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英语 口译笔记

英语 口译笔记

7.2一、专业词汇擅自使用要付法律责任。

Using them without authorization shall be legally accountable.Brake 制动(刹车)磨砂玻璃Ground/foster/mat glass钢化玻璃Armored/toughened glass米色Cream-coloured/buff coloured宝蓝色royal blue/dark blue白玉兰花(上海市花)The white Yulan( Shanghai city flower)棕褐色dark brown二、听力to /du/toilet /dɔli/三、技巧1、数学符号Sub-contractor outsourcing(外包公司)成套设备公司:assembly…IRS (Internal Revenue Service) 国内收入Defense Secretary 外交部长Auto Show=Automobile Industry Exhibition (汽车工业展)2、缩写市政府Municipal People’s Government复婚remarry大力发展generositySS 社会制度CT 文化传统WPD 世界和平发展I’d like to thank sb for kind invitation/thoughtful arrangement/gracious hospitality欢迎某人上台Please join me in welcoming sb onto the stage.We’re very please to have sb with us.3、政治、新闻4、come all the way, 远道而来Conference(文科类的会议)Symposium(理科类的、科技类的研讨会)Seminar (研讨会)Forum (论坛)E.g. … on IT Shanghai 2011 上海2011(国际研讨会)7.9一、口译的Topic应对之策之一:1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Opinion Some people thing …3、Other Others believe …4、My opinion …二、口译的Topic应对之策之二:1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Achievements3、Problems existing in this field4、Solution三、口译的Topic应对之策之三:1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Achievements3、Advantages of doing sth.4、Solution四、Communication1、EQ (Emotion quotient) IQ (intelligence quotient)2、Job vacancy/opportunitiesClear up misunderstandingPromote friendship3、educational background4、healthcare (medical professionals, cities)5、science, technology, pollution6、family, marriage, divorce五、日常知识Tap tops 手提电脑岗前培训:Pre-employment trainingPersonality training 仪表仪容培训进修:Further study儿童医学Pediatrics亲和力winning personality影响shape (customer requirement)“非常好的四金”attractive/competitive benefit/remunerations([ri͵mju:nə'rei∫ən])/package/healthcare system养老保险retirement and pension plan住房公积金public(housing) reserve fund补充公积金fringe benefits补贴subsidyPosition/business travel subsidy 职位津贴、出差补贴Cheese 笑Annuity 年金Your Excellency, the president如果本人不在现场,就用Her majesty, the QueenHis Highness, the Duke… (皇室成员)Your honor, the city mayor of…十月的北京,万木葱茏,金凤送爽。

国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征

国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征

国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征*李广建,罗立群*本文系国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据时代知识融合的体系架构、实现模式及实证研究”(项目编号:15ZDB129)研究成果。

摘要建设高端交流平台是对国家科技信息和科技情报体系的顶层设计,也是新时期科技情报研究和工作的指导思想,为科技情报的未来指明了发展方向。

在国家“十四五”规划中,高端交流平台的构建上升到了国家战略高度,是加强我国科学战略力量的重要任务之一,相较于一般意义的平台具有更丰富的内涵和更高的定位。

文章站在全球科技格局和创新生态的高度,从国家科技安全、国家重大需求、科技创新范式等三个维度系统思考高端交流平台的战略定位。

基于对高端交流平台的三个定位、中国国家科技战略发展的根本需要以及对全球科技创新态势的正确认知,结合中国国情,从三个维度阐释高端交流平台构建的核心特征:一是开放,从单向被动不对等开放走向双向主动对等开放交流;二是融合,从成果发布走向知识融合;三是计算,从辅助科学发现的工具走向自主科学发现的主体。

关键词高端交流平台知识融合情报计算科学发现开放科学引用本文格式李广建,罗立群.国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征[J].图书馆论坛,2022,42(1):13-20.On the Positioning and Core Features of the National High-end Exchange Platform for Scientific and Technological Papers and InformationLI Guangjian &LUO LiqunAbstract The construction of the national high-end exchange platform for scientific and technological papers and information is among the top-level designs of the national scientific and technological information and intelligence system ,and it is vital for the strengthening of China ’s scientific strategic forces.With a view of global scientific andtechnological pattern and innovation ecology ,this paper discusses the positioning of such a national high-end exchange platform ,focusing on national scientific and technological security ,major national needs ,and scientific and technological innovation paradigms.It then makes an analysis of its three core features ,i.e.,openness ,fusion ,and computing.As for openness ,it should transfer from the one-way passive non-equivalent openness to the two-way active reciprocal open communication.As for fusion ,it should transfer from the singlerelease of scientific and technological findings to the fusion of such findings.As for computing ,it should not onlyact as a tool to assist scientific discovery ,but also become a main body of autonomous independent scientific discoveries.Keywords high-end exchange platform ;knowledge fusion ;intelligence computing ;scientific discovery ;open science0引言国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台(以下简称“高端交流平台”)已经被正式列入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》,这是党和国家在“百年未有之大变局”时代对我国国家科技创新体系的高瞻远瞩,是对国家科技信息和科技情报体系的顶层设计,也是新时期科技情报研究和工作的指导思想,为科技情报的未来指明了发展方向。

