南京大学环境工程考博资料(2007)
南京大学博士招生考试历年环境工程试题真题
南京大学博士招生考试历年环境工程试题真题2008年试题1、详述大气污染物二氧化硫、氮氧化物和TSP的主要来源及其危害2、恶臭问题已经世界七大公害之一，根据你说掌握的专业知识，列举主要发臭的物质、成因及其消除与控制方法3、根据我国城市生活污水“中水回用”的现状，分析开展工业废水深度处理与回用的可能性及其关键技术4、蓝藻打捞是消除“蓝藻爆发期”藻的有效措施之一，根据蓝藻生长特点，分析如何减少“打捞藻液”对环境的二次污染和可能的技术措施5、分析好氧活性污泥降解有机污染物的规律包括哪几种关系，试从理论予以说明6、简述生物脱氮和脱磷技术的主要影响因素，并分析其原因2007年一、简答题1、简述什么是环境自净作用2、什么是水体生态修复，并列举其主要类型3、什么是物理性污染，并举例说明4、简述清洁发展机制（CDM）及其作用5、什么是“水华”和“赤潮”现象二、论述题1、结合我国城市大气污染成因，分析如何有效控制城市大气污染恶化趋势2、废水生物脱磷原理、除磷工艺控制要点，分析今后研究的重点3、分析水污染控制过程中的生物强化技术特点、效果评价方法及应用前景4、在废水处理过程中，好氧曝气池中经常出现大量白色泡沫，分析其发泡的原因，并提出消泡的工程措施5、生活垃圾焚烧是实现生活垃圾资源化的一种有效途径，请分析生活垃圾焚烧方式的优势和可能出现的二次污染问题三、综合题1、某工厂排放的污水是一种高浓度含有难降解有机污染物的工业废水，水质波动较大，废水中的COD=10000-45000mg/L，TDS=4000-6000mg/L，pH=5-6，要求出水达到《国家污染综合排放标准》的一级排放标准，试设计废水处理可能采取的工艺流程，并说明理由2、根据你所掌握的有关专业知识，分析松花江事件后对环境的潜在影响和对策2006年1、试论中国的可持续发展之路与环境工程的关系2、分类列出你所知道的常用和较新的废水处理技术3、简介从污水中脱除氮、磷技术的发展和演变，具体叙述一种较为常用的技术4、列出烟气中二氧化硫的脱除技术，详细介绍一种你认为最有竞争力的技术5、具体介绍一种废电路板的处理技术6、你认为使用手机是否构成对身体健康的损害2004年1、试简要介绍环境工程学发展简史2、说出你所知道的去除N、P的主要技术及其原理3、介绍你说知道的废水厌氧处理最新进展4、如果让你负责处理农村生活污水，你将怎么做5、分别叙述燃烧所产生的主要污染物及其危害，如何控制6、废旧电池如处理不当能产生哪些主要问题，该如何处置7、使用手机会影响身体健康吗，试论证之。
南京大学考博英语真题2006-2008年答案
南京大学考博英语真题2006年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AABCC 6-10 CBDDCPart 211-15 BCDDC 16-20 DDCACPart 321-25 ADAAC 26-30 CBDCD31-35 DAAAC 36-40 BBABBSection 241-45. D A C A B 46-50 B A C C C 51-55 C A B A C 56-60 B C B D DTranslationPart A放弃对于获得幸福至关重要，其重要性并不逊于努力。
面对我们可以阻止的不幸，明智的人不会屈服，但对于那些不可避免的甚至是可以避免的事情，若时间和经历要求他们放弃以追求更加重要的东西，他们不会浪费时间和感情而是选择顺从。
很多人常常为鸡毛蒜皮的琐事而大发脾气，并因此浪费了大量原本可以有大用处的大量精力。
在追求真正重要的目标中太过沉溺，导致潜在失败的可能性时时威胁我们的思维，这是不明智的。
工作效率往往和我们所投入的感情并不对称。
事实上，情感偶尔会妨碍效率。
我们在服从命运安排的同时应当竭尽全力。
顺从分两种：其一是源于绝望，其二则源于不可征服的希望……前者坏，后者好。
Part B1.In a populous city, the idea that a man must know his neighbors has been extinct. But it is stilltrue of that in small towns and villages.2.People living as long as each other may have quite different lifestyles. Some go far away andenjoy fantastic scenery while others are incarcerated in a small room and until death does them not know how far-flung the world is.3.The biggest falsehood of humans is they take for that social and political problems are sosimple that they can be judged and solved with practical experience, instead of strict training with scientific methods. Unfortunately, it is quite contrary in the case.4.You can’t get rid of jealousness merely through being successful because there are someone inhistory who are more successful than you. Enjoy the happiness at hand and do what you are supposed to do. Don’t compare what you imagine or even entirely wrong with those who are more lucky than you. Then, you can cast off jealousness.5.So, this is the true spiritual civilization: make the most of human’s brightness and wiseness tofind truth, to control nature, to change matters for human’s use, to relieve human of needless hardships, to liberate human’s spirit from blindness and superstition.南京大学考博英语真题2007年答案Section 1Part 11-5 AAABC 6-10 BCCDAPart 211-15 ABCBA 16-20 CDCAAPart 321-25 CADBA 26-30 BAAACSection 231-34 B D B C 35-38 D A B D 39-42 B C A B 43-46 D D D C 47-50 B A C BTranslationPart A可以肯定的是，今天的人们对于成功的渴望以及其为我们带来的好处绝不亚于过去。
南京大学2007年考博英语试题
