The Consumer Optimisation and Response (2)(伦敦经济学院高级微观讲义)
Acsi用于评价政府部门顾客满意度
Acsi用于评价政府部门顾客满意度——美国的实践及其对中国的启示一、ACSI模型介绍美国顾客满意度指数（American customer Satisfaction Index），是由设立在美国密西根大学商学院的国家质量研究中心喝美国质量协会共同发起研究并于1994年提出的。
1、ACSI模型的基本结构2、ACSI是一个测量顾客满意程度的经济指标，是根据顾客对在美国本土购买、由美国国内企业提供或者是在美国市场上占有相当份额的国外企业提供的产品喝服务质量的评价。
ACSI模型是用来测评指数的一组方程组模型，由卡莱斯.福呐尔（Claes Fornell）教授领导的国家质量研究中心的全体成员共同创立。
其基本结构如下图所示：资料来源：The American Customer Satisfaction Index:Nature,Purpose, and Findings. Claes Fornell, Michael D. Johnson, Eugene W. Anderson, Jaesung Cha,&Barbara Everitt Bryant: The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose and Findings, Journal of Marketing, Oct 1996,60(4):7-18.顾客期望——顾客期望包括顾客从主要媒体、广告、促销人员和其他消费者的口碑获得产品或服务的信息和经历。
顾客期望影响着质量的评估以及预期（顾客购买前的想法）的产品和服务。
感知质量——感知质量可以通过三个问题：整体质量、可靠性、产品和服务满足顾客需求程度来衡量，通过对公司和行业的测量计算可以发现，感知质量对顾客满意度有很大的影响。
感知价值——感知价值是通过两个问题衡量的：给定价格下的质量和给定质量下的价格。
ACSI模型中，感知价值直接影响着顾客满意度，而顾客满意度同时也影响着期望质量和感知价值。
做一个聪明的消费者英语作文小学作文
做一个聪明的消费者英语作文小学作文\'Being a Smart Consumer\'In today's world, we are surrounded by a vast array of products and services, making it both exciting and challenging to be a consumer. As a smart consumer, it is crucial to make informed decisions that not only satisfy our needs but also contribute to our well-being and the well-being of society.Firstly, a smart consumer is one who does thorough research before making a purchase. This involves comparing products, reading reviews, and understanding the specifications and prices. By doing so, we can ensure that we get the best value for our money.Secondly, a smart consumer always checks the quality of the product. This means examining the materials used, the craftsmanship, and the durability. High-quality products may be more expensive initially, but they often save us money in the long run as they last longer and perform better.Another important aspect of being a smart consumer is to be aware of our rights. We should know about consumer protection laws and not hesitate to raise our voices if we encounter any unfair practices. This includes issues like false advertising, low-quality products, or poor customer service.A smart consumer also considers the environmental impact of theirpurchases. Opting for eco-friendly products and those with minimal packaging can greatly reduce waste and help protect our planet. Additionally, supporting local businesses and producers can contribute to the growth of our community and reduce carbon emissions.Furthermore, a smart consumer never overlooks the importance of budgeting and saving. It's essential to prioritize our needs over our wants and avoid impulsive buying. Setting a budget and sticking to it helps us manage our finances better and avoid unnecessary debt.Lastly, a smart consumer shares their experiences with others. By doing so, we can help others make informed decisions and also learn from their experiences.In conclusion, being a smart consumer requires effort and mindfulness. By researching, checking quality, being aware of our rights, considering the environment, budgeting wisely, and sharing our experiences, we can make choices that benefit us and society as a whole. Let's strive to be smart consumers and make a positive impact on the world around us.。
理性消费的建议关于英文作文
理性消费的建议关于英文作文English:When it comes to practicing rational consumption, it is important to first prioritize needs over wants. One should make a clear distinction between essential items that are necessary for daily life, such as food, clothing, and shelter, and non-essential items that are simply wants or desires. Setting a budget and sticking to it can also help curb unnecessary spending. It is crucial to do thorough research before making any purchases to ensure that the product or service meets one's needs and is worth the investment. Another tip for rational consumption is to avoid impulse buying, as these purchases are often driven by emotions rather than logic. Additionally, being mindful of the environmental and social impact of our consumption habits can also guide us towards making more responsible and sustainable choices.中文翻译:在进行理性消费时，首先要将需求置于愿望之上是非常重要的。
消费者最佳决策英语作文
消费者最佳决策英语作文As consumers, we are constantly faced with a myriad of choices when it comes to purchasing goods and services. Making the best decision can be a daunting task, but with the right approach, we can ensure that we make informed choices that benefit us in the long run.Firstly, it is important to do our research. Before making a purchase, we should take the time to read reviews, compare prices, and evaluate the quality of the product or service. This can be done through online research, asking for recommendations from friends and family, or even visiting the store in person to see the product for ourselves. By doing our due diligence, we can avoid making impulsive decisions that we may regret later.Secondly, we should consider our budget. It can be tempting to go for the most expensive option, thinking that it must be the best, but this is not always the case. We should evaluate our financial situation and decide on abudget that we are comfortable with. This will help us narrow down our options and ensure that we make a decision that is financially sustainable.Thirdly, we should consider the long-term impact of our decision. For example, if we are purchasing a car, we should consider factors such as fuel efficiency, maintenance costs, and resale value. By thinking about the long-term impact, we can make a decision that not only benefits us in the short-term but also in the long-term.Lastly, we should not be swayed by marketing tactics or peer pressure. Advertisements can be persuasive, but we should not let them cloud our judgment. Similarly, just because our friends or family members are making a certain purchase, it does not mean that it is the best decision for us. We should make decisions based on our own needs and preferences.In conclusion, making the best decision as a consumer requires careful consideration and research. By evaluating our options based on factors such as quality, budget, long-term impact, and personal preferences, we can ensure that we make informed choices that benefit us in the long run.。