《科技英语阅读与翻译》句子翻译

《科技英语阅读与翻译》句子翻译

Unit1A因此,可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备,该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息,并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算,继而提供运算结果。

For this reason,computers can be defined as very—high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。

It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job。

对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序,以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器内。

The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory。

计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作,但没有独创性;计算机可以根据指令工作,但不能做任何价值判断。

A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示,也不提供适当信息,计算机就什么也做不了;但由于电脉冲能以光速运行,因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。

新型2XXX系列铝合金

新型2XXX系列铝合金

第八届国际钛合金会议中国航空信息中心 石 琳本文介绍了第八届国际钛合金会议的情况,主要包括欧、美、中及独联体的航空用钛情况。

同时重点介绍了钛合金的发展、钛金属间化合物、冷膛熔炼、模拟技术以及T i-6-4无缝钛管生产。

关键词:航空材料 钛合金 钛铝金属间化合物T he8t h Wor ld Conference on T it anium are highlight ed in t he paper,including t it anium appl i-cat ion in European,US,CIS and Chinese aviat ion industr ies.Cert ain import ant t opics are in-volved including t it anium development,int er metallics,cold hear th m elt ing,modell ing technique and T i-6-4seamless t ubing product ion.Keywords:Av iat ion m at erials T it anium al loys T itanium aluminides 第八届国际钛合金会议于1995年10月22~26日在英国伯明翰召开,会议代表近650人,论文约500篇。

欧洲航空用钛情况 会议主席英国伯明翰大学P.A Blenkinsop介绍了欧洲的钛工业情况:过去3年欧洲国家之间的合作有助于解决一些困难。

例如由英、法、德及独联体生产商技术委员会出版了一系列有关钛合金的低倍及显微组织标准、质量及过程控制的出版物。

其他的国际间合作包括一系列研究课题,其中之一是对结构金属间化合物的合作研究(CEASI)。

有限元素分析已从闭式模锻件扩展到铸锭开坯及坯材料生产上,用来获取有关金属流变、温度、应变、低倍及显微组织的信息。

大连In-Fusion Cloning

大连In-Fusion Cloning
7
Q2:引物合成的纯化方式和修饰要求? A2:脱盐处理即可,较长引物可以PAGE纯化。 3’-OH,而5’无需磷酸化处理。
Q4:引物 除了15 bp的同源序列和目的基因的特异 性序列,还可以包含其它的序列?
A4:可以,在15 bp同源序列之后引入其它适当序 列,用于酶切位点构建、读码框的完整性和融合标 签。15 bp+其它序列+GSP序列。
A7:阅读框由引物序列决定,可以在15 bp同源序列之后,特异性序列之前添加1-2个碱基来保证读码 框完整性。
6
In-Fusion HD Cloning FAQs
Primer Design
Q1:同源序列必须是15 bp吗? A1:推荐同源序列碱基为15 bp,小于12或者大 于20 bp的克隆效率会降低。根据经验,多片段 克隆,20 bp的同源性序列,效率会更好一些。 Q3:15 bp同源序列必须与载体末端完全契合吗? A3:是的,必须与载体末端的15 bp完全契合, 如果不完全相同或者错开几个碱基,In-Fusion反 应可能无法进行,克隆效率也无法保证。 Q5:引物设计的基本原则? A5:1.目的片段特异性序列设计在3’端,长度18-25 nt,Tm值58-65℃,上下游的∣Tm∣≤4℃,GC 含量40-60%,3’端最后5个碱基不要超过2个G or C。 2.15 nt同源性序列设计在5’端,与线性化载体末端同源。 载体为酶切获得,同源序列包含载体末端的5’端悬挂序列,而不是3’端悬挂序列。 载体为高保真酶PCR扩增获得,同源序列与线性载体末端同源。 3.OligoAnalyzer 3.1(IDT:/calc/analyzer)分析Tm值,默认的Na+ (50 mM),Mg2+(0 mM)和dNTP(0 mM)浓度。

