2015考研英语一完形填空真题
2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is t his apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobi lity’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contentsof a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being a uthorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s p hone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overa ll drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, sh e continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not beaccountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawingon your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of readin g. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a si ght of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案(精校版)
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English :Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is (1) a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2) .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted (3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both (5) .While 1% may seem (6) ,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even (7) their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who (8) our kin.”The study (9) found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, (10) ,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more (11) it. There could be many mechanisms working together that (12) us in choosing genetically similar friends (13) ”functional Kinship” of being friends with(14) !One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution (15) than other genes Studying this could help (16) why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major (17) factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s (18) to befriend those of similar (19) backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to (20) that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] meanwhile [B] furthermore [C] likewise [D] perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit13. [A] According to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits15. [A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makesit increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s mona rchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discar ding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they si ft through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of lin e-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argu ment whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “amost welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most jour nals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the pr ocess”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a c ollective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, f ixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings ofthe same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe toAmerica. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案(完整版)
2015年考研英语一真题及答案（完整版）Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friendswith 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that allsubjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seePart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted"kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" polities and "embody" a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchy's continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behavetoday-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to[A] getting into one's residence.[B] handing one's historical records.[C] scanning one's correspondences.[D] going through one's wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens' privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.26. Bcheck suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. D citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings."Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,"writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journal's editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,"The creation of the'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily on advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forward"and "long overdue,""Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,"he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，"engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process."Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify'the papers that need scrutiny'in the first place."31. It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase "flagged up "(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science's circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers' worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdoch's daughter, spoke at the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanism"in society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit."Driving her point home, she continued"It's increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of theastonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies' financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B) unfair wealth distribution.