中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t南京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (30%)Part A (10%)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1. We were ______ in the middle of our conversation.A. cut offB. cut downC. cut inD. cut out2. ______ fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.A. LikeB. AlikeC. AsD. Comparing3. My grandpa gave me a watch, which is made of gold, ______ I keep to this day.A. and thusB. andC. soD. and which4. I don’t mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink, but it is rather too much when ten people arrive ______ for dinner.A. unusuallyB. excessivelyC. consequentlyD. unexpectedly5. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ______ in the area on the night of the fire.A. to beB. to have beenC. having beenD. be6. Look at this mess! If only I ______ your advice.A. followB. had followedC. would followD. have followed7. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______.A. than more on efficiency C. and more on efficiencyB. and more efficiency D. than efficiency8. Though I had tried to explain it as clearly as possible, my explanation seemed not to ______.A. get upB. get alongC. get acrossD. get down9. We will see ______ the children are properly educated.A. to themB. to thatC. to it whetherD. to it that10. The famous inventor was awarded an ______ doctorate by the university.A. honoraryB. honorableC. honoredD. honorificPart B (10%)Directions: Of the questions 11-20, each has four underlined parts marked A., B., C and D respectively. Identify the ONE that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. 11. Fossils of plant that have been extinct for fifty million years have been found in largeA B Cdeposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.D 12. The increasing popularity of the motorcycle as a convenience, economical form ofA B C transportation has been just short of astounding.D 13. The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world’s most prestigious athletic中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tA Bcompetition, take place once every the four years.C D 14. Any property that a bankrupt person may still have is usually divided among the variousA B Cpeople to whom money are owed.D 15. A noisy aggressive cousin of the crow, the magpie has those bird’s thievish habits.A B C D 16. The spontaneity of children’s artwork sets it apart from the regulated uniformity ofA B much of what otherwise go on in traditional elementary classrooms.C D 17. It is estimated that a scientific principle has a life expectancy of approximately a decadeA B C before it drastically revised or replaced by newer information.D 18. When the concentration of calcium in the blood is too low, the parathyroid glands beganA B C to secrete the hormone parathormone.D 19. Always since the creation of celluloid, plastics have been found to have a multitude ofA B C Dindustrial and commercial uses. 20. High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.A B C DPart C (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of “first come, first 21 .” The late arrivals may acquire 22 territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the 23 of the enemies of the species. 24 there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not 25 . In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict 26 territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, 27 , that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force 28 to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the case of those animals which are capable of 29 each other great harm, 30 is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.21. A. use B. serve C. served D. used22. A. larger B. better C. smaller D. worse中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t23. A. caves B. nests C. residences D. habitats24. A. Neither B. If C. Since D. Because25. A. breed B. produce C. mate D. compete26. A. for B. over C. with D. by27. A. moreover B. henceforth C. however D. yet28. A. compulsory B. essential C. necessary D. vital29. A. doing B. made C. given D. sending30. A. this B. that C. it D. thereSECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (40%)Directions: In this section you will read five passages. Each one is followed by four questions. To each question, you are to choose the one best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D respectively. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage OneEven today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse unease---whether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regions---rain-forest, mangrove swamp, parched plains of red earth---than any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseen---evil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger delta, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove , seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangroves---vistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), I found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.31. There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa. ______.A. This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa.B. This fact makes West Africa seem even stranger.C. This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. This fact has been greatly overemphasized.32. A lot of the old African religion has to do with ______.A. kidnapping peopleB. keeping the spirits awakeC. human sacrificeD. keeping the spirits happy33. The author was kept awake by ______.A. a ghostB. his friendC. the witchesD. eerie feelings34. “Mangrove” means ______.A. a sort of birdB. a sort of manC. a sort of treeD. a sort of animalPassage TwoPerhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.35. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Difficulties of writing satiric literature.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tB. Popular topics of satire.C. New philosophies emerging from satiric literature.D. Reasons for the popularity of satire.36. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?A. They are famous examples of satiric literature.B. They present commonsense solutions to problems.C. They are appropriate for readers of all ages.D. They are books with similar stories.37. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?A. Newly emerging philosophies.B. Odd combination of objects and ideas.C. Abstract discussion of morals and ethics.D. Wholesome characters who are unselfish.38. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be ______.A. informed about new scientific developmentB. exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC. reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD. told how they can be of service to their communitiesPassage ThreeCertainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped---hence their name---and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with their flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate--feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t39. According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?A. Because it helps them digest food.B. Because it helps them protect themselves from danger.C. Because it makes it easier for them to move through mud.D. Because it makes them attractive to fish.40. The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses ______.A. the reproduction of sea cucumbersB. the food sources of sea cucumbersC. the eating habits of sea cucumbersD. threats to sea cucumbers’ existence41. What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?A. They are very sensitive to the surrounding stimuli.B. They are almost useless.C. They require group cooperation.D. They are similar to those of most sea creatures.42. Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?A. A touchB. FoodC. Unusually warm waterD. PollutionPassage FourIn most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too flexible to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tforced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.43. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB. defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC. discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD. comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events44. It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?A. The earthquake was a deep event.B. The earthquake was a shallow event.C. The earthquake focus was distant.D. The earthquake had a low peak intensity.45. The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?A. Stress must build up.B. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C. A fracture must occur.D. Both A and C.46. The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?A. Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B. Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.C. Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D. The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.Passage FiveArchaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tHere we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l’melekh handles have been found in abundance--more than 4000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.47. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose ______.A. an alternative to museum display of artifactsB. a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professionC. the governmental regulation of archaeological sitesD. a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts48. The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT ______.A. A market for such artifacts already existsB. Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC. Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifactsD. Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections49. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?A. Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.B. Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.C. Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.D. Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.50. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?A. An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B. Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C. Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D. Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.SECTION III TRANSLATION (30%)Part ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese. (I5%)Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW’s - such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e ttheir dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.” The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious. Part B Directions: Choose 3 out of the following 4 sentences and put them into English. (15%) 1．科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然，在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人，他们具有特殊的能力进行思考与分析，具有无限的耐心进行观察与收集数据。
南京大学考博真题_生态学
南京大学2007年生态学博士生入学考试题目1 名词解释（60分）（1）neutral theory in community ecology(2)allometric growth law(3)ecological stoichiometry(4)stable isotope technique in ecology2 问答题（20分）（1）从叶片碳平衡的角度出发，说明地球纬度梯度上植被分布呈现bimodal（常绿-落叶-常绿）格局的成因机制。
（2）我国很多湖泊水质恶化严重：水华现象连续多年频频发生，水生高等植被分布面积和底栖动物物种多样性急剧下降。
请分析现象发生的生态学过程和机制，并提出基于生态学相关原理的综合治理方案。
