2014 Lecture 3
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2014年12月英语四级真题答案及解析(卷三)
2014年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三)答案与详解Part ⅠWriting审题思路本作文话题为大学校阿中令你受益最多的一项活动，非常贴近大学生的生活。
因此，在构思时可以用自己的亲身经历作为材料，着重阐述活动的有益之处。
考生首先应该指明是什么校园活动让你受益最多;接着应对该活动进行描述，说明它让你受益之处，最后总结全文、升华主题。
写作提纲一、指出大学校园中最让“我”受益的活动(benefited me most)二、阐述该活动让“我”受益之处：1、描述活动（a debate competition)2、活动所得(what I have leamt from it)三、升华主题：指出“我”从活动中得到了对未来而言最珍贵的礼物(the most precious gift for future)范文点评1高分范文精彩点评The Most Beneficial Activity on Campus①Every university offers numerous kinds of activities to enrich students’extracurricular life ② As one of the young college students, I have leamt a lot from all of these well- organized activities. ③But the one that has benefited me most is the debate competition I took part in last year.④That was a debate competition between different majors and the topic was about theoretical knowledge versus practice. ⑤What matters most is not the result of the debate, but what I have leamt froth it. ⑥That is, no individual could accomplish a challenging task all by herself or himself. ⑦Joint efforts are of ①指出校园活动多种多样。
Lecture+3
• 3.5 I’ll just mark the register
– – – – – Could you pass me the register, please? I haven’t filled in the register. Take the register to room 26. Right ! I’m going to call the roll. Now ! I’ll take the register.
– Is everyone/ everybody here/ present? – Is anyone away?/ Is anybody away? – Regular class attendance is expected of all students in this course. – For excused absences, the student must provide an explanation to the teacher and supply supporting evidence as required by the teacher. – Students leaving school because of illness or other excused reason must still submit a written parental excuse upon their return to school. – Attendance for less than five periods in a day will be treated as full-day absence. – Grading will be affected by your attendance record.
Lecture3心理物理方法中文版(精)
非线性差异阈值
• 差异阈值不是恒定的 (随强度而变化) 非线性物理方程 函数是非线性的 • 韦伯法则: 差异阈值与 初始刺激值的比例是恒 定的 ΔI / I = c • 韦伯法则 斜率随强度而变化 只是大约!
感 觉 大 小
刺激强度
阈值测量
• 费克纳的3种方法：
• 恒定刺激法 • 极限法 • 调整法 • 阶梯法 • 恒定刺激法的修正(适应的, 没有标准）
绝对阈值: 观察者可以只是勉强检测的强度
• 绝对阈值以下的强度：检测不到 • 绝对阈值以上的强度：检测
• 差异阈值（又名 最小可觉差（JND ）： 观察者注意到的最小强度差
• 强度变化比差异阈值小：察觉不到 • 强度变化比差异阈值大：察觉得到
阈值
如果假定一个线性关系， 两个值确定一个函数 :
线性物理方程
心理测量函数：差异阈值
Percentage “stronger”
100%
75% 50% 25%
0% PSE
比较刺激的光照强度
•
当观察者看不到差异时，他/她在“更强”或“更弱” 中随机选择;心理测量函数中这对应于50%的主观的对 等点（PSE）
心理测量函数：差异阈值
Percentage “stronger”
测量阈值相当于于50% 的心理测量函数(恒定 刺激法)
+ •
•
测量绝对阈值的限制法
+ 比较刺激的光强 + + + 阈值估计 + 试验 + 比较明朗 - 比较暗 + + + + + + +
• 直到反应比较刺激 的变化强度下降或 者上升 • 阈值估计 : 用标准和 比较刺激之间的强 度差来反应变化 • 取两个方向上的多 个系列求平均结果
lecture3跨文化交际
High-context cultures:
Easy to determine who is a member of the group and who is not Emphasis on group as a self-identity long-term relationship
57-
21
E.G.
5714
2.1.1 High-context Culture:
It prefers to use high-context messages in which most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the individual’s internalized beliefs, values, and norms; very little is provided in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, etc.
