 15 à30 sec. pour permettre à la mousse de se dilater et de créer un joint.15à30secondests.Premium Ear TipsMaintien sécurisé: Se dilate pour vous offrir un ajustement personnalisé et un maintien intraauriculaire remarquable. Vos écouteurs sontsécurisés que vous soyez à la salle de sport, surles pistes ou à l’extérieur.Confort souple: Cette mousse unique à mémoirede forme offre un confort pour toute la journée,tout en éliminant l’irritation et la fatigue intraauriculaire.Bloque le bruit: Vous permet d’écouter votremusique dans des environnements bruyants sans augmenter le volume.Audio optimisé: Maximise l’étanchéité et dirigele son directement dans votre conduit auditif,pour optimiser l’écoute.9MAINTENEZ VOS X2 GRÂCE AUX AILETTES DE MAINTIEN.1011MAINTIEN SÉCURISÉG D12ENMODE PAR DESSOUSL‘OREILLE, LA COMMANDE EST SOUS L’OREILLE DROITE PLACEZ L’EMBOUT DEL’AILETTE SUR LE HAUTDU CREUX DE L’OREILLE COMME INDIQUÉL’ailette doit être bienajustée sur les partiesinférieures, arrièreset supérieures ducreux de l’oreille.13VÉRIFICATION DU SONBESOIN D’AIDE POUR LE COUPLAGE?MESSAGE VOCAL:« SEARCHING ... »ON14APPRÉCIEZ LA QUALITÉ15SUR OREILLE/manuals16PORT SUR OREILLE:GAUCHEG D1718MAINTIEN SÉCURISÉIMPORTANT:G DATTACHES-FILSLE MODE SUR OREILLE NÉCESSITE UN CORDON MOINSLONG. POUR UN MAINTIEN OPTIMAL, INSTALLEZ LESATTACHES-FILS (ICI EN VERT) POUR REGLER LA LONGUEUR.1920212223APPRÉCIEZ LA QUALITÉ2425CONTENU RECHARGE32627MESSAGE VOCAL« BATTERY LOW » ÉTAT DE LA DEL RECHARGEMICRO USB LES ÉCOUTEURS SONT-ILS SOUS TENSION ? L A PILE EST-ELLE DÉCHARGÉE?Rouge: En chargeVert (avec le câble USB branché): ChargéRouge+vert en alternance: Mode de couplageAucune lumière: En veille/Mode lecture/Hors tensionVert = Sous tension et bonne chargeRouge = Pile faibleAucune lumière = Hors tension* Mode veille: Sous tension mais aucun b ranchement à un appareilCOUPLAGE (INSTALLATION) DES ÉCOUTEURSAVEC LE TÉLÉPHONE/LECTEUR DE MUSIQUE1.2.28MAINTENEZ 4 S POUR COUPLER MODE COUPLAGE:Alternance rouge/vertMESSAGE VOCAL:YOUR MUSIC DEVICE ...»29COUPLAGE AVEC UN ADAPTATEUR BLUETOOTH30COUPLAGE AVEC PLUSIEURS APPAREILS BLUETOOTH3132ONCOMMANDES Répondre 2e appel,terminer appel.RecomposerDU BOUTON CENTRALOFFSPECIFICATIONS33GARANTIE, SOINS ET ENTRETIEN34PRENEZ QUELQUES INSTANTS POUR ENREGISTRER VOTRE GARANTIE À VIECONTRE LA TRANSPIRATION35Évitez les niveaux sonores trop élevés et lestemps d’écoute prolongés.N’utilisez pas les X2 en conduisant.36。

食品添加剂的国际编码-E代码(INS)

