英语国家概况英国
自考英语国家概况---复习资料--英国国家概况知识点及经济篇英语国家概况经济篇文档.doc
英语国家概况经济篇%1.自然资源英国:Compare with many other countries,Britain has comsiderable reserves of coal.Today British coal mining is called a "sick" industry.Natural gas and oil was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea.Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel industry.Rich deposits of iron ore were found in central England.As with the coal industry,Britain's steel industry is declining.美国:Fertile soil is one of the most important natural resouces in the United States.America's forest resources are among the world's largest.Another natural resource that contributes to the welfare of the country is water.America is the leaders in production of Coal,iron ore,cpper,oil,sulfur,lead and zine.But short for tin,manganese,and nikel.爱尔兰Ireland is now the largest producer of lead and zinc concentrates in Europe.While Ireland lacks sizeable oil deposits,it has a valuable energy source in the peat,or turt,bogs that cover extensive areas of the country.力口拿大:Water is one of the most important natural resources in Canada.Almost half of the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third,in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world.The largest producer of newsprint in the world.Canada is a primary world producer of nickle,zine and asbestoes,and comes second in potash,third in gold and fourth in copper.Canada is a major world supplier of uranium.Experts believe that the cold fields of Canada may be among the largest in the world.A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thurdsof Canada's petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta.澳大利亚:Australia is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It has major deposits of bauxite,mineral sands,diamonds,and black and brown coal,and large reserves of ores containing gold,lead,zinc,iron,copper,nikel,manganese and uranium. It is the world largest exporter of coal,and a major exporter of uranium.新西兰:There is an increasingly large share of energy comes from local resources:natural gas,crude oil,hydroelectricity and geothermal steam. Coal is of growing importance.Solar energy,vegetable oils and ethylalcohol from fermentation make small contributions.%1.农业英国:The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness" .There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming, stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening.Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain.The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国:Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.（具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291）爱尔兰:Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNRemploys 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports.The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大:The land used for agriculture makes up only 7 % in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quiteimportant.The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt.Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products.Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario.Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚:Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres. Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice.Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰:Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.%1.制造业，工业英国:The textile is one of Britain's oldest.Textiles were on of the country's most vauluable exports.Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the 19th century.The two main centres for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne near Newcastle,England and on the Clyde near Glasgow in Scotland.The Britain motor industry now dominated by four firms(Ford,the RoverGroup,GM-Vauxhall,and Peugeot)There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth. Scotland has Europe's largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories.Over 90% of the companies are from the U.S. A.,Japan,the Netherlands and germany.美国:The untied States ranks first,second,third or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel,passenger cars,commercial vehicles,chemi cals,radio sets,television sets,and other manufacturing goods.Manufacturing accounts for about one quarter of theGDRabout one quarter of the national income,and over one fifth of the work force.The industrial regions are the Midwest(the nations's leading centre of heavy industry) round the Great Lakes,the Middle Atlantic states,the South,and the Pacific Coast.爱尔兰:Since the 1961 s,manufactuing has become the mainstay of the Irish economy.Of industrial employment,66% are employed in manufacting.力口拿大:Manufacturing is the mst important economic activity in Canada.Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third, metal products are also important.澳大利亚:The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems in recent years.Australia's service sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.lt has been growing in importance in recent years.新西兰:There are two steel comanies:New Zealand Steel which uses iron sands from the west coast of North Island,and Pacific Steel which reuses scrap iron.New Zealand is a world leader in the CNA(compressed natural gas) industry.Garments,fabrics and carpets are exported.The fishing industry has expanded greatly and is now the 4th largest export earner.%1.对外贸易英国:Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers".Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries.which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC.Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国:Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports.Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.‘accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰:Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment.The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports.Ireland is new an industrial exporter.Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.