Three layer version of culture
Trompenaars & Hempden-Turner, 1997
The outer layer
----artifacts & products, including language and food, architecture, style, rituals and behavior etc.
lecture3《大学》英译赏析
?大学?英译赏析
The Appreciation of the English Translation of Da Xue
背景介绍
Background Information
?大学?原为?礼记?中的一篇，相传为曾参〔前505－前432〕所撰， 为唐人韩愈、李翱所竭力推崇。宋代程颐程颢兄弟对其进展了系 统地整理和深入研究，使其初具独立成经的地位。
Psalm 94:1: “O LORD, the God who avenges, O God who avenges, shine forth.〞(耶和华啊，你是伸冤的神；伸冤的神啊，求你发出 光来！)
“小学〞VS.“大学〞
?礼记·学记?：“古之教者，家有塾，党有庠，术 有序，国有学。比年入学，中年考校。一年视离 经辨志，三年视敬业乐群，五年视博习亲师，七 年视论学取友，谓之小成。九年知类通达，强立 而不反，谓之大成。夫然后足以化民易俗，近者 说服而远者怀之，此大学之道也。〞
Only when one comes to understand this point of rest can one reach a state of unwavering stability. Having reached this unwavering state, one can then enjoy an unruffled quietude; having attained this state of quietude, one can then achieve an inner calm; once one has achieved this inner calm, one is then in a position to exercise one’s capacity to deliberate clearly. And it is the capacity of deliberation that provide the basis for all moral attainment.
The Appreciation of the English Translation of Da Xue
背景介绍
Background Information
?大学?原为?礼记?中的一篇，相传为曾参〔前505－前432〕所撰， 为唐人韩愈、李翱所竭力推崇。宋代程颐程颢兄弟对其进展了系 统地整理和深入研究，使其初具独立成经的地位。
Psalm 94:1: “O LORD, the God who avenges, O God who avenges, shine forth.〞(耶和华啊，你是伸冤的神；伸冤的神啊，求你发出 光来！)
“小学〞VS.“大学〞
?礼记·学记?：“古之教者，家有塾，党有庠，术 有序，国有学。比年入学，中年考校。一年视离 经辨志，三年视敬业乐群，五年视博习亲师，七 年视论学取友，谓之小成。九年知类通达，强立 而不反，谓之大成。夫然后足以化民易俗，近者 说服而远者怀之，此大学之道也。〞
Only when one comes to understand this point of rest can one reach a state of unwavering stability. Having reached this unwavering state, one can then enjoy an unruffled quietude; having attained this state of quietude, one can then achieve an inner calm; once one has achieved this inner calm, one is then in a position to exercise one’s capacity to deliberate clearly. And it is the capacity of deliberation that provide the basis for all moral attainment.
Lecture 3词类转换
• 有些英语被动句中的动词可 以译成“遭（受、得）到…+ 名词”、“加（予）以…+名 词”这类结构。
example
• Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, the moon and the earth. • 由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的 影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了 总统希望开始中美对话的原因。
example
This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。 Buckley was in a clear minority. 巴克利显然属于少数。 We must make full use of the technical equipment. • 我们必须充分利用现有的技术设备。 • • • • •
介词转换
1.介词转译成动词
• 英语与汉语相比，使用介词较多， 而且有一些英语介词本身就是由动 词演变而来。因此，在翻译时，英 语中的介词或介词短语常译成动词 。
example
• "Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. • "来啦！"她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草 地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台 ，进了门廊。 • w
1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土 地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上 来解决中东冲突。
Lecture 3 形式的复活
案例1
Dolphins were far hornier than Flipper ever let on; randy males had even been known to attempt couplings with human females.（Chromosome 8）
其实海豚很好色的，甚至比电视上的Flipper注还要过分，据说好色的雄性海豚还想和女人结合呢。
文学性
文学性是语言通过一定的排列组合造就的。这种排列组合是有规律的，这规律就是对语言运用的常规的故意违反，造成形式上的变异，从而形成陌生化或反常化（defamiliarization）的形式特征
读者在解读这些新颖乃至费解的形式特征进而获得理解的过程就是诗学所追求的审美或诗学效果。
三、“亡者”归来
后结构主义更加强调形式
案例3
The lip of the sun curled over the horizon to blow a red glow across the island.
