TPO8
TPO8词汇
第一篇：The Rise of Teotihuacán(TPO8)Teotihuacán An ancient city of central Mexico northeast of present-day Mexico City. Its ruins include the Pyramid of the Sun and the Temple of Quetzalcoatl.rise[raɪz]n.上升, 上涨, 增加v.上升; 上涨; 升起; 升高; 使飞起height[haɪt]n.高度; 高地; 海拔apartment[a·part·ment || ə'pɑːtmənt]n.公寓complex[com·plex || 'kɒmpleks]n.复合物, 综合体; 综合设施; 集团; 情结adj.复杂的, 合成的administrative[ad'min·is·tra·tive || -trətɪv]adj.管理的; 行政的massive[mas·sive || 'mæsɪv] = very largeadj.大而重的, 宏伟的, 宽大的edifice[ed·i·fice || 'edɪfɪs]n.大厦; 大建筑物pinpoint = identify preciselyn.极小之物, 针尖v.刺破, 刺穿; 准确地确定; 用针标出...的精确位置; 使突出adj.针尖的, 精确的, 极微的geographic[ge·o·graph·ic || dʒɪə'græfɪk]adj.地理学的; 地理的obsidian[əb'sɪdɪən]n.黑曜石ingenuity[in·ge·nu·i·ty || ‚ɪndʒɪ'nuːətɪ /-'nju-] = clevernessn.智巧, 精巧的设计, 创造力eliminate[e·lim·i·nate || ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt]v.除去, 剔除, 排除cleverness['clev·er·ness || 'klevərnɪs]n.聪明, 伶俐; 机敏; 灵巧; 巧妙shrine[ʃraɪn]n.圣坛; 圣祠; 神龛; 神殿v.将...置于神龛内predominant[pre'dom·inant || prɪ'dɑmɪnənt /-'dɒ-] = principal adj.优越的, 有力的, 卓越的principal[prin·ci·pal || 'prɪnsəpl]n.校长, 本金, 首长adj.主要的, 首要的, 重要的indicate[in·di·cate || 'ɪndɪkeɪt]v.指出; 象征; 显示scarce[skers /skeəs]adj.缺乏的; 稀有的, 珍贵的; 不足的adv.仅仅; 几乎没有; 几乎不commodity[com·mod·i·ty || kə'mɒdətɪ]n.日用品, 有用的物品, 商品available[a'vail·a·ble || -ləbl]adj.有空的, 有用的exploit[ex·ploit || ɪk'splɔɪt]n.功绩, 勋绩v.开拓; 开采; 开发prosperous['pros·per·ous || 'prɑsprəs /'prɒ-]adj.成功的, 顺利的, 繁盛的prosperity[pr os·per·i·ty || prɑ'sperətɪ /prɒ-]n.繁荣, 成功, 幸运exotic[ex·ot·ic || ɪg'zɒtɪk]adj.异国的, 外来的resident['res·i·dent || 'rezɪdənt]n.居民, 定居者; 住院医生; 侨民adj.居住的, 定居的; 住校的; 常驻的; 住院的variety[va·ri·e·ty || və'raɪətɪ]n.变化, 种种, 多样性immigrant[im·mi·gra nt || 'ɪmɪgrənt]n.移民irrigate[ir·ri·gate || 'ɪrɪgeɪt]v.灌溉, 使潮湿, 冲洗伤口; 进行灌溉consciously['con·scious·ly || 'kɑnʃəslɪ/'kɒn-]adv.有意识地; 自觉地conflict[con·flict || 'kɒnflɪkt]n.冲突, 争执, 矛盾v.矛盾, 冲突; 倾轧; 斗争, 战斗thrive[θraɪv]v.繁荣, 茁壮成长, 兴旺artifact[ar·ti·fact || 'ɑːtɪfækt]n.人工制品; 加工品; 手工艺品第二篇：Extinction of the Dinosaurs(TPO8)paleozoic[pa·le·o·zo·ic || ‚peɪlɪəʊ'zəʊɪk /‚pæl-]adj.古生代的Mesozoic[Mes·o·zo·ic || ‚mesəʊ'zəʊɪk]adj.中生代的Jurassic[Ju·ras·sic || ‚dʒʊə'ræsɪk]n.侏罗纪adj.侏罗纪的, 侏罗系的cretaceous[cre·ta·ceous || krɪ'teɪʃəs]adj.白垩的; 含白垩的cenozoicadj.新生界的paleontologist[pa·le·on·tol·o·gist || ‚peɪlɪɑn'tɑlədʒɪst/‚pælɪɒn'tɒ-] n.古生物学者demise[de·mise || dɪ'maɪz]v.让渡; 转让; 遗赠n.死亡; 转让; 终止; 遗赠climatic[cli·mat·ic || klaɪ'mætɪk]adj.气候上的alteration[al·ter·a·tion || ‚ɔːltə'reɪʃn]n.变更, 改变, 修改; 变样continent['con·ti·nent || 'kɑntnənt /'kɒn tɪnənt]n.大陆, 陆地; 欧洲大陆; 大洲tectonics[tec'ton·ics || tek'tɑnɪks /-tɒ]n.构造学; 大地构造学flourish[flour·ish || 'flɜrɪʃ /'flʌr-]n.茂盛; 华饰; 兴旺v.繁荣; 活跃; 茂盛; 挥舞; 装饰; 炫耀, 夸耀extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的diverse[di·verse || daɪ'vɜːs]adj.不同的; 变化多的preserve[pre·serve || prɪ'zɜrv /-'zɜːv]n.蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱v.保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎mild[maɪld]adj.温和的; 淡味的; 温柔的frigid[frig·id || 'frɪdʒɪd]adj.寒冷的, 冷淡的, 严寒的buffer[buf·fer || 'bʌfə]n.缓冲存储器; 分隔, 划分; 记忆里被指定为暂时存储的位置(计算机用语); 减震器; 起缓冲作用的人relatively['relətɪvlɪ]adv.相对地, 比较而言; 相当地adequacy[ad·e·qua·cy || 'ædɪkwəsɪ]n.适当; 足够; 恰当crocodile[croc·o·dile || 'krɒkədaɪl]n.鳄鱼; 鳄鱼皮turtle[tur·tle || 'tɜrtl /'tɜː-]n.海龟; 甲鱼; 龟; 玳瑁lizard[liz·ard || 'lɪzə(r)d]n.蜥蜴cope[kəʊp]=adaptn.斗篷式长袍; 笼罩, 遮盖物; 法衣v.竞争; 对付, 妥善处理; 加盖于adapt[a·dapt || ə'dæpt]v.使适应, 使适合; 改建, 改造; 改编, 改写; 适应fluctuation[fluc·tu·a·tion || ‚flʌktʃʊ'eɪʃn]=variationn.波动; 动摇; 变动variation[var·i·a·tion || ‚verɪ'eɪʃn /‚veər-]n.变更, 变种, 变化initially[in'i·tial·ly || ɪ'nɪʃəlɪ]adv.最初; 开头Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.layer[lay·er || 'leɪə(r)]n.层; 地层; 阶层; 铺设者v.分层堆积, 压植; 以压条法繁殖deposit[de·pos·it || dɪ'pɒzɪt]n.存款, 堆积物, 定金v.存放; 堆积; 沉淀represent[rep·re·sent || ‚reprɪ'zent]v.描绘, 表现; 表示; 象征; 作为...