正确的消费者英语作文
正确的消费者英语作文The Essence of Being a Responsible Consumer.Consumerism, a fundamental aspect of modern society, encompasses the buying and using of goods and services. In this ever-evolving landscape, the role of a responsible consumer is paramount. It extends beyond mere transactions and encompasses the impact of choices on the environment, society, and future generations. This essay delves into the essence of being a responsible consumer, highlighting the key principles and actions that underpin sustainable consumption.Sustainability is at the heart of responsible consumerism. It demands that consumers make choices that align with the principles of environmental protection,social justice, and economic viability. This involves being mindful of the environmental impact of products, supporting ethical business practices, and promoting social well-being. For instance, purchasing organic produce supportssustainable agriculture, while buying fair trade goods upholds the rights of workers and producers.Awareness is the first step towards becoming a responsible consumer. It involves educating oneself about the origin, production methods, and environmental footprint of the products being purchased. This awareness also extends to understanding the social and economic implications of consumer choices. For instance, consumers should be aware of the carbon emissions associated with flying versus taking a train and the impact of fast fashion on the environment and garment workers.With this awareness comes the responsibility to make informed decisions. Informed decisions are those that take into account the full range of impacts, both positive and negative. For example, when purchasing a new electronic device, consumers should consider the energy efficiency, recyclability, and social impact of the product. Buying second-hand or refurbished items is another way to reduce waste and support circular economies.Responsible consumption also demands that we prioritize quality over quantity. Buying fewer, better-quality items not only reduces waste but also often supports sustainable and ethical production methods. This shift in mindset requires consumers to value durability, repairability, and versatility over disposability.Moreover, being a responsible consumer involvesactively participating in the recycling and reuse of products. This could mean composting organic waste, recycling plastic and glass, or donating unwanted items to charity. By extending the lifecycle of products, consumers contribute to reducing the environmental burden of consumption.Additionally, responsible consumers should support businesses that align with their values. This could mean patronizing local, small-scale enterprises that prioritize sustainability and community welfare. By doing so, consumers not only reduce their environmental footprint but also contribute to the economic viability of their communities.In conclusion, being a responsible consumer is about making choices that benefit not just oneself but also the environment, society, and future generations. It requires awareness, informed decision-making, prioritizing quality, actively participating in recycling and reuse, and supporting businesses that align with one's values. As consumers, we have the power to shape the future of consumption towards a more sustainable and equitable path. By embracing responsible consumerism, we can contribute to building a more resilient and inclusive world.。
呼吁理性消费措施英语作文
呼吁理性消费措施英语作文Title: Advocating for Rational Consumption Measures。
In the contemporary era, the global community finds itself entangled in the web of consumerism, where the pursuit of material possessions often overshadows rational decision-making. This phenomenon not only poses significant challenges to sustainable development but also exacerbates social inequalities and environmental degradation. Hence, advocating for rational consumption measures becomes imperative to mitigate these adverse effects and foster a more equitable and sustainable society.First and foremost, embracing rational consumption entails a shift in mindset from conspicuous consumption to mindful purchasing. Rather than succumbing to the allure of conspicuous goods solely for social status or prestige, individuals should prioritize functionality, durability, and environmental impact when making purchasing decisions. By adopting this approach, consumers can contribute to thereduction of waste generation and the conservation of natural resources, thereby promoting environmental sustainability.Furthermore, promoting consumer education and awareness is paramount in instilling the values of rational consumption. Educational initiatives aimed at enlightening consumers about the true costs of their consumption habits, including the environmental and social ramifications, can empower individuals to make informed choices. Through workshops, seminars, and public awareness campaigns, consumers can develop a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness between their consumption patterns and broader societal issues, fostering a sense ofresponsibility and accountability.In addition to individual actions, governments and businesses play a pivotal role in fostering a culture of rational consumption. Policy interventions, such as incentivizing sustainable production practices, imposing taxes on environmentally harmful products, and implementing regulations to curb overconsumption, can effectively steerconsumer behavior towards more sustainable alternatives. Moreover, businesses have a