编码FoodAdditive食品添加剂别名100Curc姜黄素类100 (i)Curcumin姜黄素姜黄色素100 (ii)Turmeric姜黄; 羌黄101Riboflavins核黄素类101 (i)Riboflavin核黄素维生素B2101 (ii)Riboflavin5'-Phosphate,Sodiu核黄素 5-磷酸钠102Tartrazine柠檬黄; 酒石黄103Aikanet朱草染料104Quin喹啉黄; 酸性喹啉黄110SunsetYellowFCF日落黄; 日落黄FCF120Carm胭脂虫红; 胭脂红酸121Citrus柑橘红2柑桔红122Azorubine;Carmoisine偶氮玉红; 淡红123Amaranth苋菜红; 鸡冠花红; 蓝光酸性红124Ponceau4R;CochinealRedA丽春红4R胭脂红\朱红 4R127Erythrosine赤藓红樱桃红、四碘荧光素128*Re d 2G ＊红 2G ＊129 Al lur a Re d A C 诱惑红 AC; Allura131Pa 专利蓝V132In di go tin e;In di go Ca rm 靛蓝; 靛蓝洋红133Br ill ant Bl ue FC F;Br ill ant Bl ue F D &C No .1亮蓝FCF; 亮蓝FD 及C 第1号140Chlorophyll叶绿素141Chlorophylls,Copper叶绿素铜叶绿铜141 (i)Chlorophylls,Ccoppercomplexe叶绿素铜络合物叶绿素-铜复合物141 (ii)Chlorophylls,Coppercomplexes ,SodiumandPotassiumSalts叶绿素铜络合物，钠盐及钾盐叶绿素铜钠盐、叶绿素铜钠142GreenS绿色S ; 绿S150a Caramel I–Plain酱色I - 普通法普通焦糖（不加氨生产）150b Caramel II-CausticSulphiteProcess酱色II - 苛性亚硫酸法苛性亚硫酸盐焦糖150c CaramelIII-AmmoniaProcess酱色III - 氨法氨法焦糖150d CaramelIV-SulphiteAmmoniaProcess酱色IV - 亚硫酸铵法亚硫酸铵焦糖151BrillantBlack;BlackPN;BrillantBlackB亮黑; 黑PN; 亮黑BN153VegetableCarbon;VegetableBlac植物碳; 木炭植物炭黑、植物黑、炭黑、蔬菜碳154BrownFK棕色FK; 棕FK155BrownHT;ChocolateBrownHT棕色HT; 朱古力棕HT160a (i)Carotenes,beta-,(Synthetic) β-胡萝卜素( 合成)160a (ii)Carotenes,beta-,NaturalExtracts胡萝卜素天然提取物160b Annatto;Bixin;Norbxi胭脂树橙; 红木素; 降红木素胭脂树橙提取物160c PaprikaOleoresin辣椒油树脂辣椒红、辣椒红色素、辣椒色素含油树脂160d Lycopene番茄红素160e Beta-apo-8'-carotenalβ-衍-8'-胡萝卜醛160f Beta-apo-8'-carotenoicacid,MethylorEthylEsterβ-衍-8'-胡萝卜酸甲酯或β衍-8'-胡萝卜酸乙酯161b Luteins叶黄素161g Canthaxanthi斑蝥黄質162BeetRed甜菜红甜菜根红163Anthocyanins花色素苷类163 (i)Anthocyanins花色素苷类163 (ii)GrapeSkinExtract葡萄皮提取物葡萄皮红、ENO163 (iii)BlackcurrantExtract黑醋栗提取物; 黑加仑子提取物黑加仑红、黑加仑163 (iv)PurpleCornColour紫玉米色素163 (v)RedCabbageColour红球甘蓝色素; 卷心菜红色素164GardeniaYellow栀子黄170umCarbonates碳酸钙类170 (i)CalciumCarbonate碳酸钙轻质碳酸钙170 (ii)CalciumHydrogenCarbonate碳酸氢钙171TitaniumDioxide二氧化钛172IronOxides氧化铁类172 (i)Oxide,Black氧化铁黑172 (ii)IronOxide,Red氧化铁红172 (iii)IronOxide,Yellow氧化铁黄173Aluminiu铝174Silver银175Gold(Metallic)金180LitholRubineBK立素玉红BK; 立索玉红BK红宝石岩 BK181ins,FoodGrade食品级单宁200SorbicAcid山梨酸花楸酸、2,4-己二烯酸201SodiumSorbate山梨酸钠202PotassiumSorbate山梨酸钾2，4-己二烯酸钾203CalciumSorbate山梨酸钙209HeptyP-Hydroxybenzoate对-羟基苯甲酸庚酯庚基羟基苯甲酸盐210BenzoicAcid苯甲酸安息香酸211SodiumBenzoate苯甲酸钠安息香酸钠212PotassiumBenzoate苯甲酸钾213CalciumBenzoate苯甲酸钙214Ethylp-Hydroxybenzoate对-羟基苯甲酸乙酯尼泊金乙酯215SodiumEthylp-Hydroxybenzo对羟基苯甲酸乙酯钠乙基对-羟基苯甲酸钠216Propylp-Hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸丙酯尼泊金丙酯、丙基对-羟基苯甲酸酯217SodiumPropylp-Hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸丙酯钠丙基对-羟基苯甲酸钠218Methylp-Hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸甲酯甲基对-羟基苯甲酸酯219SodiumMethylp-Hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠甲基对-羟基苯甲酸钠220SulphurDioxide二氧化硫亚硫酸酐、无水亚硫酸221SodiumSulphit亚硫酸钠222SodiumHydrogenSulphit亚硫酸氢钠重亚硫酸钠223SodiumMetabisulphite偏亚硫酸钠; 焦亚硫酸钠224PotassiumPyrosulfite（PotassiumMetabisulphite）偏亚硫酸钾; 一缩二亚硫酸钾焦亚硫酸钾225siumSulphite亚硫酸钾226CalciumSulphit亚硫酸钙227CalciumHydrogenSulphit亚硫酸氢钙230Diphenyl联二苯; 二苯基联苯231Ortho-Phenylphenol邻-苯基苯酚; 邻-苯酚邻羟基联苯、OPP232umo-Phenylphenol;Sodiumortho-Phenylphen邻苯基苯酚钠;邻-苯酚钠联苯酚钠、2-苯基苯酚钠盐234Nisin尼生素; 乳链菌肽乳酸链球菌素、乳酸链球菌肽249PotassiumNitrite亚硝酸钾250SodiumNitrit亚硝酸钠251SodiumNitrate硝酸钠252PotassiumNitrate硝酸钾260AceticAcid(Glacial)冰乙酸乙酸、醋酸261PotassiumAcetates乙酸钾类261 (i)PotassiumAcetate乙酸钾261 (ii)PotassiumDiacetate双乙酸钾262SodiumAcetates乙酸钠类262(i)SodiumAcetate乙酸钠262 (ii)SodiumDiacetate双乙酸钠双乙酸氢钠、二乙酸-钠263CalciumAcetate乙酸钙醋酸钙264AmmoniumAcetate乙酸铵265DehydroaceticAcid脱氢醋酸脱氢乙酸、DHA266umDehydroacetate脱氢醋酸钠270LacticAcid(L-,D-,andDL-) (L-, D- 和 DL-) 乳酸2-羟基丙酸280PropionicAcid丙酸281SodiumPropionat丙酸钠282CalciumPropionat丙酸钙283siumPropionate丙酸钾290CarbonDioxide二氧化碳碳酸气296MalicAcid(DL- (DL-) 苹果酸羟基琥珀酸、羟基丁二酸297FumaricAcid富马酸延胡索酸、反丁烯二酸300AscorbicAcid(L-)(L-) 