国际会议级别

国际会议级别

Asian Control Conference (ASCC)
European Association for Signal Processing 18.
(EURASIP)
European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)
19. European Graphics Society
The Optoelectronics and Communications Conference (OECC)光電與通訊工程國際研討會
International Symposlum on Growth of
19. Association for "Optoelectronics Frontier by Nitride Ⅲ-Nitrides(ISGN)三族氮基半導體生長國際研討
23. European Union Control Association (EUCA)
European Control Conference (ECC)
Innovative Computing, Information and Control 24.
(ICIC)
International Symposium on Intelligent Informatics (ISII)
6. Society (WSEAS)
八)
Administered by UCMSS Universal Conference The International Conference on e-Learning,
7. Management Systems & Support/The University of e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and

美国空军实验室 The US Air Force Research Laboratory AFD-070822-085

美国空军实验室 The US Air Force Research Laboratory AFD-070822-085

The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratoryand Programs for International CooperationDr. M.S. MAURICEDirector, International OfficeAir Force Office of Scientific ResearchAir Force Research Laboratory4040 Fairfax Dr., Ste. 500Arlington, VA 22203Ph: +1-703-588-1772 Fax: +1-703-588-1785 Email: mark.maurice@AbstractThe U.S. Air Force established the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in October 1997 to consolidate its science and technology (S&T) needs within a single entity. The AFRL, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, consists of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and nine Technology Directorates (TDs) throughout various locations in the U.S. The Laboratory employs approximately 5,700 civilian and military personnel, and invests nearly $2.5 billion annually within the TDs, academia, and industry, pursuing basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development. Despite the size of this investment, AFRL recognizes that world class S&T exists worldwide. Consequently, the Laboratory strives to infuse international S&T into its programs, and to leverage its resources with the investments of friends and allies. Two overseas detachments (located in Europe and Asia) and two domestic offices within AFRL spearhead this effort, and use several programs and strategies to identify and develop international opportunities. The aim of this paper is to describe these programs in detail, and to invite both government and non-government organizations to propose project areas that are of mutual interest and could lead to mutual benefit.IntroductionIn January 1939, Major General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Corps stated: 1“All of us in the Army Air Corps realize that America owes its present prestige and standing in the air world in large measure to the money, time, and effort expended in aeronautical experimentation and research. We know that our future supremacy in the air depends upon the brains and efforts of our engineers.”Only a few years earlier, the American aircraft industry was still in its infancy, and the Army Air Corps was struggling just to acquire planes. MGen Arnold, however, visualized a much larger role for air power with a strong foundation in S&T that included not only the military, but also the best that universities, industry, and civil aviation had to offer. In 1937 he addressed the Western Aviation Planning Conference and stated:“Remember that the seed comes first; if you are to reap a harvest of aeronautical development, you must plant the seed called experimental research. Install aeronautical branches in your universities; encourage your young men to take up aeronautical engineering. It is a new field, but it is likely to prove a very productive one indeed. Spend all the funds you can possibly make available on experimentation and research. Next, do not visualize aviation as merely a collection of airplanes. It is broad and far reaching. It combines manufacture, schools, transportation, airdrome, building and management, airmunitions and armaments, metallurgy, mills and mines, finance and banking, and finally, public security-national defense.”Not only did MGen Arnold’s prophecies prove true more than 60 years ago, but they remain relevant to the technological advantage of the U.S. Air Force today. Nearly 80% of Air Force funded S&T is done by universities and industry, and the Air Force funds not only S&T for short term and medium term evolutionary applications, but also engages in S&T for the revolutionary breakthroughs of the future.The Air Force Research LaboratoryPrior to 1990, there were more than 20 Air Force laboratories and offices engaged in S&T. At Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for example, there was the Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Propulsion & Power Laboratory, Avionics Laboratory, and Materials & Manufacturing Laboratory. Each of these laboratories had their own Commander and Staff, and dealt independently with the user, even though weapons systems were increasingly reliant on multidisciplinary design and optimization. Consequently, the Air Force streamlined its laboratories into four “Super Labs”. Wright Laboratory, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, became the center for fixed wing aircraft technologies. Phillips Laboratory, Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, became the center for space related S&T. Brooks Laboratory, at Brooks AFB, Texas, became the center for human effectiveness S&T, and Rome Laboratory, at Rome AFB, New York, became the S&T center for information technologies.Although this new structure was well suited to meet the multidisciplinary needs of S&T programs at the time, the sudden end of the Cold War led to a re-evaluation of priorities, potential adversaries, and cooperative relationships. The U.S. scrutinized the costs of next generation weapon systems in areas where the Air Force already had leading edge technologies, and the country looked for a “peace dividend” savings in defense spending. Consequently, the Air Force needed to re-evaluate its role, and think beyond traditional evolutionary programs.To accomplish this, the Air Force re-organized into one single laboratory with the goal of transforming the Air Force into an Air and Space Force, and then to a Space and Air Force. The Air Force Research Laboratory25,700 people, and is re-sponsible for planning andexecuting nearly $1.3 billionannually in Air Force S&Tfunds, as well as an additional$1.1 billion received by othercustomers of Air Forcetechnologies. This budgetincludes basic research, de-fined as “6.1”, applied re-search (6.2), and advancedtechnology development (6.3). As shown in Fig. 1, 6.1 through 6.3 define the range of S&T. Once a technology has matured beyond advanced technology development, System Program Offices manage further engineering and manufacturing development (E&MD). The distribution of Air Force S&T investment is approximately 13% for 6.1, 42% for 6.2, and 45% for 6.3.The Air Force Research Laboratory comprises nine technology directorates (TDs), and a tenth directorate, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). As shown in Fig. 2, AFRL receives programmatic direction from the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), while theAir Force Materiel Command (AFMC) houses its infrastructure. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio servesas the Headquarters of AFRL, along with five of its ten directorates. As shown in Fig. 3, the laboratory is located in several different locations.Fig. 2 Air Force Research Laboratory StructureAFOSR was elevated to the status of a separate center in 1955 to plan, formulate, initiate and manage all Air Force basic research. AFOSR, the single manager of Air Force basic research, invests approximately 70% of its Air Force funds in about 300 academic institutions; the nine technologydirectorates (20%) and industry (10%) conduct the remainder of AFOSR’s programs. AFOSR’s headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia. It is also home to the AFRL International Office, as well as two overseas detachments in Europe and Asia that invest in international research opportunities.Air Vehicles Directorate4 (AFRL/VA) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/VA focuses on the core technologies of aeronautical sciences, control sciences, structures, and integration, for applications of hypersonic and long range strike next generation aerospace vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft sustainment.Directed Energy Directorate5 (AFRL/DE) – Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, AFRL/DE focuses on high power microwave technology, laser devices and applications, and laser beam control and optics such as compensation/beam control techniques.Human Effectiveness Directorate6 (AFRL/HE) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/HE develops technologies to enhance, train, protect, and sustain the warrior. Their core technology areas include warfighter skill development and training, training simulation, information display and decision support, crew system design technologies, directed energy bioeffects, toxic hazards effects, crew protection, and logistician effectiveness.Information Directorate7 (AFRL/IF) – Headquartered at Rome, New York, AFRL/IF develops technologies for aerospace command and control, and their transition to air, space, and ground systems. Its focus areas include information fusion and exploitation, communications and networking, collaborative environments, modeling and simulation, defensive information warfare, and intelligent information systems technologies.Materials and Manufacturing Directorate8 (AFRL/ML) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/ML has a wide array of programs for structural and propulsion materials for air and space applications, materials for sustainment and deployment of the aerospace force, laser-hardened materials for sensing and protection of laser threats, and materials for surveillance sensors and power generation applications.Munitions Directorate9 (AFRL/MN) – Headquartered at Eglin AFB, Florida, AFRL/MN develops S&T for air-launched munitions for defeating ground fixed, and mobile/relocatable, air and space targets. These include ordnance, carriage and release, guidance and control, and assessment and simulation.Propulsion Directorate10 (AFRL/PR) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/PR develops air and space vehicle propulsion and power technologies. Their focus areas include turbine and rocket engines, advanced propulsion systems, fuels and propellants for all propulsion systems, and most forms of power technology.Sensors Directorate11 (AFRL/SN) – Head-quartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,AFRL/SN develops sensors for air and spacereconnaissance, surveillance, precisionengagement, and electronic warfare systems.Its core technology areas include radar,active and passive electro-optical targetingsystems, navigation aids, automatic targetrecognition, sensor fusion, threat warning,and threat countermeasures.Space Vehicles Directorate12 (ARFL/VS)– Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, NewMexico, AFRL/VS develops technologies Fig. 4 Air Force S&T President’s Budgetfor space-based surveillance, including space power, structures, and electronics, hyperspectral imaging and multi-color sensing, and autonomous systems. In addition, they develop technologies for space capability protection, including passive and active threat mitigation, threat environment modeling, and environmental hazard sensors.At this time, the President’s Budget for Air Force S&T for fiscal year 2003 is $1.659 billion.Figure 4 shows the distribution of this investment between the AFRL directorates.International Cooperation 13Why AFRL Pursues International S&TJust as MGen Arnold understood that a technologically superior Air Corps would require the best and brightest from all sectors in society, AFRL today recognizes that this must include the international community. International universities, research institutes, governments, and industries provide intellectual stimulus with new ideas and innovative approaches. In the former Soviet Union,for example, computational fluid dynamicists did not have access to the supercomputers used routinely in the U.S. But, through a deeper understanding of the physics they were often able to simplify equation sets to achieve the same results on much smaller machines. By working with the Russians after the Cold War to integrate this theoretical understanding with state-of-the-art computational resources, we can now produce calculations thought impossible just a decade ago.Despite a seemingly large S&T budget, it is significantly smaller in real dollars than it was during the Cold War era. Therefore, to maintain research infrastructure and technical momentum,AFRL must leverage resources with friends and allies. Conducting projects cooperatively not only leverages AFRL’s investment, but it also improves coalition interoperability, which is a much-needed capability in any modern operation. Consequently, the Department of Defense (DoD) leadership mandates cooperation. DoD Directive 5000.1 tasks all elements of DoD to explore cooperation with allied nations before undertaking new programs.As shown in Fig. 6, the U.S. does not have a total monopoly in S&T. In this example,between 1998 and 2000, researchers published approximately 3000 papers on nanotechnology subjects. The U.S. did publish the most by far with nearly 1800 papers, comparedto just over 400 papers for Japan, in second place.However, the papers from Japan, Germany, U.K., China,France, Russia, and Switzer-land (shown as the composite bar on the right), total nearly 1200. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for AFRL to cooperate on nanotechnol-ogy S&T, and in fact the U.S.must to cooperate to maintain a leading edge.When AFRL Pursues International S&TFor AFRL to enter into a cooperative agreement, or to fund research overseas, it must be in the best interest of the Air Force to do so. In general, any international project must fall into one of four categories:Total Fig. 5 Published Papers on Nanotechnology, 1998-20001.When the potential return on investment is high. AFRL does not spend research dollarsoverseas for political purposes. If U.S. investigators can accomplish the effort, the research overseas must be much less expensive, to justify acquiring more for the money. This type of research may come from countries such as Russia, where the dollar is significantly stronger than the ruble. And it also comes from countries such as Japan, where a university may fully pay a researcher’s salary, so that U.S. research funding need only cover supplies and materials.2.When the researcher has unique capabilities. World-class researchers and ideas existworldwide. AFRL widely publicizes its research interests, and pursues unique talent that comes from abroad.3.When the Establishment has unique research facilities. Experimental facilities are thebackbone of S&T, and no country, not even the U.S., can afford a monopoly. When another country has unique facilities, or more timely access to a facility than is available domestically, it is ample justification for pursing the research overseas.4.When it is a cooperative quid-pro-quo exchange toward common goals. AFRL strives todevelop projects with friends and allies to leverage each other’s S&T budgets.How AFRL Pursues International S&TAFRL’s organization and structure, scientist-to-scientist interaction, and several specific international programs discover and mine international S&T opportunities.Organization and StructureOrganizationally, as shown in Fig. 6, the Department of Defense and the Air Force provide policy guidance, program funding, and direction. Quite often, at their broader level, they can see the greater benefits of S&T cooperation. For example, S&T cooperation might help influence foreign military sales (FMS) to the advantage of the U.S. At the laboratory level, however, there must still be a technical benefit. The DoD, Air Force, Department of State, and others may influence how hard we look for cooperative opportunities in certain places, but technical quid-pro-quo is still paramount.formed, it created a ResearchCouncil to ensure that the TDswould truly work cooperativelyin a multidisciplinary fashion.The Research Council, led bythe Chief Technologist, isprimarily comprised of theChief Scientists of eachdirectorate. It serves as anadvisory council to the AFRLCorporate Board, whichincludes the TD Directors andis led by the AFRLCommander. In addition to itsother functions, the Research Council has the responsibility of advising the Corporate Board on all international activity, and strategizing this activity toward the best possible return on investment for AFRL. To assist with this international enterprise, there are four dedicated offices for international activity. AFRL/IA (International Affairs) provides staffing functions through the chain-of-command,provides direct support to the Command Section’s international activity, and hosts internationaldistinguished visitors to the Headquarters. Within AFOSR, there are three offices that serve as liaisons between AFRL researchers and their overseas counterparts through the direction of the Research Council. The European Office of Aerospace Research & Development 14 (EOARD), located in London, UK, primarily serves as a liaison for non-government research in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Similarly, the Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development 15 (AOARD) liaises with countries in and around the Pacific Rim, India, and Australia. AFOSR/IO 16 (The Air Force Research Laboratory International Office) primarily liaises with non-government researchers in the Americas, and with government researchers worldwide.Scientist-to-Scientist InteractionManagement can guide and encourage international interaction, but scientist-to-scientist interaction leads to some of the best opportunities. As shown in Fig. 7, this can occur through a hierarchy of interaction within the public domain, through a variety of country-to-country exploratory fora, and through active government-to-government cooperative agreements.AFRL scientists andengineers (S&Es) are encouragedto publish their public domainresearch through technical reports,conference papers and journals,and to attend conferences andmake exploratory visits to otherresearch labs. In this sense, allAFRL S&Es serve as talentscouts, both domestically andinternationally.Country-to-country foraare regularly scheduled venues where AFRL leadership and S&Es meet with counterparts from government labs in other countries to seek out new cooperative opportunities. These include the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO),17 which has seven Panels overseeing 133current activities among NATO and Partnership for Peace countries; the Technology Cooperation Program (TTCP),18 which has ten groups overseeing 83 current activities between the U.S., U.K.,Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Bi-Lateral Air Senior National Representatives and Technical Working Groups that are Co-Chaired by AFRL Command. AFRL currently holds these bi-lateral meetings with Australia, Canada, France, Israel, Sweden, and the U.K.The Air Force uses Government-to-Government agreements if quid-pro-quo exists, and exchanging data or working cooperatively benefits all participating countries. AFRL currently has more than 150 agreements in place, leveraging approximately $30 million per year in Air Force S&T investment. There are several types of agreements, including the following:Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): MOU/MOAs