电力市场模式的研究

Power system has its industrial structure featuring both natural monopoly and competition，making deregulation and re-regulation become the main melody in the evolution of the regulatory system for power industry Consequently，it is one of the main tasks for power reform to determine a new and rational regulatory mode．The market-oriented power reform in China tries to build a market mechanism based on balanced pricing mechanism．The power market mode has been designed by power institutional reform in China in conformity with natural monopoly theory and regulatory theory．The natural monopoly theory provides theoretical basis for breaking up monopoly and introducing competitive mechanism，and further putting forward an idea of “separating power plants from power grids and bidding for access to grid ”in power institutional reformBased on traditional regulatory theory, power industrial structure can be divided into natural monopoly part and competitive part．While being an integrated power system． These two parts characterized by big differe nces must be well coordinated．This makes deregulation and regulation become the main melody in the evolution of the regulatory system for power industry．As a result, it is one of the reform targetsto define a new and rational regulatory mode and build all appropriate competitive power market.What power market mode shall bePresently, most regional power markets in China apply sole purchaser mode(a competition mode of power generation market),characterized by the opening of power generation market, a single buyer or an agent purchases power from multiple generators to promote competitiveness in power generation, but power transmission, distribution and sale within a region is still monopolized, In this mode, power generators are impermissible to directly reach consumers through transmission lines, while the single purchaser monopolizes transmission/distribution grids and selling business, Consequently, the mode of single purchaser is a kind of mode of limited competitionBecause long-term contract is the basis of power market structure，independent power producers(IPP)under certain regulation may transfer market risk．Technical risk and most credit risk to customers．The contract of IPPs may prevent themselves from influence coming from the fluctuation of market price and technical advancement．Being power purchasers， public power companies generally have better creditability and less risk therefore，many countries，particularly Asian countries，have adopted this mode as the first step forwarding power freedom and a way to attract private capitals．Reform of structural modeThere are four kinds of structural mode of power market：the traditional mode of vertical integration of power generation，transmission，distribution and sales，the mode of independent power generation，the mode to provide transmission service and the mode of separated power generation，transmission, distribution and electricity selling and introducing competition in retail market．Before power industry reform，power market structure in most countries was a vertical integration of power generation,transmission．distribution and sale．This market structure had an excessive scale of monopoly，causing difficulties in regulation，increase of regulatory cost, insignificant efficiency of economy scale and operational inefficiency．In regard to power market structure reform in China，the structural mode of separating power plants from power grids has already been put forward early．The dispute between different modes was focused on whether it is necessary to keep a national integrated power grid．Reform of competitive modeThere are three kinds of competitive mode in international power market，i.e．，bidding mode，electricity wheeling mode and power market transaction mode．The bidding mode means to carry out open bidding for independent franchise in power production，or bidding for the construction of new power sources．It is generally applied first in power generation field．The electricity wheeling means to deregulate power grid in advance and allow the third party to run power transmission．Japan，United Kingdom and Norway have launched this business in advance．China has not yet implemented this mode．The core of power market transaction mode is power price．There are different modes in different countries to realize bidding for access to grid and same price on same grid in power market transactions．Generally, there are two kinds．The one is to set up spot and forward markets，such as in New Zealand；the other is to set up power pool，such as in Norway．The construction of power market in China has been initiated later, and power pricing mechanism has also lagged behind．The power price shall be transferred from multi-pie-track system based on different cost pricing to single-track system based on market supply and demand．Presently，power transactions are launched mainly by regions．All regional power markets try to implement the market mode of unified planning，unified rules and unified management as well as coordinated operation．On the regional unified transaction platform，market transactions take bilateral transactions as mainstay and day-ahead bidding as supplement，and organize the design for transaction mode basically pursuant to the principle of “contracted transaction as mainstay and spot transaction as supplement.”While in practical operation，present market competition is opened up only on power generation side．Reform of managerial modePresently，there are two kinds of managing mode in the world．The oneis that governments vertically regulate power industry, i.e.，a certain agency of representatives from all parties of power market organized by the government performs the regulation, coordination and management on market operation，the other is that governments execute macroscopic regulation，manage power generation，transmission，distribution and sale separately．