的代表bombard[bom·bard || bɒm'bɑːd]=strikev.炮击, 轰击, 攻击strike[straɪk]n.打击; 空袭; 攻击; 罢工, 罢市, 罢课v.打, 攻击, 击; 咬伤; 抓伤; 侵袭; 打, 抓, 打击disruption[dis'rup·tion || -pʃn]=disturbancen.分裂; 瓦解; 崩溃disturbance[dis·turb·ance || dɪ'stɜːbəns]n.扰乱, 忧虑, 不安episode[ep·i·sode || 'epɪsəʊd]n.插曲, 有趣的事件, 插话critic[crit·ic || 'krɪtɪk]n.批评家, 鉴定家numerous[nu·mer·ous || 'nuːmərəs /'nju-]adj.很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的dissatisfaction[dis·sat·is·fac·tion || 'dɪs‚sætɪs'fækʃn]n.不满, 不平observation[ob·ser·va·tion || ‚ɑbzər'veɪʃn /‚ɒbzə-]n.观察; 观察力; 观测; 言论, 意见abruptly[ə'brʌptlɪ]adv.突然地; 唐突地, 鲁莽地; 意外地; 陡峭地document[doc·u·ment || 'dɒkjʊmənt]n.文件, 公文; 证书, 提供信息和证明的文件; 契约, 书写文件; 包含使用者工作产品的数据文件(计算机用语)v.证明, 为...引证iridium[i·rid·i·um || aɪ'rɪdɪəm ,ɪ'r-]n.铱, 白金、铂类的金属元素; (无线通讯用语) 可以使手提电话在全世界任何地方使用的现代卫星通讯系统meteorite['me·te·or·i te || 'mːɪtɪəraɪt]n.陨星calculation[calcu·la·tion || ‚kælkjʊ'leɪʃn]n.计算; 估计, 预测, 推测; 计算结果; 深思熟虑inhibit[in·hib·it || ɪn'hɪbɪt]v.禁止, 抑制photosynthesis['fəʊtəʊ'sɪnθɪsɪs]n.光合作用eradicate[e'rad·i·cate || -keɪt]v.根除, 根绝, 扑灭第三篇：Running Water on Mars (TPO8)merge[mɜrdʒ /mɜːdʒ]= combinev.使合并; 使同化; 使融合; 合并; 同化; 融合combine[com·bine || kəm'baɪn]n.集团; 联合收割打谷机; 企业联合v.使结合; 兼有, 兼备; 使联合; 使化合; 结合; 化合; 联合relic[rel·ic || 'relɪk] = remainsn.遗物, 废墟, 遗迹remainsn.剩余; 遗体; 遗迹; 遗骨catastrophic[cat·a·stroph·ic || ‚kætə'strɒfɪk(l)]adj.灾难的; 悲惨的; 激变的; 惨败的equatorial[e·qua·to·ri·al || ‚ekwə'tɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的resemble[re·sem·ble || rɪ'zembl]v.相似, 象, 类似extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的valley[va l·ley || 'vælɪ]n.山谷, 流域, 溪谷miniature[min·i·a·ture || 'mɪnətʃʊr /-tʃə]=smalln.缩图, 小画像adj.小规模的, 纤小的small[smɔːl]n.细小的部分; 矮小的人; 小件物品adj.小的, 小型的, 少的adv.小声地; 小气地; 小小地, 细小地; 卑鄙地onrushing['ɑnrʌʃɪŋ /'ɒn-]adj.猛冲的, 汹涌的teardropn.泪珠; 泪痕; 泪珠状物plain[pleɪn]n.平原, 草原adj.简单的, 平常的, 明白的adv.清楚地flow[fləʊ]n.流程, 涨潮, 流动v.流动; 涨, 泛滥; 川流不息; 涌出; 溢过; 淹没tide[taɪd]n.潮, 潮汐; 浪潮; 潮水; 潮流v.潮水般地奔流; 顺潮行驶; 使随潮漂流Amazon[Am·a·zon || 'æməzɑn /-zn]n.亚马逊, 南美的河流; (希腊神话中的) 女杰; (计算机用语) 网上书店, 因特网上的书店)n.亚马孙; 女杰; 亚马孙族#亚马孙河; 女杰; 亚马孙族interpret[in·ter·pret || ɪn'tɜrprɪt /-'tɜːp-]v.解释, 诠释, 说明; 口译, 翻译; 理解; 演奏, 演; 作解释; 作口译, 当翻译extent[ex·tent || ɪk'stent]n.范围, 区域, 程度detractor[de'trac·tor || -tə]n.诽谤者; 恶意批评者terrace[ter·ra ce || 'terəs]n.大阳台; 平台屋顶; 露台; 露天阶梯看台v.使成梯形地, 使有平台屋顶hemisphere[hem·i·sphere || 'hemɪ‚sfɪr /-‚sfɪə]n.半球, 大脑半球, 地球的半面hint[hɪnt]=cluen.暗示, 提示v.暗示, 示意; 作暗示, 示意clue[kluː]n.线索, 提示, 迹象#情节v.为...提供线索; 为...提供情况, 告知ancient[an·cient || 'eɪnʃənt]adj.远古的, 年老的, 旧的n.老人, 年高德劭者#古代人outflown.流出, 流出物virtually['vir·tu·al·ly || 'vɜrtʃəlɪ /'vɜːt-]adv.事实上, 实质上equatorial[e·qua·to·ri·al || ‚ekwə'tɔːrɪəl]adj.赤道的; 酷热的; 赤道附近的extensive[ex·ten·sive || ɪk'stensɪv]adj.广的, 多方面的, 广泛的interconnectv.互连; 互相联系; 使互相连接, 连接的; 连接, 连系(计算机用语)torrid[tor·rid || 'tɑrɪd /'tɒr-]adj.晒热的; 炎热的, 灼热的; 烘热的; 热情的, 狂热的speculate[spec·u·late || 'spekjəleɪt /-jʊl-]v.深思, 投机, 推测; 推测, 推断specialist['spe·cial·ist || 'speʃəlɪst]n.专科医师, 专家Martian[Mar·ti·an || 'mɑːʃjən]n.火星人adj.战神的; 火星的But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.But the detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.carbonate['car·bon·ate || 'kɑrbənɪt /'kɑːb-]n.碳酸盐v.使变成碳酸盐; 使充满二氧化碳carbon[car·bon || 'kɑːbən]n.碳; 复写的副本; 复写纸; 碳精棒oxygen[ox·y·gen || 'ɑksɪdʒən /'ɒk-]n.氧absence[ab·sence || 'æbsəns]n.不在; 缺席; 缺乏gully[gul·ly || 'gʌlɪ]n.小峡谷; 水沟, 沟渠; 冲沟#小峡谷, 排水沟inconclusive[in·con·clu·sive || ‚ɪnkən'kluːsɪv]adj.非决定性的, 不得要领的, 不确定的unprovenadj.未经证明的extent[ex·tent || ɪk'stent]n.范围, 区域, 程度permafrost[per·ma·frost || 'pɜrməfrɔst /'pɜːməfrɒst] n.永久冻土层polar[po·lar || 'pəʊlə(r)]adj.两极的, 南辕北辙的, 极地的。
TPO8