抗坏血酸维生素C301SodiumAscorbate抗坏血酸钠维生素C钠302lciumAscorbate抗坏血酸钙303PotassiumAscorbate抗坏血酸钾304AscorbylPalmita抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯软脂酸L-抗坏血酸酯305AscorbylStearate抗坏血酸硬脂酸酯306MixedTocopherolsConcentrate混合生育酚浓缩物307Tocopherol,alpha- α-生育酚307（c)VitaminE维生素EDL- α-维生素E;DL-α-生育酚308SyntheticGamma-Tocopherol合成γ-生育酚309SyntheticDelta-Tocopherol合成δ-生育酚310PropylGallate沒食子酸丙酯：棓酸丙酯丙基棓酸盐；PG311OctylGallate辛基棓酸盐；沒食子酸辛酯；棓酸辛酯312DodecylGallate十二(烷)基棓酸盐；沒食子酸十二酯；棓酸十二(烷)酯315IsoascorbicAcid(ErythorbicAc异抗坏血酸316SodiumIsoascorbate异抗坏血酸钠赤藻糖酸钠，异维生素C钠，阿拉伯糖型抗坏血酸钠317PotassiumIsoascorbate异抗坏血酸钾318CalciumIsoascorbate异抗坏血酸钙319TertiaryButylhydroquinonoe特丁基对苯二酚叔丁基对苯二酚、叔丁基氢醌TBHQ320ButylatedHydroxyanisole丁基羟基茴香醚; 丁化羟基茴香醚丁基-4-羟基茴香醚、丁基大茴醚BHA321ButylatedHydroxytoluene二丁基羟基甲苯; 丁化羟基甲苯2,6-二特丁基对-甲酚、3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基甲苯、BHT322Lecithin卵磷脂324Ethoxyquin乙氧基喹; 乙氧基奎虎皮灵、抗氧喹325SodiumLactate乳酸钠326PotassiumLactate乳酸钾327CalciumLactate乳酸钙328AmmoniumLactate乳酸铵329MagnesiumLactate(DL-) (DL-) 乳酸镁330CitricAcid柠檬酸2-羟基-1,2,3-丙三羧酸、羟基丙三羧酸、枸橼酸331SodiumCitrates柠檬酸钠类331 (i)SodiumDihydrogenCitrate柠檬酸二氢钠柠檬酸一钠331 (ii)DisodiumMonohydrogenCit柠檬酸氢二钠331 (iii)TrisodiumCitrate柠檬酸三钠柠檬酸钠332PotassiumCitrates柠檬酸钾类332 (i)PotassiumDihydrogenCitrate柠檬酸二氢钾332 (ii)TripotassiumCitrate柠檬酸三钾柠檬酸钾333CalciumCitrates柠檬酸钙类柠檬酸钙334TartaricAcid(L(+)-)(L(+)-) 酒石酸2,3-二羟基丁二酸335SodiumTartrates酒石酸钠类335 (i)MonosodiumTartrate酒石酸一钠335 (ii)DisodiumTartr酒石酸二钠336PotassiumTartrates酒石酸钾类336 (i)MonopotassiumTartrate酒石酸一钾336 (ii)DipotassiumTartrate酒石酸二钾337PotassiumSodiumTartrate酒石酸钾钠338OrthophosphoricAcid正磷酸磷酸339SodiumPhosphates磷酸钠类on os od iu m Or th op ho sp hat e （So di u m Di hy dr og en Ph osphate正磷酸一钠磷酸二氢钠、酸性磷酸钠、磷酸钠339(i)339 (ii)DisodiumOrthophosphate（DisodiumHydrogenPhos正磷酸二钠磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二钠339 (iii)TrisodiumOrthophosphat正磷酸三钠磷酸三钠、磷酸钠、正磷酸钠340PotassiumPhosphates磷酸钾类340 (i)onopotassiumOrthophosphat正磷酸一钾磷酸二氢钾、磷酸一钾340 (ii)DipotassiumOrthophosphate正磷酸二钾磷酸氢二钾、磷酸二钾340 (iii)TripotassiumOrthophosphate正磷酸三钾磷酸三钾。