太阳从天边升起，小岛沐浴在一片一片红色的朝霞之中
改译
太阳在地平线上撅起一弯唇瓣，向着小岛吹了一口红色的光。
案例4
The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.（Love Your Life）
（注：Flipper是1964年在美国播出的一套长篇电视剧，剧中的主角是一条名叫Flipper的海豚。）
改译
海豚其实是很好色的，比那个费利波[注略]好色多了，据说那些雄性的海豚骚劲上来了连雌性的人都想勾搭呢。
案例2
You hear it all along the river. You hear it, loud and strong, from the rowers as they urge the junk with its high stern, the mast lashed alongside, down the swift running stream. You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current…（The Song of the River)
Dolphins were far hornier than Flipper ever let on; randy males had even been known to attempt couplings with human females.（Chromosome 8）
其实海豚很好色的，甚至比电视上的Flipper注还要过分，据说好色的雄性海豚还想和女人结合呢。
文学性
文学性是语言通过一定的排列组合造就的。这种排列组合是有规律的，这规律就是对语言运用的常规的故意违反，造成形式上的变异，从而形成陌生化或反常化（defamiliarization）的形式特征
读者在解读这些新颖乃至费解的形式特征进而获得理解的过程就是诗学所追求的审美或诗学效果。
三、“亡者”归来
后结构主义更加强调形式
案例3
The lip of the sun curled over the horizon to blow a red glow across the island.
太阳从天边升起，小岛沐浴在一片一片红色的朝霞之中
改译
太阳在地平线上撅起一弯唇瓣，向着小岛吹了一口红色的光。
案例4
The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.（Love Your Life）
（注：Flipper是1964年在美国播出的一套长篇电视剧，剧中的主角是一条名叫Flipper的海豚。）
改译
海豚其实是很好色的，比那个费利波[注略]好色多了，据说那些雄性的海豚骚劲上来了连雌性的人都想勾搭呢。
案例2
You hear it all along the river. You hear it, loud and strong, from the rowers as they urge the junk with its high stern, the mast lashed alongside, down the swift running stream. You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current…（The Song of the River)
Lecture 3 - Multinational Corporations
(MNC); ▪ Show an awareness and understanding of different MNC
classifications; ▪ Critically appraise the extent to which MNCs promote a
convergence of HRM strategies;
▪ ‘Acting locally-thinking globally’
▪ Multidirectional communication and mobility of managers and staff
P 1
Perlmutter’s typology
Regiocentricity
▪ Midway between ethnocentricity and Geocentricity (Harzing 2015)
2nd PHASE- (Growth and internationalization) Concentrates in developing and penetrating markets (home/abroad)
Adler and Ghadar’s model (1990) Phases of internationalization
▪ The complexity of the international business play an important role on implementing strategies which could affect the performance and success of the MNCs.
Domestic- focus on home market and export
classifications; ▪ Critically appraise the extent to which MNCs promote a
convergence of HRM strategies;
▪ ‘Acting locally-thinking globally’
▪ Multidirectional communication and mobility of managers and staff
P 1
Perlmutter’s typology
Regiocentricity
▪ Midway between ethnocentricity and Geocentricity (Harzing 2015)
2nd PHASE- (Growth and internationalization) Concentrates in developing and penetrating markets (home/abroad)
Adler and Ghadar’s model (1990) Phases of internationalization
▪ The complexity of the international business play an important role on implementing strategies which could affect the performance and success of the MNCs.
Domestic- focus on home market and export
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What’s in a Japanese name?
Popular names for babies in 2013
Boys: Hiroto 大翔, Ren 蓮, Yuuma 悠真, Minato 湊, Haruto 陽斗, Shoota 翔太, Yuuto悠斗 Girls: Yuina 結菜, Hina 陽菜, Aoi 葵, Yua 結愛, Yui 結衣, Rin 凛, Airi 愛莉源自保 ほ ホ れ礼 レ
13
When are katakana used?
• Loan words from English and other European languages： コーヒー パン スパゲッティー coffee bread spaghetti • Names of European origin：
- Grammatical words, - adverbs
Katakana ハ ガ
- Western loan words, - onomatopoeic words
と
ト
日本人 高い 行く
Toyota
- nouns, - stems of verbs and adjectives, etc
11
What do they look like?
14
“Look at some authentic texts and see how katakana are used.”