TP8生词整理Conversation:intermediate level 中间能级；中间水平department chair 系主任field experiences 实地实习intro courses 介绍课程verify ['verɪfaɪ] vt. 核实；查证arrangement [ə'reɪn(d)ʒm(ə)nt] n. 布置；整理；准备go by 经过；顺便走访；凭…判断Lecture:passive habitat selection 被动的栖息地的选择active choices 主动选择dispersed [di'spə:st] v. 分散；传播（disperse的过去分词）adj. 散布的；被分散的；被驱散的land in 在…着陆使…陷入active habitat selection 主动的栖息地选择offspring ['ɒfsprɪŋ] n. 后代，子孙；产物recap ['riːkæp] n. 翻新的轮胎vt. 翻新胎面；扼要重述habitats’destruction 栖息地的破坏plover ['plʌvə] n. 珩；千鸟；珩科鸟（如凤头麦鸡）shellfish ['ʃelfɪʃ] n. 甲壳类动物；贝类等有壳的水生动物blends in 融合camouflage ['kæməflɑːʒ] n. 伪装，掩饰vt. 伪装，掩饰vi. 伪装起来predator ['predətə] n. [动] 捕食者；[动] 食肉动物；掠夺者shallow depressions 浅洼地fledgling ['fledʒlɪŋ] n. 无经验的人；刚会飞的幼鸟vulnerable ['vʌln(ə)rəb(ə)l] adj. 易受攻击的，易受…的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的threatened species 濒危物种；受威胁物种blue warbler 蓝色莺TPO 8 Conversation 1Stu: Hi, I’d like to drop off my graduation form; I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.Pro: Ok, I will take that. Before you leave, let's me check our computer. Looks like you are OK for graduation, and actually, I amgetting a warning flag on your academic record here.Pro: Yeah. Let's see was what. Are you familiar with your graduation requirements?Stu: Yes, I think soPro: Then you know you need 48 credits in your major field to graduate and at least 24 credits in the intermediate level or higher. Also, after your second year, you have to meet you’re your department chair to outline a plan for the rest of your time here. In the past, we also issue letters before students’ final year began to let them know what they needed to take in the final year to be OK, but we don't do that anymore.Stu:I definitely met with my chairperson2 years ago. He told me that I need 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK. So I am not sure what the problem is, I make sure I got those credits. Pro:Unfortunately, the computer is usually pretty reliable; I am not sure what’s going on here.Stu: It could be that I have taken 2 basic courses but couple both of them with a field experiences.Pro:What do you mean?Stu: I could only take intro courses because there were no intermediate level courses available for those particular topics. My chair person told me that if I did the independent field research in addition to the assigned work in each course; they would count as intermediate level courses. My classmates, some of my classmates, did this for an easy way to meet their intermediate course requirement, but I did it to get the kind of depth in those topics I was going for. As I turned out I was really enjoy the field work, which I supplement just sitting and listening to lecturesPro:I am sure that’s true, but the computer still showing the miss basic level courses despite the field work.Stu:I am not sure what to do then, I mean, should I cancel my graduation party?Pro: No, no reason to get worry like that, just contact your chair person immediately, ok, tell him to call me as soon as possible so that we can verify your field work arrangement and certify those credits right away. It’s not like there is an actual deadline to date you anything. But if more than a few weeks go by, we might have a real problem that would very difficult to fix in time for you to graduate. In fact, there probably would be nothing we could do.Stu:I will get on that.TPO 8 Lecture 1 Animal BehaviorPro: Well, last time we talked about passive habitat selection, like plants for example, they don't make active choices about where to grow. They are dispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And ifthe seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce. With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed. And because the animal breeding habitat is so important, we expect animal species to have developed preferences for particular types of habitats. Places where their offspring have the best chance of survival. So