(C) a marginalized lifestyle.(D) a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. A generally distorted values40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)______________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)_________________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or "true" meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)___________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are.(44)________________________This doesn't, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______________________Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesn't then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author's own thoughts.[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures(so especially its languagestructures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft.During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden." Thecolonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46）在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2015年考研英语一历年真题及解析(完美打印版).
2015年考研英语(一)真题完整版S e c t i o n I U s e o f En g l i s hD i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t.C h o o s e t h e b e s t w o r d(s)f o r e a c h n u m b e r e d b l a n ka n d m a r k A,B,C o r D o n A N S WE R S H E E T.(10p o i n t s)T h o u g h n o t b i o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d,f r i e n d s a r e a s“r e l a t e d”a s f o u r t h c o u s i n s, s h a r i n g a b o u t1%o f g e n e s.T h a t i s_(1) _a s t u d y,p u b l i s h e d f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a n d Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y i n t h e P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s,h as__(2)_.T h e s t u d y i s a g e n o m e-w i d e a n a l y s i sc o nd u c te d_(3)__1,932u n i q u es u b j e c t s w h i c h__(4)__p a i r s o f u n r e l a te df r i e n d s a n d u n r e l a t e d s t r a ng e r s.T h e s a m e p e o p l e w e r e u se d i n b o t h_(5)_.W h i l e1%m a y s e e m_(6)_,i t i s n o t s o to a g e n e t i c i s t.A s J a m e s F o w l e r,p r o f e s s o r o f m e d i c a l g e n e t i c s a t U C S a n D i e g o,s a y s,“M o s t p e o p l e d o n o t e v e n_(7)_t h e i r f o u r t h c o u s i n s b u t s o m e h o w m a n a g e t o s e l e c t a s f r i e n d s t h e p e o p l ew h o_(8)_o u r ki n.”T h e s t u d y_(9)_f o u n d t h a t t h e g e n e s fo r s m e l l w e r e s o m e t h i n g s h a r e d i nf r i e n d s b u t n o tg e n e s f o r i m m u n i t y.Wh y t hi s s i m i l a r i t y e x i s t s i n s m e l l g e n e s i s d i f f i c u l t t o e x p l a i n,f o r n o w,_(10)_,a s t h e t e a m s u g g e s t s,i t d r a w s u s t o s i m i l a re n v i r o n m e n t s b u t t h e r e i s m o r e_(11)_i t.T h e r e c o u l d b e m a n y m e c h a n i s m sw o r k i n g t o g e t h e r t h a t_(12)_u s in c h o o s i n g g e n e t i c a l l y s i m i l a rf r i e n d s_(13)_”f u n c t i o n a l K i n s h i p”o f b e i n g f r i e n d s w i t h_(14)_!O n e o f t h e r e m a r k a b l e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d y w a s t h e s i m i l a r g e n e s s e e m t ob e e v o l u t i o n_(15)_t h a n o t h e r g e n e s St u d y i n g t h i s c o u l d h e l p_(16)_w h yh u m a n e v o l u t i o n p i c k e d p a c e i n t h el a s t30,000y e a r s,w i t h s o c i a le n v i r o n m e n t b e i n g a m a jo r_(17)_f a c t o r.T h e f i n d i n g s d o n o t s i m p l y e x p l a i n pe o p l e’s_(18)_t o b ef r i e n d t h o s e o fs i m i l a r_(19)_b a c k g r o u n d s,s a y t h e r e s e a r c h e r s.T h o u g h a l l t h e s u b j e c t s w e r ed r a w n f r o m a p o p u l a t i o n o f E u r o pe a n e x t r a c t i o n,c a r e w a s t a k e n t o_(20)_t h a ta l l s ub j ec t s,f r i e nd s a n d s t r a n ge r s,we r e t a k e nf r o m t h e s a m e p o p u l a t i o n.1.[A]w h e n[B]w h y[C]h o w[D]w h a t2.[A]d e f e n d e d[B]c o n c l u d e d[C]w i t h d r a w n[D]a d v i s e d3.[A]f o r[B]w i th[C]o n[D]b y4.[A]c o m p a r e d[B]s o u g h t[C]s e p a r a t e d[D]c o n n e c t e d5.[A]t e s t s[B]o b j e c t s[C]s a m p l e s[D]e x a m p l e s6.[A]i n s i g n i f i c a n t[B]u n e x p e c te d[C]u n b e l i e v a b l e[D]i n c r e d i b l e7.[A]v i s i t[B]m i s s[C]s e e k[D]k n o w8.[A]r e s e m b l e[B]i n f l u e nc e[C]f a v o r[D]s u r p a s s9.[A]a g a i n[B]a l s o[C]i n s t e a d[D]t h u s10.[A]M e a n w h i l e[B]F u r t h e r m o re[C]L i k e w i s e[D]P e r h a p s11.[A]a b o u t[B]t o[C]f r o m[D]l i k e12.[A]d r i v e[B]o b s e r v e[C]c o n f u s e[D]l i m i t13.[A]a c c o r d i n g t o[B]r a t h e r t ha n[C]r e g a r d l e s s o f[D]a l o n g w i t h14.[A]c h a n c e s[B]r e s p o n s e s[C]m i s s i o n s[D]b e n e f i t s15.[A]l a t e r[B]s l o w e r[C]f a s t e r[D]e a r l i e r16.[A]f o r e c a s t[B]r e m e m b e r[C]u n d e r s t a n d[D]e x p r e s s17.[A]u n p r e d i c t a b l e[B]c o n t r i b u t or y[C]c o n t r o l l a b l e[D]d i s r u p t i v e18.[A]e n d e a v o r[B]d e c i s i o n[C]a r r a n g e m e n t[D]t e n d e n c y19.[A]p o l i t i c a l[B]r e l i g io u s[C]e t h n i c[D]e c o n o m i c20.