are formal bi-lateral or multi-lateral arrangements aimed at joint accomplishment of system or topic-specific technology area projects.Technology Research and Development Program (TRDP): These are normally bi-lateral, non-system specific “umbrella” agreements that provide an overarching framework for cooperation. With this agreement in place, it is easier and quicker to develop “sub-agreements” for specific projects or exchanges.Loan Agreement (LA): LAs allow for the loan, or acceptance of a loan of materials, supplies, and equipment in exchange for the data and results produced. LAs are specific to NATO members and some major non-NATO allies.Information/Data Exchange Agreement/Program (IEA, DEA, IEP): These agreements allow for the exchange of technical information/data on specifically designated S&T topics and areas. These agreements are often the foundation for a relationship that leads to joint projects and programs that leverage funds.Project Arrangement (PA): PAs are specific cooperative projects under the “umbrella” of a TRDP MOU/MOA. All PAs must identify clear quid-pro-quo, and they can leverage significant S&T resources.Long Term Technology Program (LTTP): The LTTP provides the framework for the Four-Power NATO Countries (France, Germany, U.K., and U.S.) to collaborate multi-laterally on technologies of mutual interest.International ProgramsFinally, to facilitate an environment where AFRL scientists and engineers can best discover and develop exceptional international research opportunities; AFOSR and the international liaison offices provide the TDs with a number of specific programs.Window Programs: Window programs provide a means for AFRL S&Es to interact internationally with non-government industry and academia. The Window-on-Science program14,15 pays the expenses for approximately 300 visitors each year to share their research with AFRL and explore other programs for possible continued interaction. Any AFRL S&E can very easily nominate and host a visiting scientist for a short term visit, and the large volume of participants in the program nearly insures that several international “success stories” will develop each year. For AFRL S&Es that have been invited to do research abroad with counterparts in non-government establishments, AFOSR manages the Window-on-Europe, Asia, and Canada, Central & South America Programs.3 For these programs, AFRL continues to pay the researcher’s salary, AFOSR pays travel and per diem expenses, and the host establishment provides the research facility.Conference Support Program:14,15 Each year, AFRL supports more than 120 conferences, workshops, and symposia abroad with financial grants of approximately three to five thousand dollars. The laboratory supports these meetings, often jointly with the U.S. Army and/or U.S. Navy, to promote interchange on topics of interest to the DoD, to facilitate attendance and access by U.S. researchers, and to aid the discovery of Window-on-Science candidates.Research Project Contracts and Grants:14,15 Contracts and grants offer the opportunity to directly purchase technologies and capabilities from non-government international sources. These sources usually submit proposals to AFRL through EOARD or AOARD, in response to a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA). BAAs for both basic research (6.1) and applied research (6.2) are publicly accessible on the internet,15 and they specifically detail the S&T that the laboratory wants to acquire outside of the TDs. In addition, AFOSR has an International Research Initiative (IRI) program. The IRI competitively provides a total $2.2M per year to AFOSR (6.1) Program Managers for international opportunities above-and-beyond what they may already be investing in overseas. EOARD and AOARD typically manage about 125 contracts and grants per year on behalf of all of AFRL.The National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program.3,19 This program is open to both domestic and overseas researchers. Research mentors within AFRL provide the NRC with research position descriptions, and scientists ranging from young post-docs to senior professors send the NRC their proposals in response. The NRC has the proposals reviewed, and selects the higher rated applicants to work in the Laboratory for one to two years. During Fiscal Year 2000, for example, 11 of 30 AFRL participants were international.The Engineer and Scientist Exchange Program (ESEP):3 ESEP is a Secretary of the Air Force program administered by AFOSR that allows for AFRL civilian and military S&Es to do research in foreign government institutes, and for overseas government researchers to do research at U.S. Air Force sites. Current ESEP countries are: Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and UK. In addition, ESEP agreement negotiations are in progress with Brazil (to renew an expired agreement), Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, and Poland. AFRL sends up to eight S&Es abroad on a regular two-year cycle, and the lab generally hosts between 10 and 15 S&Es in one- to two-year assignments at any given time.ConclusionsAFRL is proactive in discovering and nurturing international opportunities to acquire world-class research. The design of the Laboratory’s structure and programs efficiently infuse the best the world has to offer into Air Force programs, and offer quid-pro-quo to the S&T programs of U.S. friends and allies. AFRL invites interested researchers to share their proposals through the appropriate government-to-government fora, or through AFOSR’s overseas detachments, as the U.S. Air and Space Force of today transforms to the Space and Air Force of tomorrow.References1Daso, D., “Origins of Airpower: Hap Arnold’s Command Years and Aviation Technology, 1936-1945.” /aedc/bios/daso2.htm.2Air Force Research Laboratory, /.3Air Force Office of Scientific Research, /.4Air Vehicles Directorate, /.5Directed Energy Directorate, /.6Human Effectiveness Directorate, /.7Information Directorate, /.8Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, /.9Munitions Directorate, /.10Propulsion Directorate, /.11Sensors Directorate, /.12Space Vehicles Directorate, /.13AFRL International Enterprise Briefing, /content/mission.asp.14European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /.15Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /aoard/.16Air Force Research Laboratory International Office, /.17NATO’s Research & Technology Organization, http://www.nato.int/structur/rto/rto.htm.18The Technical Cooperation Program, /ttcp/.19Research Associateship Programs, /pga/rap.nsf.。