let's look at the effect this preference can have by looking at some examples, but first let’s recap. What do we mean by habitat? Frank?Stu: Well, it’s basically the place or environment where an organism normally lives and grows.Pro: Right, and as we’v discussed, there are some key elements that habitat must contain, food obviously, water, it’s got have a right climate and spaces for physical protection. And we saw how important habitat selection is when we look at the habitats where some of these factors are removed, perhaps through habitats’ destruction. I just read about a short bird, the plover.The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with the sand, so it well camouflage from predator birds above. But it lays its eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nest are really vulnerable. OutingCalifornia where there has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plovers are now threatened species. So conservation is tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They madeartificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places.Ok. That is an instance where a habitat is made less suitable. But now, what about cases where animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats in cases like that. Dose the preference matter? Well, Let's look at the blue warbler.The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers that nest in these areas because the preferred spots where a lot of shrubs are taken by the older more dominant birds.And the choice of habitat seems to affect the reproductive success. Because the older and more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspringthan those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have an impact on the number of chicks they have. But a preferred environment doesn't always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe,study has been done of blackcap warblers. We just call them blackcaps.The Blackcap can be found in two different environments.Their preferred habitat is forests near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water. Study has been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas---the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why?It turned out that there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream, so this stream edge area had a much denser population which meant more members of the same species competing for the resources. wanting to feed on the same thing or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggests that when the number of the competitorsin the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second rank habitat becomes just as successful as the prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor in determining if particular habitat is suitable.。
新托福TPO8阅读原文及译文(二)Extinction of the Dinosaurs
新托福TPO8阅读原文(二):Extinction of the DinosaursTPO-8-2：Extinction of the DinosaursPaleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Althoughinitially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.Ir has not been common at Earth’s since the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation.In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surfacetemperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.译文：TPO-8-2 恐龙的灭绝很长时间以来，古生物学家们认为恐龙的灭亡是与因地质构造而引起的海洋和大陆位置变迁相关的气候变化所致。
TPO8听力文本解析
Conversation 1registrar注册主管A registrar is an administrative official in a college or university who is responsible for student records. 注册主任process处理hi, I'd like to drop off my graduation form, I understand you need this in order to process my diploma.我来提交我的毕业表格，我知道你们需要这个来办理/处理我的毕业证书。
warning flag 警告标志；警钟In the meantime, experts have raised a warning flag about a few specific chemicals. 与此同时，专家警告要注意几种特定的化学物质。