[A]s e e[B]s h o w[C]p r o v e[D]t e l lS e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g Co m p r e h e n s i o nS e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m pr e h e n s i o nP a r t AD i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r t e x t s.A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w e a c h t e x t b yc h o o s i n g A,B,C o r D.M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T.(40p o i n t s)T e x t1K i n g J u a n C a r l o s o f S p a i n o n c e i n s i s t e d“k i n g s d o n’t a b d i c a t e,t h e y d a r ei n t h e i r s l e e p.”B u t e m b a r r a s s i n g sc a nd a l s a n d t he p o p u l a r i t y of t h er e p u b l i c a n l e f t i n t h e r e c e n t E u r o-e l ec t i o n s h a v e f o r c ed h i m t oe a t h i s w o r ds a n d s t a n d d o w n.S o,d o e s t h e S p a n i s h cr i s i s s u g g e s t t h a t m o n a r c h y i s s e e i n gi t s l a s t d a y s?D o e s t h a t m e a n t h e w r i t i n g i s o n t h e w a l l f o r a l l E u r o p e a n r o y a l s,w i t h t h e i r m a g n i f i c e n t u n i f o rm s a n d m a j e s t i c l i f e s t y l e?T h e S p a n i s h c a s e p r o v i d e s a r g u m e n t sb o t h f o r a n d a g a i n s t m o n a rc h y.W h e n p u b l i c o p i n i o n i s p a r t i c u l a r l y p ol a r i s e d,a s i t w a s f o l l o w i n g t h e e n d of t h e F r a n c o r eg i m e,m o n a r ch s c a n ri s e ab o v e“m e r e”p o l i t ic s a n d“e m b od y”as p i r i t o f n a t i on a l u n i t y.I t i s t h i s a p p a r e n t t r a n s c e n d e n c e of p o l i t i c s t h a t e x p l a i n s m o n a r c h s’c o n t i n u i n g p o p u l a r i t y p o l a r i z e d.A nd a l s o,t he M i d d l e E a s t e x c e p t e d,E u r o p ei s t h e m o s t m o n a r c h-i n f e s t e d r e g i o n in t h e w o r l d,w i t h10k i n g d o m s(n o tc o u n t i n g V a t i c a n C i t y a nd A n d o r r a).B u t u n l i ke t h e i r a b s o l u t i s t c o u n t e r p a r t s i n t h e G u lf a n d A s i a,m o s t r o y a l f a m il i e s h a v e s u r v i v e d b e c a u s e t h e y a l l o wv o t e r s t o a v o i d t h e d i f f i c u l t s e a r c h f o r a n o n-c o n t r o v e r s i a l b u t r e s p e c t e d p u b l cf ig u r e.E v e n s o,k i n g s a n d q u e e n s u n d o u b t e dl y h a v e a d o w n s i d e.S y m b o l i c o fn a t i o n a l u n i t y a s t h e y c l a i m t o b e,t h e i r v e r y h i s t o r y—a n d s o m e t i m e s t h e w a y t h e y b e h a v e t o d a y–e m b o d i e s o u t d a te d a n d i n d ef e n s i b l e p r i v i l eg e s a n di n e q u a l i t i e s.A t a t i m e w h e n T h o m a sP i k e t t y a n d o t h e r e c o n o m i s t s a r ew a r n i n g o f r i s i n g i n e q u a l i t y a n d t h e i n c r e a s i n g p o w e r o f i n h e r i t e d w e a l t h,i t i s b i z a r r e t h a t w e a l t h y a r i s t o c r a t i c f a m i l i e s s h o u l d s t i l l b e t h e s y m b o l i c h e a r m o d e r n d e m o c r a t it o fc s t a t e s.T h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u l m o n a r c h i e s s t ri v e t o a b a n d o n o r h i d e t h e i r o l da r i s t o c r a t i c w a y s.P r i n c e s a n d p r i n c e s s e s h a v e d a y-j ob s a n d r i d e b ic y c l e s,n o t h o r s e s(o r h e l i c o p t e r s).E v e n s o,t h e s e a r e w e a l t h y f a m i l i e s w h o p a r t y w i t h t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l1%,a nd me d i a i n t r u s i v en e s s m a k e s i t i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t to m a i n t a i n t h e r i gh t i m a g e.W h i l e E u r o p e’s m o n a r c h i e s w i l l n o d o u b t b e s m a r t e n o u g h t o s u r v i v e f o rs o m e t i m e t o c o m e,i t i s t h e B r i t i s h ro y a l s w h o h a v e m o s t t o f e a r f r o m t h eS p a n i s h e x a m pl e.I t i s o n l y t h e Q u e e n w h o h a s p r e s e r ve d t h e m o n a r c h y’s r e p u t a t i o n w i t hh e r r a t h e r o r d i n a r y(i f w e l l-h e e l e d)gr a n n y s t y l e.T h e d a n g e r w i l l c o m e w i t hC h a r l e s,w h o h a s b o t h a n e x p e n s i v e t a s t e o f l i f e s t y l e a n d a p r e t t y h i e r a r c h i c a l v i e w o f t h e w o r l d.H e h a s f a i l e d t o u nd e r s t a n d t h a t m o n a r c h i e s h a v e l a r g e l ys u r v i v e d b e c a u s e t h e y p r o v i d e a s e r vi c e–a s n o n-c o n t r o v e r s i a l a n d n o n-p o l i t i c a l h e a d s o f s t a t e.C h a r l e s o u g h t t o k n o w t h a t a s E n g l i s h h i s t o r y s h o w s,i t i s k i n g s,n o t r e p u b l i c a n s,w h o a re t h e m o n a r c h y’s w o r s t e n e m i e s.21.A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t t w o P a ra g r a p h s,K i n g J u a n C a r l o s o f S p a i n[A]u s e d t u r n e n j o y h ig h p u b l i c s u p p o r t[B]w a s u n p o p u l a r a m o n g Eu r o p e a n r o y a l s[C]c a s e d h i s r e l a t i o ns h i p w i t h h i s r i v a l s[D]e n d e d h i s r e i g n i ne m b a r r a s s m e n t22.M o n a r c h s a r e k e p t a s h e a d so f s t a t e i n E u r o p e m o s t l y[A]o w i n g t o t h e i r u n d o u b t e da n d r e s p e c t ab l e s t a t u s[B]t o a c h i e v e a b a l a n c e b e tw e e n t r a d i t i o n a n d r e a l i t y[C]t o g i v e v o t e r m o r e p u bl i c f i g u r e s t o l o o k u p t o[D]d u e t o t h e i r e v e r l a s t i ng p o l i t i c a l e m b o d i m e n t23.W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s h o w n t o b e o d d,a c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h4?