This is a kind of mode that one certain link(or two links)in power generation，transmission，distribution and sale is controlled by governments，the rest will be invested and operated by public utilities or civil and private owned companies，which jointly conduct market operation on power production through market agreements or contracts．Presently, multilateral management exists in power market in China. The State Electricity Regulatory Commission(SERC)is authorized to lead power reform by law, while the right of regulating power price and market access belongs to the National Development and ReformCommission(NDRC),and at the same time, the state-owned power assets are managed by the state-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State-Council, In addition, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation exercise supervision on stock system reform in power enterprises, construction funds drawing and tax policy, etc. when specific supervision function is offered, overlapping function and ambiguous regulatory boundary exist between SERC and these governmental departments .In this system, administration is inseparable from supervision, and supervision is offered by multilateral parts, making regulatory functions distorted and deficient, leading regulatory agencies always to implement administrative approval habitually(mainly concentrated on project investment approval, power price approval and issuance of power supply license, etc.)instead of supervising the operational behaviors of regulated objects, and making regulatory agencies try to supplement deficient regulatory capability by strengthening administrative approval.Problems in process of power market developmentMonopoly still exists，and the target for the setup of a competitive and orderly power market is far from achievement．A competitive and orderly market system consists of broad and independent market main body，perfect market rules，market regulating mechanism and unobstructed channels for information exchange．At present state-owned power companies being lack of market binding and with imperfect harnessed structure have taken up a leading position in power market，and they are powerful in rigging the power market．Besides that，with unclear market rules and unbalanced information，the market features typical monopoly．Specifically speaking，the problem of monopoly has not yet been thoroughly solved；the market changed just from being monopolized solely by original State Power Corporation to being monopolized by several oligarchs．Though the competition has arisen to a certain extent，itsincentive effect on market development is still limited．On power generation side，the five power generation groups take a large share of electricity generation and installed capacity，having very big market force，from certain considerations，it can be said monopoly, while power transmission，distribution and selling are still monopolized by the two power grid companies．Rational power pricing mechanism has not yet been formed．Market economy inherently requires market mechanism to play its role fully，while pricing mechanism is the most important issue in market mechanism．Generally，market pricing mechanism means formation of price，operational process and its acting system，which consists of three aspects，i．e．，the pricing mechanism，the price operational mechanism and the price adjustment mechanism．Some of the problems existed presently in power price in China have long been accumulated，but are covered by industrial monopoly, and emerged fully until now；and some are new conditions and new problems arising after power institutional reform．The main reasons are：1)many things need to be further normalized after power plants are separated from power grids，such as the bidding for access to grid which lacks scientific and systematic basis；2) the bidding mode can’t truly reflect cost so that power price can hardly reflect power production cost, which results in several tariff systems for one customer and confusing management；3)it needs the new system to be perfected to set up normalized and competitive order for market．The current imperfect power pricing system involves no independent pricing system for transmission and distribution links and power grid construction significantly lags behind due to short of capital sources．1t is difficult to optimize the allocation ofresources．Along with the power market reform goes on，the long aggregated and deep contradictions and problems were uncovered, the market barriers between departments and provinces become severe，resulting in market splitting and serious unfair competition among power production enterprises．All these have hampered efficient use of resources and optimal allocation of resources among regions.The unbalanced distribution of energy resources and economic develop ment among regions has macroscopically decided the necessity of”national power grid interconnection, power transmitting from west to east and complementary between north and south”as the basic orientation of optimal allocation of resources in the largest scope in China．However, the current power reform is not efficient enough for the adjustment of power source allocation，and is also difficult to effectively adjust the configuration of power grids．The construction of power transmission and distribution grids seriously lags behind the construction of power sources．Governmental regulation is in difficulty．The core functions of regulatory departments are regulation on access permission and pricing，but in practical operation, functions of govern mental departments and SERC are still unclearly discriminated in some specific problems．