英语作文公司的名称大全

英语作文公司的名称大全

英语作文公司的名称大全Title: Comprehensive List of Company Names: A Compilation。

In today's bustling business world, where innovation and creativity are keys to success, choosing the right name for your company is crucial. A company's name not only represents its identity but also reflects its values, aspirations, and uniqueness. With countless businesses emerging every day, the task of selecting a compelling and memorable name becomes even more challenging. To assist entrepreneurs and visionaries in this endeavor, we present a comprehensive list of company names, curated from various sources and inspired by diverse industries and niches.1. Apex Innovations Inc.2. Zenith Solutions Group。

3. Stellar Ventures LLC。

4. Nexus Technologies。

5. Synergy Dynamics。

6. Quantum Quest Enterprises。

7. Visionary Ventures International。

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在以上实验中,研究人员使用新产品In-Fusion Advantage和原始In-Fusion PCR Cloning克隆2kb PCR产物到pAcGFP(Kpn I线性化)。为研究PCR添加剂对每种克隆系统的影响,所有PCR反 应中加入DMSO和半数反应加入GC-Melt Reagent。扩增后,PCR产物经过柱纯化或Cloning Enhancer处理,克隆到线性化载体。进行In-Fusion反应,最后转化到Fusion-Blue感受态细胞。 只需将产物的 1/10涂布平板。每种系统产生的平均克隆数如表中所示。一般In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning System所得到的克隆数是原始In-Fusion PCR Cloning System的3–4 倍。 当使用In-Fusion时克隆效率不受 时克隆效率不受PCR缓冲液的影响。 缓冲液的影响。 当使用 时克隆效率不受 缓冲液的影响 In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning的克隆数是原始 In-Fusion PCR Cloning Kits的3-4 倍。 的克隆数是原始 的
Advantage w/CE
InIn-Fusion Enzyme 5x Reaction Buffer Control Vector Control Insert Cloning Enhancer 规格: 规格:10, 50, 100
Advantage
w/NucleoSpin InIn-Fusion Enzyme 5x Reaction Buffer Control Vector Control Insert NucleoSpin Extract II 规格: 规格:10, 50, 100
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-FusionTM PCR克隆的特点 克隆的特点
In-Fusion PCR 克隆的优点: 克隆的优点:
灵活 高效 便捷 无缝连接 定向克隆
适用任何载体和插入片段 阳性克隆效率>90% 不受载体限制 节省筛选克隆试剂
PCR产物无需限制性内切酶处理、 节省处理PCR产物的时间和试剂 纯化或连接 无附加多余碱基序列,获得预期 结果 插入片段以正确方向克隆 载体自由选择 节省筛选克隆的时间和试剂 节省亚克隆的时间和试剂
试剂盒规格
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion Advantage PCR克隆特性检测 克隆特性检测
不同实验条件下In-Fusion Advantage PCR 克隆效率比InFusion Liquid PCR Cloning Kits 高 3-4倍:
载体 插入片段
确保完全切开或PCR扩增,降低背景反应 插入片段经纯化或Cloning Enhancer处理 使用过量插入片段导致克隆数少
感受态细胞 用于转化的感受态细胞效率 >108 cfu/g 引物 In-Fusion 反应 转化
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion PCR 克隆的长远策略是使克隆更简便 Clontech推出完整试剂盒: 包含 Cloning Enhancer或NucleoSpin,促销/ 附加PCR酶 In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kits给客户提供优化的方法纯化PCR产物
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
正确引物的设计和合成 载体和/或插入片段的使用量的确定 执行推荐的孵育条件:37oC 15’分钟,50oC 15分钟 转化前需要稀释 In-Fusion克隆反应产物 转化一小部分稀释的 In-Fusion克隆反应产物
In-Fusion
TM
Advantage 总结