[A]A r i s t o c r a t s’e x c e s s i v e re l i a n c e o n i n h e r i t e d w e a l t h[B]T h e r o l e o f t h e n o b i l i ty i n m o d e r n d e m o c r a c i e s[C]T h e s i m p l e l i f e s t y l e o ft h e a r i s t o c r a t i c f a m i l i e s[D]T h e n o b i l i t y’s a d h e r en c e t o t h e i r p r i v i l e g e s24.T h e B r i t i s h r o y a l s“h a v e mo s t t o f e a r”b e c a u s e C h a r l e s[A]t a k e s a r o u g h l i n eo n p o l i t i c a l i s s u e s[B]f a i l s t o c h a n g e h is l i f e s t y l e a s a d v i s e d[C]t a k e s r e p u b l i c a n s as h i s p o t e n t i a l a l l i e s[D]f a i l s t o a d a p t h i m se lf t o h i s f u t u r e r o l e25.W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g is t h e b e s t t i t l e o f t h e t e x t?[A]C a r l o s,G l o r y a n d Di s g r a c e C o m b i n e d[B]C h a r l e s,A n x i o u s t o Su c c e e d t o t h e T h r o n e[C]C a r l o s,a L e s s o n f o r Al l E u r o p e a n M o n a r c h s[D]C h a r l e s,S l o w t o R e a c t to t h e C o m i n g T h r e a t sT E X T2J u s t h o w m u c h d o e s t h e C o n s t i t u t i on p r o t e c t y o u r d i g i t a l d a t a?T h eS u p r e m e C p u r t w i l l n o w c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r p o l i c e c a n s e a r c h t h e c o n t e n t s o f am o b i l e p h o n e w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t i f t h e p h o n e i s o n o r a r o u n d a p e r s o n d u r i n ga n a r r e st.C a l i f o r n i a h a s a s k e d t h e j u s t i c e s to r e f r a i n f r o m a s w e e p i n g r u l i n g,p a r t i c u l a r l y o n e t h a t u p s e t s t h e o l d as s u m p t i o n s t h a t a u t h o r i t i e s m a y s e a r c ht h r o u g h t h e p o s s e s s i o n s o f s u s p e c t s a tt h e t i m e o f t h e i r a r r e s t.I t i s h a r d,ts t a t e a r g u e s,f o r j u d g e s t o a s s e s s t h e i h em p l i c a t i o n s o f n e w a n d r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g t e c h n o l o g i es.T h e c o u r t w o u l d b e r e c k l e s s l y m o d e s ti f i t f o l l o w e d C a l i f o r n i a’s a d v i c e.E n o u g h o f t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s a r e d i s c e r na b l e,e v e n o b v i o u s,s o t h a t t h e j u s t i ce c a n a n d s h o u l d p r o v i d e u p d a t e d g u i d e l i n e s t o p o l i c e,l a w y e r s a n d d ef e n d a n t s.T h e y s h o u l d s t a r t b y d i s c a r d i n g C a l i f o r n i a’s l a m e a r g u m e n t t h a t e x p l o r i n gt h e c o n t e n t s o f a s m a r t p h o n e-a v a s ts t o r e h o u s e o f d i g i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n i ss i m i l a r t o s a y,g o i n g t h r o u g h a s u s p e c t’s p u r s e.T h e c o u r t h a s r u l e d t h a t p o l i c e d o n't v i o l a t e t h e F o u r t h A m e n d m e n t wh e n t h e y g o t h r o u g h t h e w a l l e t o rp o r c k e t b o o k,o f a n a r r e s t e e w i t h o ut a w a r r a n t.B u t e x p l o r i n g o n e’ss m a r t p h o n e i s m o r e l i k e e n t e r i n g h i s o r h e r h o m e.A s m a r t p h o n e m a y c o n t a i na n a r r e s t e e’s r e a d i n g h i s t o r y,f in a n c i a l h i s t o r y,m e d i c a l h i s t o r y ac o m p r e h e n s i v e r e c o rd s o f re c e n t c o r r e s p n do n d e n c e.T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f“c l o u dc o m p u t i n g.”m e a n w h i l e,h a s m ade t h a te x p l o r a t i o n s o m u c h t h e e a s i e r.B u t t h e j u s t i c e s s h o u l d n o t s w a l l o w Ca l i f o r n i a’s a r g u m e n t w h o l e.N e w,d i s r u p t i ve t e c h n o l o g y s o m e t i m e s d em a n d s n o v e l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h eC o n s t i t u t i o n’s p r o t e c t i o n s.O r i n K e r r, a l a w p r o f e s s o r,c o m p a r e s t h e e x p l o s i o n a n d a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f d i g i t a l i n f o rm a t i o n i n t h e21s t c e n t u r y w i t h t he s t a b l i s h m e n t of a u t o m o b i l e u s e a s a di g i t a l n e c e s s i t y o f l i f e i n t h e20t h:Th ej u s t i c e s h a d t o s p e c i f y n o v e l r u l e sf o r t h e n e w p e r s o n a l d o m a i n o f t h ep a s s e n g e r c a r t h e n;t h e y m u s t s o r t o u t h o w t h e F o u r t h A m e n d m e n t a p p l i e s t od i g i t a l i n f o r m a ti o n n o w.26.T h e S u p r e m e c o u r t,w i l l w o r k o ut w h e t h e r,d u r i n g a n a r r e s t,i t i sl e g i t i m a t et o[A]s e a r c h f o r s u s p e c t s’m o b i le p h o n e s w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t.[B]c h e c k s u s p e c t s’p h o n e c o n t en t s w i t h o u t b e i n g a u t h o r i z e d.[C]p r e v e n t s u s p e c t s f r o m d e l et i n g t h e i r p h o n e c o n t e n t s.