For example, the approval for investment in power project belongs to governmental department of macroscopic economic regul ation， while authorized by the State Council，SERC is responsiblefor issuing and managing power business license；in case a power project had already been approved by the above-mentioned governmental department, the regulatory agency will get into a awkward situation when it again considers whether to permit the access or not．In regard to power pricing management，currently related laws and regulations have clearly stipula ted that the right of pricing belongs to governmental price competent authority，SERC has the fight to suggest the adjustment for power price；and the right over power price supervision and inspection is jointly performed by governmental price competent authority and SERC，but SERC has no right to punish any unlawful pricing activities．Obviously power managing system and operational mechanism still needs to be adjusted．New mode of power market shall be set upThe development of power market and formation of price are both directly related to the growth of market main bodies．It will become．more favorable for the formation of competition and price if more and more trading main bodies and trading commodities get into market．Therefore．it is necessary for the market main bodies to be broad and independent if power market and price are to be balanced．Because power enterprises haven't become fully independent legal person entities and qualified competition main bodies so far, the present market mode is impossible to fundamentally change the deficient and distorted situation of market main bodies．As a result，power market mode needs to be further considered and explored．Reconsideration on power market orientationPower market is a combination of managing mechanism and executive system to organize and coordinate all members involved in power generation and transmission and customers with legal and economic tools，pursuant to the principle of fair competition．voluntary and mutual benefits．It can currently be divided into power retail market and power wholesale market to conduct spot(market)trading and monetary contract trading．Open, competitiveness，planning and coordination characterize power market．Power market is open and competitive compared with traditional monopolized power system，and it can be planned and coordinated compared with common commodity market．It is deemed that precisely speaking，the power market based market ization of power industry has only isolated two links(power generation and selling)from traditional natural monopoly for reform of competitive ness．Because power generation and selling are two important links in powerproduction system involving the input and output two ends of power industry, therefore，the market reform in these two links actually almost equals to the market．Oriented reform in the entire power industry．In fact，after power generation and selling are reformed，power transmission and distribution exists as an auxiliary production process of power generation and selling．Possibly due to this reason，people pay no attention to the individuality of market-oriented power production and business organizations，but emphasize its entirety．Power generation and selling business must be vertically split off from transmission and distribution business in order to ensure their competitiveness．Power transmission and distribution business keeps continuously natural monopolized operation mode，while competition will be induced to power generation and selling．Consequently，the process of power market orientation in China can be understood in narrow sense as“ market orientation in the course of right distribution for power access to grid”,i.e.，the course of bidding for the franchise of power production on generation side and the amount of electricity fed into grid．It is also required by the unbalanced state of power market in China．Exploration into new power market modeWhen electricity is fed into grid, it will use certain power grid resources whatever the power sources are．It is more accurate to say that the market orientation on power generation side is the right of access to gad rather than competition when power grid resources are scarce．On the basis of present power pricing， all power sources can compete on one platform．It is also required by“same price for same quality”．Hence．the present competing mode on generation side is to auction off the power generation right．This right relative to any power source operators is the same．and this competition mode is favorable to solve a series of problems due to market inefficiency，such as mutual substitution between hydro and thermal power；it is also helpful for the formation of on-gad pricing mechanism．What power generation enterprises really concern is the amount of electricity that can be fed into grid．Because price is fixed by cost and interests，under the control of governments and power enterprises，the effect of price variation to regulate resources allocation is insignifi cant．It is deemed that the coordination of resources on generation side shall be based on capacity generation，but market orientation on genera tion side is mainly the market orientation of the distribution of power capacity，in other words，competition on generation side is much more the competition of capacity generation other than only the competition of on-grid price．The competition of on-grid price is the means instead of aim．Ⅵmat bidding for access to grid really means is to auction off the franchise to ensure the fair, equal and open distribution of capacitygeneration resources，and in the meantime，it shall conform to the national industrial policy of resources conservation, energy saving and pollutant reduction．It is just because power generation right itself is valuable that it is tradable to realize optimal allocation of resources. As a result, the competition of power and electricity in the market must be multiplex，consists of both spot price competition and futures competition。