In-FusionTM Advantage PCR Cloning Kits 实现更完美的In-Fusion克隆 实现更完美的 克隆 改进酶的形式: 改进酶的形式:
了解In-Fusion Advantage请登陆/infusion
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
总结
In-Fusion系统与其它克隆系统相比具有以下优点:大 片段克隆、使用载体克隆(如腺病毒载体)、多片段 同时克隆和高通量克隆等等。 优化的In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning kits 克隆效 率更高,产品种类多。新酶更稳定、更强大。 In-Fusion系统定位比其它公司产品好的原因:
2007 Clontech Labontage: 高效克隆的强大系统
每种克隆系统获得的平均克隆数
实验条件 柱纯化PCR 产物 添加DMSO 柱纯化PCR 产物 添加 DMSO & GC-Melt Reagent Cloning Enhancer处理PCR产物 添加 DMSO Cloning Enhancer处理PCR产物 添加 DMSO & GC-Melt Reagent 新产品 In-Fusion Advantage ~1358 598 706 391 原始 In-Fusion 218 180 268 163
细胞类型
Top 10 DH 10B XL-1 Blue JM 109
In-FusionTM Advantage 兼容细胞类型广。对于一些细胞系In-Fusion cloning反应时需要10x稀释
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion克隆成功的要素? 克隆成功的要素? 克隆成功的要素
不同的插入片段:2kb, 8.5kb 和 12 kb。 同源区域富含GC。 几种PCR片段克隆到相同载体。 不同量的PCR产物和载体/插入片段的不同分子比(10 ng-100 ng; 1/0.4 -1/4。 不同形式的线性化载体:单一酶切、 双酶切、 PCR 扩增、 粘性末端、 3’ 和5’ 突出。 使用不同E.coli感受态细胞的不同稀释度转化。 使用PCR 添加剂如DMSO和GC-Melt Reagent。
与In-FusionTM Liquid and In-Fusion Dry Down Kits相比,InFusionTM Advantage 具有更高的克隆效率和更强大的性能。 In-FusionTM Advantage Kits 具有便捷的产品形式(10 rxn)。
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kits:
产品概述 产品选择及参考文献
In-FusionTM PCR Cloning操作手册概述 操作手册概述
In-Fusion PCR 克隆:快速、简便和高效地 克隆:快速、 克隆PCR扩增的DNA PCR扩增的DNA片段 克隆PCR扩增的DNA片段
In-FusionTM 产品的选择
New Product Description Format Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit w/Cloning Enhancer In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning w/Cloning Enhancer and Competent Cells Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down Size , RXN 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100 8 24 96 24 24 96 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes Spin Cells CE Columns Included Included Included Cat# 639619 639620 639621 639616 639617 639618 639622 639623 639624 639602 639604 639605 639606 639607 639608 639609
In-FusionTM Advantage概述 概述
特征 酶的形式 酶的活性 In-Fusion PCR 克隆 10X 反应前需要稀释 严格按照操作手册进行实验 效率可能会受到PCR缓冲液的影响 依据细胞类型得到不同的实验结果 酶的稳定性 10X 酶-70oC保存1 年 1X 酶-20oC保存5个月 克隆效率 平均克隆数比In-Fusion Advantage少 3-4倍 阳性克隆效率>90% 没有便捷的产品包装 50 rxn 100 rxn 平均克隆数比In-Fusion多3-4倍 阳性克隆效率>90% 10 rxn 50 rxn 100 rxn 所有规格的都有配备Cloning Enhancer 或NucleoSpin和不配备 Cloning Enhancer 或NucleoSpin 的产品形式 In-Fusion Advantage PCR 克隆 直接使用的1X 无需稀释 操作手册的细微变化不影响实验 不受PCR缓冲液的影响 兼容的E. Coli 细胞类型广 1X 酶-20oC保存 1 年
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit w/Cloning Enhancer
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit w/NucleoSpin In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit w/Competent cells In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit
一次克隆获得预 无需亚克隆 期结果
最终产品满足实验者的需要
具有高通量产品
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