英语国家社会与文化入门之英国概况
英国国家概况及英国文化
英国国家概况及英国文化、教育简介国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。
旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
国徽：即英王徽。
中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。
盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。
盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。
盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌：《上帝保佑女王》杜摯猠癡?桴?畱敥屮（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为杜摯猠癡?桴步湩屧）国花：1 / 10玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石科学节：１８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周：１９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理：２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７.８８万平方公里，威尔士２.０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１.４１万平方公里。
位于欧洲西部的岛国。
由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。
隔北海、多佛尔海峡、英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望。
它的陆界与爱尔兰共和国接壤。
海岸线总长１１４５０公里。
全境分为四部分：英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。
主要河流有塞文河（３５４公里）和泰晤士河（３４６公里）。
北爱尔兰的讷湖（３９６平方公里）面积居全国之首。
英语国家概况——英国ppt课件
爱丁堡城堡
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苏格兰最大城市： Glasgow 格拉斯哥
Clyde 克莱德河
Lake Nice 尼斯湖
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England 英格兰地区
最大的地区：位于大不列颠岛东南部 13万平方公里 人口：4700万 城市人口占80% 经济和财富最集中的地区 主要城市：伦敦 London 、曼切斯特 Manchester、利物浦 Liverpool、
Britain and Northern Ireland)
Britain National Emblem
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God Save the Queen
god save our gracious queen long live our noble queen god save the queen send her victorious happy and glorious long to reign over us god save the queen. thy choicest gifts in store on her be pleased to pour long may she reign may she defend our laws and give us ever cause to sing with heart and voice god save the queen
夏季有时出现薄雾，冬季则有浓雾。
三大特点：多雾、多雨、天气不稳定。
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“雾都”伦敦（人为）
Rivers 河流
塞文河 River Severn ，最长河流，354公里，源自威尔士山地，注入 大西洋。
泰晤士河 The Thames River ，主要河流，338公里，源自英格兰西 南部，注入北海。
英国国家概况及英国文化
英国国家概况及英国文化、教育简介国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 ( The United Kingdo m of GreatB ritai n and Northe rn Irelan d)国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为２∶１。
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。
旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。
此旗产生于１８０１年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
国徽：即英王徽。
中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征爱尔兰。
盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。
盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。
盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。
国歌：《上帝保佑女王》 "god save the queen"（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"god save the king"）国花：玫瑰花国鸟：红胸鸽国石：钻石科学节：１８３１年开始，一年举办一次科学周：１９９４年开始，在每年的３月举办自然地理：２４．４１万平方公里（包括内陆水域），英格兰地区１３.０４万平方公里，苏格兰７. ８８万平方公里，威尔士２. ０８万平方公里，北爱尔兰１. ４１万平方公里。
位于欧洲西部的岛国。
由大不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）、爱尔兰岛东北部和周围一些小岛组成。
英语国家社会与文化入门 英国 economy
European Union: 欧洲联盟，简称欧盟 是当今世界一体化程度最高的区域政治、经 济集团组织。其前身是1958年成立的欧洲共 同体(European Community, EC)，即欧洲经 济共同体(European Economic Community, EEC)、煤钢共同体(European Coal & Steel Community, ECSC)和原子能共同体 (European Atomic Energy Community, EURATOM)的统称。1993年11月，《欧洲 联盟条约》(又称《马斯特里赫特条约》， The Maastricht Treaty)生效，欧共体演化为 欧洲联盟。
Exchange rate
UK Ireland US
$13.2 trillion (2006, 1st)
$46,000 (2006)
Canada
$1.165 $35,200 trillion (2006) (2006 12th) $645.3 $34,369 billion (2006) (2006 17th) $103,873bil $29,698 lion (28th) (2006, 53th)
Country
GDP (total) US$ $2.1 trillion (6th)
GDP (per capita) $3,500 (2006) $41,000 (2005)
Annual growth rate 3.1% (2007) 8% 4% (2007) 2.8%
Monetary unit Pound Sterling Euro USD
Economy
1. Before 20th Century --rising to the strongest economy --reasons 2. 20th Century --decline: absolute and relative decline --reasons --after WWII 3. Current Economy --slow progress
英语国家社会与概况 unit 1
Welsh, a language spoken partly in Wales
Gaelic, a language spoken by people in the Highlands in Scotland
Bilingual road signs in English and Gaelic
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Flag of UK
the Caribbean UK is a multiracial society.
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4. The Group of Seven(G7)(七国集团) a coalition（联合） of the major industrial democracies: the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States -the original G6 which met the first time in 1975 -- and Canada which joined in 1976, then superseded in 1998 by the addition of Russia, which created the Group of Eight (G8).
UK
Great Britain
British Isles
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The UK
England, Great Britain Scotland, Wales Northern Ireland
the British Isles
Great Britain Ireland hundreds of small islands.
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Flag of The European Union
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
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Comparison with that of Wuhan
Why mild climate?
the Gulf Stream with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift Two towns at the same latitude have very different climate.
(英语国家社会与文化入门)
英国概况
制作人：李俊飞
Course Requirements
• 20% • 10% • 70%
presentation, class performance, attendance homework final examination
Name of the Country
Maps of the United Kingdom
Ben Nevis
SOME TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Lake District 1
Lake District 2
Lake District 3
Lake District 4
Windermere – Lake District
• Great Britain • The United Kingdom • England
• Which one is correct?
Full Name of the Country
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
• They told me last night there were ships in the offing, • And I hurried down to the deep rolling sea; • But my eye could not see it, • Wherever might be it, • The bark that is bearing my lover to me.
南来的风~~
• Blow the wind southerly, southerly, southerly, • Blow the wind south o'er the bonny blue sea; • Blow the wind southerly, southerly, southerly, • Blow bonny breeze my lover to me.
– 1922 the Irish Free State established as a Dominion 自治领 – 1927 six Irish counties reincorporated into the kingdom
Flag Evolution
c.1275 -
c.1300 -
1707 -
England’s largest lake (14.73km²)（武汉东湖 33km²）
Roman Bath, England
natural hot springs in the city of Bath in England
United Kingdom climate
Climate in London
1800 -
UK flag – “the Union Jack”
Video (optional)
The current design of the Union Flag dates from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. It consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are superimposed on the Saltire [ˈsæltaiə] X形十字图记 of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland). Wales, however, is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales' patron saint, Saint David.
Why mild climate?
• Two other influences
– the surrounding sea – the warm south-west winds, or the Westerlies
Listen to this song…… 南来的风~~
Blow the Wind Southerly
God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen,
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us;
God save the Queen!
• Why “united” kingdom?
– 1707 England with Scotland Kingdom of Great Britain
– 1800 Great Britain with Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Video
Where is it in the world map?
Where is this country?
• Where exactly is it in Europe? • What are the neighboring countries?
Map of Europe
Map of Western Europe
Flag of Wales
the Red Dragon (adopted in 1959)
Flag of St David (Wales)
British National Anthem
• God Save the King/Queen • also the national song of England