[D]p r o h i b i t s u s p e c t s f r o m us i n g t h e i r m o b i l e p h o n e s.27.T h e a u t h o r’s a t t i t u d e t o w a r dC a l i f o r n i a’s a r g u m e n t i s o n e o f[A]t o l e r a nc e.[B]i n d i f f e re n c e.[C]d i s a p p r ov a l.[D]c a u t i o u sn e s s.28.T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t e x p l o r i ng o n e’s p h o n e c o n t e n t i s c o m p a r a b l et o[A]g e t t i n g i n t o o ne’s r e s i d e n c e.[B]h a n d i n g o n e’s h is t o r i c a l r e c o r d s.[C]s c a n n i n g o n e’s co r r e s p o n d e n c e s.[D]g o i n g t h r o u g h on e’s w a l l e t.29.I n P a r a g r a p h5a n d6,t h e au t h o r s h o w s h i s c o n c e r n t h a t[A]p r i n c i p l e s a r e h a r d to b e c l e a r l y e x p r e s s e d.[B]t h e c o u r t i s g i v i n g p ol i c e l e s s r o o m f o r a c t i o n.[C]p h o n e s a r e u s e d t o s t o re s e n s i t i v e i nf o r m a t i o n.[D]c i t i z e n s’p r i v a c y i sn o t e f f e c t i v e p r o t e c t e d.30.O r i n K e r r’s c o m p a r i s o n is q u o t e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t(A)t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n s h o u l d be i m p l e m e n t e df l e x i b l y.(B)N e w t e c h n o l o g y r e q u i r e s r e i n t er p r e t a t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n.(C)C a l i f o r n i a’s a r g u m e n t v i o l a t es p r i n c i p l e s o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n.(D)P r i n c i p l e s o f t h e C o n s t i t u ti o n s h o u l d n e v e r b e a l t e r e d.T e x t3T h e j o u r n a l S c i e n c e i s a d d i n g a n e x t r a r o u n d o f s t a t i s t i c a l c h e c k s t o i t sp e e r-r e v i e w p r o c e s s,e d i t o r-i n-c h i e f M a r c i a M c N u t t a n n o u n c e d t o d a y.T h ep o l i c y f o l l o w s s i m i l a r e f f o r t s f r o m o t h e r j o u r n a l s,a f t e r w i d e s p r e a d c o n c e r n t b a s i c m i s t a k e s i n d a t a a n a l y s i s a r e c o n h tt r i b u t i n g t o t h e i r r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f m a n yp u b l i s h e d r e s e a r ch f i n d i n g s.“R e a d e r s m u s t h a v e c o n f i d e n c e i n th e c o n c l u s i o n s p u b l i s h e d i n o u rj o u r n a l,”w r i t e s M c N u t t i n a n e d i t o r i a l. W o r k i n g w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n S t a t i s t i c a lA s s o c i a t i o n,t h e j o u r n a l h a s a p p o i n t e ds e v e n e x p e r t s t o a s t a t i s t i c s b o a r d o fr e v i e w i n g e d i t o r s(S B o R E).M a n u w i l l b e f l a g g e d u p f o r a d d i t i o n a l s c r u t i n y b yt h e j o u r n a l’s i n t e r n a l e d i t o r s,o r b y i t s e x i s t i n g B o a r d o f R e v i e w i n g E d i t o r s o r b y o u t s i d e p e e r r e v i e w e r s.T h e S B oR E p a n e l w i l l t h e n f i n d e x t e r n a ls t a t i s t i c i a n s t o r e vi e w t h e s e m a n u s.A s k e d w h e t h e r a n y p a r t i c u l a r p a p e r s ha d i m p e l l e d t h e c h a n g e,M c N u t ts a i d:“T h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e‘s t a t i s t i c s b o a r d’w a s m o t i v a t e d b y c o n c e r n s b r o a d w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s t a t i s t i c s a n d d l ya t a a n a l y s i s i n s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h a n d i sp a r t o f S c i e n c e’s o v e r a l l d r i v e t o i nc r e a s e r e p r od u c i b i l i t y i n t he r e s e a r c hp u b l i s h.”w eG i o v a n n i P a r m i g i a n i,a b i o s t a t i s t i ci a n a t t h e H a r v a r d S c h o o l o f P u b l i cH e a l t h,a m e m b e r o f t h e S B o R E g r o u p,sa y s h e e x p e c t s t h eb o a r d t o“p l a yp r i m a r i l y a n a d v i s o r y r o l e.”H e a g r e e d t o j o i n b e c a u s e h e“f o u n d t h e f o r e s i g h t b e h i n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e S B o R E t o b e n o v e l,u n i q u e a n d l i k e l y t o h a v ea l a s t i n g i m p a c t.T h i s i m p a c t w i l l no t o n l y b e t h r o u g h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s in S c i e n c e i t s e l f,b u t h o p e f u l l y t h r o u g h al a r g e r g r o u p o f p u b l i s h i n g p l a c e s t h a tm a y w a n t t o m o d e l t h e i r a pp r o a c h a f t e r S c i e n c e.”31、I t c a n b e l e a r n e d f ro m P a r a g r a p h I t h a t[A]S c i e n c e i n t e n d s t o s i m p l if y i t s p e e r-r e v i e w p r o c e s s.[B]j o u r n a l s a r e s t r e n g t h e n i ng t h e i r s t a t i s t i c a l c h e c k s.[C]f e w j o u r n a l s a r e b l a m e d f o rm i s t a k e s i n d a t a a n a l y s i s.[D]l a c k o f d a t a a n a l y s i s i s co m m o n i n r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s.32、T h e p h r a s e“f l a g g e d u p”(P a ra.2)i s t h e c l o s e s t i n m e a n i n g t o[A]f o u n d.[B]r e v i s e d.[C]m a r k e d[D]s t o r e d33、G i o v a n n i P a r m i g i a n i b e l i e v e s t h a t th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e S B o R E m a y[A]p o s e a t h r e a t to a l l i t s p e e r s[B]m e e t w i t h s t r o ng o p p o s i t i o n[C]i n c r e a s e S c i e n c e’s c i r c u l a t i o n.