2008论述（3题目任意选择2题目作答，每题50分）1 论述当前生态学研究的热点领域和内容有哪些?常用的生态学研究方法有哪几种？国内外生态学发展的动态和趋势如何？2 试论受损的生态系统一般有何变异特征？如何加以科学的鉴定和判断？其调控的途径和治理的对策有哪些？（应结合你的本职工作，结合具体的实例，加以说明和分析，提出具体的解决方案）3 试论当前城市生态系统健康的定义，评价标准及维护城市生态系统健康和安全的方法与策略有哪些？（应结合你的本职工作，给出具体的实例和解决方案，加以论述和分析说明）2009一名词解释（每题4分，共40分）1 表型可塑性2 阿利效应3 生活史权衡4 功能性状5 营养级联效应6 3/4幂定律或生态代谢理论7 进化稳定对策8 生态化学计量学9 生物入侵10 可持续发展二问答题（60）1 请简述生活史对策理论的发展简史与主要内容（10）2 简述水体富营养化的原因、机制及其后果（10）3 举例说明什么是生物对全球的变化的响应与适应（response,acclimation and adaptation）,并说明其研究意义？（15）4 试述生态位理论与中性理论的主要依据、主要观点及其异同。
南京大学生态学研究生入学考试试题及参考答案20032007
南京大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题----生态学一:名词解释(5*12)1. 生态因子2. 有效积温3. 内禀自然增长率4. 构件生物5. 自疏现象6. 重要值7. 生态入侵8. 同资源种团.9. 边缘效应10.群丛11.生物群落12.直接梯度分析:二:简答(10*5)1. 三种盐碱性植物各有哪些特性?2. 简述有机体学派与个体学派对群落的理解及优缺点?3. 什么是群落空间格局,主要有哪些类型?4. 简述水域生态系统生产力的可能测定方法?5. 述影响森林凋落物分解速率的主要因子?三,论述题(20*2)1.试比较r选择与k-选择的主要特征,R-K选择理论在生长实践中具有什么指导意义?2.试以资源比率学说(Resource ratio hypothesis)解释群落演替动态和群落物种多阳性的维持? 南京大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题参考答案----生态学一:名词解释(5*12)1. 生态因子：ecological factors生态因子指环境中对生物生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布有直接或间接影响的环境要素。
2. 有效积温：effective accumulated temperature生物在生长发育过程中必须从环境中摄取一定的能量,才能完成某一阶段的发育,各个阶段所需要的总热量是常数,称为”有效积温”。
3. 内禀自然增长率：innate rate of increase在最适条件下，在缺乏天敌、食物丰富、气候适宜等条件下种群的增长率。
4. 构件生物：modular organism由一个合子发育成一套构件组成的个体，如一株树有许多树枝，并且构件数很不相同，随环境变化而变化。
5. 自疏现象：self-thinning随着播种密度的增加，种内对资源的竞争不仅影响到植株生长发育的速度，也影响到植株的存活率。
在高密度的样方中，有些植株死亡了，这类现象称之。
6. 重要值：用来衡量某个种在群落中的地位和作用的综合数量指标。
南京大学 环境科学概论
《环境科学概论》第一章绪论的学习辅导材料一、第一章的内容提要1、环境（1）环境是相对某一中心事物而言，作为某一中心事物的对立面而存在，与某一中心事物有关的周围事物，就是这个中心事物的环境（2）环境科学所研究的环境，其中心事物是人类，以人类为主体的外部世界，即人类生存、繁衍所必须的、像是一的环境，或物质条件的综合体。
它们可分为自然环境和人工环境两种。
自然环境是直接或间接影响到人类的一切自然形成的物质及能量的总和，包括作为生产资料和劳动对象的各种自然条件。
人工环境是人类在利用和改造自然环境中创造出来的环境。
2、环境问题（1）环境问题指人类与环境这对矛盾体相互依存、相互制约中所产生的问题。
（2）全球环境问题全球性环境问题的产生，促使世界环境从第一代环境问题扩展为第二代环境问题。
这是20世纪80年代以来环境问题的又一个重要特点。
第一代环境问题，主要是指环境污染与生态破坏造成的区域性影响-其中最主要的包括以下几个方面：①煤和其他化石燃料燃烧引起的大气污染。
这种大气污染有两个主要类型。
1)还原型大气污染，主要是煤燃烧排出物造成的。
其中主要的成分是颗粒物和SO2。
典型的代表是50年代的伦敦烟雾事件，类似的大气污染被称作伦敦型大气污染。
2)氧化型大气污染,主要是汽车发动机排出的污染物在阳光作用下形成O3、NOx、醛类及过氧化硝酸酯等一系列有毒混合物。
典型的代表是40年代、50年代的洛杉矶尤化学烟雾，在日本东京、我国兰州等地也有所发现。
②重工业废水或有机物废水，以及城市生活废水等引起的水污染，包括地表水(江河湖海)及地下水污染。
③工业固体废物和城市垃圾所造成的圬染。
④森林滥伐、草原过度放牧等不合适的垦荒造成的植被减少和生态环境的破坏。
⑤土地不合理开发引起的水土流失、沙漠化以及非农业占用耕地导致农田面积减少。
⑥资源不合理开发利用，导致能源和其他矿产资源短缺、水资源短缺。
第二代环境问题，主要是指全球性环境问题。
它的规模和性质，对人及其他生物的影响，以及预测或解决这些问题的难度都大大超过第一代环境问题。
1999—2007南京大学环境工程考研真题(水、气、固部分)
1999 说明题
计算题
问答题
-1-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
2000 简答题
计算题
简答题
-2-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
2001 填空题
简答题
-3-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
问答题
- 16 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
2007 多项选择
- 17 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
填空题
- 18 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
简答题
计算题
- 19 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
- 20 -
-8-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
简答题
-9-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
计算题
设计说明题
- 10 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
2005 选择题（含多项选择）
提空题
- 11 -
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
简答题
计算题
设计计算题
-4-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
2002 选择题（含多选）
-5-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
简答题
计算题
-6-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以......7-
还记得那年夏天的故事？所以...........
环境工程考博试题1
南京大学2010年博士研究生入学考试试题（三小时）考试科目名称及代码环境科学与技术进展2250
适用专业：环境学院各专业
注意：1.所有答案必须写在博士生入学考试答题纸（或答题卡）上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效；2.本科目不允许使用计算器。
一、请你举例说明污染物在环境介质中的迁移、转化的过程与
归趋。
二、何为新型环境污染物，它们有什么特征？并请举出2-3中
新型污染物。
三、化学污染物在生物体内可能发生的各种过程。
四、阐述微生物产生氮氧化物（NO x）的过程和机制。
五、阐述有机污染物在环境中厌氧降解转化的条件和途径，可
举例说明。
六、描述分子生物学技术在环境科学研究中的应用。
七、解释碳减排中的MRV，并论述我国实施MRV的可行性
及存在问题。
八、城市化过程中交通带来的环境问题及对策。
九、论述流域环境综合管理的必要性以及我国存在的主要问
题。
十、试论述水处理和水环境修复的内涵和应用前景。
十一、请描述我国应对气候变化制定的战略方案。
十二、城市生活垃圾焚烧处置的利弊及污染防治措施评述。