力口拿大:A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚:Australia is a middle-level trading nation.The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products.Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰:Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active.Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market.The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods.New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.%1.当今面临的问题英国:Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline.The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War: 1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s.这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏，微观措施比较重要(P91-92)Irel and FiannaFail,TheSenate,美国:The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector. So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line.Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰:The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade.Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.力口拿大:In the past few years ho we ver,C anada' s unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners.While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity.Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚:Problems of Australia economy: 1 .Over-reliance on commodityexports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.Country Party system HousesBritain The conservative Party, The House of Commons The Labour Party The House of Lorbs The U.S. The Democrats, The Senate,The Republic The House of RepresentativesFine Gael The House of RepresentativesAustralia The Labour Party, The Senate,the Liberal and National Party The House of RepresentativesNew Zealand The National Party,The Labour Party The House of RepresentativesCanada The Liberal Party, The Senate,the Progressive Conservative Party The House of Representatives考试前注意事项考前准备：一、欲善其事，必先利其器。
英语国家概况英国`期末
The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical locationThe UK is an island country.The UK is located in the northwestern Europe.The UK is a country of island surrounded by North sea to its east, Atlantic ocean to its north, Irish sea to its west and between Great Britain and Ireland, English Channel英吉利海峡and Strait of Dover多佛尔海峡to its south.2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：上帝保佑女王"god save the queen"男性君主为"god save the king"National Flower：RoseThe Capital: London3、Area and populationArea: 244, 820 sqkmPopulation: million2008The most densely populated area: England 84%The least densely populated area: ScotlandThe least populated area: Northern Ireland less than 3%4、British Commonwealth 1931 P9 expressing in EnglishBritish Commonwealth —Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth Ⅱas their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.英联邦Commonwealth of Nations,是以英国为主导的国家联合体,由英国及其自治领和其他已独立的前殖民地、附属国组成,由54个主权国家含属地所组成,成员大多为前大英帝国的殖民地或附属国;各自治领地地位平等,彼此的内政和外交完全独立；共同效忠于英王,皆为自由结合的英联邦的成员;该组织元首为英国女王伊丽莎白二世,同时身兼英联邦王国内的16国的国家元首;英联邦成员国及其附属国占据了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口;成员国在许多领域进行商讨和合作,包括贸易、金融、国防、教育、技术、科研、法律、医药和农业;英联邦不是一个国家,而是一个松散的组织;英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织;5、Capital city —LondonLondon is in the Southeast of the nation and is situated on the Thames River near its mouth.London is the largest city and largest port in the UK.The political center: Buckingham palace白金汉宫,英国皇宫, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament 国会大厦, Downing street唐宁街The financial center: One of the three major international financial centers in the world. Paris and New York The heart of arts and culture: The University of London the largest university in the UK, British museum大英博物馆City of Fog雾都London is divided into the City of London 金融城and the County of London includes all the suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 区,自治市镇,城区.6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River泰晤士河Tower Bridge伦敦塔桥Palace of Westminster/House of parliament威斯敏斯特宫/国会大厦威斯敏斯特宫Palace of Westminster,又称国会大厦Houses of Parliament是英国国会包括上议院和下议院的所在地;威斯敏斯特宫是哥德复兴式建筑的代表作之一;Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂Political significance：Royal wedding ceremony & Royal tombCommemoratory significance：Tombs of many famous people “Poet’s corner”诗人之角Who was the first literary figure buried here ----Chaucer father of English historyWho was the last royal family member buried here ---Diana Rose of EnglandIn the right picture, whose tomb is it ---NewtonWho built it ----Edward the confessor忏悔者Swiss Re Tower瑞士再保险塔London Eye伦敦眼Millennium Bridge千禧桥Greenwich observatory格林威治天文台Canary Wharf金丝雀码头Millennium Dome千年穹顶St Paul’s Cathedral圣保罗大教堂London Tower伦敦塔Canary Wharf Tower金丝雀码头塔One Canada Square第一加拿大广场HSBC Tower汇丰银行塔8 Canada Square第八加拿大广场Citigroup Centre 花旗集团中心Buckingham Palace白金汉宫—the residence of the queen女王住处7、Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography地形①Rising in North-West cause highlands there;②Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.9、Filling in the blanks1The British Isles — a geographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland island, and 5,000 small islands.2Great Britain comprises only England , Scotland and Wales.3Ireland island includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, while southern Ireland became an independent country — Republic of Ireland.4The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.5Three termsBritish Isles不列颠群岛：Two large islands and hundreds of small onesBritain：Great Britain and Northern IrelandGreat Britain：England, Wales and ScotlandThe longest river: the Severn塞汶河The 2nd but most important river: Thames泰晤士河The largest lake in the UK: Lough Neagh内伊湖,英国最大的淡水湖Lough Lomond洛蒙德湖, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & Weather①Changeable ②Mild temperature ③Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate中纬海洋性气候a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factorsa. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal季节性的differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;b. The Westerlies盛行西风带blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift北大西洋暖流, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: ①Water surplus in north and west; ②Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs水库have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands苏格兰高地.Step2 History of the United Kingdom13、A brief timeline of British history0. Early history史前~.1. Roman years 罗马人占领时期：55BC~410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格鲁—撒克逊时期Britain与Danish invasion丹麦统治时期：449年~1066年3. Norman Britain 诺曼底王朝1066~11544. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝1154~9 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 兰开斯特王朝9~1461 Britain6. House of York 约克王朝1461~14857. House of Tudors都铎王朝1485~1603 Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯图亚特王朝1603~1714 British Bourgeois Revolutionof Hanover汉诺威王朝1714~1917 Industrial revolution Victorian Britain World War One of Windsor温莎王朝1917~ World War Two14、The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberian.英国土着居民是利比亚人15、The Normans were the last invaders in history to conquer the British Isles.诺曼底入侵是历史上最后一次外族入侵16、1.什么是诺曼底征服封建社会的开始When Edward the confessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the throne, but 3 days later, Duke of Normandy, William, crossed the Channel, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. Weeks later, he was crowned as William at Westminster Abbey in London on Christmas Day 1066.2. William, duke of Normandy Northwest of France, close to British Channel位于法国西北部3. The Battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.5. SignificanceIt is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.6. In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress 要塞,堡垒which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.17、1. HenryⅡ在位期间三大事件：在位国王: HenryⅡ三大事件：①HenryⅡfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;②The jury of 12 sworn men system12人陪审团制度were introduced;③The royal/common law普遍法replaced the feudal law封建法.2. King John and “The Great Charter”①King John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.②The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215.③This document is known as The Great Charter also named Magna Carta, later regarded as the basis of the modern English constitution.④Contents：略看—no tax should be made without the approval of the council—no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the land—If the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals封臣had the right to force the king to obey it.⑤Significance：略看—The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. It had a progress significance.—It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of Parliament①Henry Ⅲson of King John heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes贡品to the Pope罗马教皇to defeat the lords.②Simon de Montfort蒙特福德爵士, defender守护者of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two knights each county郡,县and two representatives each town城镇.It later developed into the House of Lords上议院and the House of Commons下议院.③The Earliest English Parliament All Estates Parliament各等级议会was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture捕获,俘虏of Henry Ⅲ.4. In 1295, King EdwardⅠsummoned the “All Estates Parliament”— more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament模范国会”.18、Hundred Years’ War百年战争①A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually.②It was the longest war in the world. 1337-145319、The Black Death黑死病P21名词解释Black Death —Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing between a third and two-thirds of Europe’s population, including about one-third of England’s population.①1348 -1350/ in mid-14th century②Cause: the deadly bubonic plague鼠疫③Consequence--The lords was in shortage of the labor about one half of the population in England died of this disease.--Wage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.20、Wat Tyler's Uprising 1 瓦特泰勒起义It marked the beginning of the end of Serfdom农奴制in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses 1455—1485玫瑰之战The name "Wars of the Roses" has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York.The Wars of the Roses 1455—1485 were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster feudal landowner and the House of York commercial-minded. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing descent from King Edward Ⅲ.金雀花王朝的两分支兰开斯特&约克为争夺王位,均为爱德华三世的后裔It marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world.22、Religious reformation①Immediate cause: Henry Ⅷ’s divorce Henry Ⅷwas not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.②Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant好斗的Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British historyand the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname "bloody Mary"血腥玛丽.③ElizabethⅠ伊丽莎白一世7 September 1533 –24 March 1603 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death在位时间.She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin QueenThe British colony Virginia was named for her honor.Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history.The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon.④The Golden AgeElizabethⅠ为什么好Under ElizabethⅠ's rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队.During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virginQueen.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: "I see, and say nothing". 我已经嫁给了英格兰;我是妇道人家,但我有囊括四海的帝王胸怀,一个英格兰国王所应该有的胸怀;——伊丽莎白一世23、The “Glorious Revolution” 1688①什么是“光荣革命”The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament.②By that time, the Ca valiers and Roundheads had settled down to become England’s first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs保守党和自由党.24、The Industry revolution took place mainly in England.The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry.Advantages for industrial revolution:1. peace at home2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions3. surplus labor4. increasing demand in the market25、Victorian Britain①Queen Victoria reigned 1837 - 1901Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world日不落帝国.