responsibility to prioritize sustainability throughout their value chains, from sourcing raw materials to product disposal. By embracing eco-friendly practices and offering sustainable alternatives, businesses can not only cater to the growing demand for ethically produced goods but also contribute to the preservation of the planet for future generations.Collaboration among stakeholders is essential indriving meaningful change towards rational consumption. Civil society organizations, academia, industry players, and policymakers must collaborate synergistically to develop innovative solutions and strategies that promote sustainable consumption patterns. By harnessing collective expertise and resources, stakeholders can amplify their impact and address the multifaceted challenges posed by unsustainable consumption habits effectively.In conclusion, advocating for rational consumption measures is imperative in addressing the myriad challenges posed by consumerism while fostering a more sustainable andequitable society. By prioritizing mindful purchasing, promoting consumer education, implementing policy interventions, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, we can pave the way towards a future where consumption is guided by rationality, responsibility, and respect for the planet and its inhabitants. Together, let us embark on this journey towards a more sustainable and prosperous world.。
消费博士作文英文
消费博士作文英文英文：As a consumer expert, I believe that there are several key factors that consumers should consider when making purchasing decisions. First and foremost, it is important to consider the quality of the product or service being purchased. This includes factors such as durability, reliability, and overall performance. Consumers should also take into account the price of the product, as well as any additional costs such as shipping or taxes.Another important factor to consider is the reputation of the company or brand. Consumers should do their research and look for reviews and feedback from other customers. This can help them determine whether the company is trustworthy and reliable, and whether the product or service is likely to meet their expectations.Finally, I believe that consumers should also considertheir own personal values and beliefs when makingpurchasing decisions. For example, some consumers may prioritize environmentally-friendly products, while others may prioritize supporting local businesses. By considering these factors, consumers can make more informed and ethical purchasing decisions.中文：作为一名消费专家，我认为消费者在做出购买决策时需要考虑几个关键因素。
考研英语作文消费者考虑的因素
考研英语作文消费者考虑的因素In the dynamic world of consumerism, the decision-making process is often complex and multifaceted. Especially in the context of higher education, where the stakes are high and the choices numerous, consumers—in this case, prospective graduate students—must carefully consider a range of factors before committing to a particular program. This essay explores the key considerations that influence consumers' decisions, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the postgraduate education market.Firstly, consumers must assess the quality of the education they are seeking. This entails considering the reputation and accreditations of the institution, as well as the qualifications and experience of the faculty. Prospective students may also look at program rankings, alumni outcomes, and the availability of resources such as libraries, research facilities, and career services. The overall academic environment and the extent to which it aligns with the student's academic and career goals are crucial factors.Secondly, financial considerations play a pivotal role in consumers' decisions. Tuition fees, living expenses, and the availability of scholarships or loans are key factors that impact a student's ability to pursue their desired education. Consumers must also consider the long-term investment of a postgraduate degree and its potential to enhance their earning potential and career opportunities. Moreover, the location of the institution is another significant factor. Consumers may prefer institutions located in specific cities or regions based on factors such as proximity to home, cultural fit, or the availability of professional networks. The urban or rural setting, as well as the climate and living conditions, can significantly influence a student's experience and well-being.Additionally, program specifics are crucial. Consumers need to consider the length of the program, the course offerings, and the flexibility of the schedule. For instance, some programs offer part-time options or accelerated tracks, which may suit the needs of working professionals or those with specific timeline constraints.The program's alignment with personal interests and career aspirations is also essential.Lastly, consumers must evaluate the support systems available at the institution. This includes the quality of advising, mentoring, and peer support. The availability of mentors and professional networks can be particularly beneficial for students seeking to transition into new fields or industries. The institution's commitment to student success and well-being is also a key factor.In conclusion, the consumer considerations in the marketplace are diverse and interconnected. Prospective graduate students must carefully balance factors such as academic quality, financial viability, location, program specifics, and support systems to make informed decisions about their education. By doing so, they can ensure that their investment in postgraduate education will yield the desired outcomes and lay the foundation for successful careers.**消费者在市场中的考量：一个多元化的视角**在消费者主义这个充满活力的世界中，决策过程通常复杂且多元化。
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Slutsky: Points to watch
Income effects for some goods may be negative - inferior goods.