academic record学业成绩Who you are is as important as your academic record. 与你的学业成绩一样重要的是你的为人。
what's what事实真相；究竟是什么He will you what's what in time. 他到时候会把事实真相告诉你的。
Are you familiar with our graduation requirements? 你熟悉/清楚了解毕业要求吗？例句：I liked to meander through familiar streets. 我喜欢闲逛着穿过熟悉的街道。
（meander蜿蜒而行；漫步）major field专业领域intermediate level中级（课程；introductory courses, intermediate, advanced)department chair系主任outline a plan定出计划的大纲issue letters 发出信件issue发行，发布：(报刊杂志的）一期I needed 8 more courses at the intermediate level or higher in the last 2 years to be OK.我在最后两年里需要再修8门中等或中等以上的课程。
新托福TPO口语参考题目答案——TPO8
题目1. Talk about a time when a friend or family member helped you in the past. Describe how the person helped you. Then explain why this was important to you.答案When I was in the third summer vacation in the college, I found a job in downtown. I lived on campus at that time but the campus is very far away from downtown so I got to find a place to live nearby. There was one friend who studied in another college located near downtown. He called me to live with him in his dorm since all his roommates were gone. He introduced me to his campus and told me where to eat, where to buy necessities and where to work out. I didn’t have to pay anything for this housing service. Also, living in his dorm saved me a lot of time. I shorten the travel time from 2 hours to 20 minutes.题目2. Some people enjoy taking risks and trying new things Others are not adventurous: they are cautious and prefer to avoid danger. Which behavior do you think is better? Explain why.答案I prefer to take risks and try new things. I think taking risks is a way to improve oneself, a way to broaden one’s horizon. For example, if Columbia hadn’t taken risks, he wouldn’t have found the New World. If he hadn’t found the New World, his horizon wouldn’t have been broaden so wouldn’t other people’s horizonat that time. Also, trying new things is one of the best ways to learn. Take myself as an example, I didn’t like reading novels until my junior year in the college so novel was a kind of new thing to me at that time. But I tried to read some novels in my junior year, and gradually I became interested in reading novels. Later on, I even started to write my own novels. If I hadn’t tried to read novels, I wouldn’t have known how to write my own novels. 题目3. The man expresses his opinion of the university‘s plan. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.答案The university’s planning to broadcast classical music during mealtimes in cafeterias in order that students can relax and communicate more with each other. The man in the conversation thinks it’s a bad plan. First of all, he says that most of the students aren’t looking for relaxing in lunch time. They’d rather study there especially when they have exams coming up or when they have many assignments undone. The music will be distracting so the student’s won’t be able to concentrate. Secondly, most students don’t like classical music. If the cafeterias play classical music, students will be more likely to put on their personal music devices to block out the classical stuff.题目 4. Using the examples of the peanut bug and the morpho butterfly, explain the concept of revealing coloration.