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、.~①我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。

②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。

怎样使用手机在笔记本上上网~详细教程~手把手教你~包教包会呵呵A 开通篇无线网络已经发展到108M的速度，无线路由器的价格也降到大众可以承受的地步。

乍听起来好象我们随时随地都可以享受无线网络带来的乐趣似的。

然而通过无线网卡来享受无线上网的同时，不管是USB接口，PCMCIA接口还是PCI插槽，都是离不开AP接入点与无线路由器的。

也就是说在没有无线路由器和AP接入点情况下，仅仅有无线网卡也如巧妇难为无米之炊似的，根本无法浏览页面，进行QQ聊天。

什么是真正意义的无线上网呢？实现随时随地可以拨号浏览INTERNET上的页面，通过IM工具和朋友同事聊天才算。

因此无线路由器+无线网卡这种方式的局限性就过多了。

实际上大家都应该听说了很多手机自身具备上网功能，可上网的型号不光是最新的智能手机，就连几年前的老式手机也可以通过WAP进行上网。

那么有没有一种方法可以让笔记本（台式机同样可以）通过这种手机上网呢？毕竟通过手机小小按键和小小屏幕查看资料很不方便。

如果能够存在笔记本+手机的上网方式，那么我们就算是真正意义上的随时随地无线上网了，当然有一个小小的前提，那就是需要我们的手机有信号，不过手机信号和无线路由器的信号在覆盖范围，信号大小方面有着天壤差别。

所以笔记本+手机上网让我们将无线真正进行到底。

一、CMWAP与CMNET篇：在介绍如何只花15元就享受一个月不限流量不限站点，随随便便浏览internet上的任何信息方法之前，需要我们对一些基本的知识和理论有所了解，否则在以后使用中很可能给我们带来很多麻烦，甚至是让我们白白花了不少冤枉钱。

由于我们准备采取笔记本+手机这种方式上网，实际上笔记本是将手机当做代理来拨号上网的，所以弄清楚手机上网如何设置是保证笔记本正常上网的前提。

就目前而言手机上网主要有两种，分别为CMWAP无线上网和CMNET无线上网。

那么CMWAP无线上网和CMNET无线上网有什么区别、各自的应用范围是什么、我们应该在什么情况下用哪一类型的方式上网呢？下面就从理论上为各位MOTOBBS的读者阐述明白。

（1）为什么CMWAP和CMNET并存？一般来说世界上的大部分国家都只有一种GPRS接入方式，而中国则有CMWAP和CMNET两兄弟？这两兄弟都是手机上网服务，CMWAP和CMNET只是中国移动人为划分的两个GPRS接入方式。

前者是为手机WAP上网而设立的，后者则主要是为PC、笔记本电脑、PDA等利用GPRS 上网服务。

它们在实现方式上并没有任何差别，但因为定位不同，所以和CMNET相比，CMWAP 便有了部分限制，资费上也存在差别。

（2）CMWAP和CMNET相比有哪些限制？为了从应用中区别两者的定位，中国移动对CMWAP作了一定的限制，主要表现在CMWAP接入时只能访问GPRS网络内的IP（10.*.*.*），而无法通过路由访问Internet。

（少数地区的移动网络可能不存在这一限制）我们用CMWAP浏览Int ernet上的网页就是通过WAP网关协议或它提供的HTTP代理服务实现的。

也就是说通过CMWAP上网浏览的站点很少，如果一个网站没有开放WAP服务那么我们就无法通过CMWAP查看其内容。

目前大型网站象新浪，搜狐等都开启了对应的WAP站点，我们通过CMWAP上网只能浏览他们这些为数不多的WAP站点。

而CMNET则没有任何限制就和我们通过ADSL拨号上网浏览的信息一样。

（3）CMWAP和CMNET相比费用上有哪些差别？正因为CMNET拥有完全的Internet访问权，所以使用费用很高，一般来说没有不限制流量的CMNET，要想通过CMNET浏览internet恐怕每月花个几百是家常便饭。