15
16
17
18
モー moo
ブーブー buubuu
ゲロゲロ gerogero ニャー nyaa
ワンワン wanwan
19
Some of the katakana are similar to Hiragana
9
Katakana カタカナ
pp.28-30
10
Japanese Writing System
Kana
(one unit of sound )
Kanji
Chinese characters (meaning, sounds)
Rooma-ji
(English alphabet)
Hiragana は が
JAPANESE 130G Summer School
Lecture 3 14 Jan 2014
Sukiyaki
It is a well known one-pot dish in Japan. It usually consists of thinly sliced beef, tofu and various vegetables. They are slowly cooked in a shallow iron pot in a mixture of soy sauce, sugar and mirin at a table, then dipped in a small bowl of row, beaten eggs just before being eaten. Food such as meat, milk and eggs were uncommon in Japan until the Meiji Period when Japan was open to other countries.
basuketto booru バスケ
25
L2: ko so a do こそあど
are ano asoko dore? dono? doko?
kore kono koko
speaker
sore sono soko
26
listener
People are all over the place What the new words? and are they are talking about the ownership of a pen. What do they mean? Let’s listen to what they are saying.
伊藤 翔太 Ito Shoota
高橋 直美 Takahashi Naomi
山田 あい Yamada Ai
6
• How to decide on a given names in Japan? (Number of strokes, combination of characters, names of other members of the family, meaning, etc) • Common meanings in given names: harmony, courage, goodness, strength, fairness, cheerfulness, generosity, intelligence, beauty, grace, leadership, etc. • A number of names is increasing. One can be creative in naming. • Sometimes it is hard to know the reading of names even by Japanese people. In all official forms there is a box to provide the readings of names. • Surnames are used more often than given names in school, office, and communities. • Social roles sometimes replace names, sensee ‘teacher’, okusan ‘wife’, buchoo ‘department chief’ • The most common kanji used in a surname is 田 7 ‘paddy field’
Haruki Murakami Yoko Ono Takuya Kimura Ichiro Kana Nishino Sinzo Abe
5
Family name + Given name
鈴木 博 Suzuki Hiroshi 佐藤 裕子 Satoo Yuuko
田中 正弘 Tanaka Masahiro
keeki
ケーキ sutaa bakkusu
スターバックス
sutahhu スタッフ
buraddo pitto ブラッド ピット
basuketto booru バスケットボール
makudonarudo マクドナルド
chiketto チケット
23
cake
ケーキ Starbucks
スターバックス
Brad Pitt ブラッド ピット
8
Listening Comprehension
Let’s try Exercises on WB pp.17-18
A: Greetings B: Time C: Telephone Numbers D: Akira and Kate Please review these exercises at home!
-こそあど
TB pp.62-64
3
Self Introduction
わたしは りさ です。 わたしは １９さい です。 わたしは オークランドだいがく の ２ ねんせい です。 わたしの せんこうは にほんご です。
よろしくおねがいします。
4
Japanese Names TB p.45
Do you know any Japanese names?
アイウエオ カキクケコ サシスセソ タチツテト ナニヌネノ
12
Hiragana developed as cursive abbreviations of whole kanji.
Katakana is one of the components from kanji. They have more angular appearance.
ジョン キー John Key ニュージーランド New Zealand オークランド Auckland
• Onomatopoeic words (sound-imitative words): カーカー リンリン ガチャガチャ ‘cawing ‘ringing ‘crashing sound’ sound’ sound’
あれは わたしのペンです。 are wa watatshi no pen desu これは わたしの ペンです。 kore wa watashi no pen desu
いいえ、それは わたしの ペンです。 Iie, sore wa watashi no pen desu
27
て ん ぷ ら
End おわり
カ セ ウ
か せ う
キ モ
き も や リ
20
ヤ
リ
ヘ
ヘ
Watch out for the following similar ones!
ツ
tsu
シ
shi
ソ
so
ン
n
21
Here are some western loanwords.
22
Guess the original English words from the following katakana words.
staff スタッフ
basket ball バスケットボー ル ticket チケット
24
MacDonald’s マクドナルド
Japanese love abbreviation
sutaba スタバ
buraddo pitto ブラピ
makudonarudo マック (Tokyo) マクド (Osaka)
What’s in a Japanese name?
Popular names for babies in 2013
Boys: Hiroto 大翔, Ren 蓮, Yuuma 悠真, Minato 湊, Haruto 陽斗, Shoota 翔太, Yuuto悠斗 Girls: Yuina 結菜, Hina 陽菜, Aoi 葵, Yua 結愛, Yui 結衣, Rin 凛, Airi 愛莉源自保 ほ ホ れ礼 レ
13
When are katakana used?
• Loan words from English and other European languages： コーヒー パン スパゲッティー coffee bread spaghetti • Names of European origin：
- Grammatical words, - adverbs
Katakana ハ ガ
- Western loan words, - onomatopoeic words
と
ト
日本人 高い 行く
Toyota
- nouns, - stems of verbs and adjectives, etc
11
What do they look like?