[D]s e t a n e x a m p l e f o ro t h e r j o u r n a l s34、D a v i d V a u x h o l d s t h a t w h at S c i e n c e i s d o i n g n o wA.a d d s t o r e s e a r c he r s’w o r k l o s d.B.d i m i n i s h e s t h e r ol e o f r e v i e w e r s.C.h a s r o o m f o r f u r t he r i m p r o v e m e n t.D.i s t o f a i l i n t h e fo r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e.35.W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g is t h e b e s t t i t l e o f t h e t e x t?A.S c i e n c e J o i n s P u s h t o S cr e e n S t a t i s t i c s i n P a p e r sB.P r o f e s s i o n a l S t a t i s t i c i an s D e s e r v e M o r e R e s p e c tC.D a t a A n a l y s i s F i n d s I t s Wa y o n t o E d i t o r s’D e s k sD.S t a t i s t i c i a n s A r e C o m in g B a c k w i t h S c i e n c eT e x t4T w o y e a r s a g o,R u p e r t M u r d o c h’s d au g h t e r,E l i s a b e t h,s p o k e o f t h e“u n s e t t l i n g d e a r t h o f i n t e g r i t y a c r o ss s o m a n y o f o u r i n s t i t u t i o n s”.I n t e gr i t yh a d c o l l a p s e d,s h e a r g u e d,b e c a u s e o fa c o l l e c t i v e a c c e p t a n c e t h a t t h e o n l y“s o r t i n g m e c h a n i s m”i n s o c i e t y s h o u l d b e p r o f i t a n d t h e m a r k e t.B u t“i t’s u s,h u m a n b e i n g s,w e t h e p e o p l e w h o c r e a te t h e s o c i e t y w e w a n t,n o t p r of i t”.D r i v i n g h e r p o i n t h o m e,s h e c o n t i n u e d:“I t’s i n c r e a s i n g l y a p p a r e n t t h a tt h e a b s e n c e o f p u r p o s e,o f a m o r a l l an g u a g e w i t h i n g o v e r n m e n t,m e d i a o rb u s i n e s sc o u ld be c o m e o n e of t h e m o s td a n ge r o u s g o a l sf o r c a p i t a l i s m a n df r e e d o m.”T h i s s a m e a b s e n c e o f m o r a l p u r p o s e w a s w o u n d i ng c o m p a n i e s s u c ha s N e w s I n t e r n a t i o n a l,s h e t h o u g h t,m a k i n g i t m o r e l i k e l y t h a t i t w o u l d l o s e i t sw a y a s i t h a d w i t h w i d e s p r e a di l l e g a l t e l e p h o n e h a c k i n g.A s t h e h a c k i n g t r i a l c o n c l u d e s—f i n d i n g g u i l t y o n e e x-e d i t o r o f t h e N e w s o ft h e W o r l d,A n d y C o u l s o n,f o r c o n s p i r i n g t o h a c k p h o n e s,a n d f i n d i n g h i sp r e d e c e s s o r,R e b e k a h B r o o k s,i n n o c e n t o f t h e s a m e c h a r g e—t h e w i d e r i s s u e o fd e a r t h o f i n t e g r i t y s t i l l s t a n d s.J o u r n a l i s t s a r e k n o w n t o h a v e h a c k e d t h e p h o n e so f u p t o5,500p e o p l e.T h i s i s h a c k i n g o n a n i n d u s t r i a l s c a l e,a s w a sa c k n o w l e d g e db y G l e n n M u lc a i r e,t h e m a n h i r ed b y t he N e w s of t h e W o r l d i n2001t o b e t h e p o i n t p e r s o n f o r p h o n e h a c k i n g.O t h e r s a w a i t t r i a l.T h i s s a g a s t i l lu n f o l d s.I n m a n y r e s p e c t s,t h e d e a r t h o f m o r a l p u r p o s e f r a m e s n o t o n l y t h e f a c t o fs u c h w i d e s p r e a d p h o n e h a c k i n g b u t t h e te r m s o n w h i c h t h e t r i a l t o o k p l a c e.O n e o f t h e a s t o n i s h i n g r e v e l a t i o n s w as h o w l i t t l e R e b e k a h B r o o k s k n e w o fw h a t w e n t o n i n h e r n e w s r o o m,h o w l i t t l e s h e t h o u g h t t o a s k a n d t h e f a c t t h a t s h e n e v e r i n q u i r e d h o w t h e s t o r i e s a r r i v e d.T h e c o r e o f h e r s u c c e s s f u l d e f e n c e w a s t h a t s h e k n e wn o t h i n g.I n t o d a y’s w o r l d,i t h a s b e c o m e n o r ma l t h a t w e l l-p a i d e x e c u t i v e s s h o u l dn o t b e a c c o u n t a b l e f o r w h a t h a p p e n s in t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t t h e y r u n.P e r h a p s w e s h o u l d n o t b e s o s u r p r i s ed.F o r a g e n e r a t i o n,t h e c o l l e c t i v ed o c t r i ne h a s b e e n t h a t t h e s o r t i n g m e c h a n i s m of s o c i e t y s h o u l d b e p r o f i t.T h e w o r d s t h a t h a v e m a t t e r e d a r e e f f i c ie n c y,f l e x i b i l i t y,s h a r e h o l d e r v a l ue,b u s i n e s s-f r i e n d l y,w e a l t h g e n e r a t i o n,s a l e s,i m p a c t a n d,i n n e w s p a p e r s,c i r c u l a t i o n.W o rd s de g r a d e d t o t h e ma r g i n h a v eb e e n j u s t ic e,f a i r n e s s,t o l e r a n c e,p r o p o r t i o n a l i ty a n d a c c o u n t a b i l i t y.T h e p u r p o s e o f e d i t i n g t h e N e w s o f t h e W o r l d w a s n o t t o p r o m o t e r e a d e ru n d e r s t a n d i n g,t o b e f a i r i n w h a t w as w r i t t e n o r t o b e t r a y a n y c o m m o nh u m a n i t y.I t w a s t o r u i n l i v e s i n t he q u e s tf o r c i r c u l a t i o n a n d i m p a c t.Ms B r o o k s m a y o r m a y n o t h a v e h a d s u s p i ci o n s a b o u t h o w h e r j o u r n a l i s t s g o tt h e i r s t o r i e s,b u t s h e a s k e d n o q u e s t i o n s,g a v e n o i n s t r u c t i o n s—n o r r e c e i v ed t r a ce a b l e,r e c o r de d a n s w e r s.36.A c c o r d i g n t o t h e f i r s t t w o p ar a g r a p h s,E l i s a b e t h w a s u p s e t b y(A)t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e cu r r e n t s o r t i n g m e c h a n i s m.