而CMWAP则不同，因为访问的信息都是内网，所以一般情况下不限制上网流量，包月费用也是便宜得很，10元到30元不等。

就拿北京神州行用户来说，一个月使用CMWAP不限制流量的话，只需要交15元。

如果16号以后办的话，到月底只用8元。

看到这里可能有的读者会问cmwap是便宜，但什么都干不了啊。

钱还是白花。

实际上接下来我会为大家一步一步的介绍如何通过CMWAP上网访问CMNET的信息，这样就等于我们花了15元包月不限流量享受几百甚至上千元CMNET才能提供给我们的服务。

当然在继续介绍下面内容之前，请读者务必分清CMWAP 和CMNET的区别。

CMWAP受限制但是便宜，CMNET没有限制但是很贵。

二、服务开通篇：市面上有专门的上网卡卖，也就是一个接口卡+一个芯片。

这个芯片实际上和我们手机里的卡一样。

因此为了节约经费我们完全可以拿手机里的卡来上CMWAP，这样我们可以在平时上网，打手机两不耽误，携带也更加方便。

真正做到了笔记本+手机闯天下的境界了。

手机满足了上CMWAP的条件后就要看手机卡了，我的手机卡是神州行，毕竟有开心听，任意打等多项优惠政策，而且还不用交月租费，特别得到像我这样的穷人的中意。

那么下面介绍就是开通神州行CMWAP服务的步骤。

中国移动的免费电话是10086，拨打该电话后按照提示就可以轻松的开通CMWAP业务，拨打电话到开通不到三分钟，当然值得注意的一点就是一定要用你自己的手机来拨打和开通CMWAP服务，不能使用固定电话或其他手机，这样消除了误操作的发生。

小提示：中国移动的服务还是非常不错的，1860是24小时有人接听，笔者就是凌晨12点拨打的电话，服务小姐态度很好，就多个问题给予我详细的解释。

拨打开通电话后我们就会接收到来自中国移动的短信息，15元的包月费用也会马上扣除。

这时我们就可以拿手机上CMWAP网了。

由于手机上网不是我们无线频道的内容，所以这里就不详细介绍了。

总之大家在上CMWAP网之前不要随便修改关于WAP的设置，包括代理服务器地址及端口，因为这些都已经由手机厂家设置好了，准确无误，不需改动即可正常上CMWAP。

三、总结：通过手机上CMWAP只能浏览例如等WAP站点，浏览速度很慢，所以一般都是将图象显示关闭。

另外在输入地址和选择浏览信息方面由于手机的键盘过小，显示画面也很小，所以使用很不方便。

这时恐怕大家还希望回归到电脑上，通过电脑来上网。

实际上正如开篇所说当你的手机可以上CMWAP后，完全可以将自己的电脑与手机进行连接，利用手机当跳板让电脑也可以上网。

最后还要给各位提个醒的是——由于地域和使用手机卡类型的不同，一定要咨询当地电信了解清楚，开通时也要分清CMWAP和CMNET，不要误上CMNET而白白交了巨额学费。

B 连接篇（主要内容！！！！！！）一、硬件连接篇把手机的数据线和电脑连接，手机实际上充当的是一个调制解调器角色，笔记本电脑将拨号信息发送给手机，然后手机拨号来上网，这时我们用鼠标右键点“我的电脑”，然后选择“属性”，在“硬件”标签中的“设备管理器”中我们会看到新设备——调制解调器，这就是我的手机所对应的。