14
“Look at some authentic texts and see how katakana are used.”
15
16
17
18
モー moo
ブーブー buubuu
ゲロゲロ gerogero ニャー nyaa
ワンワン wanwan
19
Some of the katakana are similar to Hiragana
9
Katakana カタカナ
pp.28-30
10
Japanese Writing System
Kana
(one unit of sound )
Kanji
Chinese characters (meaning, sounds)
Rooma-ji
(English alphabet)
Hiragana は が
JAPANESE 130G Summer School
Lecture 3 14 Jan 2014
Sukiyaki
It is a well known one-pot dish in Japan. It usually consists of thinly sliced beef, tofu and various vegetables. They are slowly cooked in a shallow iron pot in a mixture of soy sauce, sugar and mirin at a table, then dipped in a small bowl of row, beaten eggs just before being eaten. Food such as meat, milk and eggs were uncommon in Japan until the Meiji Period when Japan was open to other countries.
basuketto booru バスケ
25
L2: ko so a do こそあど
are ano asoko dore? dono? doko?
kore kono koko
speaker
sore sono soko
26
listener
People are all over the place What the new words? and are they are talking about the ownership of a pen. What do they mean? Let’s listen to what they are saying.
伊藤 翔太 Ito Shoota
高橋 直美 Takahashi Naomi
山田 あい Yamada Ai
6
• How to decide on a given names in Japan? (Number of strokes, combination of characters, names of other members of the family, meaning, etc) • Common meanings in given names: harmony, courage, goodness, strength, fairness, cheerfulness, generosity, intelligence, beauty, grace, leadership, etc. • A number of names is increasing. One can be creative in naming. • Sometimes it is hard to know the reading of names even by Japanese people. In all official forms there is a box to provide the readings of names. • Surnames are used more often than given names in school, office, and communities. • Social roles sometimes replace names, sensee ‘teacher’, okusan ‘wife’, buchoo ‘department chief’ • The most common kanji used in a surname is 田 7 ‘paddy field’
Haruki Murakami Yoko Ono Takuya Kimura Ichiro Kana Nishino Sinzo Abe
5
Family name + Given name
鈴木 博 Suzuki Hiroshi 佐藤 裕子 Satoo Yuuko
田中 正弘 Tanaka Masahiro
keeki
ケーキ sutaa bakkusu
スターバックス
sutahhu スタッフ
buraddo pitto ブラッド ピット
basuketto booru バスケットボール
makudonarudo マクドナルド
chiketto チケット
23
cake
ケーキ Starbucks
スターバックス
Brad Pitt ブラッド ピット
8
Listening Comprehension
Let’s try Exercises on WB pp.17-18
A: Greetings B: Time C: Telephone Numbers D: Akira and Kate Please review these exercises at home!
-こそあど
TB pp.62-64
3
Self Introduction
わたしは りさ です。 わたしは １９さい です。 わたしは オークランドだいがく の ２ ねんせい です。 わたしの せんこうは にほんご です。
よろしくおねがいします。
4
Japanese Names TB p.45
Do you know any Japanese names?
アイウエオ カキクケコ サシスセソ タチツテト ナニヌネノ
12
Hiragana developed as cursive abbreviations of whole kanji.
Katakana is one of the components from kanji. They have more angular appearance.
ジョン キー John Key ニュージーランド New Zealand オークランド Auckland
• Onomatopoeic words (sound-imitative words): カーカー リンリン ガチャガチャ ‘cawing ‘ringing ‘crashing sound’ sound’ sound’
あれは わたしのペンです。 are wa watatshi no pen desu これは わたしの ペンです。 kore wa watashi no pen desu
いいえ、それは わたしの ペンです。 Iie, sore wa watashi no pen desu
27
て ん ぷ ら
End おわり
カ セ ウ
か せ う
キ モ
き も や リ
20
ヤ
リ
ヘ
ヘ
Watch out for the following similar ones!
ツ
tsu
シ
shi
ソ
so
ン
n
21
Here are some western loanwords.
22
Guess the original English words from the following katakana words.
staff スタッフ
basket ball バスケットボー ル ticket チケット
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MacDonald’s マクドナルド
Japanese love abbreviation
sutaba スタバ
buraddo pitto ブラピ
makudonarudo マック (Tokyo) マクド (Osaka)