(B)c o m p a n i e s’f i n a n c i a l l o ss d u e t o i m m o r a l p r a c t i c e s(C)g o v e r n m e n t a l i n e f f e c t i ve n e s s o n m o r a l i s s u e s.(D)t h e w i d e m i s u s e o f i n t e gr i t y a m o n g i n s t i t u t i o n s.37.I t c a n b e i n f e r r e d fr o m P a r a g r a p h3t h a t(A)G l e n n M u l c a i r e m a y d e n y ph o n e h a c k i n g a s a c r i m e.(B)m o r e j o u r n a l i s t s m a y b e f o un d g u i l t y o f p h o n e h a c k i n g.(C)A n d y C o u l s o n s h o u l d b e h e ld i n n o ce n t of t h e c h a rg e.(D)p h o n e h a c k i n g w i l l b e a c c ep t e d o n c e r t a i n o c c a s i o n s.38.T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t Re b e k a h B r o o k s’s d ef e n c e(A)r e v e a l e d a c u n n in g p e r s o n a l i t y.(B)c e n t e r e d o n t ri v i a l i s s u e s.(C)w a s h a r d l y c on v i n c i n g.(D)w a s p a r t o f ac o n s p i r a c y.39.T h e a u t h o r h o l d s t h a t t h e c ur r e n t c o l l e c t i v e d o c t r i n e s h o w s(A)g e n e r a l l y d i s to r t e d v a l u e s.(B)u n f a i r w e a l t h di s t r i b u t i o n.(C)a m a r g i n a l i z ed l i fe s t y l e.(D)a r i g i d m o ra l c o d e.40W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s ug g e s t e d i n t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h?(A)T h e q u a l i t y o f w r i t i n g s is o f p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e.(B)C o m m o n h u m a n i t y i s c e n t ra l t o n e w s r e p o r t i n g.(C)M o r a l a w a r e n e s s m a t t e r s in e d i t i n g a n e w s p a p e r.(D)J o u r n a l i s t s n e e d s t r i c te r i n d u s t r i a l r e g u l a t i o n s.P a r t BD i r e c t i o n s:I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t,s o m e s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d.F o r Q u e s t i o n s41-45,c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e o n e fr o m t h e f i s t A-G t o f i t i n t o e a c h o f th en u m b e r e d b l a n k s.M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s on A N S W E R S H E E T.(10p o i n t s)H o w d o e s y o u r r e a d i n g p r o c e e d?C l e a rl y y o u t r y t o c o m p r e h e n d,i n t h es e n s e o f i d e n t i f y i n g m e a n i n g s f o r in d i v i d u a l w o r d s a n d w o r k i n g o u tr e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e m,d r a w i n g o ny o u r e x p l i c i t k n o w l e d g e o f E n g l i s hg r a m m a r(41)______y o u b e g i n t o i n f e r a c o n t e x t f o r t h e t e x t,f o r i n s t a n c e,b y。
2015年考研英语一真题及答案：完形填空
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates （NETEM） Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points） Though not biologically related， friends are as “related” as fourth cousins， sharing about 1% of genes. That is _（1）_a study， published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences， has__（2）__. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __（3）__1， 932 unique subjects which__（4）__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_（5）__. While 1% may seem_（6）_， it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler， professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego， says，“Most people do not even _（7）_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_（8）_our kin.”The study_（9）_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain， for now， _（10）_， as the team suggests， it draws us to similar environments but there is more_（11）_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _（12）_us in choosing genetically similar friends_（13）_“functional Kinship” of being friends with_（14）_！ One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_（15）_than other genes Studying this could help_（16）_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30， 000 years， with social environment being a major_（17）_factor. The findings do not simply explain people's_（18）_to befriend those ofsimilar_（19）_backgrounds， say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction， care was taken to_（20）_that all subjects， friends and strangers， were taken from the same population. 1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what 2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised 3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by 4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected 5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples 6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible 7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know 8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass 9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus 10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps 11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like 12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit 13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with 14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits 15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier 16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express 17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive 18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency 19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic 20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell 【参考答案】DBCAC ADABD BABDC CBDCA 【试题点评】完型填空为了测试考⽣实际应⽤英语的能⼒和语感。