由于笔记本默认有了一个调制解调器，所以为了避免不必要的冲突我们需要将其停用，毕竟冲突问题有时候不好判断和解决。

右键点IBM自带的调制解调器然后选择“停用”。

出现是否禁止该设备提示的时候选择“是”即可。

禁止后该设备前头出现红色叉子，表示已经不能使用了，这样我们的调制解调器就只有手机唯一对应的那个了。

二、拨号建立篇：既然我们把手机当做调制解调器，那么就需要我们为这个调制解调器建立一个拨号连接。

第一步：接下来就是要建立一个网络连接了，我们进入系统的控制面板，选择“网络连接”。

第二步：在打开的网络连接窗口中我们点网络任务下的“创建一个新的连接”。

第三步：系统将自动开启“新建连接向导”。

第四步：网络连接类型处选择“连接到internet”然后下一步继续。

第五步：接下来继续选择“手动设置我的连接”，下一步继续。

第六步：下面是设置拨号类型，我们选择“用拨号调制解调器连接”，下一步继续。

第七步：输入ISP 名称，我们随便起一个即可，例如笔者设置为softer然后下一步。

第八步：电话号码这里要特别注意，我们输入*99#，网上资料提到过如果*99#拨不通的话还可以尝试使用*99***1#来拨。

第九步：最后的用户名和密码还有确认密码窗口我们不用管他，都空着即可。

第十步：完成所有设置后我们就建立了一个名为softer的拨号图标。

三、系统拨号连接篇：建立了拨号后我们就要连接网络了。

第一步：双击桌面的softer拨号图标。

小提示：在拨号上网前我们还需要对一个地方进行设置，这个地方不是必须的，只是在没有设置的情况下不能成功建立拨号连接时的一种排除故障手段，另外如果你的手机开通了CMWAP 和CMNET的话，刚刚建立的拨号很可能连接到CMNET上，你又该交纳不明费用了。

杜绝错误的连接到CMNET现象的发生就要进入“设备管理器”选择手机对应的调制解调器“属性”；然后在属性窗口中的高级标签添加如下信息——"AT+CGDCONT=1,"IP","cmwap"。

这样确定后拨号就只会连接到CMWAP。

当然有人采取将手机中关于CMNET的所有信息都删除也是一种防止CMNET流量产生的好方法。

第二步：上面的小提示在大多数情况下并不用设置，打开连接后直接点“拨号”按钮，将自动触发手机拨号。

第三步：这时候一定要保证手机的红外功能是开启的，而且要和笔记本电脑建立了良好连接，否则会出现“调制解调器发生硬件失败”的692错误提示。

第四步：如果一切正常的话，拨号成功将出现和使用一般猫上网一样的“正在网络上注册”提示。

第五步：连接建立后在任务拦我们会看到显示的速度，一般是115.2Kbps，比以前的猫56K要快两倍多。

第六步：点该连接也会显示出状态信息，包括发送和接收的数据量以及连接时间。

第七步：状态窗口的详细信息标签显示服务器和客户端的IP地址，这个地址一般是以10开头的，正如“15元包月移动上网进行到底－开通篇”中所说的那样，CMWAP上的是内网。

第八步：这时候我们就可以登录QQ了，只需要在代理服务器那里设置为HTTP代理，地址是10.0.0.172，端口443。

经过测试代理服务器工作正常。

第九步：我们可以正常登录QQ，用显示IP信息的QQ可以看到我们的IP地址为211.130.33.39，输入“北京市移动”。

四、软件拨号连接篇：上面介绍的通过建立系统拨号实现笔记本上CMWAP的方法，实际上这种方法建立拨号比较麻烦，而且在实际使用中有人会遇到上CMWAP却时不时的转到CMNET上，这样带来的流量费用就是非常巨大的了。

实际上使用中国移动的一个小工具可以完美的解决这个问题，让 CMNET 彻底“闭嘴”。

中国移动随e行客户端小档案：软件版本：2.0 软件大小：6M 软件语言：中文软件类型：免费软件适用平台：windows 2000/xp/2003/download/setupV2.0.2.rar第一步：从网上下载中国移动随e行客户端。