答案Revealing coloration is a defensive strategy used by animals to protect themselves from predators. The professor uses two examples to explain this concept. The first example is peanut bug. The peanut bug’s back wings are usually closed and have bright colorful spots on them. When peanut is attacked, it suddenly opens its back wings to show its bright colors that surprise its predators. So it reveals the usually hidden bright color in back wings to startle its predators. Then the peanut bug can escape. The second example is morphobutterfly. Parts of Morpho Butterfly’s wings are very shiny. When the butterfly is resting, the wings are hidden. When the butterfly is attacked by birds, it flaps the wings to reflect flashes of light that can make it hard for birds to catch the butterfly. In other words, it reveals the bright color of its wings to confuse its predators. So the Morpho Butterfly can get away.题目5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.答案The man has to take two courses to fulfill the requirement but these two courses are scheduled at the same time. In the conversation, they talked about two possible solutions. The first solution is to do independent study in the Shakespeare course. He read texts, finish assignments on his own and have discussions with the professor. But he’s afraid that he won’t be motivated. The second solution is to take the Shakespeare course in another university. But it takes him one hour to drive back and forth the universities. I would recommend he to take the Shakespeare course in the other university. Since he won’t be motivated if he studies independently，this is a good way to motivate him. Although this will cost him some time and money, he will finish the course. 题目6. Using the points and examples from the lecture, explain the two pricing strategies described by the professor.答案 The professor talks about two approaches to make initial price of products. One approach is to set the initial price high followed by a lower price later, because companies want to build a high quality image for new products and products with high price are believed to have high quality. Companies can make profits from customers who are willing to pay high price to experience high quality products, especially those innovative high-tech productssuch as video recorders, video cameras and even cell-phones. Another approach is to set the initial price low to undercut competitors. For example, if a new computer company wants to gain market share, it sells computer in an affordable price. So the company can appeal to customers who wouldn’t be interested to buy computers and those who want to change brand. The company can make profits through selling accessories to its customers。
TPO8阅读详细答案
RUNNING WATER ON MARS1. merge合并，所以D的combine正确。
原句说那些interconnecting的，twisting 的channel怎么样成为大的更宽的channel，merge应该有变大之意。
expand和combine可能正确，具体哪个对只能靠认识了，至少B分开C加强都不对2. 以runoff channels和southern highlands做关键词定位至第三句，但问题问的是表明了什么，关键词所在句明显没说，接着本段又说了一大堆这种channel的特点，直到最后一句才说speak of blabla，答案在最后一句，B正确；A和D说反了；C没说3. relics遗迹，残余，所以A的remains正确。
原句说outflow channel是很久以前的灾难性大洪水的什么，四个答案中只有remains残余靠谱，B地点C要求D来源带进去说不通4. miniature小型的，缩略图，小模型，所以small正确。
先看单词本身，前半部分是个mini，就是小的意思，迷你，所以会猜到跟小相关。
原句说洪水会形成泪滴形的岛，接着括号解释说就像落潮时海滩上见到的那种沙堆的什么版，应该是微缩版，A临时版C很多版D熟悉版都不靠谱5. 修辞目的题，往前看，本句修词点之前有破折号，证明这个105 ton是解释前面内容的。
之前说那些channel的水流量非常大，然后马上出现了一个105 ton的例子，所以答案是A6. EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的volcanic activity做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；B的certain parts与原文第二句的equatorial regions同义重合，正确，不选；C的beaches 做关键词定位至倒数第三句，但原文说洪水形成的小岛形状像海滩上的沙子，跟C说的不同，所以C错，选；D的northward做关键词定位至第三句，再结合第二句，说明D正确，不选7. EXCEPT题，排除法。
新托福TPO8阅读原文及译文