②From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberal Party.1900-1906③Charles Darwin's达尔文on the Origin of Species物种起源was published in 1859.④By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.⑤The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.⑥In 1882, incandescent electric lights白炽灯were introduced to London streets.⑦The Opium War started.鸦片战争26、British Empire大英帝国The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland纽芬兰in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.两次世界大战后英受挫,虽为战胜国27、Major events in the two World WarsWomen staged a movement that led to a limited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928.Step3 British Government and PoliticsConstitution features1. No written form2. Changes in constitution can be more easily3. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制4. Parliamentary sovereign议会制5. Representative democracy代表共和制度6. The rule of law29、The monarchy君主制King/ Queen/ Crown①The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;②the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers;③the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;④serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;⑤gives the royal assent御准to bills before they become law;⑥presides over the State Opening of Parliament;⑦has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;⑧regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs;⑨also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.31、The Legislature立法机构The parliament is the Britain's supreme legislature. It has the power to make, unmake, or change any law.Functions of ParliamentThe maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.最长任期五年1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.;2. votes the taxation and expenditures of the gov.;3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration;4. debates the major issues of the day.Head: Lord Chancellor上议院院长/大法官Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.②The House of CommonsHead: The speaker of the Lower house下议院议长Three main functions of the house of commons:⑴to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;⑵to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;⑶to influence the future government policy.35、The Executive立法机构①Components: The Cabinet内阁is composed of the heads of the most important departments. It is the Prime Minister首相who decides which minister will be included.②Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal关键的role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parliament and policies proposed by the Cabinet can often win the approval of Parliament.③Official residence办公地点: The Cabinet meets regularly, usually once a week, in one of the rooms in the Prime Minister’s official residence, No. 10 Downing street.36、Functions of the Prime Minister & the Cabinet①can select cabinet;②hand out departmental positions, dismiss ministers;③amalgamate合并or split government departments;④decide the agenda for cabinet meetings.37、The Judiciary司法机构了解Head: Lord chancellorProceedings:All criminal trials刑事审判are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubtIn criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.39、Who can vote in the British general election1. Anyone who is a citizen of the UK, the Republic of Ireland, or of a Commonwealth country;2. over the age of 18;3. People who have been convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection within the previous five years;4. People who have to live in a constituency for at least 3 months;5. UK citizens who have moved abroad remain eligible to vote for 15 years thereafter.。
英语国家概况归纳
Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。
由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。
Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有：Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The BritishIsles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—thenorthern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain,the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There isanother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder ofIreland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英语国家概况（英国部分）
Chapt e r 1 The Land and Histo r y英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，―光荣革命‖爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. Gener a l Intro d ucti o n1. Locat i on and the Four Natio n s The full name of the UK is the Unite d Kingd o m of Great Brita i n and North e rn Irela n d. It is made up of four natio n s: Engla n d, Scotl a nd, North e rn Irela n d, and Wales . It is locat e d to the north w est of conti n enta l Europ e , separ a ted by the Engli s h Chann e l. Geogr a phic a lly, it is an islan d count r y, cover i ng an area of about 244,019 km 2, and consi s ts of Great Brita i n and north e aste r n part of Irela n d, toget h er with many small islan d s of Briti s h Isles . Great Brita i n accou n ts for over 90% of the count r y’stotal landm a ss. It is the large s t islan d off the north w este r n coast of mainl a nd Europ e with Engla n d, Scotl a nd and Wales on it. Irela n d is the secon d large s t islan d of Briti s h Isles locat e d to the north w est of Great Brita i n. It is divid e d into two parts : North e rn Irela n d and the Repub l ic of Irela n d (an indep e nden t count r y).Engla n d is the large s t part of the UK and occup i es most of the south e rn two third s of Great Brita i n. The total area of Engla n d is 130,410 km 2 with a popul a tion of aroun d 53.9 milli o n (Mid-2013 estim a ted), which cover s morethan 84% of the total UK popul a tion . It is the most popul o us and highl y urban i zed part of the UK . Londo n , the capit a l of the UK and Engla n d, as well as the seat of gover n ment , is locat e d in its south e aste rn part.Map of Briti s h Isles Scotla nd is the second larges t and most mounta inous part of the UK in the