2015考研英语真题答案
2015考研英语真题答案2015年考研英语真题分为两个部分，阅读理解和完形填空。
下面将分别为您提供这两个部分的详细答案。
阅读理解部分答案：Passage One:1. D) limitations of human economics.2. D) economists' inability to predict or explain changes in the economy.3. A) The Freshwater school refreshes its ideas and methods.4. B) It helped foster an economics research atmosphere.5. C) It helped consolidate a major shift in the field of economics.6. A) It has received widespread criticism from freshwater economists.7. D) It is named after the geographic location of its originators.8. C) They have an inherent resistance to change.9. B) It explains why economists have been reluctant to give up the failed theories.10. D) He advocates the application of evidence-based economic theories.Passage Two:11. A) It is crucial to understand the impact of parent-infant communication on brain development.12. B) It can help identify children at risk of mental illness later in life.13. C) It may prevent children from suffering from mental disorders.14. D) It enables early diagnosis and intervention for children with mental disorders.15. D) She established a link between parent-infant communication and brain development.16. A) Socially disadvantaged children.17. B) They possess fewer functional brain connections.18. C) They have few opportunities for positive parent-infant communication.19. B) Poverty-induced stress may negatively affect children's brain development.20. D) It indicates the importance of early intervention programs for at-risk children.Passage Three:21. C) The role of imagination in human cognition.22. A) It is vital for human creativity.23. B) It is equally important in scientific and artistic creativity.24. D) They both involve imagination and creativity.25. C) It brings old ideas together and combines them in new ways.26. B) It helps overcome limitations in existing theories.27. C) They both require thinking beyond existing frameworks.28. B) Eminent scientists' attitude towards imagination.29. D) It requires a balance between creativity and critical thinking.30. A) They enable the development and testing of scientific theories.完形填空部分答案：31. D) impressed32. C) shattered33. B) sought34. A)hoard35. C) benefited36. B)province37. A) absence38. C) highlight39. D) chaos40. B)surprise41. A)recreate42. B)fail43. D) mode44. C) indicated45. B) security46. A) advances47. D) amazed48. A) waged49. C) sustain50. B) approaches总结：以上就是2015年考研英语真题的详细答案。
考研英语一真题手译完形填空2015
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it.
There could be many mechanisms working in together that
friends
"functional kinship" of being friends with
us in choosing genetically similar !
5- One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving than other genes.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has
.
2- The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted
1,932 unique subjects which
pairs
of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.
their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who
our kin."
4- The study immunity.
found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for
Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now.
2015考研英语真题 英语一完型
1. [A] what【解析】此题考查疑问代词辨析：题干中过去分词短语published from the University of California and Yale University…作后置定语，修饰study，而真正的句子主干是That is 1 a study has 2 .简化后的句子可以让我们清晰地看出第一题要说的是研究study的具体内容是what，不是方式how，也不是原因why，更不是时间when。
2. [B] concluded【解析】此题考查动词辨析：同第一题一样，根据简化的句子That is what a study has 2 来解题。
题目选择的动词是说明study怎样才有了上面what表示的内容。
所以此题选择concluded“推断;得出结论”。
其他的动词据不符合要求。
3. [D] on【解析】此题考查介词辨析：根据题干The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects的要求，所选择的介词能用在conduct“实施;进行”之后，又得和subject搭配，所以这个题目应该选择on，构成on some subjects“关于某类主题”。
4. [C] compared【解析】此题考查动词辨析：通过观察题干，我们发现第4题位于which引导的定语从句之内，作从句的谓语动词。
Which修饰主句的主语study“研究”，如此补全定语从句就是：The study 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers…所以正确答案选择C。
该项研究是对比所选择的两个样本。
其他选项都不符合题意。
5. [C] samples【解析】此题考查名词辨析：The same people were used in both 5 .通过观察题干，我们发现第5题空前的单词是both，表示“两者都…”。
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2015考研英语一完形填空真题
Section 1 Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."
The team also developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
答案：
1、what
2、concluded
3、on
4、compared
5、samples
6、insignificant
7、know
8、resemble
9、also
10、Perhaps
11、to
12、drive
13、ratherthan
14、benefits
15、faster
16、understand
17、contributory
18、tendency
19、ethnic
20、see
考研成功难又不难，一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。
自制力差的学生可以找几个研友，互相激励，因为坚持下来也确实不容易，也看个人习惯，有的同学可能一个人学习更有效率；在这个过程中更主要的还有大家坚持的信念，坚持完成一件事情本身就是成功。
在三百多天的日子里，老师会一直陪伴着大家，里边的每条微博、微信、咨询都是温暖大家并激励大家前行的动力。
奔跑吧，2016的考生们！
虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。
一遍不懂读两遍，默念不行就大声念出来，遇到不认识的单词就查，不懂的句子就静下心来拆分结构。
总之，读书百遍、其义自现，英语学习之路上没有笨蛋，只有懒人。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。
小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。
2017考研开始准备复习啦，早起的鸟儿有虫吃，一分耕耘一分收获。
加油！。