新托福TPO8阅读原文(一):The Rise of TeotihuacánTPO-8-1：The Rise of TeotihuacánThe city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 peopleand covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern ofstreets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of thisgreat metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica(modern Central America and Mexico).How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among themain factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico,the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valle y’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more ifficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historicalsituation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity andforesightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihu acán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, thatTeotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size ofirrigated fields.The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force. More irrigation workswould have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.译文：TPO-8-1 特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起起源于公元前200到100年前的特奥蒂瓦坎城位于现在的墨西哥城东北约50公里处。
托福TPO8口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO8口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO8口语Task6听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a business class. (female) Today we’ll talk about how companies determine the initial prices for their products. Uh, by that I mean when they first introduce the products in the market. There’re different approaches and today we’ll discuss two of them. They’re quite different, each with their own advantages. One approach, or strategy, sets the initial price of the product high followed by a lower price at a later stage. Why? Well, when introducing a new product, companies want to build a high quality image for it. Products that cost more are believed to be of higher quality. So, during the early stages of the product life cycle, companies can make very high profits from consumer ’s willing to pay more for a high quality product, and although consumers know that price will eventually do down, they’re also willing to pay more to get the product sooner. This approach works very well with, oh, innovative high-tech products, for example. Now just think about when video recorders or video cameras or even cell phones first came out. They were very expensive. But then they became much more accessible. Another very common strategy sets the initial price low. Now this happens when the market is already saturates with the product and the strategy is to undercut its competitors. Say, there’s a newly starting computer maker trying to gain market share. So what did they do? Well, they offered a computer at an affordable price, lower than existing brands. By doing this, the company appeals to new consumers who weren’t probably even interested in getting a computer. And, well, of course, to existing consumers who might now be tempted to switch brands. Now how does this company make profits with its low-priced computers? Well, one thing that’s often done is to encourage their customers to buy accessories also manufactured by them, like printers or software, for example. 托福TPO8口语Task6题目： Using the points and examples from the lecture, explain the two pricing strategies described by the professor. 托福TPO8口语Task6满分范文： The professor talks about how companies use two ways to set an initial price on some products. The first is to set the price high initially and lower it later on. Take video recorders or cellphones for example, when they first came out, the priceswere really high, so people believed that it has a higher quality, therefore more people were encouraged to buy them. Another strategy is to set the initial price low, and make profit from selling accessories. For example, a computer company would sell their computers at a low price to undercut competitors, so more people will be attracted in buying them. But they will make money from selling softwares and printers later on. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO8口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。