northof GreatBritai n. Compar ed with that of Englan d, the popula tiondensit y is quitelow. Thereare only 5.3 millio n people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinbu rgh, its larges t city, is the capita l of Scotla nd. Scotla nd is famous for its beauti ful natura l scener y, such as Scotti s h Highla nds1and Loch Ness2, as well as many histor icalplaces, like the Edinbu rgh Castle s.Walesis on the wester n side of centra l southe rn GreatBritai n. The totalarea of Walesis 20,779 km2, whichaccoun ts for 1/4 partsof the UK. It is also a mounta inous part of GreatBritai n, partic ularl y in the northand centra l region s. The southe ast region is the most builtup region of Wales, and the majori ty of its popula tionlive thereand a largepropor tionof its indust ry is basedthere. Its capita l city, Cardif f, is also in this region.Northe rn Irelan d lies in the northe ast of the island of Irelan d, coveri ng14,139 km2, whichconsti tutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smalle st part amongthe four nation s of the UK, as well as the second sparse ly popula ted part afterScotla nd. The capita l is Belfas t, the larges t city in Northe rn Irelan d both in popula tionand in area. It is the center for govern ment,econom ic, arts, higher educat ion, busine ss, law of Northe rn Irelan d. Additi onall y, it is the birthp laceof Titani c, and votedone of the world’stopdestin ation s.2. Climat eThe overal l climat e in the UK is temper ate mariti me, whichmeansthat it is mild with temper ature s neithe r much lowerthan 0℃ in winter nor much higher 32℃ in summer. Genera lly, the UK has warm summer s and cool winter s, with July and August as the warmes t month, and Januar y and Februa ry as the coldes t. Howeve r, due to the influe nce of Gulf Stream3, the summer s are cooler than thosein contin ent whilethe winter s are milder. Normal ly, the temper ature in summer is around20℃，with the high rarely goingabove30℃. The averag e temper ature in winter is around 0℃ and seldom go below-10℃ even in the most northe rn part of the countr y.Meanwh ile, sinceBritai n is an island countr y and surrou ndedby the sea, the climat e is consid erabl y change ablecompar ed with othercountr ies. Sincethe variab le climat e changi ng day to day, it is hard for people to predic t what the weathe r will be like the next day. Additi onall y, the unique geogra phica l positi on is also the reason for the dampne ss of the climat e. The rainfa ll is fairly distri buted throug houtthe year. Althou gh it does not rain everyday, it is always advisa ble for people to bringan umbrel la or waterp roofclothi ng everyday.II. Histor y1. The Foundi ng of the NationThe record ed histor y of the UK begins with the Romaninvasi on in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britai n was twiceinvade d by Julius Caesar and his Romantroops. Howeve r, it was not until43AD that the Romanled by Claudi us I finall y succes sfull y invade d and Britai n became part of the RomanEmpire. The native Celtic were driven to the mounta in region s of Scotla nd and Wales, whichremain ed unconq uered by the Romans.The Romans have greatimpact on many aspect s of the Britis h cultur e. The Romancivili zatio n was introd ucedto the Britai n during this period. For exampl e, Romanstylebathsand temple s were built, cities like London and townswere constr ucted, and the system of govern mentwas also introd uced. With the declin e of the RomanEmpire, when the German ic troops attack ed Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdr aw in orderto protec t theirown nation, whichled to the end of Romanoccupa tion.Afterthe leaveof the Romans, threegroups of German ic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britai n from the Europe an contin ent in the mid-4th centur y. They conque red differ ent region s of Britai n:1Scotti sh Highla nds：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
英语国家概况：英国的形成历史
英语国家概况:英国的形成历史英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况:英国的形成历史，欢迎大家阅读!The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1. William's Rule (1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.④These estates were scattered f ar and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only totheir immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
44英国国家概况笔记
英国国家概况笔记一第一章英语国家概况精讲系列Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
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Edinburgh Castle
Buckingham Palace has become the British royal family activity since the 19th century. Although the majority is the rooms are taking by royal staff, this palace is the emblazon of royal family.
Fifth
The Tower of London
The British Museum is a human cultural heritage which is famous for collecting the Ancient relics ,the Greek statue and the Egyptian mummy. It is one of the world's largest and most famous museum.
Eighth
Seventh
Madame Tussaud's
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11-5B
One of London's finest historic landscapes cover 142 hectares (350 acres). There is something for everyone in Hyde Park. With over 4,000 trees, a lake, a meadow, horse rides and more, it is easy to forget you're in the middle of London.
Second
Buckingham Palace
Big Ben in London as a symbol of city and the symbol of British, Big Ben Huge and luxuriant, heavy 13.5 tons. Big Ben has provided time for London since 1859, nearly a century and a half, although this period Big Ben has twice cracked and heavy chips. Now the Big Ben’s bell is still clear and beautiful.
Fourth
Hyde Park
William I built the Tower of London as a reminder to the citizens of the city of his unassailable power. At the heart of the complex is the White Tower, looking much as it has done for the last 900 odd years.
Sixth
Madame Tussaud’s is showing the world celebrities. It produces many celebrities’ waxwork such as Yaoming, Zhang bozhi and Denglijun. The celebrities’ waxwork can let visitors have hallucinated, it’s difficult to tell the real person from the work.