Gin, Apples, bananas tonic... For n > 2 the substitution effect for ? ...? be positive some pairs of goods could
demand for each good
does not fall if it is “normal”
…but could the x**
x*
opposite happen?
x1
x2
The same original prices, but Again, let income An “inferior” goodrise... different preferences...
(net substitutes) ... or negative (net complements). back to the
x1
A glimpse ahead...
We can use the idea of an "income effect" in many applications It is basic to an understanding of the effects of prices on the consumer Because a price cut makes a person better off, as would an income increase...
H p , ()u p ),u = ) (D = D ()p+ , (C p (M p ,) u )) +) x + HH (( p ,u = D p,M D, (p ,M D D(p( , p C,( M p , ) u C )) C ( p ( , p u ) , u ) pj
i i i i i i i compensated ordinary j j jj j j M demand demand i i MM j j Now let’s income, M Shephard's i i * i
How you would use this in practice...
•Consumer surveys give data on expenditure for
each household over a number of categories
•…and perhaps income, hours worked etc as well •Market data are available on prices •Given some assumptions about the structure of
Income Substitution effect effect
x*
x**
Let’s take a closer look!
x
The income effect The Close substitution up…. effect
x**
x*
“ how demands “ on a do given utilityrespond level to changes in the cost of to how do demands respond living?” relative prices?”
The The Slutsky Slutsky equation equation : substitution : income effect effect The Slutsky equation
i D j(p,M)
=
i H j(p,u)
-
* xj
i D M(p,M)
The substitution effect "I'm better off if the price of jelly falls, so I buy more things, including icecream"
So let's tackle the question in stages.
x2
The budget constraint 1: fixed nominal income
M p2
M p1
x1
x2
What Take happens theshifts basic if income equilibrium rises…? Equilibrium from x* to x**
derivatives
for income (of course)
i i i i HH (p, (u p),u = )D =D (p, (C p, (M p,) u))
* j
substitute for partial D j(p,M )=H ( p , u ) x D Substitute back (p,M) Lemma again jthis... j M
preferences…
•…we can estimate household demand functions for
commodities.
•From this we can recover information about utility
functions.
…and in your classwork
... using properties of the solution functions.
(Yes, it's time for Shephard's lemma again...)
...and fiddle around toof get the Slutsky ..and differentiate with respect to the Take the two methods writing Simplifying Simplifying... We obtain again... Substitute in, using the cost function... of good the demandprice forequation good i: j...
S pii D xii* = M (p ,M )=M i=1
i=1
n n
n
The response function
xi* =
i D ( p,
M)
should be treated as just one of a set of n equations equations. They must have an "adding-up" property
x2
...and let the price of good 1 fall Again take the basic equilibrium The effect of the price fall...
The “journey” from x* to x** can be (imaginarily) broken into two parts: An income effect A substitution effect
Use the classwork to look at demand systems through an applied economist’s eyes...
Consumer Optimisation
The Consumer
Opportunities and Preferences
Optimisation and Comp. St来自ticsWelfare
Aggregation
Primal and Dual
Lessons from the Firm
Slutsky equation
What's the effect of a price change on commodity demand?
Begin with a type This depends on the type of budget constraint 1 (exogenous And on whether we focus on primal type or income) budget dual type problems constraint
Can you think of any
goods like this? demand for
How
on the categorisation of goods?
x* x**
“inferior” good 2 fallsit a little as might depend income rises
MicroEconomics
The Consumer: Optimisation and Response (2)
Overview...
The Consumer
Opportunities and Preferences
Optimisation and Comparative Statics
Welfare
let's see what we know The analogy with the firmalready solves the dual about for us the primal... The work we have done can help map out the consumer's responses to changes in prices and income